Parts of the Brain



Parts of the Brain -- Quick Review Name: ____________________________

1. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which together make up the autonomic nervous system, respond quickly and automatically, without any conscious effort. Remember, the sympathetic division prepares the body for arousal, which is called the fight-flight response. The parasympathetic response calms the body down and also aids digestion.

2. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves about the size of your thumb. The spinal cord carries neural messages about sensory information to your brain. The spinal cord also carries neural messages to muscles throughout your body.

3. If the medulla were damaged, a person would die from respiratory or cardiovascular failure. For example, an overdose of depressant drugs, such as alcohol or heroin, suppresses the medulla which stops the breathing and causes the person to die of respiratory failure. The medulla regulates our three vital reflexes: breathing, heartrate and respiration.

4. Located immediately above the medulla is another group of cells called the pons. Depending on which area of the answer is damaged, there are serious disruptions in stages of sleep. In addition, other parts of the pons relay messages to the higher parts of the brain.

5. The cerebellum is about the size of a baseball and is located in the back of and immediately below the forebrain. Depending on how much damage there is to the cerebellum, a person would experience more or fewer problems with making coordinated movements.

6. Extending down the center of the pons and medulla is a column of cells called the reticular formation. If the reticular formation is damaged, the forebrain is not alerted, it cannot receive or process sensory information, and the result is unconsciousness and/or coma. There are many causes of coma; one results from damage to the reticular formation.

7. The thalamus is the brains sensory switchboard. If the thalamus is damaged, sensory information could not be relayed to the brain.

8. The forebrain is divided into four major divisions or lobes. Located in the very back of the forebrain is the occipital lobe, which is involved in receiving and processing visual information.

9. Association areas make up about 80% of the cortex, or covering of the forebrain. For example, the visual association area receives information about lines, shadows, and contours and transforms these sensations into the face of the student next to you.

10. The motor homunculus refers to the organization of body parts within the motor area. For example, the shoulder is located at the top of the motor area and the jaw is located near the bottom. Remember that the motor area in the right hemisphere controls voluntary movement on the left side of the body, and the motor area in the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements on the right side of the body.

11. In the front part of the frontal lobe, which extends to but does not include the motor strip, is removed, it’s called a frontal lobotomy (or prefrontal lobotomy). Doctors stropped doing frontal lobotomies in the early 1950’s because improvement rates were at the chance level and antipsychotic drugs were discovered.

12. At the very bottom and in the very center of the forebrain lies the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland, which lies directly below and secretes hormones that affect many other glands in the body.

13. Without a hippocampus, one cannot transfer short-term memories into long-term memory. Without long-term memory, one can’t remember what happened minutes or hours earlier.

14. At the very front of the parietal lobe is about a half-inch strip that runs down the side and contains the somatosensory area. Remember, the right somatosensory area receives sensory messages about touch, temperature, and pain from the left side of the body; the left somatosensory area receives sensory messages about touch, temperature and pain from the right side of the body.

15. There is a temporal lobe, located on the side of each hemisphere. One area in the temporal lobe is involved in hearing. If the hearing areas were completely damaged in both hemispheres, you would be totally deaf. There are actually many causes of deafness; one of them is damage to the hearing area of the temporal lobe.

16. In all right-handed people, Wernicke’s area is located in the left hemisphere. In about 10% of left-handed people, Wernicke’s area is located in the right hemisphere. Damage to Wernicke’s area results in a persons having great difficulty comprehending meaningful sentences and in understanding speech. This speech problem is called Wernicke’s aphasia.

17. A wide band of fibers, called the corpus callosum, allows communication between two hemispheres. If the corpus callosum is completely severed, communication between the hemispheres is almost zero. After a split-brain operation, the right hemisphere does not know what the left hemisphere is doing and vice versa. Remember that in normal people, the left and right hemispheres automatically work together to process information.

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Parts of the Brain -- Quick Review Name: ____________________________

1. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which together make up the ________________, respond quickly and automatically, without any conscious effort. Remember, the ______________ division prepares the body for arousal, which is called the fight-flight response. The ______________ response calms the body down and also aids digestion.

2. The ______________is a bundle of nerves about the size of your thumb. The answer carries neural messages about sensory information to your brain. The answer also carries neural messages to muscles throughout your body.

3. If the ___________ were damaged, a person would die from respiratory or cardiovascular failure. For example, an overdose of depressant drugs, such as alcohol or heroin, suppresses the answer which stops the breathing and causes the person to die of respiratory failure. The answer regulates our three vital reflexes: breathing, heartrate and respiration.

4. Located immediately above the medulla is another group of cells called the _____. Depending on which area of the answer is damaged, there are serious disruptions in stages of sleep. In addition, other parts of the answer relay messages to the higher parts of the brain.

5. The _____________ is about the size of a baseball and is located in the back of and immediately below the forebrain. Depending on how much damage there is to the answer, a person would experience more or fewer problems with making coordinated movements.

6. Extending down the center of the pons and medulla is a column of cells called the _________________. If the answer is damaged, the forebrain is not alerted, it cannot receive or process sensory information, and the result is unconsciousness and/or coma. There are many causes of coma; one results from damage to the answer.

7. The __________ is the brains sensory switchboard. If the answer is damaged, sensory information could not be relayed to the brain.

8. The forebrain is divided into four major divisions or lobes. Located in the very back of the forebrain is the_____________, which is involved in receiving and processing visual information.

9. Association areas make up about 80% of the cortex, or covering of the forebrain. For example, the ________________________receives information about lines, shadows, and contours and transforms these sensations into the face of the student next to you.

10. The motor homunculus refers to the organization of body parts within the__________________. For example, the shoulder is located at the top of the answer and the jaw is located near the bottom. Remember that the answer in the right hemisphere controls voluntary movement on the left side of the body, and the motor area in the left hemisphere controls voluntary movements on the right side of the body.

11. In the front part of the ___________________, which extends to but does not include the motor strip, is removed, it’s called a frontal lobotomy (or prefrontal lobotomy). Doctors stropped doing frontal lobotomies in the early 1950’s because improvement rates were at the chance level and antipsychotic drugs were discovered.

12. At the very bottom and in the very center of the forebrain lies the _______________. The answer also controls the pituitary gland, which lies directly below and secretes hormones that affect many other glands in the body.

13. Without a ________________, one cannot transfer short-term memories into long-term memory. Without long-term memory, one can’t remember what happened minutes or hours earlier.

14. At the very front of the _________________ is about a half-inch strip that runs down the side and contains the_______________________. Remember, the right 2nd part of answer area receives sensory messages about touch, temperature, and pain from the left side of the body; the left 2nd part of answer area receives sensory messages about touch, temperature and pain from the right side of the body.

15. There is a____________________, located on the side of each hemisphere. One area in the answer is involved in hearing. If the hearing areas were completely damaged in both hemispheres, you would be totally deaf. There are actually many causes of deafness; one of them is damage to the hearing area of the answer.

16. In all right-handed people, _____________________is located in the left hemisphere. In about 10% of left-handed people, the answer is located in the right hemisphere. Damage to the answer results in a persons having great difficulty comprehending meaningful sentences and in understanding speech. This speech problem is called the answer aphasia.

17. A wide band of fibers, called the _____________________, allows communication between two hemispheres. If the answer is completely severed, communication between the hemispheres is almost zero. After a split-brain operation, the right hemisphere does not know what the left hemisphere is doing and vice versa. Remember that in normal people, the left and right hemispheres automatically work together to process information.

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Word Bank for Parts of the Brain – Quick Review

MOTOR AREA

HYPOTHALAMUS

WERNICKE’S AREA

CEREBELLUM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPATHETIC

THALAMUS

PONS

TEMPORAL LOBE

CORPUS CALLOSUM

VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA

OCCIPITAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

SOMATOSENSORY AREA

RETICULAR FORMATION (RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM)

FRONTAL LOBE

HIPPOCAMPUS

MEDULLA

SPINAL CORD

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