Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)-All Chapter Numbers
Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)
Chapter 1-Ladder Types & Ladder Terms
"By The Numbers"
▪ Single ladders range from 6 to 32 feet.
▪ Roof ladders range from 12 to 24 feet (14 & 16 feet most common).
▪ Folding ladders range from 8 to 16 feet (10 foot most common).
▪ NFPA 1931, Standard on Design of and Design Verification Tests for Fire Department Ground Ladders.
▪ Extension ladders have 2 or 3 sections.
▪ Extension ladders range from 12 to 39 feet.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires that all extension ladders over 40 feet or greater to have staypoles.
▪ Pole ladders have 2 to 4 sections.
▪ Pole ladders range from 40 to 65 feet.
▪ Most modern pole ladders do not exceed 50 feet.
▪ 55 to 60 foot pole ladders were more commonly found on older aerial apparatus.
▪ Combination ladders range from 8 to 14 feet (most popular is 10 foot).
▪ Pompier ladders range from 10 to 16 feet.
▪ The preferred pitch for ground ladders is 75.5 degrees.
▪ The length label is affixed to the outside of each ladder beam within 12 inches of the butt.
Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)
Chapter 2-Ground Ladder Construction, Maintenance, & Service Testing
"By The Numbers"
|NFPA 1931 Maximum Ladder Loads |
|Type of Ladder |Maximum Load |
|Folding |300 lbs. |
|Pompier |300 lbs. |
|Single and Roof |750 lbs. |
|Extension and Pole |750 lbs. |
|Combination |750 lbs. |
▪ NFPA 1932, Standard on Use, Maintenance, and Service Testing for Fire Department Ground Ladders.
▪ Coast Douglas fir is kiln-dried/air-dried to 12% moisture content.
▪ For wood ladders exceeding 24 feet, truss beam construction will produce a lighter ladder than solid beam construction.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires rungs for solid beam and trussed beam ladders be a minimum of 1 1/4 inches in diameter at the center.
▪ Swell center rungs (rungs thicker at the center) must be 1 1/4 inches in diameter at the center, however, they may taper to 1 1/8 inches at the ends.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires rungs on wood ladders be spaced from 12 to 14 inches on center, plus or minus 1/8 inch.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires all structural components maintain 75% of their design strength at a minimum of 300oF.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires rungs on metal ladders be spaced 14 inches on center, plus or minus 1/8 inch.
|24 foot Ladder Weights |
|Type of Construction |Weight (lbs.) |
|Solid Beam (METAL) |74 |
|Solid Beam (WOOD) |75 |
|Fiberglass |85 |
|Truss Beam (METAL) |97 |
|Truss Beam (WOOD) |110 |
▪ Metal ladders subjected to 300oF flame temperatures for short periods are subject to failure.
▪ Combination ladder hinges lock in a 180 degree position to form a single ladder.
▪ NFPA 1931 restricts the length of pompier ladders to 16 feet, however, older models are found up to 20 feet in length.
▪ The minimum overall width of rungs on pompier ladders is 12 inches.
▪ A minimum of 2 standoff brackets on pompier ladders is required (one near top, one near bottom).
▪ Standoff brackets should set the ladder a minimum of 7 inches away from building (pompier ladders).
▪ A manual latching pawl is attached between the beams approximately 4 inches above the bottom rung of the fly section.
▪ NFPA 1931 requires halyard ropes to be a minimum of 3/8 inch in diameter and have a breaking strength of 825 pounds.
▪ 3 and 4 section ladders have a 2nd halyard, usually a cable, that threads through a pulley attached to the intermediate fly section(s).
▪ NFPA 1931 requires that cable used as halyards must be a minimum of 3/16 inch in diameter and have a breaking strength of 825 pounds.
▪ Staypoles are used both to raise and lower ground ladders over 40 feet tall.
▪ Heat sensor labels change color at 300oF, plus or minus 5%.
▪ Heat sensor labels must be affixed immediately below the 2nd rung from the tip of each section on the inside of each beam.
▪ Electrical hazard warning and ladder positioning labels must be affixed between 4 1/2 and 6 feet from the butt of the ladder.
▪ Ladders should not be painted except for the top and bottom 12 inches for identification or visibility.
▪ Pawl torsion springs should be replaced every 5 years or as needed.
▪ Cylindrical supports used for ladder testing should be 1 inch in diameter and placed under the test ladder 6 inches from each end.
▪ Test load area for the horizontal bending test is 32 inches long over the actual center of the ladder.
▪ Preload test weight for the horizontal bending test is 350 pounds, or 300 pounds if made before 1984 and is allowed to sit on the ladder for 1 minute.
▪ Test load for the horizontal bending test is 500 pounds, or 400 pounds if made before 1984 and is allowed to sit on the ladder for 5 minutes.
The following measurements are taken 5 minutes after the test load has been removed.
|Horizontal Bending Test Differences |
|Length of Ladder |Difference in Measurements |
|25 feet or less |1/2 inch |
|26 to 34 feet |1 inch |
|35 feet or more |1 1/2 inch |
▪ The test load for a roof ladder hook test, extension ladder hardware test, and pompier ladder strength test is 1,000 pounds applied for at least 1 minute.
▪ The test load area for folding ladders is 16 inches long over the actual center of the ladder.
▪ The preload weight for folding ladders is 160 pounds and is allowed to sit on the ladder for 1 minute.
▪ The test weight for folding ladders is 225 pounds and is allowed to sit on the ladder for 5 minutes.
▪ 5 minutes after test load has been removed from a folding ladder, there should be less than 1/2 inch difference than that of the pretest measurement.
▪ The liquid penetration test is an additional non-destructive test for metal ground ladders constructed of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy.
Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)
Chapter 3-Handling Ladders
"By The Numbers"
▪ NFPA 1901, Standard for Pumper Fire Apparatus.
|Ladders Carried on Pumpers (NFPA 1901) |
|Length |Type of Ladder |
|10 foot |Folding |
|14 foot |Roof |
|24 foot |Extension |
▪ Many fire departments prefer to carry a 3 section, 35 foot ladder instead of a 24 foot ladder.
▪ An overhead rack can be used to carry ladders longer than 35 feet.
▪ NFPA 1904, Standard for Aerial Ladder and Elevating Platform Fire Apparatus (1991 edition).
|Ladders Carried on Aerial Apparatus (NFPA 1904) |
|Length |Type of Ladder |
|10 foot |Folding |
|2) 16 foot |Roof |
|14 foot |Combination Ladder |
|24 foot |Extension |
|35 foot |Extension |
▪ Prior to the 1991 edition of NFPA 1904, one 40 foot or larger pole ladder had to be carried on aerial apparatus.
▪ NFPA 1902, Standard for Initial Attack Apparatus.
|Ladders Carried on Initial Attack Apparatus |
|(NFPA 1902) |
|Vehicle Weight |Length |Type of |
| | |Ladder |
|less than 15,000 lbs. |12 foot |Any Type |
|15,000-20,000 lbs. |14 foot |Any Type |
|over 20,000 lbs. |16 foot |Any Type |
▪ NFPA 1903, Standard for Mobile Water Supply Apparatus.
▪ A residential story will average 8 to 10 feet and the distance from floor to window sill about 3 feet.
|Ladder Selection Guide |
|Situation |Ladder Length |
|1st story |16 to 20 feet |
|2nd story |20 to 28 feet |
|2nd story |28 to 35 feet |
|3rd story |40 to 50 feet |
|4th story |over 50 feet |
▪ A commercial story will average 12 feet and the distance from floor to window sill about 4 feet.
▪ Ladders should extend at least 5 rungs above roof edge.
▪ Ladders used for ventilating from windows should be placed 3 to 4 rungs above window sill to the side of the window.
▪ Maximum extended length of extension ladders may be as much as 6 inches LESS than the designated length.
▪ For lengths of 35 feet or LESS, the reach is approximately 1 foot LESS than the designated length.
▪ For lengths of 35 feet or MORE, the reach is approximately 2 feet LESS than the designated length.
▪ The 35 foot extension ladder is the most versatile of all extension ladders.
▪ The proper distance from the heel of the ladder to the building can be determined by dividing the used length by 4.
Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)
Chapter 4-Raising Ground Ladders
"By The Numbers"
▪ IFSTA recommends that all ground and aerial ladders maintain a safe distance of at least 10 feet from all energized electrical lines or equipment.
▪ Single and roof ladders of 14 feet or LESS are easily rasied by 1 firefighter.
▪ Single ladders longer than 14 feet should be placed butt first against the building to heel the ladder.
▪ Typically, ladders of 35 feet or more should be raised by at least 3 firefighters.
▪ Firefighters handling staypoles should stand approximately 5 feet apart.
▪ When pole ladders are raised beyond 45 degrees, the staypole operators assume most of the weight of the ladder.
▪ One firefighter can safely shift a ladder that is 20 feet long or LESS.
▪ NFPA 1932 states that ladders shall not be rolled beam over beam to reach new positions.
▪ For a Dome (auditorium) raise, two 125 foot lifelines and minimum of 6 firefighters are required.
▪ NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Safety Rope, Harness, and Hardware.
Fire Service Ground Ladders (9th Edition)
Chapter 5-Climbing & Using Ground Ladders
"By The Numbers"
▪ When carrying up another ladder, roof ladders should be shouldered 2 rungs above midpoint.
▪ The 1st priority in rescuing victims are those most severely threatened by current fire conditions.
▪ The 2nd priority in rescuing victims are the largest number or groups of people.
▪ The 3rd priority in rescuing victims is the remainder of the people in the fire area.
▪ The 4th priority in rescuing victims are the people in the exposed area.
▪ When securing a ladder for raising with rope, attach the ladder approximately 1/3 distance from the top.
▪ When drafting, a ladder can be used to maintain the 24 inch requirement for the strainer to be off the bottom of the drafting source.
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