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CE6023- INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT LT P C
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OBJECTIVES:
To impart knowledge on sources and characteristics of various industrial wastes and
strategies for its prevention and control
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 8
Types of industries and industrial pollution – Characteristics of industrial wastes – Population equivalent – Bioassay studies – effects of industrial effluents on streams, sewer, land, sewagetreatment plants and human health – Environmental legislations related to prevention and control of industrial effluents and hazardous wastes
UNIT II CLEANER PRODUCTION 8
Waste management Approach – Waste Audit – Volume and strength reduction – Material and process modifications – Recycle, reuse and byproduct recovery – Applications.
UNIT III POLLUTION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRIES 9
Sources, Characteristics, waste treatment flow sheets for selected industries such as Textiles,
Tanneries, Pharmaceuticals, Electroplating industries, Dairy, Sugar, Paper, distilleries, Steel
plants, Refineries, fertilizer, thermal power plants – Wastewater reclamation concepts
UNIT IV TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 11
Equalisation – Neutralisation – Removal of suspended and dissolved organic solids – Chemical oxidation – Adsorption - Removal of dissolved inorganics – Combined treatment of industrial and municipal wastes – Residue management – Dewatering – Disposal
UNIT V HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 9
Hazardous wastes - Physico chemical treatment – solidification – incineration – Secure land fills
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
The students completing the course will have
an insight into the pollution from major industries including the sources and characteristics of pollutants
ability to plan minimization of industrial wastes
ability to design facilities for the processing and reclamation of industrial waste water
TEXTBOOKS:
Rao M. N. & Dutta A. K. , “Wastewater Treatment”, Oxford - IBH Publication, 1995.
Eckenfelder W.W. Jr., “Industrial Water Pollution Control”, McGraw Hill Book Company,New Delhi, 2000.
Patwardhan. A.D., Industrial Wastewater Treatment", Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 2010.
REFERENCES:
Shen T.T., “Industrial Pollution Prevention”, Springer, 1999.
Stephenson R.L. and Blackburn J.B., Jr., “Industrial Wastewater Systems Hand book”,Lewis Publisher, New York, 1998
Freeman H.M., “Industrial Pollution Prevention Hand Book”, McGraw Hill Inc., New Delhi,1995.
Bishop, P.L., “Pollution Prevention: Fundamental & Practice”, McGraw Hill, 2000.
Pandey, "Environmental Management" Vikas Publications, 2010.
Industrial Wastewater Management, Treatment and Disposal",(WEF - MOP - FD3) McGrawHill, 2008
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF INDUSTRIES AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Industry
The production side of business activity is referred as industry.
It is a business activity, which is related to the raising, producing, processing or manufacturing of products.
The products are consumer's goods as well as producer's goods.
Consumer goods are goods, which are used finally by consumers. E.g. Food grains, textiles, cosmetics, VCR, etc.
Producer's goods are the goods used by manufacturers for producing some other goods. E.g. Machinery, tools, equipment’s, etc.
Classification / Types of Industries
Primary Industry
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of nature.
It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human effort.
E.g. Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.
Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of certain spices of plants and animals with the object of sale.
The main aim is to earn profit from such sale.
E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry, cattle breeding, etc.
Extractive Industry
Extractive industry is concerned with extraction or drawing out goods from the soil, air or water.
Products of extractive industries come in raw form and they are used by manufacturing and construction industries for producing finished products.
E.g. mining industry, coal mineral, oil industry, iron ore, extraction of timber and rubber from forests, etc.
Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing industries are engaged in transforming raw material into finished product with the help of machines and manpower.
The finished goods can be either consumer goods or producer goods.
E.g. textiles, chemicals, sugar industry, paper industry, etc.
Construction Industry
Construction industries take up the work of construction of buildings, bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc.
This industry is different from all other types of industry because in case of other industries goods can be produced at one place and sold at another place.
But goods produced and sold by constructive industry are erected
Service Industry
In modern times service sector plays an important role in the development of the nation and therefore it is named as service industry.
The main industries, which fall under this category, include hotel industry, tourism industry, entertainment industry, etc.
Secondary Industries(sometimes referred to as manufacturing industry)
Involve the manufacture of raw materials, into another product by manual labor or machines.
Secondary industries often use assembly lines e.g. a car factory.
Tertiary Industries (sometime referred to as Services industry)
Neither produces a raw material nor makes a product.
Instead they provide services to other people and industries.
Tertiary industries can include doctors, dentists, refuse collection and banks.
Quaternary Industries
Involve the use of high tech industries.
People who work for these companies are often highly qualified within their field of work.
Research and development companies are the most common types of businesses in this sector.
Goods
All of the companies are linked in one way or another. For example
The raw material cotton is extracted by primary industries
The cotton may then be turned into an item of clothing in the secondary industry.
Tertiary industries may advertise the goods in magazines and newspapers.
The quaternary industry may involve the product being advertised or researched to check that the item of clothing meets the standards that it claims too.
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, humans were able to advance further into the 21st century.
Technology developed rapidly, science became advanced and the manufacturing age came into view.
With all of these came one more effect, industrial pollution.
Earlier, industries were small factories that produced smoke as the main pollutant.
Since the number of factories were limited and worked only a certain number of hours a day, the levels of pollution did not grow significantly.
But when these factories became full scale industries and manufacturing units, the issue of industrial pollution started to take on more importance.
Any form of pollution that can trace its immediate source to industrial practices is known as industrial pollution.
Industrial pollution takes on many faces.
It contaminates many sources of drinking water, releases unwanted toxins into the air and reduces the quality of soil all over the world.
Causes of Industrial Pollution
Lack of Policies to Control Pollution
Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement drive allowed many industries to bypass laws made by pollution control board.
It resulted in mass scale pollution that affected lives of many people.
Unplanned Industrial Growth
In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took place wherein those companies flouted rules and norms and polluted the environment with both air and water pollution.
Use of Outdated Technologies
Most industries still rely on old technologies to produce products that generate large amount of waste.
To avoid high cost and expenditure, many companies still make use of traditional technologies to produce high end products.
Presence of Large Number of Small Scale Industries
Many small scale industries and factories that don’t have enough capital and rely on government grants to run their day-to-day businesses often escape environment regulations
It release large amount of toxic gases in the atmosphere.
Inefficient Waste Disposal
Water pollution and soil pollution are often caused directly due to inefficiency in disposal of waste.
Long term exposure to polluted air and water causes chronic health problems, making the issue of industrial pollution into a severe one.
It also lowers the air quality in surrounding areas which causes many respiratory disorders.
Leaching of Resources from Our Natural World
Industries do require large amount of raw material to make them into finished products.
This requires extraction of minerals from beneath the earth.
The extracted minerals can cause soil pollution when spilled on the earth.
Leaks from vessels can cause oil spills that may prove harmful for marine life.
Effects and Control of Industrial Pollution
In order to provide daily needs of the growing population, different types of industries are setup to produce different products.
The industries use raw materials, process them and produce finished products. Besides the finished products, a good number of by-products are produced.
Out of all the by-products, if some are in huge quantities and the processing is cost effective, the industrialist preserves the by- products.
If the processing of waste is a cost prohibitive one, then the industrialist throws the waste into the environment in the form of gas, liquid or solid.
The gases are usually released into the atmosphere, the liquids are discharged into aquatic bodies like canals, rivers or sea and solid wastes are either dumped on the land or in aquatic bodies.
There are about 17 industries which are declared to be most polluting.
These include the caustic soda, cement, distillery, dyes and dye intermediaries, fertilizers, iron and steel, oil refineries, paper and pulp, pesticides and pharmaceuticals, sugar, textiles, thermal power plants, tanneries and so on.
Due to industrial activities, a variety of poisonous gases like NO, SO2, NO2, SO3, Cl2, CO, CO2, H2SO4 etc. - volatile chemicals, dusts etc., are liberated into the atmosphere causing acute pollution problem.
For example, Methyl Isocyanate gas leakage from Union Carbide factory at Bhopal caused mass killing which is known as Bhopal gas tragedy.
Types of pollution from industries
|Sl.No |Industry |Wastes Produced |Type of |
| | | |Pollution |
|1. |Caustic Soda |Mercury, Chlorine gas |Air, water and land |
|2. |Cement dust, |Particulate matter |- |
| |smoke | | |
|3. |Distillery |Organic waste |Land and water |
|4. |Fertilizer |Ammonia, cyanide, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of Sulphur | |
| | | |Air and water |
|5. |Dye |Inorganic waste pigment |Land and water |
|6. |Iron and steel |Smoke, gases, coal dust, fly ash, fluorine |Air, water and land |
Effects of Industrial Pollution
On human health
It causes irritation of eye, nose, throat respiratory tracts, etc.
It increases mortality rate and morbidity rate.
A variety of particulates mainly pollens, initiate asthmatic attacks.
Chronic pulmonary diseases like bronchitis and asthma are aggravated by high concentration of SO2, NO2, particulate matter and photo-chemical smog.
Certain heavy metals like lead may enter the body through lungs and cause poisoning.
On animal health
In case of animals, the pollutants enter in two steps.
Accumulations of the airborne contaminants in the vegetation forage and prey animals.
Subsequent poisoning of the animals when they eat the contaminated food.
In case of animals, three pollutants namely fluorine, arsenic and lead are responsible for most livestock damage.
On plants
Industrial pollution has been shown to have serious adverse effects on plants.
In some cases, it is found that vegetation over 150 Km. away from the source of pollutants have been found to be affected.
The major pollutants affecting plants are SO2, O3, MO, NO2, NH3, HCN, Ethylene, Herbicides, PAN (Peroxy Acetyl nitrate) etc.
In the presence of pollutants, the healthy plants suffer from neurosis, chlorosis, abscission, epinasty etc.
CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
Control at Source:
It involves suitable alterations in the choice of raw materials and process in treatment of exhaust gases before finally discharged.
Increasing stock height up to 38 meters in order to ensure proper mixing of the discharged pollutants.
Selection of Industry Site
The industrial site should be properly examined considering the climatic and topographical characteristics before setting of the industry.
Treatment of Industrial Waste
The industrial wastes should be subjected to proper treatment before their discharge.
Plantation
Intensive plantation in the region considerably reduces the dust, smoke and other pollutants.
Stringent Government Action:
Government should take stringent action against industries which discharge higher amount of pollutants into the environment than the level prescribed by Pollution Control Board.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
The purposes of pollution control endeavors should be
To protect the assimilative capacity of surface waters.
To protect shellfish, finfish and wildlife.
To preserve or restore the aesthetic and recreational value of surface waters.
To protect humans from adverse water quality conditions.
THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WASTEWATER.
The quality that must be maintained in the environment to which the wastewater is to be discharged or for the reuse of the wastewater.
The applicable environmental standards or discharge requirements that must be met.
The main chemical characteristics of wastewater are divided into two classes, inorganic and organic.
Physical characteristics
The principal physical characteristics of wastewater are its solids content, colour, odour and temperature.
The total solids in a wastewater consist of the insoluble or suspended solids and the soluble compoundsdissolved in water.
Volatile solids are presumed to be organicmatter, although some organic matter will not burnand some inorganic salts break down at high temperatures.
The organic matter consists mainly ofproteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Solids may be classified in another wayas well those that are volatilized at a high temperature(600ºC) and those that are not.
The former areknown as volatile solids, the latter as fixed solids.
Usually, volatile solids are organic.
Colour is a qualitative characteristic that can be used to assess the general condition of wastewater.
If the colour is dark grey or black, the wastewater istypically septic, having undergone extensive bacterial decomposition under anaerobic conditions.
Theblackening of wastewater is often due to the formation of various sulphide, particularly, ferrous sulphide.
The determination of odour has become increasingly important.
The odour of fresh wastewater is usually not offensive, but a variety of odorous compounds are released when wastewater is decomposed biologically under anaerobic conditions.
The principal odorous compound is hydrogen sulphide (the smell of rotten eggs).
The temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of the water supply because warmmunicipal water has been added.
The temperature of wastewater will vary from season to season and also with geographic location.
Chemical characteristics
Inorganic chemicals
The principal chemical tests include free ammonia, organic nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, organic phosphorusand inorganic phosphorus.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are important because these two nutrients areresponsible for the growth of aquatic plants.
Trace elements, which include some heavy metals,are not determined routinely, but trace elementsmay be a factor in the biological treatment ofwastewater.
All living organisms require varyingamounts of some trace elements, such as iron, copper, zinc and cobalt, for proper growth.
Organic chemicals
The tests may be divided into those used to measure gross concentrations of organic matter greater than about 1 mg/l.
Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter(greater than 1 mg/l) in wastewater include
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC).
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Effluent from industrial sources contains a wide variety of pollutants, including organic pollutants.
Primary and secondary sewage treatment processes remove some of these pollutants, particularly oxygen-demanding substances, oil, grease and solids.
Others, such as refractory (degradation- resistant) organics (organochlorides, nitro compounds etc.) and salts and heavy metals, are not efficiently removed.
Soaps, detergents and associated chemicals are potential sources of organic pollutants.
Water contaminated with these compounds must be treated using physical and chemical methods, including air stripping, solvent extraction, ozonation and carbon adsorption.
POPULATION EQUIVALENT AND BIOASSAY STUDIES
Population equivalent
Population equivalent or unit per capita loading, (PE), in waste-water treatment is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual pollution load in household sewage produced by one person in the same time.
| |Population equivalents of wastewater from some industries |
| | | | |
| |Type |Activity |BOD PE |
| | | |[inhab/(unit/d)] |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |Food |Canning (fruit/vegetables) |500 |
| | |Pea processing |85-400 |
| | |Tomato |50-185 |
| | |Carrot |160-390 |
| | |Potato |215-545 |
| | |Citrus fruit |55 |
| | |Chicken meat |70-1600 |
| | |Fish |300-2300 |
| | |Sweets/candies |40-150 |
| | |Sugar cane |50 |
| | |Dairy (without cheese) |20-100 |
Trends in Bioassay Use for Effluent Management \ Bioassays and Wastewater Quality
Main conclusions
A broad range of micropollutants and their effects wereeliminated by more than 80% after the advanced treatments.
There was no evidence for a toxicity increase due to a constantformation of stable toxic ozonation by-products.
An ozonation should be followed by a final filtration step withbiological activity.
Quality of treated effluent was significantly improved, leading to improved surface water quality.
Evaluation of Bioassays and Wastewater Quality
Project Strategy Micropoll
The aim of the project “Strategy Micropoll” of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) was to develop a strategy regarding micro pollutants originating from municipal wastewater.
A situation analysis was conducted in order to assess thecontamination of Swiss surface waters with micro pollutants
Possibilities for financing measures for advanced wastewater treatment were evaluated.In order to evaluate possible technical treatments to reduce the concentrations and effects oforganic micro pollutants in surface waters, two large-scale pilot studies were conducted.
In bothstudies the efficiency of complementary wastewater treatment for the elimination ofmicropollutants from wastewater treatment effluent was assessed, such as ozonation followed bysand filtration (ozonation-SF) and different processes including powdered activated carbon addition (PAC).
Technical aspects as well as a performance review regarding the elimination ofmicropollutants using chemical measurements and ecotoxicological test systems were included.
Approach of bio-assay
A broad range of biotests for the evaluation of water and wastewater quality is available.
Animportant goal of this project was to identify appropriate bioassays sensitive enough to detect theeffects of micro pollutants.
The selection of eco toxicological test systems was based on preliminary studies conducted before the first pilot study by measuring specific cellular effects, as well as integrative tests with whole organisms group on ecotoxicology.
Bioassays were selected based on one or more of the following selection criteria.
Test sensitivity is Standardized test methods are available.
Consideration of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, macrophytes, invertebrates, vertebrates)
Application of different types of sample processing and test systems:
Assessment of enriched wastewater samples
High enough to detect contaminant effects in treated wastewaterin the preliminary studies
Assessment of wastewater samples without sample enrichment
Effect measurements with organisms in flow-through systems (channels, microcosms)
Two types of bioassays were used:
In vitro bioassays based on specific cellular mechanisms measure cellular effects specificto groups of toxicants with similar modes of action.
These assays use cell cultures ortransgenic bacteria or yeast to detect changes in receptor activation or enzyme function,e.g. endocrine, genotoxic or mutagenic effects; or inhibition of signal transduction.
They integrate the effects of all substances in a wastewater samplesuch as chemicals, nutrients etc., but, depending on the used assays they give none or onlylimited information about the causative substance classes or relevant molecular processes.
Performance Analysis of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Toxicity Parameters
Biological parameters measured in bioassays, such as mortality, number of offspring, cellnumber, weight, and cellular receptor activity, are commonly referred to as ‘endpoints’.
The term ‘toxicity parameter’ refers to effect values, which are calculated using statistical or mathematical methods.
The calculation is done by regression analysis and gives, additionally to the respective derived toxicity parameter, a confidence interval
NOEC The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) is the highest tested concentration thatdoes not yet because a statistically significant effect compared to the control.
LOEC The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) is the lowest tested concentrationthat elicits a statistically significant effect compared to the control.
TEQ The toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) is defined as the concentration of areference substance, which would have the same effect as the environmental sample.
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION
India is the first country that has integrated the protection and improvement of the environment in its constitution.
There are no specific environmental laws for textile industry sector alone.
Industry specific standards, which the textile industry is required to comply with while setting up or operating an industrial unit.
The regulatory authorities are
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at central level
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) at state level.
Enforcement is done by SPCBs.
Indian Environmental Legislation.
Air Pollution legislation
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, as amended by Amendment Act, 1987
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982
This law defined an air pollutant as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment.
This Act requires approval prior to operating any industrial plant. Government may suggest “control equipment” prior to giving its consent to any industry for its operation. It may include chimney etc.
In case there is any new technology for emission control, then the Board may insist on this to being installed. Standards specific to industries have been specified.
Penalty
Penalties are minimum of six months imprisonment to a maximum of seven years and fine up to Rs. 5,000 for every day during which violation continues after conviction
This law makes it clear that when offences are committed by a company, its director, manager, secretary or other officers could be held guilty and punished accordingly.
As the industries are running on age-old processes, outdated technology, fuel, coal as their source of energy where there are no proper installations for measurement and treatment of emissions like SO2, oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate, etc it becomes harder and impossible to fulfill the norms of the legislative standards.
Noise Pollution
The state government may categorize the areas into industrial,
commercial, residential or silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas.
The state government shall take measures to control noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements and ensure that the specified noise levels do not exceed.
A person may, if the noise level exceeds the ambient noise standards by 10 dB or more given in standards against any area/zone, can make a complaint to the authority.
The authority shall act on the complaint and take action against the violator in accordance with the provisions of these rules and any other law in force.
Norms for noise pollution
Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are declared as such by the competent authority.
Ozone Depletion
The legislation refers to the:
Ozone Depletion Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000
Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen in the atmosphere about 20 kms. above the earth’s surface that efficiently screens out almost all the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. This radiation has the potential to cause skin cancer, eye damage; suppress body’s immune system; decrease crop yield; cause damage to forests and affect ocean life.
In accordance with the National Strategy for Ozone depletion substances (ODS) phase out
the GoI - MoEF, have framed comprehensive draft rules, covering various aspects of production, sale, consumption, Export and import of ODS.
Some of the important provisions of the proposed draft ODS rules, are as follows:
Important provisions of the proposed draft ODS rules
Compulsory to register with MoEF Restriction on production levels
Ban on creating new capacity or expansion of capacity
Export restricted to countries who are signatory to Montreal Protocol
Quantity produced in excess of maximum allowable consumption for the respective years, if any, to be for export purposes only.
Environment Protection Act
Act and rules related to environment protection
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986
Tolerance limits for industrial effluents
|Characteristics |Into inland surface |Into public sewer |On land for irrigation |Into marine Coastal areas |
| |water | | | |
|Colour and odour |Colourless |Colourless |Colourless |Colourless |
|Suspended solids (mg/l ) |100 |600 |200 |- |
|Dissolved solids (TDS, mg/l m |2100 |2100 |2100 |- |
|pH |5.5-9 |5.5-9 |5.5-9 |5.5-9 |
|Temperature 0C Max. |40 |45 |- |45 |
|Oil and grease mg/l |10 |20 |10 |20 |
|BOD (5 days ) |30 |350 |100 |100 |
|COD |250 |- |- |250 |
|Hexavalent chromium mg/l |0.1 |2 |- |1.0 |
|Copper mg/l |3 |3 |- |3 |
|Zinc mg/l |5 |15 |- |15 |
|Sulphides mg/l |2 |- |- |5 |
|Pesticides mg/l |Absent |Absent |Absent |Absent |
Hazardous Substance/Waste
Legislation related to hazardous waste:
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000 – Draft Notification
Manufacture, Storage, transport and Import of Hazardous Chemical
Amendment Rules, 2000 – Draft Notification Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
Public Liability Insurance Rules,1991
Proper handling, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous waste is probably the most important aspect of any industry. For this reason, guidelines have been issued under this set of rules.
UNIT II
CLEANER PRODUCTION
WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Dealing with waste in India
Waste is an issue that affects us all.
We all produce waste on average, each of the highly populated people living in the India throws away around half a ton of household rubbish every year.
This is on top of huge amounts of waste generated from activities such as manufacturing (360 million tons) and construction (900 million tons), while water supply and energy production generate another 95 million tons.
Altogether, India produces up to 3 billiontons of waste every year.
All this waste has a huge impact on the environment, causing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change, as well as significant losses of materials a particular problem for the India which is highly dependent on exported raw materials.
The amount of waste we are creating is increasing and the nature of waste itself is changing, partly due to the dramatic rise in the use of hi-tech products.
This means waste now contains an increasingly complex mix of materials, including plastics, precious metals and hazardous materials that are difficult to deal with safely.
Indian waste management policies aim to reduce the environmental and health impacts of waste and improve India’s resource efficiency.
The long-term goal is to turn our country into a recycling society, avoiding waste and using unavoidable waste as a resource wherever possible.
The aim is to achieve much higher levels of recycling and to minimize the extraction of additional natural resources.
Proper waste management is a key element in ensuring resource efficiency and the sustainable growth of Indian economies.
Working to minimize the negative impacts of waste while maximizing the benefits of good waste management, and the role individuals, households, businesses and local and national governments have to play.
The Challenges of Waste
Whether it is re-used, recycled, incinerated or put into landfill sites, the management of household and industrial waste comes at a financial and environmental cost.
First, waste must be collected, sorted and transported before being treated which can prove expensive and result in greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of air, soils and water.
One major challenge is the fact that a large amount of the waste generated each year some 100 million tonsis hazardous, containing heavy metals and other toxin
These substances make the waste particularly difficult to treat as special processes are needed to deal with the hazardous components.
Our country is working to reduce the hazardous materials used in products which then end up in our waste, as well as ensuring that hazardous waste is dealt with in the safest way possible.
Waste treatment facilities are being improved across the India to make sure hazardous material can be dealt with safely.
There is also a risk that hazardous waste is exported abroad where it may be dealt with in unsafe conditions.
Several types of chemicals have been banned and the use of other materials has been significantly restricted.
The India’s Approach to Waste Management
Waste management approach has evolved over the last 30 years through a series of environmental action plans and a framework of legislation that aims to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and create an energy and resource efficient economy.
This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste.
The 2015 Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling resulted in the revision of the Waste Framework Directive, the cornerstone of India’s approach to waste management
It includes targets for IndianState Members to recycle 50% of their municipal waste and 70% of construction waste by 2020.
The Directive introduces a five-step waste hierarchy where prevention is the best option, followed by re-use, recycling and other forms of recovery, with disposal such as landfill as the last resort.
Moving Up the Waste Hierarchy
WASTE AUDIT
Purpose
The purpose of a waste audit is to gain a detailed understanding of the types and weights of material being generated.
Audit results are used to improve the economic and environmental performance of waste management efforts
There are three major components to the waste audit:
A. Preparation
B. Sorting, recording, and cleanup
C. Analysis and reporting.
When undertaking an audit, one person should be designated as the audit coordinator.
This person is responsible for preparing and leading the audit.
When first beginning to conduct waste audits, it is advisable to seek assistance from regional waste education officers if they are available.
The audit coordinator must ensure that all preparations are carried out before participants begin auditing and measuring waste
Preparation
Identify which material streams will be audited.
Use the materials stream categorization guide to help.
Ensure that the waste is sorted into separate piles based on waste stream, day collected, or source location if auditing specific areas or buildings.
Choose an adequate sample size for the audit.
The % of waste audited will depend on total waste generation of the organization larger numbers yield more accurate results.
Locate a suitable facility for storing the waste and conducting the audit.
Verify the number of participants who will be helping with the audit and obtain the required safety materials.
Choose an auditing procedure that best suits the needs of the firm.
Obtain the materials required for that method.
Conduct a training session with the audit participants.
Training requirements will differ according to chosen audit type.
Give the people who are data recording the auditing packages and have them review the sheets and ask any questions before sorting begins.
Assign groups according to the chosen audit type.
Procedures
There are significant differences between auditing methods.
There is also some flexibility in how the audits are performed.
The audit coordinator can adjust the procedures as required to best suit the needs of the firm.
Types of auditing
Differences between auditing methods
Bulk auditing (large audits)
Individual bag contamination rate auditing
Individual bag & sub-categorization auditing
Roles Explained
Audit Coordinator:
This person is responsible for preparing and leading the audit.
They must ensure that all preparations are carried out before participants begin auditing and measuring waste.
If possible, the audit coordinator should play a role in forming or overseeing the waste management plan for the organization.
It would be beneficial of this person read the waste management manual to understand the purpose of the audit and the role of waste characterization studies in waste management.
Data Recorders
This position involves weighing the sorted contents of the audit.
They will be responsible for weighing the bins and the sorted waste, recording data, and taking notes during the audit.
They may also be tasked with taking pictures.
Data recorders should ideally have experience in recording experimental data.
It is important that the data recorder fully understands their role and the importance of good record keeping because if the audit.
Sorters
These people are responsible for opening the bags and sorting the waste according to the categorization chosen by the audit coordinator.
In audits with no diversion team, the sorters will dispose of their own waste according to the proper materials stream in a designated diversion area.
Diversion team
These people are responsible for diverting material into proper large bins/bags after they have been sorted.
This ensures the highest level of diversion is achieved at the end of the audit.
Once they empty the contents of the bins, they return them to the sorting teams.
If there are enough sorting bins and sorting teams, it can make the audit go much quicker with a dedicated disposal team.
If there are not enough audit participants or sorting bins for this, the sorters on the sorting teams can dispose of the waste themselves.
Cleanup
All waste should be disposed of properly according to local area sorting requirements.
This will need to be done on an ongoing basis throughout the audit.
For bulk auditing no additional sorting step is required for disposal.
Any waste residues or spills should be cleaned up immediately.
Team leaders should give data to the audit coordinator and explain any unclear data on the sheets.
The audit coordinator should briefly look over the data to ask any questions they may have about recorded data while data recorders are on hand.
Materials and equipment should be returned to the audit coordinator
Analysis and Reporting
Enter the data values into the excel spreadsheet auditing tool.
The tool will only allow manipulation of cells which require data entry and these cells are highlighted in yellow.
If you wish to alter the tool, you must first unprotect the sheet
Once all the data is entered, enter the % of waste audited and the % of waste that has been sub-categorized.
The detailed sub-categorization data will automatically be added to the larger data set for contamination.
It will also be represented graphically
Summary tables will be automatically produced showing the projected annual waste production values and contamination rates based on the contamination data set and the sub-categorization data.
VOLUME AND STRENGTH REDUCTION
The information presented is a pathway to effective and sustainable water and wastewater management from start to finish. This information is organized into five sections:
Segment Profile
A discussion of water usage and wastewater effluent trends, where to find information on regulatory drivers, examples of non-regulatory drivers, and risks and opportunities for cost savings.
Data Management
A guide to identifying the components of water and wastewater information, establishing key performance indicators and goals, managing water and wastewater data, and benchmarking progress toward goals.
Best Practices
Guidance on best practices to reduce water usage and wastewater generation focusing on opportunities in the brewing process, including packaging, warehousing, utilities, and food service/events.
Onsite Wastewater Treatment
An overview of drivers for onsite wastewater treatment and example technologies.
Case Studies
Selected brewery examples which provide more detail of water and wastewater reduction programs.
Water Usage &Wastewater Generated By Craft Brewers
Beer is about 95% water in composition; however, the amount of water used to produce a container of beer is far greater than the amount of water contained in the beer that is actually packaged and shipped out.
Although water usage varies widely among breweries and is dependent upon specific processes and location.
Most craft brewers receive their water from municipal suppliers, while a few use well water as an alternative source.
In addition to the water used in production, wastewater generation and disposal presents another improvement opportunity for brewers.
Most breweries discharge 70% of their incoming water as effluent.
Effluent is defined as wastewater that is generated and flows to the sewer system.
In most cases, brewery effluent disposal costs are much higher than water supply costs.
In many communities, breweries may be the largest consumer of water and the largest source of organic effluent that must be treated by the municipal treatment plant.
This presents unique supply and cost concerns.
Water awareness and conservation practices provide an effective mechanism for brewers to reach out into communities.
Outreach efforts have a number of benefits, including building brand image and being recognized as an important part of the community.
Within a brewery, there are four main areas where water is used:
Brew house
Cellars
Packaging
Utilities.
In addition, ancillary operations such as food service and restrooms contribute to water usage.
Risk of (local) water pollution
Typical Brewery Water Use per Area
Effective Data Management System
Data management is more than just a component of a successful program
It is a necessity for a successful business strategy.
There are both risks and opportunities in water and wastewater management.
Making informed business decisions to minimize risk and maximize opportunity
requires effective data management.
From establishing a data collection routine and ensuring the data is accurate, to creating key performance indicators and setting goals.
Data Collection
Successful data management enables cost-effective decisions to be made.
Data management often goes beyond collecting usage and cost data from a monthly utility invoice.
It includes identifying process areas, support functions, and facility operations that have the greatest opportunities for improvement.
Strategies include tracking water metrics as part of process improvement activities.
Understanding water use is critical to starting an effective conservation program.
Where to start?
Where is the water going?
How much water is used?
What are typical values?
How much water is discharged?
What’s in the water discharge?
What are typical values?
How can water use and discharge be managed?
Full Cost of Water
The full cost of water is equal to
The “price on the water bill”
Costs Associated with water use
Price of incoming water
Sewer Service Charge
Cost of energy and chemicals needed to process water
Labor and other costs associated with water processing and treatment.
The cost of water use at a facility can be much greater than the amount on the water bill.
|Typical Reductions in Water Use |
|Water saving measure possible application typical reduction in process use (%) |
|Closed loop recycle |Fermenter cooling |>90 |
|Cleaning-in-place |(CIP) New CIP |set 60 |
|Re-use of wash water |Cask washer |50 |
|Countercurrent rinsing |CIP |set 40 |
|Good housekeeping |Hose pipes |30 |
|Cleaning-in-place |Optimization of CIP |set 30 |
|Spray/jet upgrades |Cask Washer |20 |
|Brushes/squeegees |Fermenter cleaning |20 |
RECYCLE, REUSE AND BYPRODUCT RECOVERY
3Rs offer an environmentally friendly alternative to deal with growing generation of wastes and its related impact on human health, economy and natural ecosystem
Stages in product life cycle
Extraction of natural resources Processing of resources
Design of products and selection of inputs
Production of goods and services
Distribution
Consumption
Reuse of wastes from production or consumption
Recycling of wastes from consumption or production
Disposal of residual wastes
Eco Efficiency and the Important Of 3Rs
Eco-efficiency is the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life.
While progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with Earth's estimated carrying capacity.
Seven elements or steps companies can make to improve Eco efficiency
Reduce material intensity
Reduce energy intensity
Reduce dispersion of toxic substances
Enhance the ability to recycle
Maximize use of renewable resources
Extend product durability
Increase service intensity
Transitioning to more resource efficient economy One way economy
In one way economy, a little effort is made to reduce the amount of materials consumed in production &hence the wastes areproduced.
Also little effort is made to reuse or recycle those wasteswhich mainly go for landfill.
More resource efficient economy
Greater resource efficiency by reducing consumption and waste ofmaterials, and by reusing and recycling by products.
By implementingmeasures on both the production and consumption sides, countries may be able to reduce (per unit of product) both the quantity of theresource extraction stream
The quantity and environmentalimpact of the residual materials flow that ultimately reaches disposalsites.
Closed-loop economy
In closed-loop economy, nearly all outputs either become inputs toother manufacturing processes or are returned to natural systems as emissions rather than as pollutants, e.g., a closed-cycleprocessing plant takes in freshwater and does not discharge anyliquid effluents.
Rather, the water is constantly recycled and possiblyutilized in the final product itself
However there are major policy gaps...
Prevailing economic system does not provide adequate incentives for resource conservation and efficient resource allocation
Prevailing production and consumption patterns are not adequately oriented towards resource efficiency, contributing to growing quantities of wastes that must be managed for final disposal
For example, in Asia, as industrial economies continue to grow, the region will generate more toxic chemicals & hazardous wastes, mostly coming from industrial, agriculture, and manufacturing processes, but current waste management policies are not linked with resource conservation/ecosystem protection
Conventional waste management and the consequences
Over reliance on conventional type waste management such as landfills and incineration is not sustainable (landfills are major source of methane (CH4), a powerful GHG, and land costs are getting very high)
Examples of E-waste
Every year 20 to 50 million tons of e-waste are generated worldwide.
About 53 million tons were produced worldwide in 2009 and only 13% of it was recycled.
By 2020 e-waste from old computers in South Africa and China will have jumped by 200-400% and by 500% in India from 2007 levels.
One billion PCs will be in use by the end of 2008 - two billion by 2015 with most growth in emerging Brazil, Russia, India, and China
"Going green" can be profitable through the expanding market of environmental goods and services.
Recycling market offers a competitive 'sink' as an alternative to increasingly expensive landfill, incineration, and other treatment options.
Significant opportunities that exist for the private sectors could be divided in three categories:
Equipment & technology
Water equipment and chemicals, air pollution control, instruments and information, waste management (waste minimization, resource recovery technology, etc.), process / prevention technology.
UNIT 3
POLLUTION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRIES
SOURCES AND CHARACTERISTICS
Air pollution is the presence of substances in air in sufficient concentration and for sufficient time, injurious to human, plant or animal life, or to property.
Air pollutants arise from both man-made and natural processes.
Pollutants are also defined as primary pollutants resulting from combustion of fuels and industrial operations and secondary pollutants, those which are produced due to reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.
The ambient air quality may be defined by the concentration of a set of pollutants which may be present in the ambient air we breathe in.
These pollutants may be called criteria pollutants.
Emission standards express the allowable concentrations of a contaminant at the point of discharge before any mixing with the surrounding air.
|Pollutants |Sources |
|Suspended particulate Matter, SPMa |Automobile, power plants, boilers, Industries requiring crushing and |
| |grinding such as quarry, cement. |
|Chlorine |Chlor-alkali plants. |
|Fluoride |Fertilizer, aluminum refining |
|Sulphur dioxide |Power plants, boilers, sulphuric acid manufacture, ore refining, petroleum |
| |refining. |
| |Ore refining, battery manufacturing, automobiles. Oxides of nitrogen, Automobiles, |
|Lead |power plants, nitric NO, NO2 (NOX) acid manufacture, also a secondary pollutant |
|Peroxyacetyl nitrate, |PAN Secondary pollutant |
|Ammonia |Fertilizer plant |
|Formaldehyde |Secondary pollutant |
|Ozonea |Secondary pollutant |
|Carbon monoxide |Automobiles |
|Hydrogen sulphide |Pulp and paper, petroleum refining. |
By combustion sources is meant operations where primarily fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, petrol, diesel and furnace oil are burnt to obtain energy.
This includes power plants, industrial boilers, domestic heating and automobiles.
Automobiles
In urban areas automobiles form a significant source of a number of air pollutants, namely, particulates, NOx, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and lead.
These pollutants are produced when fuel is burnt under less than ideal conditions.
Non-uniform oxygen supply within the combustion chamber and lower flame temperature leads to incomplete combustion releasing CO, HC and unburnt particles in the exhaust.
Tetraethyl lead is added to petrol as anti-knock additive.
Where such petrol is used lead is emitted in the exhaust fumes as inorganic particulates.
Industrial sources
Only two sources are discussed here
Cement manufacture
Raw materials include lime, silica, aluminum and iron. Lime is obtained from calcium carbonate.
Other raw materials are introduced as sand, clay, shale, iron are and blast furnace slag.
The process consists of mining, crushing, grinding, and calcining in a long cylindrically shaped oven or kiln.
Air pollutants can originate at several operations as listed below
|Source |Emission |
|Raw material crushing, grinding |Particulates |
|Kiln operation and cooling |ParticulatesCO, SO2 , NOx, HC |
|Product grinding and packaging |Particulates |
Control of emission of particulate matter is economically viable as the cost of collected dust (raw material and product) pays for control measures.
Sulphuric acid manufacture
Sulphuric acid is produced from Sulphur, which is burnt to obtain SO2.
Sulphur dioxide is converted to trioxide in presence of vanadium pentaoxide catalyst.
The Sulphur trioxide is absorbed in recycling concentrated sulfuric acid.
Unreacted SO2 escapes with the flue gas.
New large plants now a days use double conversion double absorption (DCDA) process realizing above 99 percent efficiency.
WASTE TREATMENT FLOW SHEET FOR TEXTILES
Textile industry can be classified into three categories cotton, woolen, and synthetic fibers depending upon the used raw materials.
The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in China.
The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different steps in the dyeing and finishing processes.
Wastewater from printing and dyeing units is often rich in color, containing residues of reactive dyes and chemicals, such as complex components, manyaerosols, highChroma, high COD and BOD concentration
In the textile dyeing industry, bleaching is an important process.
It has three technologies
sodium hypochlorite bleaching
hydrogen peroxide bleaching and sodium chlorite bleeching Sodium hypochlorite bleaching and
sodium chlorite bleaching are the most commonly used processes.
|The variety of fiber | |The variety of fiber |
|Cellulose fiber | |Direct dyes, Reactive dyes, Vat dyes, Sulfide dyes, Azo |
| | |dyes |
|Wool | |Acid dyes Silk Direct dyes, Acid dyes |
|Polyester | |Azo dyes, Disperse dyes |
|Polyester-cotton | |Disperse / Vat dyes, Disperse / Insoluble dye |
|Polyacrylonitrile fiber | |Cationic dyes, Disperse dyes |
|Polyacrylonitrile fiber |– |Cationic dyes, Acid dyes |
|wool | | |
|Vinylon | |Direct dyes, Vat dyes, Sulfur dyes, Acid dyes |
Textile dyeing wastewater risk
Discharged wastewater by some industries under uncontrolled and unsuitable conditions is causing significant environmental problems.
High values of COD and BOD, presence of particulate matter and sediments, and oil and grease in the effluent causes depletion of dissolved oxygen, which has an adverse effect on the aquatic ecological system.
The textile industry standards for water pollutants
As the wastewater is harmful to the environment and people, there are strict requirements for the emission of the wastewater.
Due to the difference in the raw materials, products, dyes, technology and equipment, the standards of the wastewater emission have too much items.
It is developed by the national environmental protection department according to the local conditions and environmental protection requirements which is not fixed.
UNIT IV TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Combined treatment of industrial and municipal wastes
Two major pieces of legislation establish as a national goal the elimination of the discharge of pollutants.
They provide for the development of definite guidelines for effluent discharge from all point sources, public and private.
They also provide for Federal financial assistance in the form of capital subsidies to communities attempting to achieve these guidelines.
Many communities are designing upgraded or new wastewater treatment facilities.
The magnitude of the public investment required in wastewater treatment during the next few years makes it imperative that relevant decision makers have a thorough understanding of the issues involved.
One particular issue is industrial participation in the municipal wastewater treatment system.
Industrial discharges often significantly alter the total flow and concentrations of various wastewater constituents, such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, and heavy metals, to be treated by municipal treatment facilities
These factors are important in deter- mining the size and type of treatment processes required to meet the increasingly stringent standards being imposed on communities, so specific attention must be paid to the expected level of industrial participation during the planning and design stages of the new construction
Planning for the joint treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater is a crucial element in the design of cost-effective treatment systems.
The impact of joint treatment on the various participants and their corresponding responses will be important in determining the type and size of facilities required.
The municipality is required to provide joint treatment when certain conditions are met, but it has considerable flexibility in making use of such policy instruments as pricing strategies and pretreatment requirements to encourage or discourage joint treatment.
The municipality will compare the additional benefits and costs of joint treatment in order to determine its policies.
Inclusion of industrial wastes in municipal wastewater treatment systems can, however, lead to additional system costs.
Many industrial wastewaters, while compatible with common treatment processes, are more highly concentrated, in terms of constituents such as BOD and suspended solids, than normal domestic sewage.
The inclusion of these wastes, therefore, may require longer detention times and/or equipment with larger capacities, resulting in higher per unit treatment costs.
|Chart of a Poultry Processing Plant | |
|• |Potable water | |
|• |Scalding | |
|• |Washing | |
|• |Final washing |36 |
|• |Grading, weighing & packing | |
| | | |
Product
By-product
Potable water
Process water
Wastewater
Final product
Final wastewater collection & control
Residue management
What is residue management?
Pacific Island farmers use left-over plant materials (leaves, branches, stalks, etc.) called residue or slash on their fields to nourish and protect their topsoil.
Leaving soil bare and uncovered in tropical climates often causes problems.
Instead of leaving the soil bare in your fields, arrange plant matter left over from the harvest in strips across the slope or beneath orchard trees.
Then plant the next crop into the plant matter, by hand either with a digging stick or tool, or with special machinery.
This is a very respected and traditional practice used by farmers around the Pacific.
Why use residue management?
Pacific Island farmers can benefit from residue management on their farm. Using this practice can:
Save labor on collecting and burning slash.
Protect the soil surface and help preventraindrop erosion.
slow water down and let it to soak intothe soil
Fertilize the crops and increase the harvest, especially if using slash from nitrogen fixing crops (called legumes) that are rich innutrients.
Organic matter from plantmaterial helps the soil become more fertile
and easier to work.
Protect new plantings and smother outweeds.
Provide food and shelter for wildlife.
Between rows in crops
Under fruit trees
Early in the growing season when newcrops are still small and filling in Between growing seasons when fields are left unplanted
If your field is infected with certain plant diseases, crop residues may infect the next crop. Don't place residue directly against plant stems and trunks.
Consider using crop rotations to break disease cycles. Consult with the
Plan for Residue Management
Leave soil covered.
After the harvest, instead of cleaning the fields and burning slash, leave leftover plant material in place.
Save time and labor by letting leaves, branches, and stalks break down on the ground until you are ready to plant again.
This will protect your valuable top soil fromerosion until you are ready to plow.
Use strip cropping on sloping fields.
Leaving most of your field covered with slash, clear and cultivate small rows (or strips) of ground across the slope for planting.
Clear small areas with tilling or through careful applications of herbicide, and plant each section quickly.
Between rows, leave strips of soil covered with slash or much.
Weed Management
Sometimes certain weeds can be used to protect the soil while your crop is growing.
Weed residue left in the field will provide ground cover between your crop plants.
Cut, pull or spot-spray weeds instead of using mechanical tillage, and leave plant material in place.
Do not do this with weeds that grow from cut pieces or that can escape from the farm and become problem weeds in natural areas or forests.
Remove these invasive weeds from your land.
Consult with your local Cooperative Extension Service about weed management options for your farm.
For the best results, combine residue management with other conservation practices:
Vegetative Barriers : growing small strips of stiff plants across the slope
Hillside Ditch : digging a small ditch across the slope to divert rainwater
Contour Farming for Cropland : carrying out farm operations across the slope
Contour Farming for Orchards : carrying out farm operations across the slope
Alley Cropping & Hedgerow Planting: growing hedges of bushes and trees across the slope
Disposal
1. Effective integrated solid waste management program must be capable of
managing all types of solid waste.
2. The Egyptian National Environmental Action Plan defines the following five
broad categories of solid waste:
• Municipal waste from urban and rural areas.
• Hazardous waste from hospitals.
• Industrial non-hazardous waste.
• Industrial hazardous waste.
• Agricultural waste.
Two of the above solid waste categories are derived from Egyptian industrial plants that manufacture all types of goods for domestic use or export to other countries.
Street Sweeper
Commercial, 11%
Industrial, 5%
Institutional
Large scale industries are not the only generators of industrial waste. Small-scale industry, small workshops, garages, and very small production units collectively produce large quantities of industrial wastes.
Some of the common industrial waste sources in Egypt include:
Electric power generation.
Fertilizer and agricultural chemical production.
Food production and related by-products.
Chemical production.
Iron and steel manufacturing.
Leather and leather product manufacturing.
Nonferrous metal manufacturing and foundries
Plastics and resin manufacturing.
Pulp and paper manufacturing.
Rubber and miscellaneous rubber products manufacturing.
Stone, glass, clay, and concrete products production.
Textile manufacturing.
Manufacturing processes commonly generate all forms of waste including liquid and solid wastes.
Some of these waste products have particularly dangerous properties and can negatively impact human health and the environment.
Industrial Waste Characterization and Classification
1. Understanding the enormous diversity of characteristics of the solid waste generated by industry is important for the following reasons:
2. They define the potential hazards of handling the material.
3. They define the design of transportation, treatment, and disposal systems incorporated
into a solid waste management programto handle them.
4. They define the procedures and precautions that must be used in collection and disposal.
5. They determine how the material will be classified underEgyptian environmental regulations.
6. They may determine which of the industrial solid waste generated
in any particular industry is actually managed in a private sec 39
Dewatering
What is Dewatering?
Dewatering systems are routinely used in the construction industry to provide temporary reductions in ground water levels for structures which extend to below groundwater level.
A dewatering system generally comprises an array of wells or sumps which are continuously pumped so as to lower the water table to provide stable and dry conditions to facilitate excavation.
Dewatering systems may be used around open cut excavations or in conjunction with shoring or retaining walls used to support the excavation.
Where retaining walls are used the dewatering well array may be installed internally to exploit the cut-off effect of the shoring arrangements.
Alternatively an external well array may be deployed to reduce the hydrostatic loading on the shoring system or allow use of lower cost shoring arrangements such as contiguous piles as opposed to secant piles.
Purpose of Dewatering Containers
Required when the waste product contains high water content and is not a strong candidate for pumping into a vacuum truck
This box will separate water from the sludge
Come in a standard 25 yard size
Benefits of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
Use to remove water content before transporting the waste
Dewatering reduces the waste volume, save cost and results in reduced transportation weight
T-Gasket door for exceptional sealing
Transportation of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
Extremely versatile and can be transported over the road using most standard rolloff frames and straight trucks
Single or double frame trucks can be used to transport vacuum rolloffs
Clean Harbors has the transportation resources available to service all of your container delivery and removal needs
Availability of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
Typically found in Gulf and West Coast markets; however Clean Harbors can provide dewatering boxes in other areas as required
Industry Uses of Dewatering Containers (Boxes)
• Waste Disposal
Clean Harbors “Apollo” Program for On-Site Container Management
Once the structure is completed or sufficiently complete to resist hydrostatic loads that the pumping can be stopped and groundwater levels allowed to recovery back to their natural levels. Very occasionally it can prove cost effective to provide long term or permanent groundwater control to avoid uplift pressures
Procedure
Groundwater control extends this definition to encompass any pumping or recharge system used to manipulate groundwater levels for a range of purposes.
Recharge systems used to limit external drawdown and mitigate settlement risks.
Vacuum drainage systems for pore pressure control in fine soils.
Hydraulic barriers used to control migration of contaminate.
Groundwater lowering used to under-drain and consolidate weak soils; and groundwater lowering to facilitate pile construction.
The choice of pumping system used for dewatering or groundwater systems depends on the amount of drawdown required and the ground condition
UNIT 5 HAZARDOUS WASTES
Hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes are considered highly toxic and therefore disposal of such wastes needsproper attention so as to reduce possible environmental hazards.
Industrial growth hasresulted in generation of huge volume of hazardous wastes in the country.
In addition tothis, hazardous wastes sometimes get imported mainly from the re-processing or recycling.
Scientific disposal of hazardous wastes has become a major environmental issue in India.
Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989have been framed by the Central Government and amended in 2000 and 2003 to deal withthe hazardous wastes related environmental problems that may arise in the near future.
Characteristics of hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes, which may be in solid, liquid orgaseous form, may cause danger to health or environment.
Hazardouswastes can be identified by the characteristics that theyexhibit viz., ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, or toxicity.
Various agencies have defined hazardous wastes indifferent ways and as such, there is no uniformly acceptedinternational definition so far.
It is presumed that about10 to 15 percent of wastes produced by industry arehazardous and the generation of hazardous wastes isincreasing at the rate of 2 to 5 percent per year4.
Recycling of hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes having the resource values arerecycled or reprocessed for value recovery.
2. Used oil, batterywastes and other nonferrous wastes like zinc, lead are commonly
recycled in India.
3. Used oil is generated in theindustrial sectors and from the automobiles, transformer or capacitor oil etc.
4. Used oil contains high levels of various heavymetals like lead, cadmium, arsenic and chromium etc.
5. It alsocontains contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated bi-phenyls and other carcinogens.
6. It is estimated that one gallon of used oil is sufficient tocontaminate one million gallons of ground water.
7. Import ofused oil/waste oil is banned in India due to its potential pollution hazard.
8. However used oil is a precious andnon-renewable resource and can be recycled back to pure lube oil again and again.
Recycling of E-waste
Recycling of E-waste is a need of the day to reduce/ avoid pollution, and to extract valuable and limited virgin resources.
Recycling reduces the energy used in new product manufacturing.
In developed countries, municipalities, publicand private organizations accept used / waste computers andother electronics for recycling.
Electronics manufacturerslike Dell and HP are offering recycling services in some countries.
Recycling of E-waste is a need of the day to reduce/ avoid pollution, and to extract valuable and limited virgin resources.
Recycling reduces the energy used in new product manufacturing.
In developed countries, municipalities, publicand private organizations accept used / waste computers andother electronics for recycling.
Electronics manufacturerslike Dell and HP are offering recycling services in some countries.
The retailers and dealers of electronic items may bemade responsible to ensure proper end-of-life disposition ofE-wastes.
It is reported that 1.6 million kg of material each monthare recovered in recovery centers of HP in the US and Europe,which is 98% by weight of all material received from customersand from within HP10.
The waste and the constituent partsmust be sent to specialists, who can deal with the componentsto recover reusable materials and then safely dispose of the rest.
CRTs, LCDs, printed circuit boards, power supplies andbatteries must all be processed individually to ensure that therespective materials are handled safely.
The recyclingprograms of Dell and HP have encouraged the Irish peopleto take advantage of E-recycling.
Lookingat this Irish trend, continued and concerted effort on behalf ofgovernment, producers and environmental groups is neededin each state level and country as a whole to ensure propermanagement of increasing volume of E-waste in India.
Reusing and recycling the raw materials from obsolete E-products help in conserving natural resources and reducing the air and water pollution as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
By donating used electronics tothe schools, NGOs, and lower income families, which cannotafford the new-purchase, the society can be benefited.
Health effects of hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes are considered very harmful to man and environment.
These wastes pose a severe environmental hazard to the human health and to various components of environment, viz. soil, air or water.
Health impacts of hazardous pollutants have been studied in great detail by many organizations and individuals including the Government Organizations in India and other countries.
In addition to research on health impacts, there are impact-related guidelines advocating for a full-fledged Health Impact Assessment (HIA) developed by several organizations.
PHYSICO CHEMICAL TREATMENT
The objective of this work is to reduce the pollution & cost of the industry wastewaters.
There are many methods to treat the wastewater, but we are using simple methods like stabilization pond & chemical coagulation (with alum & FeCl3) which reduced 90% of color & chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in textile industry.
Aeration tank is used to reduce the concentration of taste & odor causing substance such as hydrogen sulphide and various organic compounds by volatilization or oxidation.
Physico chemical treatment in textile industries
Two different oxidation treatments, ozonation and electro flocculation, were experimented on a pilot scale to test their efficiency in removing polluting substances from wastewaters of textile industries.
The overall efficiency is around 90 – 99%.
The industry mainly manufactures socks, stockings and cloths and the water is treated in order to be reused.
The wastewaters was characterized and jar – tests experiments were carried out with different coagulants and flocculants, at different concentrations and pH in order to obtain clarified water that can be treated by means of ultra-filtration or Nano filtration.
The combination of the physic – chemical treatment and the Nano filtration leads to a COD removal of almost 100%.
Chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation for textile wastewater treatment.
Material & Methods
The overall treatment is divided in three stage namely
Stabilization pond
Chemical coagulation
Aeration tank.
Stabilization Pond
It is the circular plate having diameter of 40 – 50 cm & 15 – 20 cm depth and it open to an atmosphere.
The influent (wastewater) is charged in them & retention time of wastewater is 10 days. This process is done in presence of sun light.
The sludge will settle down & clear liquid will be collected from the top.
For further purification we provide filtration to treated water.
The filtrate is send to next process and filter – cake is sending to land filling station with sludge. The overall reduction of COD during this process is around 60%.
|Chemical Coagulation | |
|1. |In this process a 250 ml of beaker & magnetic stirrer are there. | |
|2. |We take a clear liquid from stabilization pond as feed. | |
|3. |And add an optimal dose of coagulant in beaker, and then we provide mixing with | |
| |the help of magnetic stirrer for 2 hour. | |
|4. |After that we provide 1 hour for settle down sludge. | |
|5. |Now we collect the clear liquid from top, here we provide filtration unit for | |
| |further purification. | |
|6. |And clear liquid is send to further process. | |
|7. |The overall reduction in COD level up to this process is 90%. | |
|8. |The colour is also reduced in this process. | |
|9. |The reduction in colour level is up to 90%. | |
|10. In chemical coagulation process we optimize the dose of coagulant & pH range | |
| |by perform a jar test. | |
|11. |A jar test is the simple process to optimize the dose of the coagulant & decide the |45 |
| |pH range. | |
| | | |
Aeration Tanks
In aeration tank feed is entered.
The treated water of chemical coagulation process is feed for aeration tank.
The feed is enters from top of tank.
At the bottom of the tank air pipe is provided.
In that air is supplied at flow rate of 0.566 m3/min (optimal flow rate).
The purpose of filtration is to remove suspended solids.
In this process removing odour and taste causing substances by means of oxidation.
SOLIDIFICATION
Solidification was conducted using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration fly ash to solidify and stabilize three different types of industrial sludge.
A total of eight mix proportions for each sludge type were prepared for compressive strength and leachate tests.
The specimens were air-cured and tested for their 3-day and 7-day compressive strength. The results showed significant increase in the compressive strength of those specimens treated with fly ash and cement.
Specimens with only 5%-15% cement content was observed to be insufficient to achieve the target compressive strength of 0.3 MPa required for landfill disposal.
Fly ash was found to be a good material in stabilizing the heavy metal sludge.
The optimum mix was found to be that having 45% fly ash, 5% cement and 50% sludge. TCLP tests indicated leaching from the stabilized matrix was reduced to very low levels.
Solidification procedure
The protection of public health and environment from hazardous pollutants has always been an important priority for most industrialized nations.
With the advancement in technology, there has also been a rise in the amount of waste sludge produced from these high-tech processes.
Landfilling such sludge is widely practiced, but there are many limitations.
Sludge can be stabilized through biological and non-biological means such as
Sludge digestion
Chlorine oxidation
Lime stabilization
Chemical-fixation
Heat treatment
Chemical fixation
Cementitious stabilization
Cementitious stabilization has a great appeal because of its simplicity and low cost.
Hazardous materials could be turned into inert “waste Crete” just by adding cement or fly ash.
It limits the solubility of the hazardous elements in the waste and improves its handling characteristics and physical properties.
This method of stabilization also has the added advantage of reusing fly ash, which otherwise would also be disposed of at landfills.
Materials & Methods
Preparation of different mix proportions.
The MSW fly ash used in this experiment was collected from the Senoko Incineration Plant.
The three industrial waste sludge’s (labeled as A, B and C) were collected from different chemical and electronics plants in Singapore.
During this experiment, efforts were made to ensure the homogeneity of the fly ash and sludge by taking samples from different locations.
Wet curing was initially selected but samples with a high proportion of fly ash disintegrated in the curing water.
This is due to the high lime content in the fly ash, which reacts with water.
The heat released caused thermal cracking in the cubes and weakened the sludge matrix.
Air curing was subsequently adopted for all the samples.
Only mix proportions 3 to 8 were cast for the three sludge samples, as mix proportions 1 and 2, which were without OPC, were deemed to be too weak for compressive strength tests.
Compressibility Tests
Compression strength of the specimens was tested using the unconfined compression machine with a maximum load of 5 kN.
The cubes were tested for their 3-day and 7-day compression strength at a loading rate of 1.52 mm/min.
Between 1 and 3 test samples for each mix series were tested.
While efforts were made to provide 3 samples for each test series, some samples were damaged during the demoulding process due to their very low strength.
INCINERATION
1. Incineration is the process of destruction of all high calorific and highly toxic wastes by burning the waste at high temperature.
2. Incineration at 12000 C mineralizes (breaks down into basic non-toxic components) all kinds of organic matter in the waste.
3. However, the process of incineration releases toxic air pollutants like dioxins, furans, etc., if the waste is not incinerated at very high temperature.
4. Therefore, destruction efficiencies of toxic compounds during incineration (effectively 99.99%) with no generation of persistent organic pollutants (POP) should be the prime criteria for design of an incinerator system.
5. Incineration serves the dual purpose of reduction of both the toxicity and the volume of the waste, which is an important consideration when the disposal of wastes is finally destined for landfills.
Most of the process wastes from chemical unit operations can very well be treated in properly designed incinerators.
SECURE LANDFILLS
A landfill is a facility which is designed for the safe disposal of solid wastes.
The bottom liners and a top Cover, of the landfill are considered as the most critical components.
Penetration of Leachate in to the soil is the major problem in landfills.
For existing landfills the main factor affecting the quality of liners/covers is its permeability which should not be greater than 1.0×10–9 m/sec.
The compacted ball clay in the form of tiles (green) had undergone heavy compaction which in turn reduces permeability and the thickness of the liners/covers.
By reducing the thickness of liners more amount of municipal solid waste can be accommodated.
Usage of alternative materials will reduce the overall thickness of liner system by about 40-50cm
The hazardous wastes generated by industries are required to be collected in secure landfill.
But latter these landfill sites generate leachate.
This leachate, if not collected and treated properly, can contaminate the groundwater resources.
CPCB has taken up a project on “Development of Standards for leachate from Hazardous Waste Disposal Site”.
The Project has been ready and the draft report has been prepared.
The criteria for disposal of hazardous wastes in landfill and leachate collection, removal and detection systems, as suggested in the report.
The following listed wastes should not be allowed to dispose off directly into the landfill facility
Waste, which is a fluid, slurry or paste?
Waste, which is delivered under pressure or under vacuum.
Waste, which has an obnoxious odour.
Waste, which reacts with moisture to produce considerable amount of heat or gases.
Waste, which is highly inflammable (flash point < 550C).
Waste, which contains shock sensitive substances.
Waste, which contains very strong oxidizing agents.
Waste, which contains volatile substances of significant toxicity.
Waste, which falls below a pH value of 4 and exceeds the value of 13, if evaluated in distilled water in the ratio of 1: 10.
Waste, which possesses a calorific value of more than 3200 Kcal/kg. These wastes have to go for authorized energy recovery or for incineration
METHODOLOGY
Sample collection
Sample of Dwaraka Tirumala ball clay occurring near Bhimadolu, West Godavari Dist, A.P, India is collected from M/S Vennar ceramic Industries Ltd., Perikigudem, near Gudiwada Krishna Dist, A.P, India
Preparation of granulated ball clay powder
Ball clay ground in pot mill with 40% of water, for 3 minutes and the slurry is transferred into a Galvanized Iron (GI) tray.
This slip is dried in a lab oven and the dried flakes are ground.
6% of water is sprinkled on the powder, mixed and made to pass through 20 IS mesh to prepare granulated powder.
This powder is tested for bulk density using a density bottle.
Preparation of ball clay tiles (green)
Granulated ball clay powder is pressed in a lab scale hydraulic press at a pressure of 100kg/cm2 to obtain the green tile.
These tiles are subjected for testing of flexural strength, dry shrinkage, bulk density
Testing of vitrified ceramic tiles
Samples of vitrified tiles of 300x300x10mm are collected from the market and subjected to testing of flexural strength, water absorption, chemical resistance in accordance with IS 15622.
Further it is tested for reactivity with leachate by keeping it in solid waste for 2 months and comparing with fresh sample.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION
1. Define the term Population Equivalent.
Population Equivalent is the term which indicates the strength of the industrial waste
waters for estimating the treatment required at the municipal sewage treatment plant. , it is define
as the ratio of standard BOD‟s of industrial sewage to the standard BOD of domestic sewage per
person per day.
Population Equivalent = Standard DOD of industrial sewage/standard BOD of domestic
sewage.
2. What are Hazardous wastes?
Hazardous waste are the waste which by their nature and quality may be potentially
detrimental to human health and or the environmental and which require special treatment and
disposal.
3. what is mean by sewage sickness?
When sewage is continuously applied on a piece of land the pores or void in the soil gets
clogged and the free circulation of air will be prevented .This is known as sewage sickness.
4.What is the significance of BOD/COD ratio of industrial effluents?
B.O.D is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of
water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over
a specific time period.
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount
of organic compounds in water.
5.What are the steps in waste audit?
• Scope the audit
• Gathering the data or filling in the gaps
• Developing the action plan and implementation
6. What is meant bu industrial waste?
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material
that is rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, mills
and mines.
7.What is biodegradable organic matter?
The organic matter which is decomposed by bacteria ,under biological action, is
called biodegradable organic matter.
8. What is the method used to disposed radioactive hazardous wastes?
• Diluted and Disperse method
• Delay and decay method
• Concentrate and contain method
• Reclamation method
9.Distinguish between sewage and sewerage?
SEWAGE: The society‟s wastes are mixed with sufficient quantity of water and carried
through closed conduits under the condition of gravity flow.This mixtures of water and waste
products, popularly called sewage.
SEWERAGE: The art of collecting, treating and finally disposing of sewage is known as
sewerage.
10.What is Bioassay studies?
Determination of the strength or biological activity of a substance, such as a drug, by
comparing its effects with those of a standard preparation on a test organism. A test used to
determine such strength or activity
11.What is percapita water demand?
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person ,and includes the
domestic use, industrial and commercial use, public use, wastes, thefts etc.
12.Why there is need for public awareness?
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Reo de Janeiro
in 1992 (popularly known as „Earth Summit‟) and world summit on sustainable development at
Johannesburg in 2002, have highlighted the key issues of global environmental concern. They
have attracted the attention of people. Any government at its own cannot achieve the goals of
clear environment until the public participate in action. Public participation is possible only when
the public is aware about the ecological and environmental issues. Eg. Ban- the littering of
polythene.
13.Write role of NGOs in public awareness.
1. Advise the government in interacting with ground level people
2. Organize public meetings to create environmental awareness
Eg: Recent report of „centre for science and environment‟ on permissible limits of pesticides in
cola drinks.
14. Define ecosystem.
An ecosystem is defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of living
organisms and their non-living environment that interact to form a stable self supporting system .
Eg: Pond, lake, desert, grassland, forest, etc.
15. Write notes onenergy flow in ecosystem.
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. It flows from producer level to
consumer level and never in the reverse direction.The process of energy flow involves transfer of
energy from autotrophs to various components of heterotrophs and help in maintaining bio
diversity. The main source of energy in the ecosystem is sunlight.
16. Define food chain.
Plants by photosynthesis convert solar energy into protoplasm. Small herbivores consume
the vegetable matter and convert into animal matter which in turn eaten by large carnivores. This
sequence of eaten and being eaten , produces transfer of food energy known as food chain.
17. Define food web.
The food relationship between various organisms is being depicted by linking all the
possible prey and predators of different food level. In an ecosystem linking of feeding habit
relations will provide a food web.
18. Define ecological pyramids.
The energy biomass and number of organisms gradually decreases from the producer
level to the consumer level. The total mass of herbivores in an ecosystem will generally be less
than the total mass of plants. Similarly the total mass of carnivores will be less than the total
mass of herbivores. The graphical representation of the number, biomass and energy of various
energy levels is called ecological pyramid. In any ecological pyramid the producer forms the
base and the successive levels form the tires which can make the apex.
Types of ecological pyramids:
a) pyramid of numbers
b) pyramid of biomass
c) pyramid of energy
Eg: Grassland ecosystem – pyramid of number – upright pyramid
19. Define biodiversity.
Biodiversity is the abbreviated word for “biological diversity” (bio-life or living
organisms, diversity-variety). Thus biodiversity is the total variety of life on our planet, the total
number of races, varieties and species. The sum of total of various types of microbes, plants and
animals (producers, consumers and decomposers) in a system.
The concept of biodiversity may be analyzed in 3 different levels. They are
1. ecosystem diversity
2. species diversity
3. genetic diversity
20. Define species diversity.
Species diversity describes the number of kinds of organisms within individual
communities or ecosystems.
21. Define genetic diversity.
Genetic diversity is a measure of the variety of versions of same gene within individual
species.
UNIT-2
CLEANER PRODUCTION
1. What is Cleaner production?
Cleaner production is a preventive, company-specific environmental protection initiative.
It is intended to minimize wasteand emissions and maximize product output.
2. Define a) Decibel b) COD
a) Decibel:-Decibel (dB) is defined as the one tenth of the longest unit Bel.
b) COD:-COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount oxygen required for chemical
oxidation of organic matter using some oxidizing agent like K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
3. What are the effects of noise pollution?
•Interferes with man‟s communication
•Hearing damage
4. What is waste audit?
A waste audit is a formal, structured process used to quantify the amount and types of
waste being generated by an organisation.
5.What are the objectives of the audit?
The audit's objectives will largely determine the waste types and physical locations to be audited.
Some examples of audit objectives could be:
• to determine composition and quantities of waste being generated
• to measure effectiveness of existing waste management systems
• to identify opportunities for improving waste management systems and strategies
• to collect baseline data for measuring the effectiveness of waste minimisation strategies.
6. What is disaster? Give few examples
Disaster is a geological processes and is defined as the sudden calamity which brings
misfortune and miseries to human community
e.g., flood, cyclone, landslide, earthquake and Tsunami
7.What is meant by incineration?
Incineration is a waste treatment technology that involves the combustion of organic
materials and/or substances. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment"
8.What are solid wastes?How solid wastes are disposed ultimately?
The wastes generated and discarded from human and animal activites that are normally
solid are called as solid wastes. solid wastes are disposed by landfill,incineration,composting
methods
9. Give any six air pollutants
1) Sulphur dioxide
2) Nitrogen oxides
3) Sulphur trioxide
4) Carbon dioxide
5) Hydrocarbons
6) Carbon monoxide
10. Give any three methods of air pollution control equipment
1) Catalytic converters
2) Cyclone collectors
3) Electrostatic precipitators
11. What is smog?
It is a mixture of smoke and fog which forms droplets that remain suspended in the air.
12. What is point source of water pollution?
Point source is discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches into
bodies of surface waters.
13. When a sound causes noise pollution?
Noise beyond 120 dB
14. What are the types of solid waste?
1) Municipal waste
2) Industrial waste
3) Hazardous waste
15. What is waste minimization?
Industrial manufacturing system the primary concern should be reducing the quantities of
waste materials produced. This avoids the necessity to threat and disposal off such materials.
16. List some of the effects of air pollution on physical properties of atmosphere.
1) Decrease in the visibility
2) Reduction of Solar radiation
3) Effects on weather conditions
4) Effects on atmospheric constituents
17. What are the impacts of carbon monoxide on human health?
At lower doses, they can impair concentration and neurobehavioral function whereas in
higher doses they can cause heart pain and even death. When inhaled it has the ability to
combine with haemoglobin of blood and reduce its ability in transfer of oxygen to the brain,
heart, and other important organs. But carboxyaemoglobin contents of blood depend on the CO
contents of the air inhald, time of exposure and the activity of the person inhaling. It is
particularly dangerous to babies and people with heart disease.
18. How air pollution can be controlled at source?
1) Proper use of the existion equipment
2) Change in process
3) Modification or Replacement of equipments
4) Installation of controlling equipments
19. What are the particulate control equipment?
1) Gravitational settling chambers
2) Cyclone separators
3) Fabric filters (or) Bag filters
4) Electrostatic precipitators
5) Wet scrubbers (or) Wet collectors
20. Define water pollution.
Water pollution is defined as any physical,chemical or biological change in quality of
water that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for needs.
21. How can you differentiate point? Source from non-point source of pollution.
Point sources discharge pollutant at a specific place through pipe lines, sewer lines, or
ditches into water bodies. Non point sources discharge pollutants from large and scattered area.
These sources have no specific location.
22. What are the effects of inorganic substances in water?
1) Makes the water unfit for drinking and other purposes.
2) Corrosion of metals exposed to such waters.
3) Causes skin cancers, damages to spinal,CNS, liver and kidneys.
4) Reduces crop yield.
23. Define soil pollution.
Soil pollution is defined as the introduction of substances, biological organisms, or
energy into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal
use of the soil or endargering public health and the living environment.
24. What is the cause of noise pollution?
1) Road traffic noise
2) Air traffic noise
3) Rail traffic noise
4) Domestic noise
5) Industrial noise
6) Incompatible land use
25.What is marine pollution?
Marine pollution is defined as the discharge of waste substances in to the resulting in
harm to living resource, hazards to human health, hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality
for use of sea water.
26. How solid wastes are disposed ultimately?
Landfill,incineration,composting
27. What are the causes of water pollution?
•Domestic sewage
•Industrial effluents
•Synthetic detergents
•Agro chemicals
•Oil
•Thermal pollutants
•Run off from land fills
UNIT-3
POLLUTION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRIES
1.What are the process used in treatment of industrial wastes?
Depending upon the mode of discharge of the waste, and the nature of the consist of
any one or more of the following process.
• Equalization
• Neutralization
• Physical treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Biological treatment
2.Factors affect the planning for a industrial waste water treatment plants?
• The discontinuous and some time seasonally discharge wastes.
• High
3. Define overgrazing (or) Explain overgrazing.
Overgrazing is a process of, “eating away the forest vegetation without giving it a chance
to regenerate”.
4. What are the renewable and non-renewable energy resources? Give examples.
Renewable energy resources are natural resources which can be regenerated continuously
and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless manner.
Examples:
Renewable energy sources: wood, solar energy, wing energy.
Non-renewable energy resources: coal, petroleum.
5. State the problems caused by the construction of Dam.
(a) Displacement of tribal people.
(b) Loss of non-forest land.
(c) Loss of forests, flora and fauna.
(d) Landslips. Sedimentation and siltation occurs.
(e) Stagnation and waterlogging around reservoirs retards plant growth.
(f) Breeding of vectors and spread of vector-borne diseases.
(g) Reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) causes earthquakes.
(h) Navigation and aquaculture activities can be developed in the dam area.
6. What are the conventional sources of energy for the mankind?
Non – renewable energy resources are natural resources, which cannot be regenerated
once they are exhausted. They cannot be used again.
7. What is desertification? Give two reasons for it.
It is a progressive destruction of degradation of arid or semi-arid lands to desert.
Reasons: 1. Desertification 2. Overgrazing 3. Mining 4. Quarrying
8. What is water logging?
Water logging is the land where water stand for most of the year.
9. What do you mean by environmental impact? (Or) Define environmental impact
statement.
Environmental impact is nothing but the effect on the natural environment caused by
various human actions. (or) It is defined as an analysis of the expected effects of a development
on the surrounding environment. It describes the environmental effects and solutions. It includes
two types (i) Indirect effects Example: Pollution.
(ii) Direct effects Example: Cutting down trees.
10. Explain soil leaching.
The process in which materials in or on the soil gradually dissolve and are carried by
water seeping through the soil.
Effect of soil leaching:
1. It removes valuable nutrients from the soil.
2. It may carry buried wastes into ground water and contaminates it.
11. Write any two functions of forests.
1. Forests perform very important functions both to humans and to nature.
2. They are habitats to millions of plants, animals and wildlife.
3. They recycle rainwater and remove pollutants from air.
4. They control water quality and quantity.
12. What are the causes of deforestation?
(i) Developmental projects. (ii) Mining operations.
(iii) Raw-materials for industries. (iv) Fuel requirements.
(v) Shifting cultivation. (vi) Forest fires.
13. What are the advantages in conjuctive use of water?
(i) Control of water logging.
(ii) Use of saline water, especially for cooling purpose.
(iii) Control of salt intrusion in coastal acquifers.
(iv) Controlled withdrawal of water from ground water aquifer.
14. What is meant by soil erosion?
Soil erosion is the process of removal of superficial layer of the soil from one place to
another. Soil erosion also removes the soil components and surface liter.
15. Define sustainable forestry?
Sustainable forestry is the optimum use of forest resources, which meet the needs of the
present without compressing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
16. Differentiate between deforestation and forest degradation.
s.no Forest Degradation Deforestation
1 It is the process of deterioration of
forest materials.
It is the process of destruction of
forest materials.
2 Slow process Rapid process
3 Can be recovered Cannot be recovered.
17. Define the term deforestation.
Deforestation is the process of removal (or) elimination of forest resources due to many
natural or man-made activities. In general deforestation means destruction of forests.
18. Differentiate renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
s.no Renewable energy Non-renewable energy
1 It is regenerated continuously Cannot be regenerated.
2 In exhaustible Exhausted.
3 It can be used again and again Cannot be used again.
4 It is pollution free. It pollutes the atmosphere.
5 Available in limited amount in
nature.
Available in unlimited amount in
nature.
6 It is developed in a long period. It is developed in a short period.
19. Mention the various causes of desertification.
1. Deforestation 2. Over grazing 3. Water management 4. Mining and quarrying 5.
Climate change 6. Pollution.
20. What is eutrophication?
A large proportion of N and P fertilizers used in crop fields is washed off by the runoff
water and reaches the water bodies causing over nourishment of the lakes. The process of
accumulation of nutrients in the water bodies is called eutrophication.
21. Write any two adverse effects caused by overgrazing.
(i) Land degradation.
(ii) Soil erosion.
(iii) Loss of useful species.
UNIT-4
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
1. What is waste treatment technologies?
There a number of different waste treatment technologies for the disposal, recycling, storage,
or energy recovery from different waste types. Each type has its own associated methods
of waste management.
2. Write the objectives of consumerisation:
• Improves rights and power of the buyers
• Making the manufacturer liable
• Reuse and recycle the product
• Reclaiming useful parts
• Reusable packing materials
• health and happiness
3. What are the three important components of sustainable development?
The three important components of sustainable development are
i. Economic development (like industrial development, creating job opportunities, utilization of
natural resources for developing the quality of life)
ii. Community development (providing food, shelter, cloth, education, and other essentials for
the human beings).
iii. Environmental protection (providing clear air, water and environment for the present and
future generations and utilization of resources in a sustainable manner).
4. List some of the characteristics of a sustainable society.
i. All the material processes will be designed to be of cyclic nature.
ii. There will not be any waste material or pollution of air, water, land and environment.
iii. The output from one system will be used as input to other systems.
iv. Only renewable energy will be used in the society, either directly or in the forms of
hydro-power, wind power solar power and biomass.
v. The human population will be either stable stable in size or gradually Declining.
5. Define urbanisation .
Urbabisation is defined as „the process movement of human population from rural areas
to urban areas in search in search of better economic interests with better education,
communication, health, civic facilities and other day to day needs.‟
6. What are problems or discomforts faced by rural people?
• Lack of modernization of agricultural sector:
• Lack of job opportunities;
• Poor life style;
• Poor health facilities;
• Poor education facilities;
• Poor transportation facilities;
• Poor availability of energy.
7. What are the uses of energy in an urban areas?
Energy is used in an urban area for the following.
(a) For industrial activities
(b) For transportation
(c) For water apply
(d) For building & commercial use
(e) For cleaning of pollutants
(f) For essential services.
8. Define water conservation. Also indicate some of the water conservation techniques.
The production, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial use
is called as water conservation. The following are some of the techniques for water conservation.
• Rain water harvesting
• Watershed management
• Construction of storage reservoirs
• Reuse of industrial wastewater
• Better agricultural practices
9. What do you know about watershed?
A watershed is defined as the geographic area from which water in a particular stream,
lake or estuary originates. It includes entire area of land that drains into the water body. It is
separate from other system by high points in the area such as hills or slopes.
10. What is watershed management ?
Watershed management is a process aimed at protecting and restoring the habitat and
water resources of a watershed, incorporating the needs of multiple stakeholders.
11. What are the impacts of human activities on watershed?
(a) Alteration of water course
b) Addition of pollution sources
(c) Urbanisation
(d) Securing of channels.
12. What are the two important principles of watershed management?
The two important principles of watershed management are:
1) To preserve the environment, and
2) To use the most cost-effective means to achieve this goal.
13. Name some of the factors causing relocation of people.
(a) Development activities
(b) Natural and man-made disasters
(c) Conservation initiatives.
14. Define resettlement and rehabilitation.
Resettlement is defined as the process of simple relocation or displacement of human
population without considering their individual, community or societal needs. Rehabilitation is
defined as the process of replacing the lost economic assets, rebuilding the community system
that have been weakened by displacement, attending to the psychological trauma of forced
separation from livelihood.
15. How do you define term ‘Environmental Ethics’?
Environment Ethics is the branch of ethics which is analyzing about human use or Earth‟s
limited resources.
16. What are the factors that influence climate change on the earth?
Climate change on the earth is influenced by the following factors.
• Variations in the Earth‟s orbital characteristics.
• Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations.
• Volcanic eruptions
• Variations in solar output.
17. List out any four effects of climate change.
Mean sea level is increased on an average of around 1.8mm per year. Many ecosystems
of the world have to adapt to the rapid change in global temperature. The rate of species
extinction will be increased. Human agriculture, forestry, water resources and health will be
affected.
18. Define Global warming.
Global warming is defined as the increase in temperature of the earth, which causes more
changes in climate.
19. How can global warming be controlled?
i. Reduction in consumption of fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum.
ii. Use of biogas plants.
iii. Use of nuclear power plants.
iv. Increasing forest cover.
v. Use of unleaded petrol in automobiles.
vi. Installation of pollution controlling devices in automobiles and industries.
20. What are the two principal acids present in acid rain?
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and Nitric acid (HNO3).
21. State the declaration about the sustainable development.
The Rio declaration states that, “human beings are at the center or concern for sustainable
development. They are entitled to a health and productive life in harmony with the nature. Rvery
generation should leave air., water and soil resources without any pollution as pure as it came to
the Earth.”
UNIT-5
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1. How the population problem in India is analyses?
India‟s population problem may be viewed from three aspects
(1) The absolute size of population
(2) The rate of growth of the population
(3) The age structure of the population.
2. What is population explosion?
Population explosion means the rapid population growth which is unexpected and
Unimaginable.
3. What are the major precautions to avoid AIDS?
1.education 2. prevention of blood borne HIV transmission 3. drug treatment
4. Name some health related fitness components.
1.Muscular strength and endurance
2. Flexibility
3. Body composition
4 Cardio-vascular endurance
5. Write about the value of education to the society.
1. Improve the integral growth of human being
2. create attitude andimprovement towards sustainable lifestyle
3. to understand about natural environment.
6. What are the major objectives of family welfare programme in India?
1. reduce infant mortality rate to below 30/100 infants
2. achieves 100% registration of birth, death and marriage
3.encourage late marriage and later child birth
4. constrain the spread of AIDS/HIV
7. Define Demography.
It refers to the science of dealing with the study of size, composition and territorial
distribution of population; it includes study of natality,fertility,mortality, migration, and social
mobility.
8.What is vital statistics?
Vital statistics are referred to systematically collected and compiled data relating to vital
events of life such as birth, death, marriage, divorce,adoption,etc. Vital statistics are an
indication of the given situation and help us in answering many health-related queries
9.Name the fundamental rights of an Indian citizen.
1. Right to equality
2. Right to freedom of Speech and Activity
3. Right against Exploitation
4. Right to Freedom of Religion
5. Cultural and Educational Rights
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies.
10.What is zero growth curve?
It indicates the slow and steady growth in population .
11. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS.
HIV-Human innuno deficiency virus cause AIDS disease.virus is passed through infected
blood,semen.
AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
Acquired means disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease
causing agent. Immune deficiency means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of
immune system.
12.What is opportunistic infection?
Infection with HIV can weaken the immune system to the point that it has difficulty
fighting off certain infections. These types of infections are known as “opportunistic infections”
because they take the opportunity to weaken the immune system which causes
illness of the body.
13. List the means of HIV transmission.
There are four main ways in which HIV can be passed on:
1. By having vaginal, anal or oral sex without a condom with someone who has HIV.
2. By using needles, syringes or other drug-injecting equipment that is infected with HIV.
3. From a woman with HIV to her baby (before or during birth) and by Breast feeding.
4. By receiving infected blood, blood products or donated organs as part of medical treatment.
14. Name some tests available to find HIV infection.
In addition to the EIA or ELISA and Western blot, other tests now available include:
Radio Immuno Precipitaion Assay (RIPA)
Dot –blot immuno binding assay
Immuno fluorescence assay
Nucleic acid testing
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
15. List the special features of Comprehensive programme on women and
child welfare.
1. Personality
2. Reduction of Deprivation
3. Co-ordinational Effectivity
4. Maternity and Motherhood
16. What are the reasons responsible for population explosion?
• Invention of modern medical facilities reduces the death rate and increases the birth
rate
• Increase of life expectancy
• Illiteracy
17. Name Some applications of IT in health.
Most of the ICU‟s (Intensive Care Units) are now using computers to monitor the
progress and condition of the patient, undergoing treatments.
Expert opinions from doctors away from the place can be sought with help of IT tools
like video conferencing etc.
It can be used in the analysis and research on various potential medicines /drugs to be
used in medical treatments.
18.List the applications of IT in environment.
a. Remote Sensing
b. Geographic Information System (GIS)
c. Global Positioning System(GPS)
d. Meterology
PART B
1) Describe the types of screens with need sketch.
2) Design a detritus tank if the dry weather flow of a separate system of sewage scheme is 130
l/s. Assume (i) The maximum flow to be three time to average
(ii) The definition period as 45 seconds (iii) The velocity as 30 cm/s
3) Explain classification of Treatment processes?
4) A grit chamber is designed to remove particles with a diameter of 0.2mm, specific gravity
2.65.Settling velocity for there particles has been found to range from 0.016 to 0.22 m/sec,
depending on then shape factor, A flow through velocity of 0.3 m/s. Will be maintained by
proportioning weir determine the channel dimensions for a maximum waste water flow of 10,000
cum/day.
5) Design in a preliminary treatment unit the screen and the detritus tanks for 50,000 people. The
dry weather flow is 110 lit / h / day. Assume the maximum flow as 3 times the DWF. Assume
suitably the data not given.
6) What do you understand by unit operations and processes? What is its importance in water
and waste water treatment? Elaborate various types of unit operations used for waste water
treatment.
7) Estimate the screen requirement for a plant treating a peak flow of 60 million liters/day of
sewage.
8) Design a detritus tank for a DWF of 350 ips in a separate sewage system. Make suitable
assumptions wherever required.
9) Design a suitable grit chamber cum dexterities for a sewage treatment plant getting a dry
weather flow from a separate sewerage system @ 400 l/s. Assume the flow velocity through the
tank as 0.2 m/s and detention period of 2 minutes the maximum flow may be assumed to be three
times of dry weather flow.
10) Describe the skimming tanks with neat sketch?
11) Design of circular settling tank unit for a primary treatment of sewage at 12 million lit per
day.Assume suitable values of detention period (Presuming that trickling filters are to follow the
sedimentation tank and surface loading.
12) What do you understand by physical unit operations? Write a note on application of various
physical unit operation employed in waste water treatment.
13. Design a septic tank for the following data Number of people = 100, Sewage / capital/day =
100 lit, De – sluding period = 1 year, Length = width = 4 : 1
14. The sewage is flowing @ 4.5 million liters per day from a primary clarofver to a standard
rate trick long filter. The 5-day BOD of the influent is 160 mg/l. the value of the adopted organic
loading is to be 160 gm / m3/ day and surface loading 2000l/m2 the filter and its depth. Also
calculate the efficiency of this filter unit.
15.Explain Ecken folder trickling filter equation. Determine the BOD of the effluent from a loco
rate trickling filter that has a diameter of 35 m and a depth of 1.5 m, if the hydraulic loading is
1900 m3 0.67
16.A single stage filter is to treat a flow of 3.79 M.L.d of raw sewage BOD of 240 mg/l.It is to be
designed for a loading of 11086 kg of BOD in raw sewage per hence fare metre, and the
recirculation ratio is to be l. what will be strength of the efficient, according to the
recommendation of the National Research Council of U.S.P /day and the influent BOD5 is 150
mg/l. Assume the rate consistant as 1.89.
17. Estimate the size of a septic tank [ C l/w = 2.25) liquid depth 2m with 300 mm free board).
Desludging intervals in years, and the total trench area (m2 colony of 300 people. Assume water
supply of 100 lit/cap/d, waste water flow of 80% of water consumption, sludge production of
0.04 m3 Deluding is done when the tank is one-third full of sludge A per collation test indicated
an allowable hydraulic loading of 100 per square metre per day
18.Why sewage is to be treated? What are the primary and secondary treatment given to
wastewater?
19) Explain the following
(i) Surface loading rate of primary settling.
(ii) Proportional flow weir in a grit chamber
20.Determine the size if a high rate trickling filter for the following data.
Flow = 4.5 m/d
Recirculation ratio = 1.4
BOD of raw sewage = 250 mg/l
BOD removed in primary clarifier = 251
Final efficient BOD derived = 50mg/l
Calculate also the size of the standard rate tricklong filter to accomplish the above requirement.
21.Distinguish between standard rate filters and high rate filters.
22. What is the classification of treatment process for sewage and briefly discuss any 2 of them.
23.The decoyn flow of sewage is 3.8 mile l p day and the BOD of the raw sewage is 300 mg/l
Design a single stage Bio filter to produce an effluent having a BOD of 45 mg/l or Less.
24. i)Discuss the factors which influence the working of a trickling filter. Also state the effect of
recirculation on trickling filter with the help of sketches?
ii)Explain the principle involved in the sewage purification of activated sludge process?
25.Discuss the different methods of aeration?
26) Enumerate various processes involved in sludge treatment and disposal. Explain the
mechanism of anaerobic and aerobic sludge digestion with their relative merits and demerits.
27) Explain Ecken folder trickling filter equation. Determine the BOD of the effluent from a loco
rate trickling filter that has a diameter of 35 m and a depth of 1.5 m, if the hydraulic loading is
1900 m3 0.67 /day and the influent BOD5 is 150 mg/l. Assume the rate consistant as 1.89
28. A single stage filter is to treat a flow of 3.79 M.L.d of raw sewage BOD of 240 mg/l.It is to
be designed for a loading of 11086 kg of BOD in raw sewage per hence fare metre, and the
recirculation ratio is to be l. what will be strength of the efficient, according to the
recommendation of the National Research Council of U.S.P
29) What is the classification of treatment process for sewage and briefly discuss any 2 of them.
30) The decoyn flow of sewage is 3.8 mile l p day and the BOD of the raw sewage is 300 mg/l
Design a single stage Bio filter to produce an effluent having a BOD of 45 mg/l or Less.
31) Discuss the factors which influence the working of a trickling filter. Also state the effect of
recirculation on trickling filter with the help of sketches process? Discuss the different methods
of aeration?
32) Explain the principle involved in the sewage purification of activated sludge the primary
sedimentation removes 35% of BOD. Allow all organic loading of 10,000 kg/ha.m/day
(excluding recirculated sewage). The recirculation ratio is 1.0; and the surface loading should not
exceed 170 mc/ha/day (including recirculated sewage). Also determine the efficiency of the filter
and the BOD of the efficient
33. (i) Explain the factors influencing the dry weather flow.
(ii) Brief about sewage flow fluctuations and discuss the importance of studying them.
34. (i) Discuss the principle of the self-purification process of stream and factors influencing the
process.
(ii) Explain about oxygen sag curve and its importance
35. A town has a population of 1,00,000 persons with a per capita water supply of 200 litres per
day. Design a sewer running 0.7 times full at maximum flow condition. Take N = 0.013 at all
depths of flow, slope= 1 in 500 and peak factor of 3.
36.(i) Design a bar screen for a peak average flow of 30 million litres per day.
(ii) Describe the on-site sanitation methods.
37. (i) explain with sketch the treatment of sewage by activated sludge process. Mention the
advantages and disadvantages of the process.
(ii) explain briefly the working principle of waste stabilization ponds.mention their
classifications
38) (i) Explain the working of grit chamber and their types.
(ii) discuss in brief the various types of settling and design considerations of sedimentation
tanks.
39) A town discharges 14 million litres per day sewage at a temperature of 23°C into a river
having flow of 1.7 m3/sec and water temperature of 20°C. BOD at 20°C for the waste water is
160 mg/l and k(base 10) is 0.1 per day. If R is 0.2 per day what is the critical oxygen deficit and
the distance at which it occurs. Assume the stream as 92% saturated with oxygen before the
sewage addition the solubility of oxygen at 20°C as 9.0 mg/l and river flow velocity as 0.12
m/sec.
40) (i) Describe the anaerobic sludge digestion process and explain the effects of pH and
temperature on it.
State the Indian standards for sewage disposal on land and conditions favoring it.
UNIT WISE IMPORTANT QUESTION
UNIT 1
TWOMARKS
1. List any two effects of industrial wastes on land?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantage of water pollution control?
3. What is the purpose of bio assay studies?
4. What are the effluent standards for organic pollutant in waste water?
5. What are the significant of BOD/COD ratio?
6. Why industrial waste to be given importance?
7. What is the toxic substance in industrial waste?
8. Why do certain locations have discharge requirements?
9. Lit the three alternative of the disposal of industrial waste?
10. What is the significance of environmental legislation?
16 MARKS
1. Whatis the effect ofstream in industrialwaste?
2. Explain process modification?
3. Write brief note on environmental legislation?
4. Explain by product recovery with example?
5. Explain wastestrength reduction methodology?
Unit -2
Two marks:
1. State effects of industrial waste water on sewers?
2. What do you mean by material modifications in waste management .state an example?
3. When is process modification required in industrial waste treatment?
4. What is cleaner production?
5. List out the steps involved in waste auditing?
6. Brief reuse of waste with example?
7. What you mean by house auditing?
8. Define environmental audit?
9. Justify the treatment minimize waste?
10. What is meant by equalization?
16 marks
1. Lit it method of reducing waste strength explain them withexample?
2. Discus the waste volume reduction technique?
3. Hat is meant by ate audit? Explainwith methodology?
4. Howchange and housekeeping proceed can lead to waste minimization?
5. What are the different waste management approaches?
Unit-3
Two marks
1. Give the advantages and limitation in segregation of waste?
2. Tate the characteristics of electro plating?
3. What is cleaner production?
4. Define black liquor?
5. Write thecharacteristic of coal washer as in steel plant?
6. Whatis sulphitation process?
7. What arethe methods available for separation of solids?
8. What is bio film filtration?
9. What are the important considerations ate management?
10. That meant by environmental audit?
16 mark
1. What is the necessary of dewatering?
2. Explain the various methods of land treatment?
3. What do you mean by auditing?
4. Ho could strength reduction calculated?
5. List the advantages of common effluent treatment plant?
Unit-4
Two marks
1. Name the residue management?
2. What water reclamation technique?
3. Whatis two waste waterreclamation concepts?
4. What is membrane technology?
5. Distinguish between absorptionand adsorption?
6. What is meant by flocculation?
7. What are the constraints of small scale industries?
8. What are the methods to remove dissolved impurities?
9. Define chemical oxidation?
10. What is meant by solidification?
16 marks
1. With a neat flow diagram explain the treatment methodology for a pulp and paper mill?
2. What are the various sources a distillery unit?
3. Discuss the problems associated with refinery effluent?
4. Discuss the pollution aspects of thermal power?
5. Iiusgtrate the steps involved in textile?
Unit-5
Two marks
1. What are the major treatments in residue management?
2. Define hazardous waste?
3. What is incineration?
4. Define secured landfill?
5. Differentiate b/w hazardous waste and toxic waste?
6. What issolidification?
7. Distinguish dewatering?
8. Major pollutants in tannery industries?
9. Characteristic of a typical diary waste?
10. What are the effects of antibiotic aste?
16 marks
1. Define charactitics of hazardous ate?
2. Define physicalchemical and biological treatment of hw?
3. Describe the method of land filling?
4. Whatare the wastes incinerated?
5. WhatIs meantby solidification?
Two marks with answers
Unit-1
1. What is Industry?
The production side of business activity is referred as industry. It is a business activity, which is related to the raising, producing, processing or manufacturing of products. The products are consumer's goods as well as producer's goods. Consumer goods are goods, which are used finally by consumers. E.g. Food grains, textiles, cosmetics, VCR, etc.
2. What are the Classification / Types of Industries?
Primary Industry
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of nature. It is a nature-oriented industry, which requires very little human effort. E.g. Agriculture, farming, forestry, fishing, horticulture, etc.
Genetic Industry
Genetic industries are engaged in re-production and multiplication of certain spices of plants and animals with the object of sale. The main aim is to earn profit from such sale.E.g. plant nurseries, cattle rearing, poultry, cattle breeding, etc.
3. What do you mean by industrial pollution?
With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, humans were able to advance further into the 21st century. Technology developed rapidly, science became advanced and the manufacturing age came into view. With all of these came one more effect, industrial pollution. Earlier, industries were small factories that produced smoke as the main pollutant.
4. What are the Causes of Industrial Pollution?
Lack of Policies to Control Pollution
Unplanned Industrial Growth
Use of Outdated Technologies
Presence of Large Number of Small Scale Industries
Inefficient Waste Disposal
5. What are the effects and control of industrial pollution?
In order to provide daily needs of the growing population, different types of industries are setup to produce different products. The industries use raw materials, process them and produce finished products. Besides the finished products, a good number of by-products are produced. Out of all the by-products, if some are in huge quantities and the processing is cost effective, the industrialist preserves the by- products.
6. What are thecharacteristics of industrial wastes?
To protect the assimilative capacity of surface waters.
To protect shellfish, finfish and wildlife.
To preserve or restore the aesthetic and recreational value of surface
To protect humans from adverse water quality conditions
7. What do you mean by population equivalent?
Population equivalent or unit per capita loading, (PE), in waste-water treatment is the number expressing the ratio of the sum of the pollution load produced during 24 hours by industrial facilities and services to the individual pollution load in household sewage produced by one person in the same time.
What do you mean by bioassay studies?
A broad range of micro pollutants and their effects were eliminated by more than 80% after the advanced treatments. There was no evidence for a toxicity increase due to a constant formation of stable toxic ozonation by-products. An ozonation should be followed by a final filtration step with biological activity. Quality of treated effluent was significantly improved, leading to improved surface water quality.
9. What are the Trends in Bioassay?
The aim of the project “Strategy Micropoll” of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) was to develop a strategy regarding micro pollutants originating from municipal wastewater.A situation analysis was conducted in order to assess the contamination of Swiss surface waters with micro pollutants
10. Two types of bioassays were used?
• In vitro bioassays based on specific cellular mechanisms measure cellular effects specificto groups of toxicants with similar modes of action.
• These assays use cell cultures ortransgenic bacteria or yeast to detect changes in receptor activation or enzyme function,e.g. endocrine, genotoxic or mutagenic
UNIT 2
1. What is Dealing with waste in India
Waste is an issue that affects us all.We all produce waste on average, each of the highly populated people living in the India throws away around half a ton of household rubbish every year.This is on top of huge amounts of waste generated from activities.
2. What are The Challenges of Waste?
Whether it is re-used, recycled, incinerated or put into landfill sites, the management of household and industrial waste comes at a financial and environmental cost.First, waste must be collected, sorted and transported before being treated which can prove expensive and result in greenhouse gas emissions and pollution of air, soils and water.One major challenge is the fact that a large amount of the waste generated each year some 100 million tons is hazardous, containing heavy metals and other toxin
3. What is the India’s Approach to Waste Management?
Waste management approach has evolved over the last 30 years through a series of environmental action plans and a framework of legislation that aims to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and create an energy and resource efficient economy.This led to the development of a long-term strategy on waste.The 2015 Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention and Recycling resulted in the revision of the Waste Framework Directive, the cornerstone of India’s approach to waste management
4. What is waste audit?
The purpose of a waste audit is to gain a detailed understanding of the types and weights of material being generated.Audit results are used to improve the economic and environmental performance of waste management efforts.
5. What are the three major components to the waste audit?
A. Preparation
B. Sorting, recording, and cleanup
C. Analysis and reporting.
6. What are the types of auditing?
Differences between auditing methods
Bulk auditing (large audits)
Individual bag contamination rate auditing
Individual bag & sub-categorization auditing
7. Define Cleanup?
All waste should be disposed of properly according to local area sorting requirements.This will need to be done on an ongoing basis throughout the audit.For bulk auditing no additional sorting step is required for disposal.Any waste residues or spills should be cleaned up immediately.
8. What is volume and strength reduction?
The information presented is a pathway to effective and sustainable water and wastewater management from start to finish. This information is organized into five sections:
9. Effective Data Management System ?
Data management is more than just a component of a successful program
It is a necessity for a successful business strategy.
There are both risks and opportunities in water and wastewater management. Making informed business decisions to minimize risk and maximize opportunity requires effective data management.
10. Where to start?
Where is the water going
How much water is used
What are typical values
How much water is discharged
What’s in the water discharge
What are typical values
How can water use and discharge be managed
UNIT 3
1. What are the sources and characteristics?
Air pollution is the presence of substances in air in sufficient concentration and for sufficient time, injurious to human, plant or animal life, or to property. Air pollutants arise from both man-made and natural processes.Pollutants are also defined as primary pollutants resulting from combustion of fuels and industrial operations and secondary pollutants, those which are produced due to reaction of primary pollutants in the atmosphere.
2. What are Combustion sources?
By combustion sources is meant operations where primarily fossil fuels, coal, natural gas, petrol, diesel and furnace oil are burnt to obtain energy. This includes power plants, industrial boilers, domestic heating and automobiles.
3. What are Industrial sources?
Cement manufacture Raw materials include lime, silica, aluminum and iron. Lime is obtained from calcium carbonate.Other raw materials are introduced as sand, clay, shale, iron are and blast furnace slag.
4. What is waste treatment flow sheet for textiles?
Textile industry can be classified into three categories cotton, woolen, and synthetic fibers depending upon the used raw materials.The cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in China.The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different steps in the dyeing and finishing processes.
5. What is The textile industry standards for water pollutants?
UNIT IV
1. what is combined treatment of industrial and municipal wastes?
Two major pieces of legislation establish as a national goal the elimination of the discharge of pollutants.They provide for the development of definite guidelines for effluent discharge from all point sources, public and private.They also provide for Federal financial assistance in the form of capital subsidies to communities attempting to achieve these guidelines.Many communities are designing upgraded or new wastewater treatment facilities.
2. What is the Chart of a Poultry Processing Plant?
• Potable water
• Scalding
• Washing
• Final washing
• Grading, weighing & packing
• Product
• By-product
• Potable water
• Process water
• Wastewater
• Final product
• Final wastewater collection & control
3. What is residue management?
Pacific Island farmers use left-over plant materials (leaves, branches, stalks, etc.) called residue or slash on their fields to nourish and protect their topsoil.Leaving soil bare and uncovered in tropical climates often causes problems.
4. Why use residue management?
Pacific Island farmers can benefit from residue management on their farm. Using this practice can:
• Save labor on collecting and burning slash.
• Protect the soil surface and help preventraindrop erosion.
• slow water down and let it to soak intothe soil
• Fertilize the crops and increase the harvest, especially if using slash from nitrogen fixing crops (called legumes) that are rich innutrients.
• Organic matter from plantmaterial helps the soil become more fertile and easier to work.
• Protect new plantings and smother outweeds.
• Provide food and shelter for wildlife.
5. Where and when is residue management used?
• Between rows in crops
• Under fruit trees
• Early in the growing season when newcrops are still small and filling in Between growing seasons when fields are left unplanted
6. Where is residue management not used?
If your field is infected with certain plant diseases, crop residues may infect the next crop. Don't place residue directly against plant stems and trunks.Consider using crop rotations to break disease cycles. Consult with the Cooperative Extension Service about how to manage plant diseases.
1. What is Weed Management
Sometimes certain weeds can be used to protect the soil while your crop is growing.Weed residue left in the field will provide ground cover between your crop plants.Cut, pull or spot-spray weeds instead of using mechanical tillage, and leave plant material in place.Do not do this with weeds that grow from cut pieces or that can escape from the farm and become problem weeds in natural areas or forests.
2. What is disposal?
Effective integrated solid waste management program must be capable of managing all types of solid waste.The Egyptian National Environmental Action Plan defines the following five broad categories of solid waste:
• Municipal waste from urban and rural areas.
• Hazardous waste from hospitals.
• Industrial non-hazardous waste.
• Industrial hazardous waste.
3. What I Industrial Waste Characterization and Classification
Understanding the enormous diversity of characteristics of the solid waste generated by industry is important for the following reasons:They define the potential hazards of handling the material.They define the design of transportation, treatment, and disposal systems incorporatedinto a solid waste management programto handle them.
4. What is Dewatering?
Dewatering systems are routinely used in the construction industry to provide temporary reductions in ground water levels for structures which extend to below groundwater level.A dewatering system generally comprises an array of wells or sumps which are continuously pumped so as to lower the water table to provide stable and dry conditions to facilitate excavation.
UNIT 5
1. What are Hazardous wastes?
Hazardous wastes are considered highly toxic and therefore disposal of such wastes needsproper attention so as to reduce possible environmental hazards.Industrial growth has resulted in generation of huge volume of hazardous wastes in the country.In addition to this, hazardous wastes sometimes get imported mainly from the re-processing or recycling.
2. What are Characteristics of hazardous wastes
Hazardous wastes, which may be in solid, liquid orgaseous form, may cause danger to health or environment.Hazardous wastes can be identified by the characteristics that they exhibit viz., ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, or toxicity.Various agencies have defined hazardous wastes in different ways and as such, there is no uniformly accepted international definition so far.
3. What is Recycling of hazardous wastes?
Hazardous wastes having the resource values arerecycled or reprocessed for value recovery. Used oil, battery wastes and other nonferrous wastes like zinc, lead are commonly recycled in India.Used oil is generated in the industrial sectors and from the automobiles, transformer or capacitor oil etc.
4. What is Recycling of E-waste
Recycling of E-waste is a need of the day to reduce/ avoid pollution, and to extract valuable and limited virgin resources.Recycling reduces the energy used in new product manufacturing.In developed countries, municipalities, public and private organizations accept used / waste computers and other electronics for recycling.
5. What is Physico chemical treatment?
The objective of this work is to reduce the pollution & cost of the industry wastewaters.There are many methods to treat the wastewater, but we are using simple methods like stabilization pond & chemical coagulation (with alum & FeCl3) which reduced 90% of color & chemical oxygen demand (COD) present in textile industry.
1. What is solidification?
Solidification was conducted using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration fly ash to solidify and stabilize three different types of industrial sludge. A total of eight mix proportions for each sludge type were prepared for compressive strength and leachate tests.
2. What is incineration?
Incineration is the process of destruction of all high calorific and highly toxic wastes by burning the waste at high temperature.Incineration at 12000 C mineralizes (breaks down into basic non-toxic components) all kinds of organic matter in the waste.However, the process of incineration releases toxic air pollutants like dioxins, furans, etc., if the waste is not incinerated at very high temperature.
3. What is secure landfills?
A landfill is a facility which is designed for the safe disposal of solid wastes.The bottom liners and a top Cover, of the landfill are considered as the most critical components. Penetration of Leachate in to the soil is the major problem in landfills. For existing landfills the main factor affecting the quality of liners/covers is its permeability which should not be greater than 1.0
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Prevention
Preparing for use
Recycling
Disposal
Other
Recovery
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