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Progressives1900-1917Not Revolutionaries, but reformersGoals:Limit power of big businessImprove democratic process for average citizenIncrease social justiceAttitudes and Motives US SocietyShift From:Homogenous to a more heterogeneous societyImpact of immigrationMovement from a rural to an urbanAgrarian to an industrial societySocietal concerns:Polarization of wealthRising power of big businessViolence between labor and capitalDominance of corrupt political machinesLack of or limited political power/influence of individual citizensMinority concerns of racist south and Jim Crow lawsNo Political gains since Reconstruction – going backwardsCity conditionsWho were the Progressives Protestant church leadersAfrican American LeadersUnion leadersWomen’s Rights activistsWhy they were effectiveLeadership – TR, Taft, Robert La Follete, WJ Bryan, and Woodrow WilsonMultiple groupsNew way of thinkingShift from Transcendental to PragmaticChallenged Laissez FaireChallenged Rugged individualismMuckrakers – Newspaper, magazine writers and authorsInvestigative reportingOrigins Henry Lloyd – attacks Standard Oil in Atlantic MonthlyWrites Wealth against Commonwealth – exposes greed and corruption in oilMagazines McClures, Cosmopolitan, and ColliersWriters Lincoln Steffens and Ida TarbellBooks Jacob Riis How the other half lives, Steffens Shame of the nationEffects:Exposed conditions – political economic, and social Brought calls for reform and government interventionEnd of MuckrakersDifficult to continue outdoing each other in exposes, one upmanshipBig business is now aware of their public imageEditors faced pressure from big business to back offCity and state reformVoter participation Secret ballot – shift from party issued ballots to state issued ballotsDirect primaries – Wisconsin Plan – State citizens choose party candidatesDirect election of senators 17th AmendmentInitiative – citizens “initiate” legislationReferendum – citizens vote directly on legilationRecall – petitions to remove an elected official Social welfare – Settlement Houses – Jane Addams and Florence KellyHelped provide for needs of the immigrantsLobbied for better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, safety regulationsRehab of criminals – parole and probation, limits on death penalty, and creation of juvenile justice systemCity reformControlling Public utilities – cities begin to control water, public transport, electricCreation of commissions and city managersPolice commissioners, fire commissioner elected by the citizens City managers hire by elected officialState reformsProhibition and temperance – clean up morals > clean up politicsEffective and well organized – 18th Amendment National Reform Theodore Roosevelt TR – Square DealPresident sets legislation agendaCoal miners strike 1902 – forces owner and workers to settle or nationalize minesTrust BustingGood v. Bad trustsGood - efficient and low pricesBad – harmed public good – Northern SecuritiesStrengthen ICCElkins Act – Authority to stop rebatesHepburn Act – ICC could set “Jest and reasonable” ratesConsumer protectionUpton Sinclair – The Jungle – exposed conditions in the meat packing industry Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 – Food products are labeledMeat Inspections Act – Meat packing industry must meet minimum sanitation levelsConservationForest Reserve Act – 150 million acres set aside – could not be sold Newlands reclamation Act - $$ from Western lands used for irrigation projects in West National Conservation Commission – Gifford Pinchot commissionerTaft – 1909-1913Continues Trust BustingEstablishes Bureau of MinesAdded lands to the National Forest ReserveMann – Elkins Act – ICC power to suspend RR ratesOversaw telephone and telegraph rates5. 1913 16th Amendment Income tax – Populist goalRepublican in fightingProgressive wing of Republican Party angry at Taft for:Support of Payne-Aldrich Tariff raising tariff ratesTaft fires Pinchot – Controversy over Alaskan Public landsSecretary of Interior Ballinger wants to open the lands for sale and development – Taft side with BallingerSupport of Conservative Republicans in the 1910 midtermsResult: Republican Party splits in 2Socialists: Eugene V. Debs – More radical than ProgressivesPublic ownership of public utilities and major industriesSocialist successes – 8 hour work day, pensions, some utilities ownershipElection of 1912TR v. Wilson v. Taft v. DebsTR – Bull Moose Party – Progressive partyNew Nationalism More government regulation of business and unionsWomen’s suffrageMore social welfare programsWilson – Democrat – New FreedomLimits on big business and big governmentSupport small businessWilson wins – 41% of popular voteTR 27%Taft 23%Debs 6% 900,000 popular votesWilson only 2nd Democrat since Civil WarPersonality: Idealistic, Intellectual, Righteous, and InflexibleInauguration – promises to attack the Triple wall of privilege: Tariffs, trust, and banking Lower Tariffs offset with income taxFederal reserve Act 1914 – Federal Reserve Board and 12 district banksRegulate and standardize money supplyWilson and businessClayton Anti Trust Act – Strengthened Sherman to break trusts: Unions are NOT trustsFederal Trade Commission – Power to investigate and act on unfair trade practices, exceptions: Banks and transportationFederal Farm Loan Act – Low cost loans for farmersChild Labor Act 1916 – Prohibited products in interstate trade produced by children younger than 14 Struck down in Hammer v. Dagenhart 1918Blacks in Progressive era: Plessy v. Ferguson 1896Wilson Executive Order: Provides segregation in Post Office and all Federal buildingsProgressives do nothing for black rightsShare general prejudice of timeConsider other reforms more important than anti-lynching lawsBack LeadersBooker T Washington – Tuskegee InstituteAtlanta Exposition – Stress economic and industrial educationBelieved it was best to secure economic baseW.E.B. Dubois – Wrote Souls of Black FolksCritical of WashingtonDemanded political and social rights as a prerequisite for economic independenceUrban migrationEnd of 19th Century: 9 of 10 blacks lived in SouthMigration – 1910-1930Deteriorating race relations Boll weevil – poor cotton production Econ opportunities in the North not in SouthCivil Right organizationsNiagara Movement – Creation on NAACPGoal is to increase educational opportunitiesEnd segregation By 1920 – 100,000 membersNational urban league “Opportunity not Alms”Self reliance and economic advancementWomen and Progressive areWilson opposed to women’s suffrageCarrie Chapmen Catt NAWSAAimed effort at the state levelChange tactics to advocate for national amendment Alice Paul NW PartyImmediate demand for women’s suffrage19th Amendment Catt organizes the League of Women Voters 1920Progressive summary:Causes: Raped growth of cities and businessEffects: PoliticalPrimaries Split Republican Party17th Amendment Direct Election of Senators19th Amendment Women’s votingSocial:Laws for workers protectionSettlement HousesBirth ControlBirth of the Civil Right movement18th Amendment – ProhibitionEconomic:Environmental conservationBusiness regulationLower tariffsReformed Banking systemFederal ReserveIncome tax 16th Amendment1913 – 1919 4 Constitutional Amendments added ................
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