The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in ...
The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History By Michael H. Hart
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
14
15
16
17 18 19 20
Person Muhammad Isaac Newton Jesus Christ
Buddha Confucius
St. Paul Ts'ai Lun Johann Gutenberg Christopher Columbus Albert Einstein Louis Pasteur Galileo Galilei
Aristotle
Euclid
Moses
Charles Darwin
Shih Huang Ti Augustus Caesar Nicolaus Copernicus Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
Time Frame 570-632 1642-1727
c. 6BC-c. 30 563BC-483BC 551BC-479BC
c. 4-c. 64 c. 105
1400-1468 1451-1506 1879-1955 1822-1895 1564-1642
384BC-322BC
c. 300 BC
13th c. BC
1809-1882
259BC-210BC 63BC-14 1473-1543 1743-1794
Occupation Secular and religious leader
Scientist Prophet; Spiritual leader
Spiritual leader Philosopher; Teacher
Christian apostle Political official in imperial
China Inventor Explorer Scientist Chemist and biologist Scientist
Philosopher and scientist
Teacher
Prophet
Biologists
Chinese Emperor Political leader Lawyer; Astronomer
Scientist
Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Prophet; Founder of Islam; Wrote the Koran Many scientific and mathematical inventions/theories Founder of Christianity Founder of Buddhism Created Confucianism His writings in the New Testament of the Bible
Invented paper
Inventor of printing (printing press) Discovery of the Americas led to world-wide exploration Theory of relativity Germ theory and preventive inoculation Developed the scientific method; Invented the telescope Wrote over 170 books on astronomy, zoology, geography, etc; Originated the study of formal logic Wrote Elements, greatest textbook on geometry Political figure who led the Hebrews in the Exodus from Egypt; Wrote five books of the Bible (the Jewish Torah); Encouraged the belief of monotheism (belief in one god) Originated the theory of organic evolution by means of natural selection United China by force of arms and instituted a set of sweeping reforms Founder of the Roman Empire Copernican Theory (First to assert the Earth revolves around the sun) Organized the system of chemical theory
Name 21 22 23
24
Person Constantine the Great
James Watt Michael Farday
James Clerk Maxwell
TimeFrame c. 280-337 1736-1819 1791-1867
1831-1879
25
Martin Luther
1483-1546
26
George Washington
1732-1799
27
Karl Marx
1818-1883
28
Orville Wright & Wilbur Wright
1871-1948 1867-1912
29
Genghis Khan
c. 1162-1227
30
Adam Smith
1723-1790
31
Edward de Vere (William Shakespeare)
1550-1604
32
John Dalton
1766-1844
33
Alexander the Great 356BC-323BC
34
Napoleon Bonaparte
1769-1821
Occupation Political leader
Inventor Inventor Physicist
Teacher and author Political leader Philosopher Inventors Emperor Philosopher
Playwright and poet
Scientist Political leader and
conqueror
General and Emperor 2
Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List First Christian emperor of the Roman Empire Inventor of the first practical steam engine and key figure in the Industrial Revolution Invented the first electric motor; Discovered electromagnetic induction Developed a set of four equations that best express the basic laws of electricity and magnetism Chiefly responsible for the beginning of the Reformation period; The start of Protestantism Military leader and first president of the United States Principal originator of "scientific socialism"; His writings form the theoretical basis of Communism
Invented the first airplane
Ruthless leader who eventually ruled the largest empire in all of history Wrote The Wealth of Nations; Leading figure in the development of economic theory Wrote at least 36 plays (including Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Julius Caesar, and Othello), 154 sonnets, and a few longer poems Introduced the atomic hypothesis into the mainstream of science Conquered and controlled vast amounts of land; Brought together Greek and Middle Eastern civilizations which resulted in cultural diffusion Great military leader; Authorized the sale of land to the USA (known as the Louisiana Purchase)
Number
Person
Time Frame
35
Thomas Edison
1847-1931
36 Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
37
William T. G. Mortin
1819-1868
38
Guglielmo Marconi
1874-1937
39
Adolf Hitler
1889-1945
40
Plato
427BC-347BC
41
Oliver Cromwell
1599-1658
42
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922
43
Alexander Fleming
1881-1955
44
John Locke
1632-1704
45
Ludwig Van Beethoven 1770-1827
46
Werner Heisenberg
1901-1976
47
Louis Daguerre
1787-1851
48
Simon Bolivar
1783-1830
49
Rene Descartes
1596-1650
Occupation Inventor
Government worker Dentist Inventor
Political leader
Philosopher
Military leader Inventor Physician
Philosopher
Composer
Physicist Inventor
Political leader Philosopher, scientist, and
mathematician
Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Developed over 1,000 inventions including the phonograph and the practical incandescent light bulb Discovered microbes Introduced the use of anesthesia in surgery Invented the radio Leader of the Nazi party; Leader of Germany during WWII; Masterminded the Holocaust Wrote over 36 books (including the Republic); Considered one of the great fathers of Western thought Man most responsible for eventual establishment of parliamentary democracy as the English form of government Invented the telephone Discovered penicillin First writer to put together a coherent form of the basic ideas of constitutional democracy Wrote nine symphonies, 32 piano sonatas, five piano concertos, ten sonatas for the piano and violin, a series of magnificent string quartets, vocal music, theater music, and much more Played a significant role in the creation of quantum mechanics Developed the first practical method of photography Given the title, The Liberator; He led the liberation of five S. American countries from Spanish rule
Invented analytic geometry
3
Number 50
51 52
53
54
55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64
Person Michelangelo
Pope Urban II `Umar ibn al-Kattab
Asoka
St. Augustine
William Harvey Ernest Rutherford
John Calvin Gregor Mendel
Max Planck
Joseph Lister Nikolaus August Otto
Fransisco Pizarro Hernando Cortes Thomas Jefferson
Time Frame 1475-1564
1042-1099 c. 586-644 c. 300BC-c.
232BC
354-430
1578-1657 1871-1937 1509-1564 1822-1884 1858-1947
1827-1912 1832-1891 c. 1475-1541 1485-1547 1743-1826
Occupation Artist
Religious leader Religious leader
Political leader
Theologian
Physician Physicist Theologian Monk and teacher Physicist
Surgeon Inventor Adventurer and conqueror Adventurer and conqueror Political leader
Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List His work (paintings, statues, drawings, etc.) profoundly influenced the development of European painting and sculpture Gave the order to start the First Christian Crusades After Muhammad, Umar was the principle figure in the spread of Islam Third ruler of the Mauryan dynasty and considered the most important monarch in the history of India His writings profoundly influenced Christian doctrines and attitudes throughout the Middle Ages Discovered the circulation of blood and the function of the heart Originated the study of nuclear physics Influential Protestant leader who developed Calvinism (importance of the Bible, dedication to hard work, etc.) Discovered the basic principles of heredity Generally considered to be the father of quantum mechanics (developed Planck's theory) Introduced the use of antiseptic measures in surgery Built the first four-stroke internal combustion engine Conquered the Inca Empire of Peru Conquered the Aztec Empire of Mexico Third president of the United States; Author of the Declaration of Independence
4
Number 65 66 67
68 69 70 71
72
73 74 75 76 77
Person Queen Isabella I
Joseph Stalin Julius Caesar
William the Conqueror Sigmund Freud Edward Jenner
William Conrad Rontgen
Johann Sebastian Bach
Lao Tzu Voltaire Johannes Kepler Enrico Fermi Leonhard Euler
Time Frame 1451-1504 1879-1953 100BC-44Bc
c. 1027-1087 1856-1939 1749-1823 1845-1923
1685-1750
4th c. BC 1694-1778 1571-1630 1901-1954 1707-1783
Occupation Political ruler Political leader Military and political leader
Monarch Psychologist
Physician Scientist
Composer
Author Historian and philosopher
Astronomer Scientist
Mathematician and physicist
Reason(s) for Being Placed on the List Financed Columbus's voyage across the Atlantic Ocean; Instituted the Spanish Inquistion Ruthless dictator of the Soviet Union Played a significant role in the downfall of the Roman Republic; Under his leadership, Roman troops conquered Gaul which provided security for the Roman Empire Led the Norman conquest of England which resulted in the blend of the French and Anglo-Saxon cultures Originator of psychoanalysis Developed and popularized the technique of vaccination as a preventive measure against smallpox Developed the use of X-rays Considered to be one of the two or three composers of all time; First man to successfully combine the differing national styles of music which existed in Western Europe Wrote Tao Te Ching; This book is the basis for Taoism Wrote numerous books ? most famous, Candide; Influenced political thought which ultimately resulted in the French Revolution Discovered the laws of planetary motion Designed the first nuclear reactor One of the most brilliant and prolific scientists of all time; Wrote 32 full length books concerning practical applications of laws of mechanics
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