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U.S HISTORY

Colonial Era

French and Indian War (1754-1763) – War between Britain and France. British eventually defeated the French and gained control of Canada, but incurred a large debt in the course of the war. The French lost all land claims in North America.

Mercantilism – Trade with the colonies was regulated to benefit Great Britain. The British sold expensive manufactured goods to colonists, while the colonist sold cheaper raw materials, such as tobacco and cotton, to the British.

Navigation Acts – A series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to restrict England’s colonial trade with its American colonies.

King Phillip’s War—Last Native American resistance in New England.

Half-Way Covenant—Restriction in the Puritan church allowing children of members to be admitted to baptism but not full membership—they could not take communion.

French in Quebec—1st French colony in North America as result of French interest in fur trade.

Middle Passage—Leg of Trans-Atlantic trade that exchanged rum for slaves.

Virginia Company—Joint-stock company that established Jamestown.

House of Burgesses – Established in Virginia in 1619. Elected representatives helped govern the colony. Example of the first representative government in Colonial America.

The Mayflower Compact – Established a colonial government deriving power from consent of the governed.

Town Meeting Example of a direct democracy governed through town meetings and a promising step toward genuine self-government.

Salem Witch Craft Trials—The result of unsettled social and religious conditions in a rapidly evolving Massachusetts.

Trans-Atlantic Trade – The system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.

Bacon’s Rebellion—Uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia government due to concern of attacks on settlers living on the American frontier. First example of class struggle in Colonial America.

Roger Williams/Rhode Island—Williams established R.I. to offer religious freedom for all who came.

New Amsterdam settlement—Founded by the Dutch, taken over by the English under the Duke of York and became New York.

Revolution to Constitution

Stamp Act – A 1765 law in which Parliament established the first direct tax on goods and services within the colonies. Required a tax on newspapers and legal documents.

Townshend Act – A series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1767, which established an indirect tax on goods imported from Britain to the thirteen colonies in North America. The act levied import taxes on everyday items including, tea, glass, and paint.

Intolerable Acts - A series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774, to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. These laws took away the colonists right to a trial by jury, soldiers could search and seize any property at any time, and colonist was required to house British Soldiers.

Tea Act – Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea. Sparked the Boston Tea Party.

Declaration of Independence - It was an explanation to Americans and other countries as to why the colonist had no choice but to break away from Great Britain. In the document Jefferson lists all the unfair practices that Britain placed on the colonist.

Militia – Volunteer colonists who fought against the British. Their use of hit and run tactics were instrumental in winning the war

Battle of Saratoga – Called the turning point of the American Revolution because the success of the colonists, even though outnumbered, convinced France to send aid like ships and guns to the colonists.

Continental Army – Commanded by George Washington that fought the British during the American Revolution

Articles of Confederation – The first form of gov’t for the newly formed United States. It gave little power to Congress (couldn’t tax or enforce law) therefore the state’s kept their power or sovereignty

Sons of Liberty – Protest group that formed after the passing of the Stamp Act

Shay’s Rebellion – An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. The states began to realize that a stronger central government was needed. They decided to send delegates to Philadelphia to try and revise the Articles but ended up writing the Constitution instead.

Whiskey Rebellion – Unlike Shay’s Rebellion that showed the country needed a central gov’t that was stronger and could enforce laws—the Whiskey Rebellion proved that the gov’t is strong and could enforce the tax laws.

Proclamation of 1763—Imaginary line separating the 13 colonies from the region west of the Appalachian Mountains where settlement was forbidden.

Treaty of Paris 1763—Ended the French and Indian War, thus driving the French off their land in North America. Treaty of Paris in 1783—ended the Revolutionary War and confirmed American Independence.

Committees of Correspondence – Groups in the colonies that communicated back and forth and were instrumental in uniting the colonies in their goal for independence.

Thomas Paine/Common Sense—Paine wrote the pamphlet Common Sense, which encouraged many American to favor independence.

George Washington at Trenton and Valley Forge—Washington who was commander-in-chief of the Continental Army who crossed the Delaware and defeated the Hessians. Valley Forge, Pa. was the location of the winter camp where Washington’s men spent a harsh winter and was their lowest point.

Marquis de Lafayette/Battle of Yorktown—Lafayette paid his way from France to aid Washington and fight for independence. He helped secure French support and planned the strategy at Yorktown, which ended the Revolutionary War.

James Madison – delegate to the Constitutional convention from Virginia. Proposed the Virginia Plan and introduced a plan for sharing power between the national government and the states.

Virginia Plan – Two house legislature based on each state’s population.

New Jersey Plan – One house legislature with equal representation.

Connecticut Plan or Great Compromise – Resolved the conflict between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan by creating a bicameral (two-house) congress.

In the House of Representatives states would be represented according to population.

Senate each state would have equal representation. (Two senators from each state).

The Great Compromise ultimately settled the dispute concerning representation in Congress.

George Washington – Presided over the Constitutional Convention.

Federalist – believed the country would not survive without the strong central government.

Anti-Federalist— believed the Constitution gave too much power to the national government and that it failed to provide a Bill of Rights to guarantee protection to the people.

Ideas from John Locke and Montesquieu—Locke’s ideas of Life and Liberty and a Social Contract were used by the founding fathers. Montesquieu’s ideas of a government with three branches were used in setting up the government.

Alexander Hamilton—Federalist who supported a strong national government and strongly supported the constitution.

Separation of powers—a government where branches are each unique in their powers.

3/5's Compromise—agreement allowing states to count 3/5’s of their slave population when counting citizens for representation in the house.

U.S. Constitution - Meeting at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The decision was made to discard the Articles and write a new document. Several men wrote letters supporting the Constitution including James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton. Their letters were compiled into the Federalist Papers.

Creating a Nation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Act that defined the process by which a territory became a state.

Louisiana Purchase Best land deal in history, purchased from France under Jefferson’s administration, extended US boundaries to Rocky Mountains.

Thomas Jefferson’s diplomacy Advocated strict interpretation of the Constitution, however fearing Spain could close the port of New Orleans to American commerce, made decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory.

Lewis and Clark Part of the Corp of Discovery sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana purchase to acquire information on Native Americans, plant and animal life, also to look for a Northwest Passage. Reached the Pacific Ocean giving US strength to claims in Oregon Country.

War of 1812 Fought against British due to 1. Impressment of American sailors 2. British refusing to leave forts on the Great Lakes 3. British arming Native Americans on the frontier. No clear winner, no boundary changes, led to spirit of Nationalism in the US.

Erie Canal Connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and Buffalo with Albany, NY this was the most spectacular engineering project of the young US.

American System and the nation’s infrastructure Henry Clay’s plan to unite the nation by building roads, canals, and bridges funded by the US government.

Monroe Doctrine Warning to European nations not to colonize any region in the Western Hemisphere. Notably Latin America and the Oregon Country.

Marbury vs. Madison Court decision involving Judicial Review.

Eli Whitney/cotton gin/interchangeable parts - Whitney invented the cotton gin, which led to growth of short staple cotton, thus increased demand for slaves. Also demonstrated the use in interchangeable parts which led to modern mass production.

Manifest Destiny Based, in part, that God was on the side of American expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Was achieved with the Mexican War.

Reform Movements/temperance/abolitionism, public schools Reform movements were to make improvements in society. Temperance involved the use of alcohol in the home. Horace Mann led education reforms and promoted free public schools.

Woman’s suffrage Movement to give women the right to vote in local, state, and national elections.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Seneca Falls Convention - Stanton led the early women’s suffrage movement and organized the Seneca Falls Convention where women in NY won the right to vote by a narrow margin.

Jacksonian Democracy -Involved support of the common man, the use of the spoils system, expanded suffrage for non land owners, manifest destiny, strict construction of the Constitution, and Laissez-faire economics.

American Nationalism/Era of Good Feeling - A spirit of Nationalism and patriotism following the War of 1812 with only one political party in power—the Republican Party.

Divided Nation

Issue of slavery leads to a sectional crisis in the US (North was anti-slavery; South was pro-slavery). Slave rebellions occurred (Nat Turner’s rebellion in Virginia in 1831, and others). Anti-slavery feelings up north led to Abolitionist movement (against slavery) led by Northern whites like William Lloyd Garrison (publisher of Liberator) and former slave Frederick Douglass (publisher of The North Star) and women like Grimke sisters who were involved in anti-slavery movement and women’s rights movement.

Missouri Compromise passed in 1820 (Missouri added as slave state; Maine added as free state). Purpose was to maintain the balance between the number of slave states and free states in territories from Louisiana Purchase (west of Mississippi River).

Nullification Crisis occurred in response to Tariff of Abomination. State of South Carolina objected b/c it raised price of goods—felt it was unconstitutional and nullified law in South Carolina (example of states’ rights ideology). Showdown ensued with President Andrew Jackson and Vice President John C. Calhoun (South Carolina native). South Carolina threatened to secede and President Jackson threatened to send in troops. Compromise was reached and John C. Calhoun resigned as Vice President.

War with Mexico (1845-1848) resulted from border dispute between US and Mexico and US desire for Manifest Destiny (borders stretching from sea to shining sea). US scores victory in war and signs Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. Mexico cedes large part of its northern territories to US (future states of California, New Mexico, and other southwestern territories). US pays Mexico $15 million.

Wilmot Proviso was proposed which would have banned slavery in territories won in the Mexican War. North favored Wilmot Proviso & South opposed. Senate shot down the proviso.

Compromise of 1850 was another attempt at helping the sectional crisis between North and South. Terms of Compromise were (1) California admitted as free state (2) territories of Utah and New Mexico could decide issue of slavery using popular sovereignty (3) slave trade in Washington DC was banned (4) owning slaves in Washington DC remained legal (5) new Fugitive Slave law passed.

Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 allowed territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide slavery issue using popular sovereignty (voters of those territories would decide issue). Led to violent event called Bleeding Kansas in which Northerners came into Kansas to try and vote to ban slavery and Southerners came into Kansas to try and vote to legalize slavery. Violence erupted between these two groups. This proved that popular sovereignty was a failure on issue of slavery. Supreme Court case of Scott v. Sanford (Dred Scott case 1857) ruled that slaves were not citizens and that they were property of their owners and had no right to sue in federal courts. John Brown was violent abolitionist who led a failed slave revolt in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859. John Brown was hung for treason.

President Lincoln led Union throughout the Civil War. His main goal was to preserve the Union. His second inaugural address (after reelection in 1864) he spoke of “binding up the nation’s wounds” and in the Gettysburg Address of creating a “new birth of freedom.” Lincoln also used emergency powers like suspending the writ of habeas corpus to jail those who spoke out against the war.

Ulysses Grant was a Union General who won Battle of Shiloh and led the Army of the Potomac to victory in Civil War; General Robert E. Lee led the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to many victories—he ultimately surrendered to Gen Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865; Gen Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a Confederate General who earned nickname from Battle of Bull Run—he was accidentally shot and killed by one of his own troops; Union Gen William T. Sherman won Battle of Atlanta and led his famous “March to the Sea” where he captured Savannah, Ga; Jefferson Davis was a US Senator who became the first and only president of the Confederate States of America.

Fort Sumter was a federal fort in South Carolina that Confederacy fired on in April 1861 (first shots of Civil War); Battle of Antietam was a battle in Maryland (border state—slave state that did NOT leave the Union) fought to a draw, although the Union claimed victory; Siege of Vicksburg was surrounded by Grant and Union troops and forced into surrender, which cut the South in half along the Mississippi River; Battle of Gettysburg was largest battle of Civil War, it was fought in Pennsylvania and the South never recovered from its losses at Gettysburg; Battle of Atlanta was won by Gen Sherman and was a big loss to Confederacy (Atlanta was a major railroad center for Confederacy).

Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863. Its purpose was to free slaves in states rebelling against the United States (Confederate State of America). It did not free slaves in Border States (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri).

There were major differences in the economies of the North and South by 1860. North was more industrial and had advantages of larger population (larger army), more and better railroads (move troops and supplies during Civil War), and more industrial output (advantage of more guns, etc during the Civil War). South had an agricultural (agrarian) economy.

3 Plans for Reconstruction (time period after Civil War to bring South back into the Union). President Lincoln’s plan called for (1) Pardoned former Confederates who swore oath of loyalty to US (2) Denied pardons to Confederates who killed African American war prisoners (3) Allowed Southern state conventions after 10% of voters swore oath of allegiance (4) Southern states could then hold elections and rejoin the Union. President Lincoln assassinated and Vice-President Andrew Johnson becomes President. President Johnson’s plan included (1) Pardons to all southerners who swore allegiance to US (2) Permitted each state to hold convention, without Lincoln’s 10% Plan (3) States had to void secession and ratify 13th amendment (abolished slavery) and (4) States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union. Radical Republicans in Congress proposed plan for Reconstruction which would punish the South for Civil War and included (1) South divided into 5 military districts ruled by Northern general (2) South had to hold new elections and conventions (3) Required states to allow all qualified voters to vote, including African Americans (4) Barred former Confederates from holding office (5) Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to all citizens and (6) Required ratification of 14th Amendment (Due process of law to all living in the US).

North made efforts to redistribute farm land in the South after the Civil War. General Sherman issued field order called “40 acres and a mule,” which was designed to give land and a mule to former slaves to allow them to farm and take care of their families. Other efforts to help former slaves included the building of colleges like Morehouse College in Atlanta. Freedmen’s Bureau was established to help provide former slaves and poor whites with food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and education.

3 Amendments passed during Reconstruction. Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in the US; Fourteenth Amendment provided due process of law to all living in the US; Fifteenth Amendment made it illegal to deny suffrage to anyone based on race (gave black men voting rights).

Black codes were passed in many southern states to limit the rights of black citizens in their states (curfews, vagrancy laws, etc); Ku Klux Klan was domestic terrorist organization that terrorized and killed (lynched) southern blacks in attempt to keep them from voting and enjoying other rights won during Reconstruction.

President Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton after Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act (which forbad a president from firing a cabinet member without Congressional approval). President Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress had many disagreements over Reconstruction. The House of Representatives impeached President Johnson; the Senate fell one vote short of removing Johnson from office.

Expansion and Reform

Railroads had a positive impact on many industries and on America. It improved travel for Americans and helped lower the price of goods because of faster shipping times. Railroad industry also required much steel, which benefited the steel industry. Railroads also led to many big businesses (oil, steel, etc).

Railroads also helped the settlement of western territories. It made transportation much faster & cheaper for all Americans. Many easterners used railroads to start a new life out west. Railroads had a negative effect on the Native Americans as it brought more white settlers into Indian lands. Transcontinental Railroad, which connected east coast to west coast, was completed in Utah Chinese labor was used by many of the companies that built railroads out west.

John D. Rockefeller established Standard Oil Company. He ran Standard Oil as a trust. Those in a trust turn their stock over to a group of trustees who run the companies as one large corporation. In return, the companies were entitled to dividends, or profits, earned by the trust. This time period saw the growth of several monopolies, companies which had exclusive control of a product or service. Monopolies lead to higher prices for consumers.

Thomas Edison was a great inventor of the time period. His inventions included the electric light bulb, motion pictures, and the phonograph (record player); all had great effects on American life.

Ellis Island (New York City Harbor) is the location that many immigrants from Europe enter the United States. Many European immigrants in the late 1800s and early 1900s came in from southern and eastern European countries. These immigrants came searching for American jobs (many found them in factories). These immigrant groups lived in their own communities within these big cities. They kept some of their native traditions and adopted some of the traditions of America.

Samuel Gompers established the American Federation of Labor. This was a labor union in 1886. Gompers used collective bargaining to negotiate with business management for higher wages, better working conditions, etc. If management did not agree, workers belonging to the AFL would go on strike.

US states west of the Mississippi River saw a population boom in the late 1800s as well (due to the construction of more railroads). The movement of many Americans into these western states and territories had an awful effect on many Native American tribes. Native American Chief Sitting Bull led his people successfully against George Custer at Little Big Horn. Four years later, 300 of Sitting Bull’s people were slaughtered by US troops at Wounded Knee.

There was a great deal of Industrial unrest due to the tension between workers and management in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The Pullman strike is a good example of this. Pullman company provided many things for workers but also had many restrictions on them. A violent strike ensued in 1894 between workers and management.

Author Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle was published in 1904. The novel portrayed the struggles of European immigrants and on the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry. His novel led directly to the passage of the meatpacking industry (required cleanliness for meat-packers and allowed federal inspections of meat-packing plants)and to the Pure Food and Drug Act (which required truthful labels on foods and medicines).

Jane Adams was one of many women reformers of the late 1800s and early 1900s. She established Chicago’s Hull House in 1889. This and others helped cultivate social responsibility towards the urban poor. Adams was also involved in reforms including anti-war activism, racial justice, quality of life issues, and infant mortality.

Jim Crow Laws were passed in many southern states in the post-Reconstruction period. These laws were aimed at restricting the rights of former slaves. Examples include curfews, vagrancy laws, etc. They required the separation of the races in public facilities. The Supreme Court Case of Plessy v. Ferguson legalized segregation. Facilities were required to be “separate but equal.” The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was established by W. E. B. Dubois. This was an organization devoted to fighting for true equality for African Americans.

Ida Tarbell was one of the most famous muckrakers of the period. Muckrakers were those writers who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s. In her book entitled “The History of the Standard Oil Company” she exposed the ruthlessness with which John D. Rockefeller had turned his oil business into an all-powerful monopoly. Her writing added to the trust-busting reforms of the early 1900s.

Progressive reforms of the early 1900s. These include initiatives, which are procedures by which a legislative measure can be originated with the people rather than by lawmakers; recalls, which are procedures for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people; referendums, which are procedures by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people; Seventeenth Amendment, which allowed the direct election of Senators by the people of the state, rather than by a state’s legislative branch; many labor laws were passed which helped raise wages, provided safer conditions, limited children and women’s labor, and allowed for workers compensations; efforts were also made to improve the living conditions of the poor in the cities

Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882. This set severe limits on Chinese immigration. Exceptions were made for students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. This was passed due to the mass of Chinese immigrants entering the US on the west coast and taking jobs of native born Americans because they would accept lower wages.

Becoming a World Power:

Spanish American War – war fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines – the U.S. becomes imperialistic.

Reasons for US expansion – Many business leaders and politicians believed that US expansion was important because it would provide the country with more economic markets, maintain its national security.

War in the Philippines –the Philippines became an “unorganized territory” of the United States. Later, in 1946, the Philippines officially became an independent nation.

Theodore Roosevelt—Fought in Spanish American War, oversaw building of the Panama Canal, led the Rough Riders, issued the Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary—statement issued by Theodore Roosevelt which expanded upon the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the US had the right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying its debts.

The Panama Canal—Cut through Panama to connect Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Helped establish U.S. position in global trade and allowed U.S. navy to move quickly from ocean to ocean without having to go around South America.

Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany’s practice of attacking all ships without notice. The policy eventually led to the US declaring war on Germany in WWI.

Lusitiania- In May 1915 a German submarine sank the British passenger liner Lusitiana carrying 128 Americans.

Zimmerman Note- Telegram offering Mexico Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas if it would fight on Germany’s side against the US in WWI. Americans were enraged.

Great Migration – mass migration where African Americans began leaving the South in for better opportunities in Northern cities and in hopes of escaping southern racism.

Espionage and Sedition Acts – laws passed by Congress during World War I. These acts made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of Liberty bonds, or make statements considered disloyal to, or critical of, the government

Eugene V. Debs - Socialist leader in the US who ran for president several times and was eventually sentenced to prison for violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

Wilson’s fourteen points – Proposed during the Treaty of Versailles with the League of Nations proposal but could not get US Congressmen to pass the proposal.

League of Nations- one of Wilson’s 14 points for peace that the USA refused to join because of the desire to remain out of European Affairs, this is called Isolationism.

Eighteenth Amendment – Constitutional Amendment that outlawed the sale, manufacture, distribution, or use of Alcohol. Was repealed by the Twenty First Amendment.

Nineteenth Amendment – Constitutional Amendment that gave women the right to vote.

Communism – a system in which people in a society cooperate and own property mutually, thereby making governments unnecessary. It is preceded by a socialist form of government.

Socialism- system of social organization in which property and the distribution of income are subject to social control rather than individual determination or market forces.

Red Scare – fear of communism that swept across the US following WWI

Immigrant restriction – limits placed on who could immigrate to the US. Many of these restrictions were fueled by fears about communism.

Sacco and Vanzetti - Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted of robbery and murder. Their convictions were based on circumstantial evidence. Their conviction and execution was based on the country’s distrust of both immigrants and anarchist.

Henry Ford, Mass Production, and the automobile –was the first to perfect and successfully market it. He also introduced and perfected the method of mass production and introduced an innovative and more efficient assembly line.

Impact of movies- The fashions and lifestyles portrayed in the movies helped define a national culture. People all over the nation wanted to wear the clothes they saw in the movies, drive the cars they saw on screen, and take part in the fads popularized by Hollywood. As a result, movie stars became national icons.

Impact of radio- as the first source of mass communication and entertainment available to people in their own homes, radio united the nation and mold a national culture like never before as people across the country enjoyed the same shows and heard the same news reports. It also transformed politics by giving leaders direct access to larger numbers of people.

Irvin Berlin- famous Jazz composer associated with Tin Pan Alley who composed over 3,000 songs during his career

Tin Pan Alley- part of New York City that became an important center of the music industry during the post-WWI years.

Harlem Renaissance – a literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture. Writers included Claude McKay and Langston Hughes.

Artist included Musicians Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington.

National Crisis:

Overproduction – Depression caused when the market has more of a product than consumers want.

Underconsumption – Consumers reluctance to buy all that has been produced.

Stock Market Speculation – making high risk investments in hopes of making large returns on money. Usually buying on margin – purchasing for a portion of the cost.

Stock Market Crash of 1929 - one of the causes of the Great Depression. Stock prices dropped and investors hurried to sell their stock. As they rushed to sell the prices of the stocks dropped even lower. People lost all their money because they had borrowed money to buy stocks. When the price of the stocks fell they could not sell their stocks and pay back their loans.

Dust Bowl- dust clouds caused by droughts that would blanket farms and entire cities leaving them uninhabitable and destroyed. Displaced hundreds of farmers forcing them to be homeless.

Hoovervilles- makeshift villages composed of homemade shacks that housed the homeless during the great depression.

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority, its purpose was to develop the resources of the Tennessee Valley by building hydroelectric dams to produce electricity and help

Control flooding.

Wagner Act - Also known as the National Labor Relations Act was enacted to protect workers’ rights to join unions and engage in collective bargaining.

Social Security Act - passed in 1935 it had three major parts (1) old-age insurance for Retirees 65 years old or older and their spouses (2) Unemployment compensation system (3) Aid to families with dependent children and the disabled.

New Deal- Franklin Roosevelt’s program to end the great depression. Usually called first hundred days (100 days after inauguration) and the second new deal (near end of term).

Eleanor Roosevelt-friend to common citizen, socially active considered a symbol of social progress and women’s activism. Revolutionized the role of First Lady.

Huey Long-US Senator from Louisiana and critic of FDR who advocated redistribution of wealth and a guaranteed income. Was assassinated before he could run for President.

“Court packing Bill”-Roosevelt’s plan to enlarge the US Supreme Court with Justices favorable to his New Deal Programs. He withdrew the plan but impacted the courts decisions.

Neutrality Act- law passed by congress in 1935 which prohibited the sale of weapons to warring nations and was meant to keep the US from becoming alliances that might drag the nation into war.

A Philip Randolph’s March on Washington- Civil rights activist of the 1940’s who proposed a march on Washington, DC to protest racial discrimination in the military. His efforts led to President Roosevelt’s support of the Fair Employment Act.

Pearl Harbor- On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise bombing raid on the American Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Several U.S. battleships were sunk. American military dead total = more than 2,300. Congressed declared war on Japan the following day.

Internment Camps- Japanese- American internment camps was the force of removal of approximately 120,000 Japanese/ Japanese Americans. 62% were American citizens from the west coast during WWII.

Executive Order 9066 – order issued by Franklin D. Roosevelt interning Japanese Americans.

Concentration Camps- Prison camps where millions of Jews and other people deemed “unfit to live” by the Nazis were sent to die and/or be used as slave labor during WWII.

Korematsu v. United States- a court decision that upheld as “military necessity” the relocation of Japanese Americans form the west coast to inland detention camps.

Lend-lease Act- Allowed the president to send aid to any nation whose defense was considered vital to the US’s National Security. Allowed US to help Great Britain during WWII even though the US was neutral.

War time conversion- made possible by the War Productions Board (WPB) during WWII was responsible for re-directing raw materials and resources from the production of civilian consumer goods to the production of materials needed for waging war against Germany and Japan.

Women in war industries “Rosie the Riveter”- nickname and symbol representing the thousands of US women who went to work in US industries to take the place of men who were fighting in the war.

Atomic bomb- powerful explosive nuclear weapon fueled by the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of specific isotopes of uranium or plutonium in a chain reaction. The strength of the explosion created by an atomic bomb is on the order of the strength of the explosion that would be created by thousands of tons of TNT. On August 6 and 9, 1945, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed by the first atomic bombs used in warfare. The bombs brought an end of WWII.

America as a World Power:

Marshall Plan- The U.S. plan to aid countries to rebuild after World War II.

Truman Doctrine- Policy declaring that the U.S. must consider the continued spread of Communism as a threat to Democracy

Iron Curtain-the boundary which symbolically, ideologically, and physically divided Europe into two separate areas from the end of WWII until the end of the Cold War

Domino Theory-Idea that if one country falls to Communism surrounding countries will soon follow

Containment- a policy during the Cold War which acknowledged that Eastern Europe was lost to communism while maintaining that the US would focus its efforts on “containing” communism where it already existed without letting it spread to other nations.

Communism in China- revolution led by Mao Tse-Tung in 1949 in which china’s communist party overthrew the Nationalist to take over the Country.

Korean War- The Korean War 1950 War between South and North Korea. The U.S. joined at the request of the United Nations to aid its member, South Korea. The war ended in 1953, but a formal peace treaty was never drawn up between the neighboring countries. Prompting the U.S. to maintain military forces in South Korea, in an effort to discourage acts of aggression from the north.

Senator Joseph McCarthy- Wisconsin Senator who was convinced that Communists had infiltrated high levels of government in the US military. Initially popular, he eventually had to defend his views in a series of televised hearings in which US citizens viewed him as paranoid at best and downright crazy at worst.

McCarthyism- the term describing a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s.

Cuban Revolution- Cuba’s Communist revolution that brought Fidel Castro to power in the 1950’s

Cuban Missile Crisis- Situation during Cold War in which the Soviet Union built nuclear missile sites in Cuba

Bay of Pigs- CIA operation meant to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba. It involved an invasion which turned out to be a terrible failure and huge embarrassment for the Kennedy administration.

Fall of Berlin- The Berlin Wall known in the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic as the “Anti-Fascist Protective Rampart,” was a separation barrier between West Berlin and East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for 28 years. Construction on the wall began on August 13, 1961, and it was dismantled in the weeks following November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall was the most prominent part of the inner German border and an iconic symbol of the Cold War.

Vietnam War- 1957-1975- U.S. supported South Vietnam in hope of containing the spread of Communism. In 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked U.S. destroyers in international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. These attacks changed the course of the war. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This made the president have almost complete control over the war without an official declaration of war from Congress. In 1968, North Vietnam launched the Tet Offensive with included surprise attacks on major cities and American military throughout South Vietnam. Many people opposed the war. In 1973, the U.S., South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Viet Cong signed a formal agreement in Paris. The U.S. was to withdrawal all its forces within 60 days. Fighting continued for two years between North and South Vietnam. In 1975, Saigon fell to North Vietnam and the countries were united into Vietnam under Communist rule, which still exist today.

Tet Offensive- a major coordinated attack launched by the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong against the US and South Vietnamese during the Vietnam War. Although the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces were eventually turned back, they won a psychological victory. The Tet offensive showed that the Communists could launch a coordinated attack and led many people in the US to question how the government was handling the war and whether US troops should be there at all.

Growing oppositions to Vietnam War- an anti-war movement in the 1960’s and 1970’s that consisted of college students and that was aimed at ending the war in Vietnam.

Sputnik I- Unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union in that late 1950s to show the viability of artificial satellites. Created increased competition between US and Soviet Union because US leaders feared falling behind the Soviets in nuclear technology.

NASA- President Eisenhower and the US Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on October 1, 1958 in response to the Launching of Sputnik to aid in the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the US during the Cold War.

Nixon’s relation with China- Nixon became the first president to publicly acknowledge the Communist government of China and even visited the nation during his first term. Nixon also realized that, although the USSR and China were communist, the two nations disagreed with one another on some major issues. For this reason, Nixon believed that good relations with the Chinese would give him more bargaining power with the Soviets.

Watergate Scandal- Scandal in which supporters of the president were caught breaking in to Democratic national headquarters. Although the president was not involved in planning the break in, he was involved in the cover up. The scandal forced Nixon to resign in order to avoid impeachment and also increased citizen’s distrust in government.

Gerald Ford- became president after Richard Nixon. He is the only man in history to serve as both vice president and president without being elected to either office. He was criticized for giving a pardon to Richard Nixon concerning the Watergate scandal and was defeated in the 1976 presidential election by Jimmy Carter.

Jimmy Carter- former Governor of Georgia elected as president in 1976. Praised for the success of the Camp David Accords but many viewed him as weak due to his handling of the Iran Hostage Crisis and the manner in which he dealt with the Soviet Union. He was also blamed for the poor state of the economy. He was beaten by Ronald Reagan in 1980.

Camp David Accords- peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by President Carter.

Iranian Hostage Crisis-Crisis that began in 1979 after Iranian revolutionaries stormed the US embassy in Tehran and took everyone inside hostage. In exchange for their release, the Iranians demanded the US government hand over the Shah of Iran to stand trial. When Carter refused, the hostage stand-off lasted the remainder of Carter’s time in office and included a failed attempt at a military rescue. Carter’s handling of the situation contributed greatly to his defeat in 1980.

Ronald Reagan-former governor of California was a strong supporter of Barry Goldwater and Reagan emerged as the Conservative right’s next hero. He believed in limited government, low taxes, and a strong military. He is credited for ending the Cold War and criticized for mounting a huge national debt and the Iran-Contra affair.

Reaganomics- term given to Reagan’s economic policies by his critics in his presidency when it appeared they were not working.

Iran-Contra Scandal- Scandal which occurred late in Reagan’s presidency in which members of the Reagan administration sold arms to Iran in exchange for help freeing hostages and illegally funneled the money from the sales to fund the Contras in Nicaragua who were fighting against the communist Sandinista government.

Collapse of the Soviet Union (end of cold War)- The weakening Soviet economy helped Gorbachev realize that an arms race against the US was no longer feasible. On Nov. 9, 1989 the East German government announced that people could travel freely to West Berlin.

George W. Bush- the son of former president George H.W. Bush, narrowly defeated Gore in 2000. He served as president when 9/11 attack occurred.

September 11, 2001- date the terrorist attacked the World Trade Center in New York City, Pentagon in Washington D.C. by hijacking Commercial Jets full of Jet-fuel and making a suicide crash into the government buildings. One Jet crashed in a field in Pennsylvania because the passengers prevented the airliner from reaching its intended target (speculation suggests either the capitol building or the White House).

War on Terror-war launched by the Bush Administration against Islamic terrorism in response to the 9/11 attacks.

Intervention in Afghanistan- the Bush administration entered the nation to capture Osama bin Laden, the leader of the Islamic fundamentalist terrorist group called Al Qaeda.

War in Iraq- war launched by a US-led coalition on nations in 2003 that invaded Iraq and brought down the government of Saddam Hussein. It was launched by the president and supported by Congress based on the belief that Saddam had weapons of Mass Destruction and ties to Al-Qaeda. However, the absence of such weapons and lack of evidence tying Saddam to Al-Qaeda have led to intense criticism and controversy over the war and whether or not US troops should stay.

Recreating a National Political Identity

Warren Court- Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the 1950’s and 60’s which was noted for using its authority to bring about social change in the US.

Miranda v. Arizona- 1966 Supreme Court ruling in which the court ruled that a criminal defendant must be informed when they are arrested that they have a right to an attorney and the right not to incriminate themselves.

Assassination of John F. Kennedy-After the March on Washington, President Kennedy proposed new Civil Rights laws; however, on November 22, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed the President in Dallas Texas.

Lyndon Baines Johnson- became president following the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963. Johnson pushed through civil rights legislation, proposed domestic programs designed to end poverty, and he also supported affirmative action.

Great Society Program- Johnson’s domestic program aimed at ending poverty which eventually involved massive government spending.

Medicare and Medicaid- important programs introduced as part of Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” Program. Medicare provides elderly citizens with medical care and is funded by federal government. Medicaid provides medical care for lower-income families and is partially funded by the states.

1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy- In April, an assassin gunned down Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Memphis Tennessee, leaving others to carry the banner of Civil Rights in his place. Later that summer, as Democratic presidential hopeful, Robert Kennedy, was also assassinated after winning the California primary. Because of his open support for Civil Rights, many citizens had considered Kennedy to be their greatest hope for steering the nation in a positive direction. In the midst of all the chaos and violence, the nation moved ahead with concern and a sense of uncertainty.

1968Democratic National Convention- political convention where the Democratic Party nominated its candidates for president and vice president for the ’68 election. Large numbers of radicals and protestors descended on the city where the convention was held and, eventually, massive demonstrations got out of hand after convention delegates voted against a Vietnam peace resolution and it became clear that Johnson’s vice president, Hubert Humphrey, would be nominated for president. Police began clubbing those involved in the rally while television cameras caught most of the violence.

Conservative Movement- marked by the candidacy of Barry Goldwater as Republican Presidential candidate in 1964 and Richard Nixon in 1968.

Conservatism- political philosophy which gained support in the ‘60’s and that believes government should not try to regulate too much. Conservatives would rather keep taxes low and have good government that does little as possible. The believed in personal freedoms and property rights rather than government trying to control how society operates.

Bill Clinton- defeated George H.W. Bush in 1992 to become the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter. Under his presidency the economy improved, however, his presidency was often dogged with scandal, he had a hard time dealing with Republican-led Congress, and he is only the second president in history to be impeached after he was caught lying to a grand jury.

NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA promoted free trade (no trade restrictions) between US, Canada, and Mexico.

Impeachment of Bill Clinton- Clinton became the second president to be impeached after her lied to a Grand Jury about his relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinski. Clinton’s presidency survived after he was acquitted by the Senate but with much humiliation.

2000 Presidential Election (Bush v. Gore)-Decided by a mere 537 votes in the swing state of Florida, the election of 2000 is to date the closest election in US history, and one of the few in which the winner in the electoral college failed to win the popular vote. George W. Bush was finally declared the winner after the Supreme Court stopped any future recounts in the state of Florida, thereby giving Bush the state’s 25 electoral votes and a majority in the Electoral College. The Election emphasized the importance of the Electoral College in Presidential elections.

Recreating a national Social Identity

Levittown-nickname for the new suburbs that developed after WWII. They were so-named for their developer who came up with innovative ways to provide mass amounts of affordable housing: William Levitt.

Interstate Highway Act- law passed by Congress in the 1950’s that authorized the building of a system of interstate highways.

Impact of Television on American Culture- for the first time, people could watch entertaining shows, news reports, advertisements, etc. from the comfort of their own homes without having to go out to theater. Television stars became nationally admired figures, and weekly shows like I love Lucy became a regular part of people’s week-to-week schedule.

Impact of Television on Kennedy/Nixon debate 1960- first televised presidential debate in history. It changed politics because it demonstrated that candidates would now have to worry about how they looked and presented themselves on television.

Impact of Television on Civil Rights Movement-televised coverage of violence often inflicted on African-Americans demanding their civil rights played a major role in winning support for civil rights.

Impact of the Personal Computer and Cellular Phone- computers have greatly impacted communications, making it easier and faster to communicate and gather information than ever before. As a result, globalization, business, employment, and politics have all been greatly impacted.

Truman’s Integration of the Military and federal government- in 1948, President Truman signed legislation integrating the US military. His support of such actions split the Democratic Party over the issue of integration in 1948.

Jackie Robinson-became first African American during the modern era to play baseball in the Major Leagues.

Brown V. Board of Education- Supreme Court decision in which the court ruled that segregation in public schools is unconstitutional because conditions in segregated schools were not equal. It reversed the decision made years before in Plessy v. Ferguson.

Martin Luther King, Jr.- acknowledged leader of the Civil Rights movement who believed in non-violent protest, led the Montgomery bus boycott, president of SCLC, and wrote the famed letter from Birmingham Jail, and delivered the famous “I have a dream” speech at the March on Washington, won the Nobel peace prize, and was eventually assassinated in April of 1968.

“I have a dream” speech -delivered speech at the March on Washington declaring his wishes for equal rights for African Americans to be judged by the “Content of their Character” and no the “Color of their skin”.

Letters from Birmingham Jail- famous letter written by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Birmingham Alabama, where he had been arrested following a peaceful civil rights protest. His letter was a response to several white ministers who wrote a statement arguing that the battle for Civil Rights should be waged in the courts rather than by protests. King’s public response eloquently expressed the reasons he disagreed and proclaimed that civil disobedience was a necessary and acceptable method of achieving equality.

Civil Rights Act of 1964- an act passed by Congress which prohibited segregation in public accommodations (hotels, restaurants, theaters) and discrimination in education and employment.

Voting Rights Act of 1965- legislation passed by Congress which authorized the president to suspend literacy tests for voter registration and to send federal officials to register voters in the event that county officials failed to do so. This new law led to huge increase in African-American voter registration, as well as an increase in the number of African-American candidates elected to public office.

SNCC-Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. It was a student organization which devoted itself to the use of Non-violent protests to demand civil rights for African Americans.

Montgomery Bus Boycott- Rosa Parks led the first nonviolent protest against segregated city buses

Freedom Riders – Supporters of the Civil Rights movement ride Greyhound buses state to state to protest segregation on interstate buses

Sit-in - students sit at lunch counter to protest the policy of not serving blacks. Ex. Greensboro, N.C.

March on Washington – Blacks and whites assembled at the Washington monument to demand immediate passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. MLK gives “I Have a Dream Speech”.

SCLC-The Southern Christian Leadership conference. It was an organization that sought to unite leaders from the black community during the civil rights movement. It tended to rely on voter registration and education within the black community as its major method of pursuing civil rights.

NOW- National Organization of Women. Organization founded by Betty Friedan which was devoted to political activism and feminist causes.

Cesar Chavez- founder of the UFW and an advocate for Hispanic, migrant workers, he imitated many of the methods of Dr. King and went to great lengths to improve the conditions under which migrant workers toiled, including personally conducting hunger strikes.

United Farm Workers movement- UFW Organization founded in 1962 that imitated the methods used by civil rights movements as it supported the rights of migrant farm workers many of which were poor Hispanic immigrants.

Rachael Carson’s Silent Spring- Book often credited for having launched the global environmental movement. It also had immense effect in the U.S. where it spurred a national pesticide policy. Rachel Carson was a zoologist and marine biologist.

Earth Day- annual event first celebrated in 1970 which is meant to encourage concern for the environment and draw attention to environmental issues.

EPA- The Environmental Protection Agency. It is a federal agency established for the purpose of enforcing laws aimed at maintaining a safe and clean environment

Modern Environmentalist Movement- movement inspired by Rachel Carson that is concerned with preserving the earth’s resources and species of life. It often focuses combating ways in which human beings “negatively affect” the environment.

Roe V. Wade- controversial Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that state laws restricting a woman’s right to an abortion during her first three months of pregnancy are unconstitutional.

Bakke v. Regents of the University of California- Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court ruled that, while race can be used as a consideration in admission, the institution of racial quotas is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause. The case did not strike down affirmative action, but it did set a precedent that quotas cannot be used in the interest of increasing minority representation.

CIVICS/AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Judicial Branch

Due process in the 5th -steps that must be followed when accused of crimes (no double jeopardy, eminent domain, grand jury, no self-incrimination)

14th Amendment – gave African Americans citizenship but also made the states apply the Bill of Rights

Selective incorporation – process where the courts decide which Bill of Rights the states have to abide by

Jurisdiction of federal and state courts – Federal cases (bankruptcy, kidnapping, tax evasion, federal law) and state cases (state law, Superior Court – felonies, and State – misdemeanors)

Judicial activism versus restraint – Activism occurs when a judge imposes his personal beliefs into a case

Nature and causes of crime – poverty, lack of education, urbanization, drug use

Types of crimes – property (vandalism, larceny), person (rape, murder), victimless (drug use, gambling), organized (mafia), white-collar (embezzlement, fraud)

Different types of defenses – plea bargain (admit guilt for a lighter sentence)

Steps in the criminal justice process – book, preliminary hearing, indictment, arraignment, trial, punishment

Due process rights – count is endless – read rights, lawyer, calling witnesses, jury selection, submitting evidence, punishment, appeals, etc.

Types of sentences – mandatory (judge must give what law dictates) and indeterminate (judge can give a minimum and a maximum ex. 5-10 years)

Legislative Branch

Powers – make laws, print money, create courts, P.O., maintain army, etc.

Differences between the House and Senate (terms, powers, organization, representation) – House (435 members, 2 year terms, 25 years old, start bills dealing with money, and start impeachment, # from each state based on population) Senate (100 members, 6 year terms, 30 years old, approve treaties and appointments, all states get two senators)

Describe the legislative process – a bill must pass through both houses of Congress and be signed by the President. Committees in each house study and recommend bills for passing

Roles of Committees – study and hold hearings on bills in order to cut out bills that are not good

Leadership positions – the most powerful member of Congress is the Speaker of the House, the Vice President always serves as President of the Senate

Influence of lobbyists and special interest groups – Encourage members of Congress to either pass or defeat legislation that benefits their organization

Functions of the executive departments, cabinet, and regulatory agencies – Help the president carry out his work and give his advice

Organization and powers of the state legislative branch – Job is the same as Congress except only Georgia is affected by its decisions. Called the General Assembly.

Executive Branch

Powers – carry out the laws of the U.S.

Roles of the President: Commander-in-chief (sends in troops/head of military); chief executive (carries out law/issues executive orders); chief agenda setter (decides what issues will be focused on); representative of the nation (is seen as the head of our country and our ideals); chief of state (ceremonial leader); foreign policy leader (decides how to deal with foreign nations/treaties); and party leader (appoints party members to jobs and helps them get elected)

Qualifications of the President (written and unwritten) – 35 yrs. Old, native-born, 14 year resident; unwritten (male, Protestant, British ancestry, white)

Impeachment process – the formal accusation of wrongdoing – must start in the House of Representatives if a majority agree with the charges the Senate will act as jury and convict by 2/3 vote – the person is then removed from office.

Clinton’s and Johnson’s impeachment – Clinton (perjury and obstruction of justice) Johnson (firing Secretary of War Stanton without authority)

Organization and powers of the state executive branch – set up like Congress

Tools to carry out foreign policy (treaties, sanctions and military intervention; economic and military aid)

Federal System

Federalism - national and state governments share powers

National government – provides every state a republican government

Relationship to states- works together to build highways and provide services for the people

Enumerated Powers-are given to the national government (declare war, coin money. Maintain armed forces, post offices.

Implied powers-powers not specifically stated in Constitution-make laws that are necessary and proper also known as “elastic clause” example-general welfare of the people

Concurrent powers-powers shared by the national and state governments (taxes, maintain law and order, establish courts)

Powers denied –Federal government-passing ex post facto laws, suspend writ of habeas corpus, favor one state over another, and pass laws that violate citizen’s bill of rights

Balance of power-whenever a state law conflicts with national law the state must give way to the national law, Constitution is known as ”Supreme law of the land”.

Reserved powers-powers given to the states (education, marriage laws, certification) given to states by the 10th amendment

Forms of Government

Limited government-government must not be permitted to do certain things to ensure freedom

Magna Carta-guaranteed free people could not be arrested without knowing charges or put in prison without trial by jury

Petition of Rights-rights of citizens from government

English Bill of Rights-gave Parliament the sole power to make laws in England, raise taxes and control army

Thomas Hobbs-English philosopher-idea to maintain a stable society people make an unwritten social contract” with government to give monarch sole power

John Locke-idea that people have certain natural rights and if people are violated by government have a right to overthrow government and establish another -- main idea in Declaration of Independence

Montesquieu-French philosopher responsible for idea of “three branches of government and separation of powers”

Declaration of Independence-all men or created equal and have certain unalienable rights ideas from Hobbs and Locke, included list of reasons why colonists were separating from England

Social Contract Theory- The people have a contract with the gov’t in which they agree to give up certain freedoms and in exchange the gov’t is able to protect us by making laws.

Popular sovereignty- the belief that the power of the gov’t comes from the people. We have a right to participate (voting) and determine the outcome of policies.

Persuasive argument- Dec. of Ind. explained to Americans why freedom was necessary. Dec. Of Independence –all men are created equal and guaranteed “life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

Ratification of Constitution-hotly debated between Federalist (strong national government) and Anti-federalist (preserve states’ rights and wanted a bill of rights) Federalist papers-written by Federalist to gain public support of Constitution required 9 of 13 colonies to ratify

Preamble-introduction to the Constitution, lists the 6 roles of government

Individuals, Groups, and Choices

Rule of Law-laws that govern people

Popular sovereignty-right of people to rule or govern themselves

Separation of Powers-three branches of government (legislative, executive and judicial)

Checks and balances-to ensure no branch would gain too much power over the others, equal

Examples: legislative- override veto, executive-veto, and judicial-declare action of Congress and President to be unconstitutional

Marbury v Madison- Supreme Court case that established judicial review-John Marshall

Bill of Rights-first 10 amendments to Constitution, to protect rights of citizens from the federal gov’t abusing them

First Amendment- Freedoms of religion, assembly, press, petition, and speech

Duties- required by law. Ex. obey laws, pay taxes, attend school, register for military service, and serve on jury

Responsibilities-voting, being informed, taking part in government, and respecting others Political Parties-are organizations made up of citizens who have similar ideas on public issues, 2 major parties Republicans and Democrats

Nomination process-party delegates formally endorse candidate at national convention. Primary – when voters of a particular party vote for their candidate. Caucus – a meeting of party members to choose a candidate.

Election process- first Tuesday in November every 4 years candidate receiving majority of electoral votes from Electoral College 270 will be become president. Number of electoral votes determined by popular vote

Campaign funding-through large fund raising events and public contributions controlled by the Federal Election Campaign Act

Influences of Campaign- media coverage, campaign advertising, and public opinion polls

Extent ion of right to vote-also known as suffrage influenced by 15thAmendment-right to vote given to African American men, 19th-women and 26th-18 year olds

WORLD HISTORY

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance: rebirth of learning, social classes changed, art became important and so did the rights of an individual.

A. Machiavelli: a writer, historian, and political thinker – he wasn’t concerned with moral character, but with what was politically effective “the end justifies the means.”

Rise of Renaissance in Italy: Birth place, people had survived both wars and diseases – 3 Advantages for creating the Renaissance: thriving cities, wealthy merchant class, and classical heritage of Greece and Rome.

B. “Renaissance Man”: Man who strove to master almost every area of study, art, science, dance, be witty, and a skilled fighter, etc.

Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist – famous paintings: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

Michelangelo: Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet – Famous paintings/sculptures – dome of St. Peter’s Chapel, Sistine Chapel, & Statue of David.

C. Humanism: People who were interested in reviving classical texts and languages, Criticized the actions of the church and wealthy – promoted reforming society, education for both boys and girls.

Desiderius Erasmus: Christian humanist – wrote The Praise of Folly which poked fun at the Church and merchants. Society needs to be improved, if you know the Bible and practice it – society will improve.

Petrarch: “Father of Renaissance humanism,” and a great poet.

Reformation: Actions of the Church are challenged and demands for reform, the Church will eventually split to the Catholic Christian Church and the Protestant Christian Church.

D. Protestant Reformation: lead by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses (complaints about the Catholic Church).

Martin Luther: believed and taught different theologies: people win salvation by faith, all people of faith are equal, and Bible is more important than priests.

John Calvin: continued the Protestant teaching – he believed in predestination (God knows who will be saved), very conservative leader.

E. Counter Reformation: Catholic response to Protestant Reformation – Catholic Church made reforms: created the Jesuits and the Council of Trent

Jesuits: founded by Ignatius Loyola, a group of priests who they created schools, converted people to Catholism, & stopped Protestantism from spreading.

Council of Trent: created to make reforms happen: Church interpretation of the Bible was final, people needed faith & good works for salvation, & indulgences (selling pardons for sins) were considered ok.

F. English Reformation: Changing England’s church from Catholic to Protestant caused by King Hentry VIII desire for a son.

HenryVIII: wants a divorce, pope says no, Henry kicks pope out of power in England by having Parliament passing a law. Henry creates a new Protestant Church & is now the head of it (He has 3 children: 1 girl – catholic, 1 girl – protestant, & 1 – son). Each child will rule but will change the church each time.

Elizabeth I: Henry’s 2nd child who was raised protestant & settles fights over Catholic & Protestant Church by blending them together & creates the Anglican Church.

G. Printing Press: Johann Gutenberg invents printing press – 1st book printed: Bible. Press can print books faster & cheaper – ideas spread quickly, more learn to read, people become more informed, & people begin to question society & leaders.

Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment: People all began to ask more questions & to not take all things at face value.

Scientific Revolution: a major change in European thought starting in the mid 1500s, in which the study of the natural world would begin to be characterized by careful observations & questioning accepted beliefs.

A. Copernicus: Poland, said the universe is Heliocentric (sun is the center of universe) – he was afraid to share his finding because the church said it was Geocentric (the earth is center of universe).

Johan Kepler: Continued Copernicus’ work – from observations he used math to explain the rotation of planets and the sun.

Galileo: created a telesciope & published his findings about the stars. He supported Copernicus’ ideas & his findings went against the classical ideas of Aristotle & they challenged the church by saying they were wrong.

Newton: scientist who said all objects were affected equally by forces – discovered “law of universal gravitation”. He described the universe as a giant clock

Enlightenment: 1700s, European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason, thought, & power of the individual to solve problems – inspired by the Scientific Revolution.

A. John Locke: Philosopher, said people learn from experience & can improve themselves. He believed people govern their own affairs & can change things if desired. Favored: self-governing, Disliked: absolute monarchy. All people are born free & equal purpose of government is to protect & if it doesn’t do it’s job then overthrow it. His ideas inspired the Declaration of Independence.

B. Voltaire: Philosopher, targeted the powerful, he fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion & speech.

C. Rousseau: Philosopher, champion of freedom for the individual. He believed society corrupts people. The only good government was one formed by the people, direct democracy. He said people are willing to give up some freedoms in favor of the common good. Believed all people are equal & that high levels of society should be gotten rid of. His ideas helped inspire the French Revolution.

Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

The Enlightenment ideas gave rise to revolutionary fervor in the 1700 – 1800s.

Absolutism – rule by king, complete power and authority

Louis XIV - 1638-1715), king of France (1643-1715), known as the Sun King. Louis, third monarch of the Bourbon family, ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in European history

Tsar Peter the Great – (1672-1725), tsar and, later, emperor of Russia (1682-1725), who is linked with the Westernization of Russia and its rise as a great power.

Tokugawa Ieyasu- (1543-1616), Japanese military leader and statesman, founder of the Tokugawa dynasty of shoguns

Revolutions caused by a lack of representation in the government, fueled by Enlightenment ideas

Napoleon’s rise to power – French Revolution had devastated France, Financial crisis, French citizens looked for a strong leader, built a great empire, eventually defeated and sent to exile

Opium War – 1839 over British trade in China

Taiping Rebellion – (or Rebellion of Great Peace) was a large-scale revolt against the authority and forces of the Qing Government in China. It was conducted from 1850 to 1864

Commodore Perry - younger brother of Oliver Perry, and an American naval officer primarily known for his involvement in the opening of trade between the United States and Japan in 1854.

Causes of WWI 1914 -1918

Nationalism – pride in/devotion to one’s own country. Balkan nationalism “Balkan powder keg”

Entangling alliances: Central Powers vs. Allies - With the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Serbian Nationalist ( June 28, 1914) Austria – Hungary declares war on Serbia. Germany aids Austria- Hungary, Russia aids Serbia. This brings into play the major World powers that starts WWI in July 28, 1914

Militarism – glorification of the military, building large powerful armies and navies

Soldiers in WWI

Harsh conditions

Stalemates

Man vs. machine = large number of deaths

New technologies: machine gun, poisonous gas, airplanes, tank

Battle of Verdun – 1916 more than 300,000 soldiers died on each side

The Peace Treaty

Treaty of Versailles

German reparations – Germany blamed for WWI

Formation of the League of Nations, redrawing of the map of Europe ( lost of territory), German military restrictions on the size of the army, and German war guilt – Germany forced to pay the Allies $33billion in reparations to the Allies over 30 years

Between WWI and WWII

New Views of thinking: Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, and Picasso

Russian Revolution – Rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin and Stalin’s Five Year Plans

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes – Benito Mussolini (Italy), Adolf Hitler ( Germany), Hirohito ( Japan)

Mustafa Kemal Attaturk -army officer, revolutionary statesman, and founder of the Republic of Turkey as well as its first President.

Nationalistic ideas of Mohandas Ghandi – a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of Satyagraha—a philosophy that is largely concerned with truth and 'resistance to evil through active, non-violent resistance'—which led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

German aggression because of German hatred of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Spanish Civil War -The Civil War devastated Spain from July 17, 1936 to April 1, 1939, ending with the victory of the rebels and the founding of a dictatorship led by the Nationalist General Francisco Franco.

Rape of Nanjiing in China -The Nanking Massacre, commonly known as the Rape of Nanking, was an infamous genocidal war crime committed by the Japanese military in Nanjing, then capital of the Republic of China, after it fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on December 13, 1937.

German annexation of the Sudentenland

WWII – 1939 – 1945

Major Conflicts:

Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack US fleet at Pearl Harbor Hawaii, brings the US into WWII

El- Alamein – July 1 – 27, 1942-The battle halted the furthest (and final) advance made by the Axis forces into Egypt, El Alamein being only justover 50 miles from Alexandria.

Stalingrad - conducted between Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for the Soviet city of Stalingrad, took place between August 21, 1942 and February 2, 1943, during the Second World War. This battle is often cited as one of the turning points of the war and the bloodiest battle in human history, with combined casualties estimated to be above 1.5 million.

D – Day – The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France during Operation Overlord in World War II. It covers from the initial landings on June 6, 1944 until the Allied breakout in mid-July.

Guadalcanal – 1942 Japanese finally surrender after losing 24,000 – became known as the Island of Death

Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Japanese islands bombed by US in 1945 – lead to the end of WWII

Nazi Ideology – Adolf Hitler blamed the Jews (scapegoat) for German lost of WWI and economic problems . Germans viewed themselves as descendants from the Aryans. Germans believed they were the superior race – Led to the Holocaust – the murder of over 6 million Jews – genocide

Military and diplomatic negotiations between Churchill, Roosevelt/ Truman, and Stalin

Post WWII policies

United Nations – the UN was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between nations and provide a platform for dialogue.

Marshall Plan -the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.

McArthur’s Plan of Japan – demilitarization ( disbanding the Japanese armed forces), and bringing war criminals to trial

Globalization: Interconnected and Interdependent

The Cold War—from 1945 to 1989—A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations (USA and Soviet Union) that stops short of full-scale war.

Berlin Airlift-- airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of West Berlin when the Russians closed off land access.

Sputnik—Part of the Space Race A series of Russian artificial satellites sent into orbit during the late 1950s. Literally "fellow wanderer" in Russian. Sputnik I made history on October 4, 1957, by becoming the first man-made object put into orbit. Sputnik II would follow later, this time carrying Laika, the first dog in space.

Korean War— A conflict that lasted from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, aided by China, and South Korea, aided by United Nations forces

Cuban Missile Crisis—a confrontation between the United States of America, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War in which an American U-2 spy plane revealed missile bases being built in Cuba

Vietnam War—refers to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam. It concluded with the withdrawal of American troops

SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties talks between the Soviet Union and the United States—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of arms control.

Afghanistan—a nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government against the Mujahedeen resistance. The latter group found support from a variety of sources including the United States

Berlin Wall—a barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany, construction began on August 13, 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989.

Fall of Soviet Union—result of soviet president Gorbachev’s programs of glasnost (political openness), perestroika (economic restructuring). This produced independent countries; include Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and the Baltic States.

The Developing World

Formation of the state of Israel-- the State of Israel was proclaimed on May 14, 1948 after the Mandate of Palestine (created by the League of Nations after World War I)

Third World Countries—developing nations after WW2 which struggled with political stability and economic development

Reform and Change

United Nations— established in 1945, the United Nations is tasked with maintaining peace and stability in the world through cooperation among its member countries

OPEC— Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries founded in 1960 which is a cartel that aims to manage the supply of oil in an effort to set the price

WTO— World Trade Organization is an international institution headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland whose purpose is to ensure that global trade commences smoothly, freely and predictably. Part of Globalization (a term used to describe the political, economic and cultural climate of today’s world, it is the movement of people, language, ideas, and products around the world)

Earth Summit—world meeting in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 to start the process of solving environmental problems around the world like acid rain and global warming.

Terrorism—the unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against people or property to coerce or intimidate governments or societies

Al-Qaeda--Afghanistan

Hamas—West Bank in Israel

Hezbollah—Lebanon

PLO—Palestine Liberation Organization

IRA—Irish Republican Army

FARC—Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (Marxist Group)

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