Chapter 10
Chapter 10
Personality
Defining Some Terms
Personality: A person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become
Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in common
Personality Types and Other Concepts
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types:
Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward
Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward
Self-Concept: Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are
Self-Esteem: How we evaluate ourselves; a positive self-evaluation of ourselves
Personality Theories: An Overview
Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning
Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth
Raymond Cattell and Traits
Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality
Source Traits: Underlying traits of a personality; each reflected in a number of surface traits
Cattell also created 16PF, personality test
Gives a “picture” of an individual’s personality
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
Openness to Experience
Conscientious
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving, irrational, and totally unconscious
Works on Pleasure Principle:
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego
Executive; directs id energies
Partially conscious and partially unconscious
Works on Reality Principle:
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Superego
Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego
Freudian Personality Development
Develops in stages; everyone goes through same stages in same order
Majority of personality is formed before age 6
Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing pleasure
Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by overindulgence or frustration
Psychosexual Stages
Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infant’s pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop. Early oral fixations can cause…
Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops.
Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent. The child is vain, sensitive, narcissistic. Can lead to:
Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother’s affection.
Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her mother..
Both concepts are widely rejected today by most psychologists
Latency: Ages 6-Puberty. Psychosexual development is dormant.
Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken.
Humanism
Approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
Human Nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of humans
Free Choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces
Subjective Experience: Private perceptions of reality
Self-Actualization (Maslow): Process of fully developing personal potentials
Peak Experiences: Temporary moments of self-actualization
Carl Rogers’ Self Theory
Fully Functioning Person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest feelings and impulses
Self: Flexible and changing perception of one’s identity
Self-Image: Total subjective perception of your body and personality
Incongruence: Exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image
Ideal Self: Idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be)
Positive Self-Regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person
Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable love and approval
SKIP P. 419-428
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