Astronomy



Astronomy Final Review Name ___________________________________

1. How far away is the Oort Cloud ? ___50,000 AU or 1 light year_________

2. Why would comet impacts be more damaging than asteroid collisions ?

# 1. Speed of Comet

# 2. Size

3. What would alter comet orbits ?

Galactic Tide

Gravity of Stars, Planets (large)

4. What is the Galactic Tide ? Overall gravitational force of galaxy(Milky Way). This force is strong enough to influence comets from the Oort Cloud

5. How big is Apophis ? 210- 330 m

When is it due to possibly hit Earth ? 2029 and 2036

6. What does NEO stand for ? Near Earth Object

7. What frequency do NEO’s larger than 6km strike Earth ? 1 in 500,000 yrs

8. What point in space does the asteroid have to pass through in order to be on an orbit path to collide with the earth ? Keyhole

9. What two things can lasers may be able to do to an asteroid ? Track and Nudge to new path

10. Why are scientists reluctant to blow up asteroids ? May create more impacts and more damage

11. What do some asteroids create for themselves and how ? gravity by tumbling

12. When was the last large impact that may have wiped out the dinosaurs ? 65 million years ago

13. Where do scientists believe it struck the earth ? Yucatan Peninsula

14. Explain how an impact of large magnitude would effect the species on the planet.

Point of impact = Total devastation of life and landscape. Possible trigger of volcanic and tectonic events. Tsunami hit coastal regions. Debris and dust clouds sky, lowering temp struggle for plant life. Many species unable to adapt become extinct.

1.Label the Umbra and Penumbra of the eclipse below.

2. In the diagrams below, draw the moon in the proper position to complete each eclipse as indicated.

1. Label the diagram below:

[pic]

Chromosphere, Corona, Photosphere, Core, Convection Zone, Radiation Zone

2.

What effect is depicted above ? ____Granulation________________

In which layer is this seen ? _____Photosphere___________________

Light spots are (hotter, cooler) than the dark spots

What causes them to rise and sink ? Density Differences

3. What force is pulling the matter inward ? ___Gravity__________________

4. What force is pushing outward ? _____Radiation_____________________

5. If these two forces are in balance, what state is the Sun then in ? ____Equilibrium__________

6. What color is the surface of the Sun ? ___Yellow_________________

7. Why is it that particular color ? _____Temperature_____________________

Fill in the blank with the appropriate layer.

8.____B_____Visible light is produced

9.____F_____ X-Rays are produced

10.___C_____ __A_______ Two layers visible during an eclipse

11. __B_______Sunspots are located

12. ___E_____ Where a circulation pattern occurs

13. ___A______ Flares occur in this layer

14. ____D_____ Temperature is = 6,264,000 0K

15. ___D______ Particles are moving the fastest

16. ___C______ Temperature is = 1,000,000 0K

17. ___C_____ Is visible during an eclipse

18. ___F______ X-Rays are produced

19. The Sun is approximately how far from the earth ? __93,000,000____________miles

20. The Sun’s diameter is approximately ___110_______larger than earth’s diameter.

21. What is the Sun’s spectral class ? ___G2_________ or ____Main Sequence_______

22. What are the grass like structures emitted from the Sun ? __spicules

23. What two elements make up the composition of the Sun ? __H_____ & ___He_____

24. What are sunspots ? ____magnetic areas_____________________________

25. How long is the cycle between peak sun spot activity ? __11_______yrs

Using the diagram below of the Earth, Sun, and Moon, draw the moon phases

as viewed from Earth in the corresponding locations and give the name of the

phase in the space provided . (16 pts.)

[pic]

View from Earth:

[pic]

|Planet |Size |Surface Type/ Composition |Atmosphere |Temperature |Planet Name |

|1 |4880 |Rocky | | |Mercury |

| |smallest | |Black sky 24 hrs | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|2 |12,104 |Rocky |CO2 |Hottest |Venus |

| | | |Greenhouse Effect | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|3 |12,756 |Rocky | | |Earth |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|4 |6787 |Rocky |Reddish color due to |Evidence of past water|Mars |

| | | |oxidation | |Day similar to |

| | | | | |Earth’s |

| | | | | | |

|5 |142,800 |Gaseous |The Great Red Spot | |Jupiter |

| |Largest | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|6 |120,000 |Gaseous | | |Saturn |

| |2nd largest | | | |Ring System |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|7 |51,800 |Gaseous | | |Uranus |

| | | | | |Rotates sideways |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|8 |49,500 |Gaseous | | |Neptune |

| | | | | |Methane gives color |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

|9 |3476 | | | |Moon |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

| | | | | | |

1. List three things that make up the composition of a comet.

a. Ice b. Rock c. Dust

2. What type of rock are meteors commonly composed of ?

Iridium, Iron and nickel

3. Where are asteroids commonly found in the solar system ?

Between mars and Jupiter (asteroid belt)

4. Where is it believed comets originate from ?Oort Cloud

5. These are small, black, and glassy objects found near impact sites.

tektites

6. What is really happening when one sees a “shooting star” ?

Burning up due to friction of atmosphere

7. Approximately how many years does Haley’s comet take to orbit ?

76 yrs

8. What are the two classifications of meteors ?

a. Differentiated b. Undifferentiated

9. Which asteroids are found near Jupiter ?

10. Why are the small, black objects found near impact sites glassy in texture ?

tektites

11. To the nearest 1/10 A.U., how far away from the Sun is the asteroid belt ? 2.8 AU

12. What occurred in 1908 related to meteors ? Impact in Russia the Tunguska

13. Where is the impact crater that may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs ?

Yucatan Peninsula

14. What causes a comets tail ? Points away from Sun

15. Which way does it face ? (two answers) Points away from Sun, direction of Solar wind

16. Why are most remnants of impacts found in the Antarctic ? get trapped in ice and work way to surface during melts

17. Why does the moon still have so many impact craters visible ? No erosion/weathering

18. Why are there so few impacts in the rocky mountains when compared to the rest of North America ? Too young

Using the star chart or celestial globe provided, answer the following questions.

1. What is the minimum declination of the sun ? ____-23 ½ 0_______________

2. What is the maximum declination of the sun ? _____+ 23 ½ 0______________

3. Fill in the Right Ascension and Declination of the Sun for the dates listed:

Right Ascension Declination

Sept. 21 _12 hr________ __0_______

Oct. 17 _13 hr 40 min__ __- 10_____

July 22 __8 hr________ ____20____

4. Give the star located at the given Right Ascension and Declination.

Right Ascension Declination Star

6 H 20 m -520 ___ Canopus ______

13 H 20 m -110 ___Spica__________

13 H 20 m 550 ____ Mizar________

22 H 15 m -610 __ Tucana_______

20 H 30 m 450 ____ Deneb _____

7 H 30 m 50 _____ Procyon ____

5. Give the Right Ascension and Declination of the Following:

Star Right Ascension Declination

Dorado __4 hr 30 min___ ___- 55 ________

Arcturus ___14 hr 10 min__ ___19 _________

Pavo ___20 hr 25 min_ ___- 57_________

6. What is the sun’s path called ?__ecliptic______________________________

1. Where do stars originate from ? ____Nebula___________________________

2. The color of a star indicates its ___Temperature__________________.

3. Bigger stars burn _brighter_________but have a life span measured in _millions__________ of years.

4. Smaller stars burn _dimmer____________ but have a life span measured in ___trillions_________of years.

5. Average stars have a life span measured in ___billions___________of years.

6. Absolute magnitude is based on a distance of _star____________ from the observer.

7. An increase of 1 magnitude means the star is __2.5_________times brighter.

8. Dimmer stars have __higher________magnitudes while bright stars have __lower (negative)________ magnitudes.

9. If a star has a parallax of .235, how far away is it ? __4.255_____________parsecs.

10. 1 parsec is equal to __3.258______________light years.

11. Using the Inverse Square Law, if a star is 1/49 as bright, how many times farther away is it ?

_______7________________

12. Which star is brighter, star A with a magnitude of 2.0 or star B with a magnitude of 2.5 ?

____ star A 2.0________________

13. Most stars end their life cycle as a __black____________ ___dwarf_________.

14. An exploding star is known as a ___super nova_________________ ____________________ ?

15. Large stars that end their life cycle can end up as either a ___super nova__________ _____________

or a __black hole______________ _________________.

16. Our nearest star is about ___4 ___________ light years away from Earth.

17. The path of the Sun is called the __ecliptic_______________.

18. When was the last Super Nova seen from Earth ? ____1987_____________

19. What famous astronomer saw the last one before that ? __Tycho________________.

Label the diagram below with the following:

Color of Stars: Red, Blue, White , and Yellow

Spectral Class of Stars: A B F G K M O

Types of Stars: Red Giants, Main Sequence, Blue Giants, Red Super Giants, White Dwarfs

Temperature: 2500, 5000, 10,000, and 20,000

Plot with an X where the Sun should be.

Use the Brightness Ratio chart below to answer the following questions.

|m |Brightness Ratio |m |Brightness Ratio |

|0.1 |1.1 |5.0 |100 |

|0.2 |1.2 |6.0 |250 |

|0.3 |1.3 |7.0 |630 |

|0.4 |1.4 |8.0 |1,600 |

|0.5 |1.6 |9.0 |4,000 |

|1.0 |2.5 |10.0 |10,000 |

|2.0 |6.3 |15.0 |1,000,000 |

|3.0 |16.0 |20.0 |100,000,000 |

|4.0 |40.0 |25.0 |10,000,000,000 |

20. What is the brightness ratio of a star with an m of 9.3 ?

4000 x 1.3 = 5200

21. What is the brightness ratio of a star with an m of 4.9 ?

40 x 1.6 x 1.4 = 89.6

22. What is the brightness ratio of a star with an m of 2.7 ?

6.3 x 1.3 x1.4 =11.46

23. What is the m of a star that has a brightness ratio of 8.82 ?

8.82/6.3 = 1.4 1.4 = .4 2.4

24. List the four stages in order the Sun will go through during its life cycle ?

a. ___Main Sequence_____________________

b. ___Red Giant_____________________

c. ____White Dwarf____________________

d. ____Black Dwarf____________________

25. List from the outermost to the center the layers of the Sun.

1. _Corona__________ 2. __Chromosphere_____ 3.__Photosphere_______

4. ___Convection_______ 5. ___Radiation_________ 6.__Core__________

1. How many years between peak sunspot activity ? __11_________

2. What is a sunspot ? magnetic storm

3. How large are sunspots in general ? size of earth +

4. What significant clue did they reveal about the surface of the sun ? different rotation rates in different parts

5. Where do they move the fastest ? equator

6. What effects from peak activity do we see on Earth ? auroras

7. Where (latitude) do we see most of the sunspots on the Sun ? Mid

8. Why are they dark in color ? cooler

9. What destruction have they caused indirectly on Earth ? black outs, radio interference

10. What part of the cycle are we currently in ? Low (100 yr low)

Label the diagram below : Conjunction, quadrature and elongation. be sure to indicate both east and west

[pic]

A. ____Conjunction_______________ B. ____Superior Conjuction________

C. ____Eastern Elongation____________ D. ____Inferior Conjunction_________

E. ____Western Elongation_________ F. ___Eastern Quadrature__________

G. ____Western Quadrature_______ _ H. ____Opposition________________

-----------------------

Penumbra

Sun

Earth

Moon

Umbra

Solar Eclipse

Earth

Sun

Lunar Eclipse

Earth

Sun

Corona

Chromosphere

Photosphere

Convection

Radiation

Core

A. Chromosphere E. Convection Zone

B. Photosphere F. Radiation Zone

C. Corona

D. Core

View from Space:

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ASTEROID BELT ASTEROID BELT ASTEROID BELT

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