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Supplemental MaterialThis material provides supplemental tables that were referred in the main manuscript titled Who is Hardest Hit by a Pandemic? Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Hardship in the U.S.Supplemental Table 1. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r) between Individual COVID-19 Hardships, United States, April 23 to June 30, 2020?FoodinsufficiencyEmploymentincome lossHousinginstabilityHealthproblemSchoolclosureFood insufficiency1.000????Employment income loss0.2231.000???Housing instability0.2450.1991.000??Health problem0.2970.1310.1721.000?School closure0.1000.0630.0620.0731.000Notes: Sample size is 512,386.Supplemental Table 2. Summarized Logistic Regression Results with Interaction Terms between Survey Week and Race/Ethnicity for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black1.050??0.883**?1.784***?1.282***?1.041?Non-Hispanic A&PI1.333***?0.842*?1.254*?1.270***?0.936?Non-Hispanic other1.265***?1.031??1.475***?1.401***?1.187+Hispanic1.235***?1.045??1.264**?1.147***?1.020????????????????Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)1.196***?1.146***?1.094**?1.012??0.902**Week 3 (May 14–19)1.054+?1.120***?1.084*?1.037??0.889+Week 4 (May 21–26)1.015??1.156***?1.058??1.031??0.872+Week 5 (May 28–June 2)0.924+?1.183***?1.054??1.030??0.870?Week 6 (June 4–9)0.881*?1.221***?1.090??1.050??0.871?Week 7 (June 11–16)0.986??1.258***?1.114??1.134***?0.946?Week 8 (June 18–23)0.966??1.318***?1.129+?1.164***?0.989?Week 9 (June 25–30)1.034??1.384***?1.167*?1.222***?1.005????????????????Interactions between NH-Black (ref: NH-White)??????????????× Week 2 (May 7–12)1.001??1.000??0.973??1.052??1.304**× Week 3 (May 14–19)1.076*?1.116*?1.082??1.030??1.130+× Week 4 (May 21–26)1.037??1.167**?1.121+?1.091+?1.094?× Week 5 (May 28–June 2)1.169***?1.109+?0.968??1.094**?1.054?× Week 6 (June 4–9)1.151**?1.072??1.090??1.094*?1.070?× Week 7 (June 11–16)1.132*?1.165**?1.030??1.133**?1.065?× Week 8 (June 18–23)1.185***?1.217***?1.113??1.039??1.185*× Week 9 (June 25–30)1.247***?1.182***?1.051??1.117**?1.305***Interactions between NH-A&PI (ref: NH-White)??????????????× Week 2 (May 7–12)0.996??0.964??0.827??0.971??1.336*× Week 3 (May 14–19)0.961??1.022??0.744*?0.972??1.211*× Week 4 (May 21–26)0.902??1.081??0.804??0.886+?1.265+× Week 5 (May 28–June 2)0.874+?1.043??0.783*?0.992??1.178+× Week 6 (June 4–9)0.775*?1.028??0.629***?0.902??1.091?× Week 7 (June 11–16)0.952??1.017??0.755??1.032??1.260+× Week 8 (June 18–23)0.958??1.019??0.764+?0.963??1.359**× Week 9 (June 25–30)0.861*?0.976??0.778*?0.975??1.257*Interactions between NH-Other (ref: NH-White)??????????????× Week 2 (May 7–12)1.079??1.096??0.974??1.156+?0.962?× Week 3 (May 14–19)1.084??1.039??1.014??0.941??1.200?× Week 4 (May 21–26)1.079??1.037??1.076??0.954??0.910?× Week 5 (May 28–June 2)1.040??1.054??0.985??1.016??0.876?× Week 6 (June 4–9)1.076??1.129??0.825+?0.954??1.201?× Week 7 (June 11–16)1.153*?1.113??1.070??0.997??1.086?× Week 8 (June 18–23)1.195*?1.089??0.994??1.004??1.080?× Week 9 (June 25–30)1.138+?1.082??0.943??0.947??1.114?Interactions between Hispanic (ref: NH-White)??????????????× Week 2 (May 7–12)0.931??0.955??0.894??1.016??1.102?× Week 3 (May 14–19)0.967??1.041??0.984??1.010??1.060?× Week 4 (May 21–26)1.016??1.106*?1.069??1.048??1.069?× Week 5 (May 28–June 2)1.044??1.037??1.053??1.034??1.083?× Week 6 (June 4–9)1.043??1.059+?0.971??1.066??1.178*× Week 7 (June 11–16)1.030??1.184***?1.050??1.089+?1.156*× Week 8 (June 18–23)1.053??1.120**?0.991??1.106**?1.123+× Week 9 (June 25–30)1.105+?1.074??0.964??1.053??1.148+???????????????Constant0.647*?0.157***?0.052***?1.277*?0.355?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??157,457?Pseudo R-squared0.110??0.075??0.142??0.104??0.027?Log Likelihood-293,681??-321,217??-121,069??-310,401??-100,675?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. NH is non-Hispanic. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. Full model results are available upon request.Supplemental Table 3. Summarized Logistic Regression Results for Compounded COVID-19 Hardships with Interaction Terms?LogitRegression?Ordered Logit RegressionDependent variable:Model (1)Employment income loss plus food insufficiency ?Model (2)Employment income loss plus housing instability?Model (3)Housing instability plus food insufficiency?Model (4)Food insufficiency plus healthproblem?Model (5)Ordinal Compoundedhardship (0 to 4)?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black1.315***?1.807***?1.636***?1.258***?1.514***Non-Hispanic A&PI0.991??0.891??0.644***?1.065??1.036?Non-Hispanic other1.389***?1.394***?1.328***?1.426***?1.439***Hispanic1.311***?1.336***?1.113??1.256***?1.308***???????????????% small business closure1.007***?1.005*?1.000??1.000??1.007**???????????????Interactions between % small business closure??????????????× Non-Hispanic black0.993***?0.996+?1.000??0.997+?0.995*× Non-Hispanic A&PI1.003??1.002??1.012**?1.005*?1.001?× Non-Hispanic other0.998??1.000??1.004+?1.000??0.998?× Hispanic0.999??0.999??1.004+?1.000??0.999?Constant0.075***?0.019***?0.039***?0.322***?–?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386?Pseudo R-squared0.124??0.142??0.163??0.137??0.078?Log Likelihood-219,322??-96,577??-92,650??-224,125??-665,544?Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black0.883+?1.518***?1.680***?1.077??1.212*Non-Hispanic A&PI1.128??1.188??1.200+?1.470***?1.105?Non-Hispanic other1.269***?1.539***?1.750***?1.408***?1.381***Hispanic1.234***?1.266*?1.345**?1.191**?1.229***???????????????State reopening policy0.910**?0.976??1.018??0.954??0.949+???????????????Interactions between state reopening policy??????????????× Non-Hispanic black1.253***?1.091??0.973??1.102??1.113?× Non-Hispanic A&PI0.948??0.785*?0.760*?0.836+?0.953?× Non-Hispanic other1.031??0.900??0.834??1.015??0.980?× Hispanic1.039??1.015??0.913??1.043??1.037?Constant0.078***?0.019***?0.036***?0.324***?–?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386?Pseudo R-squared0.124??0.142??0.163??0.137??0.110?Log Likelihood-219,332??-96,576??-92,656??-224,126??-293,707?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Full model results are available upon request.Supplemental Table 4. Additional Tests: Logistic Regression Results with Extended Sample (April 23–July 21, 2020) for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black1.183***?1.008??1.836***?1.365***?1.184***Non-Hispanic A&PI1.233***?0.865***?0.948*?1.221***?1.168***Non-Hispanic other1.407***?1.122***?1.458***?1.363***?1.249***Hispanic1.265***?1.117***?1.256***?1.196***?1.104***Age group (ref: age 18-24)??????????????25-341.269***?0.888***?1.319***?1.431***?1.385***35-441.466***?0.924**?1.641***?2.094***?1.159***45-541.497***?1.136***?1.892***?2.677***?0.924*55-641.324***?1.037??1.402***?2.867***?1.032?65+0.917***?0.521***?0.616***?2.925***?1.297***Gender (ref: female)??????????????Male0.992??1.053***?0.975*?0.950***?1.304***Marital status (ref: unmarried)??????????????Married0.912***?0.892***?0.894***?0.920***?1.007?Children in household (ref: no child)??????????????One or more children1.034***?0.591***?1.215***?0.846***?0.979?Household size (ref: single person)??????????????2-person1.319***?2.317***?1.220***?1.184***?1.238?3-person1.605***?4.264***?1.520***?1.354***?1.340?4-person1.712***?5.019***?1.685***?1.315***?1.347?5-person1.954***?5.976***?1.923***?1.360***?1.346?6 or more persons2.184***?6.255***?2.165***?1.476***?1.420?Tenure (ref: renter-occupied housing)??????????????Owner-occupied housing0.823***?0.830***?0.858***?0.800***?0.947***Education (ref: less than high school)??????????????High school graduate0.804***?0.955??0.944*?0.827***?1.004?Some college or associate degree0.811***?1.018??0.887***?0.716***?0.860***Bachelor's degree or higher0.555***?0.803***?0.525***?0.435***?0.707***Household income (ref: less than $25,000)??????????????$25,000–49,9990.632***?0.906***?0.731***?0.656***?0.854***$50,000–74,9990.405***?0.681***?0.476***?0.486***?0.787***$75,000–99,9990.286***?0.568***?0.326***?0.372***?0.710***$100,000–$149,9990.199***?0.456***?0.200***?0.288***?0.636***$150,000 and above0.114***?0.330***?0.086***?0.173***?0.613***Statewide pandemic conditions??????????????COVID-19 cases per 100 persons1.068*?1.040??1.083+?1.008??0.944?% small business closure–??–??–??–??–?State reopening policy0.856***?0.966??0.980??1.020??0.998?Statewide pre-pandemic contexts??????????????% population in poverty1.017**?0.995??1.015??1.019***?1.046***% non-Hispanic black population1.003+?0.997??1.005*?1.002??1.002?% cost-burdened renter households1.014***?1.032***?1.011**?0.994**?1.009?% low-income tax burden1.023+?1.016??0.994??1.033**?1.028?Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)1.195***?1.101***?1.064*?1.028+?0.933*Week 3 (May 14–19)1.054*?1.048*?1.080***?1.049**?0.891***Week 4 (May 21–26)1.007??1.062*?1.074*?1.051**?0.855***Week 5 (May 28–June 2)0.920***?1.046+?1.033??1.060***?0.836***Week 6 (June 4–9)0.868***?1.056*?1.055+?1.080***?0.848***Week 7 (June 11–16)0.970??1.051+?1.095**?1.187***?0.906*Week 8 (June 18–23)0.952+?1.065*?1.104***?1.213***?0.949?Week 9 (June 25–30)1.020??1.099**?1.122***?1.275***?0.968?Week 10 (July 2–7)1.032??1.122***?1.107**?1.301***?0.973?Week 11 (July 9–14)1.040??1.140***?1.165***?1.309***?0.961?Week 12 (July 16–21)1.042??1.137**?1.153***?1.332***?0.933?15 largest MSAs (ref: none)??????????????New York1.156*?1.387***?1.598***?1.024??0.948?Los Angeles1.025??1.365***?1.048??1.007??0.963?Chicago1.008??1.215***?1.310***?0.969??0.963?Dallas1.055***?1.053+?0.983??1.095***?0.731***Houston1.090***?1.213***?1.333***?1.142***?0.901*Washington, D.C.0.997??0.973??1.056??0.974??1.215?Miami1.050+?1.140*?1.528***?0.872***?0.652***Philadelphia1.061??1.111??1.295***?1.044??0.878+Atlanta0.969??1.284***?1.005??0.971??0.744***Phoenix1.028??0.963??0.939+?0.963*?1.134?Boston1.043??1.101*?1.069??0.975??1.231?San Francisco0.975??1.090??0.977??0.996??1.007?Riverside1.022??1.021??0.967??1.197***?1.236*Detroit1.096***?1.709***?1.182***?1.060***?1.382***Seattle0.926**?1.140***?0.893***?1.060***?1.499***Constant0.622**?0.163***?0.054***?1.209??0.253+Number of Observations682,610??682,610??682,610??682,610??209,814Pseudo R-squared0.117??0.075??0.142??0.104??0.027?Log Likelihood-390,040??-429,362??-164,413??-416,020??-134,306?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. MSA is metropolitan statistical area.Supplemental Table 5. Additional Tests: Logistic Regression Results with State-fixed Effects for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black1.167***?0.989??1.870***?1.369***?1.180***Non-Hispanic A&PI1.207***?0.841***?0.963??1.216***?1.099**Non-Hispanic other1.369***?1.091***?1.424***?1.364***?1.213***Hispanic1.259***?1.127***?1.271***?1.202***?1.138***Age group (ref: age 18-24)??????????????25-341.224***?0.862***?1.278***?1.411***?1.364***35-441.391***?0.898***?1.592***?2.059***?1.129*45-541.399***?1.111***?1.845***?2.637***?0.897*55-641.226***?1.002??1.368***?2.843***?0.994?65+0.862***?0.511***?0.600***?2.934***?1.260***Gender (ref: female)??????????????Male0.994??1.056***?0.985??0.951***?1.313***Marital status (ref: unmarried)??????????????Married0.915***?0.904***?0.893***?0.919***?1.014?Children in household (ref: no child)??????????????One or more children1.029**?0.586***?1.184***?0.840***?0.953?Household size (ref: single person)??????????????2-person1.310***?2.355***?1.253***?1.184***?0.999?3-person1.576***?4.381***?1.564***?1.366***?1.075?4-person1.683***?5.170***?1.747***?1.321***?1.077?5-person1.908***?6.163***?1.963***?1.368***?1.069?6 or more persons2.146***?6.589***?2.239***?1.498***?1.133?Tenure (ref: renter-occupied housing)??????????????Owner-occupied housing0.831***?0.838***?0.875***?0.796***?0.962**Education (ref: less than high school)??????????????High school graduate0.800***?0.967??0.937+?0.819***?0.980?Some college or associate degree0.811***?1.030??0.880***?0.709***?0.850***Bachelor's degree or higher0.569***?0.807***?0.532***?0.431***?0.708***Household income (ref: less than $25,000)??????????????$25,000–49,9990.621***?0.900***?0.725***?0.642***?0.858***$50,000–74,9990.401***?0.669***?0.460***?0.475***?0.776***$75,000–99,9990.285***?0.560***?0.312***?0.364***?0.706***$100,000–$149,9990.203***?0.447***?0.193***?0.284***?0.630***$150,000 and above0.121***?0.325***?0.084***?0.172***?0.607***Statewide pandemic conditions??????????????COVID-19 cases per 100 persons0.894??1.050??1.030??1.039??0.959?% small business closure1.004**?1.001??1.000??1.000??1.004+State reopening policy0.872***?1.007??0.983??0.996??0.985?State-fixed effects (ref: Alabama)Yes??Yes??Yes??Yes??Yes?Statewide pre-pandemic contexts??????????????% population in poverty–??–??–??–??–?% non-Hispanic black population–??–??–??–??–?% cost-burdened renter households–??–??–??–??–?% low-income tax burden–??–??–??–??–?Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)1.223***?1.095***?1.066*?1.031+?0.944+Week 3 (May 14–19)1.106***?1.044*?1.086**?1.054**?0.917**Week 4 (May 21–26)1.077*?1.058*?1.080*?1.055**?0.893**Week 5 (May 28–June 2)1.004??1.043+?1.042??1.063***?0.881**Week 6 (June 4–9)0.964??1.056+?1.066??1.081***?0.897*Week 7 (June 11–16)1.105*?1.055+?1.107*?1.188***?0.981?Week 8 (June 18–23)1.113*?1.078*?1.125*?1.213***?1.033?Week 9 (June 25–30)1.209***?1.111**?1.144*?1.271***?1.057?15 largest MSAs (ref: none)??????????????New York1.122***?1.330**?1.670*?0.879***?0.947+Los Angeles1.114***?1.442***?1.207***?1.045***?0.878***Chicago1.038??1.390***?1.370***?1.021+?1.072?Dallas1.004??1.157***?0.937***?0.989***?0.942***Houston1.017***?1.336***?1.247***?1.004??1.175***Washington, D.C.1.005??1.034+?1.032??1.009??1.065***Miami1.035***?1.360***?1.438***?0.852***?0.994?Philadelphia1.068??1.112***?1.304***?1.006??0.920?Atlanta0.944***?1.504***?1.050***?0.933***?0.752***Phoenix0.985***?1.250***?1.225***?1.028***?0.917***Boston0.923***?1.012??0.988***?0.954*?1.166***San Francisco1.087***?1.194***?1.099***?1.051***?0.986*Riverside1.077***?1.117***?1.089***?1.267***?1.162***Detroit1.119***?1.221***?1.327***?1.140***?0.930***Seattle1.058***?1.206***?1.324***?0.958***?0.956***Constant1.561***?0.512***?0.129***?1.318***?0.952?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??157,457Pseudo R-squared0.112??0.077??0.143??0.105??0.038?Log Likelihood-293,327??-320,538??-120,893??-310,179??-99,459?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. MSA is metropolitan statistical area. Estimated coefficients for 50 states and the District of Columbia are available upon request.Supplemental Table 6. Additional Tests: Weighted Logistic Regression Results (Weighted by Individual Person Weight) for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.?Odds RatioSig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black1.081*?0.933??1.841***?1.129***?1.153*Non-Hispanic A&PI1.063+?0.910*?0.860??1.154*?1.014?Non-Hispanic other1.394***?1.089*?1.451***?1.387***?1.066?Hispanic1.266***?1.112**?1.114+?1.176***?1.060?Age group (ref: age 18-24)??????????????25-341.292***?0.948??1.274***?1.319***?1.532***35-441.424***?0.966??1.448***?1.809***?1.224**45-541.396***?1.173**?1.574***?2.363***?1.087?55-641.207**?0.949??1.160*?2.751***?1.282**65+0.748***?0.454***?0.486***?2.685***?1.563***Gender (ref: female)??????????????Male0.972+?1.070***?0.940??0.884***?1.233***Marital status (ref: unmarried)??????????????Married0.915***?0.943*?0.939*?0.875***?1.050?Children in household (ref: no child)??????????????One or more children1.055*?0.657***?1.174***?0.861***?1.201?Household size (ref: single person)??????????????2-person1.221***?2.090***?1.164***?1.156***?3.670?3-person1.452***?3.484***?1.424***?1.356***?3.929?4-person1.642***?4.147***?1.654***?1.393***?3.934?5-person1.634***?5.244***?1.823***?1.343***?3.914?6 or more persons1.874***?4.885***?1.889***?1.529***?4.467?Tenure (ref: renter-occupied housing)??????????????Owner-occupied housing0.819***?0.836***?0.863***?0.827***?0.872**Education (ref: less than high school)??????????????High school graduate0.815***?0.993??0.938??0.847***?0.936?Some college or associate degree0.819***?1.057??0.831*?0.735***?0.802***Bachelor's degree or higher0.562***?0.774***?0.461***?0.435***?0.688***Household income (ref: less than $25,000)??????????????$25,000–49,9990.656***?0.961??0.767***?0.688***?0.879*$50,000–74,9990.462***?0.827***?0.519***?0.534***?0.785***$75,000–99,9990.328***?0.686***?0.369***?0.417***?0.692***$100,000–$149,9990.239***?0.561***?0.229***?0.326***?0.621***$150,000 and above0.136***?0.370***?0.103***?0.200***?0.628***Statewide pandemic conditions??????????????COVID-19 cases per 100 persons1.049??1.025??1.111??1.016??0.878?% small business closure–??–??–??–??–?State reopening policy0.920+?0.913**?0.923??1.014??0.891*Statewide pre-pandemic contexts??????????????% population in poverty1.013+?1.008??1.013??1.026***?1.031?% non-Hispanic black population1.006***?0.997??1.007+?1.001??1.008+% cost-burdened renter households1.010*?1.016**?1.017***?0.995??0.980?% low-income tax burden1.019??1.038*?1.013??1.014??1.012?Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)1.258***?1.091**?1.059??1.053??0.897*Week 3 (May 14–19)1.251***?1.217***?1.040??1.040??0.942?Week 4 (May 21–26)1.071??1.219***?0.988??0.991??0.950?Week 5 (May 28–June 2)1.025??1.253***?0.984??1.036??0.900?Week 6 (June 4–9)0.955??1.244**?1.023??1.086??0.943?Week 7 (June 11–16)1.002??1.279**?0.930??1.087??0.975?Week 8 (June 18–23)1.030??1.358***?0.918??1.155*?1.043?Week 9 (June 25–30)1.125??1.373**?0.995??1.259***?1.089?15 largest MSAs (ref: none)??????????????New York1.211***?1.442***?1.962***?1.004??1.128?Los Angeles1.182***?1.400***?1.219*?1.074*?1.220*Chicago1.089***?1.218***?1.655***?1.001??0.980?Dallas1.058**?1.102**?1.090*?1.045+?0.852*Houston1.145***?1.330***?1.161**?1.031??0.947?Washington, D.C.1.080??1.061??1.174+?1.029??1.095?Miami1.102**?1.411***?1.675***?0.872**?0.903?Philadelphia1.255*?1.218***?1.473***?1.046??0.917?Atlanta0.929*?1.307***?0.933??1.028??0.703***Phoenix1.016??0.939+?0.994??0.971??1.357***Boston1.124**?1.088??1.128??1.024??1.437***San Francisco1.258***?1.244***?1.011??0.998??1.292**Riverside1.063??1.235***?1.006??1.308***?1.627***Detroit1.143***?1.549***?1.145**?1.088***?1.455***Seattle0.979??1.165***?0.951??1.098***?1.510***Constant0.795??0.202***?0.062***?1.315??0.325?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??157,457Pseudo R-squared0.115??0.076??0.136??0.103??0.030?Log Likelihood-853,921,936??-899,750,740??-435,739,123??-872,709,788??-282,293,326?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. MSA is metropolitan statistical area.Supplemental Table 7. Additional Tests: Probit Regression Results for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black0.098***?-0.004??0.358***?0.193***?0.099***Non-Hispanic A&PI0.121***?-0.093***?-0.006??0.124***?0.079**Non-Hispanic other0.197***?0.059***?0.200***?0.195***?0.137***Hispanic0.145***?0.069***?0.133***?0.112***?0.070***Age group (ref: age 18-24)??????????????25-340.125***?-0.087***?0.134***?0.210***?0.192***35-440.201***?-0.062***?0.254***?0.438***?0.072*45-540.207***?0.070***?0.337***?0.589***?-0.068*55-640.131***?0.007??0.187***?0.636***?-0.007?65+-0.077***?-0.396***?-0.203***?0.655***?0.145***Gender (ref: female)??????????????Male-0.003??0.032***?-0.009??-0.030***?0.163***Marital status (ref: unmarried)??????????????Married-0.056***?-0.068***?-0.071***?-0.052***?0.011?Children in household (ref: no child)??????????????One or more children0.017**?-0.325***?0.086***?-0.105***?-0.020?Household size (ref: single person)??????????????2-person0.168***?0.521***?0.131***?0.102***?0.001?3-person0.278***?0.901***?0.246***?0.190***?0.043?4-person0.315***?1.001***?0.303***?0.169***?0.044?5-person0.389***?1.107***?0.369***?0.188***?0.042?6 or more persons0.457***?1.142***?0.444***?0.241***?0.079?Tenure (ref: renter-occupied housing)??????????????Owner-occupied housing-0.110***?-0.108***?-0.073***?-0.137***?-0.024**Education (ref: less than high school)??????????????High school graduate-0.135***?-0.023??-0.051*?-0.119***?-0.013?Some college or associate degree-0.131***?0.014??-0.095***?-0.209***?-0.099***Bachelor's degree or higher-0.345***?-0.135***?-0.349***?-0.517***?-0.213***Household income (ref: less than $25,000)??????????????$25,000–49,999-0.292***?-0.061***?-0.183***?-0.272***?-0.093***$50,000–74,999-0.563***?-0.243***?-0.423***?-0.459***?-0.152***$75,000–99,999-0.769***?-0.350***?-0.612***?-0.624***?-0.212***$100,000–$149,999-0.969***?-0.486***?-0.829***?-0.773***?-0.280***$150,000 and above-1.257***?-0.676***?-1.177***?-1.069***?-0.304***Statewide pandemic conditions??????????????COVID-19 cases per 100 persons0.046+?0.005??0.039??0.016??-0.075?% small business closure–??–??–??–??–?State reopening policy-0.074***?0.002??-0.004??0.013??-0.001?Statewide pre-pandemic contexts??????????????% population in poverty0.008+?-0.002??0.007??0.011***?0.024**% non-Hispanic black population0.002*?-0.002??0.003*?0.001??0.002?% cost-burdened renter households0.008***?0.014***?0.006**?-0.003*?0.005?% low-income tax burden0.017*?0.020*?-0.004??0.019***?0.016?Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)0.105***?0.082***?0.035**?0.013??-0.032?Week 3 (May 14–19)0.032+?0.077***?0.042**?0.021+?-0.052?Week 4 (May 21–26)0.008??0.104***?0.039+?0.020??-0.071?Week 5 (May 28–June 2)-0.043+?0.111***?0.024??0.023??-0.078?Week 6 (June 4–9)-0.075**?0.131***?0.033??0.033??-0.065?Week 7 (June 11–16)-0.004??0.158***?0.053+?0.087***?-0.015?Week 8 (June 18–23)-0.012??0.186***?0.062+?0.098***?0.020?Week 9 (June 25–30)0.030??0.211***?0.072+?0.127***?0.037?15 largest MSAs (ref: none)??????????????New York0.088*?0.147***?0.243***?0.005??-0.017?Los Angeles0.012??0.149***?0.036??0.008??-0.066?Chicago-0.001??0.086***?0.152***?-0.018??0.011?Dallas0.038***?0.026??-0.006??0.061***?-0.196***Houston0.044***?0.113***?0.144***?0.070***?-0.059+Washington, D.C.-0.008??-0.070+?0.024??-0.010??0.101?Miami0.027??0.118***?0.230***?-0.092***?-0.247**Philadelphia0.031??0.008??0.121***?0.028??-0.098*Atlanta-0.029*?0.147***?0.003??-0.014??-0.203***Phoenix0.017??0.001??-0.013??-0.030*?0.065?Boston0.027??0.024??0.031??-0.014??0.151?San Francisco-0.007??0.032??-0.019??0.012??0.002?Riverside-0.007??-0.004??-0.012??0.125***?0.109+Detroit0.049***?0.254***?0.089***?0.038***?0.201***Seattle-0.061***?0.035??-0.048**?0.033***?0.243***Constant-0.266*?-1.138***?-1.651***?0.149*?-0.667?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??157,457Pseudo R-squared0.110??0.075??0.143??0.104??0.026?Log Likelihood-293,804??-321,293??-120,948??-310,420??-100,697?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. MSA is metropolitan statistical area.Supplemental Table 8. Additional Tests: Linear Probability Model Results for Individual COVID-19 HardshipsDependent variable:Model (1)Foodinsufficiency?Model (2)Employment income loss?Model (3)Housinginstability?Model (4)Healthproblem?Model (5)Schoolclosure?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.?Coef.Sig.Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white)??????????????Non-Hispanic black0.038***?0.000??0.078***?0.069***?0.037***Non-Hispanic A&PI0.039***?-0.033***?-0.002??0.042***?0.028**Non-Hispanic other0.069***?0.022***?0.031***?0.069***?0.051***Hispanic0.053***?0.027***?0.025***?0.039***?0.026***Age group (ref: age 18-24)??????????????25-340.046***?-0.033***?0.032***?0.081***?0.073***35-440.071***?-0.024***?0.047***?0.161***?0.027*45-540.072***?0.024***?0.056***?0.212***?-0.023*55-640.048***?0.001??0.037***?0.229***?-0.002?65+-0.019**?-0.139***?0.000??0.237***?0.055***Gender (ref: female)??????????????Male-0.001??0.011***?-0.002*?-0.011***?0.059***Marital status (ref: unmarried)??????????????Married-0.020***?-0.028***?-0.013***?-0.018***?0.004?Children in household (ref: no child)??????????????One or more children0.006**?-0.121***?0.014***?-0.036***?-0.007?Household size (ref: single person)??????????????2-person0.064***?0.186***?0.032***?0.037***?0.000?3-person0.099***?0.328***?0.043***?0.068***?0.015?4-person0.111***?0.365***?0.049***?0.061***?0.016?5-person0.137***?0.405***?0.061***?0.067***?0.015?6 or more persons0.162***?0.419***?0.078***?0.085***?0.029?Tenure (ref: renter-occupied housing)??????????????Owner-occupied housing-0.040***?-0.040***?-0.013***?-0.048***?-0.009**Education (ref: less than high school)??????????????High school graduate-0.051***?-0.010??-0.030***?-0.040***?-0.006?Some college or associate degree-0.052***?0.002??-0.044***?-0.075***?-0.040***Bachelor's degree or higher-0.126***?-0.053***?-0.076***?-0.187***?-0.081***Household income (ref: less than $25,000)??????????????$25,000–49,999-0.112***?-0.022***?-0.048***?-0.099***?-0.037***$50,000–74,999-0.215***?-0.088***?-0.091***?-0.173***?-0.060***$75,000–99,999-0.288***?-0.127***?-0.114***?-0.236***?-0.082***$100,000–$149,999-0.352***?-0.176***?-0.133***?-0.289***?-0.106***$150,000 and above-0.429***?-0.245***?-0.151***?-0.378***?-0.114***Statewide pandemic conditions??????????????COVID-19 cases per 100 persons0.015+?0.001??0.005??0.005??-0.027?% small business closure–??–??–??–??–?State reopening policy-0.024**?0.000??0.000??0.004??0.000?Statewide pre-pandemic contexts??????????????% population in poverty0.003+?-0.001??0.001??0.004***?0.009**% non-Hispanic black population0.001*?-0.001??0.001**?0.000??0.001?% cost-burdened renter households0.003***?0.005***?0.001**?-0.001*?0.002?% low-income tax burden0.005*?0.007*?0.000??0.007**?0.006?Survey week (ref: week 1, April 23–May 5)??????????????Week 2 (May 7–12)0.035***?0.030***?0.005**?0.005??-0.012?Week 3 (May 14–19)0.010+?0.028***?0.005*?0.008+?-0.020?Week 4 (May 21–26)0.003??0.038***?0.005+?0.007??-0.027?Week 5 (May 28–June 2)-0.013??0.041***?0.003??0.009+?-0.029?Week 6 (June 4–9)-0.023*?0.048***?0.004??0.012+?-0.024?Week 7 (June 11–16)0.000??0.058***?0.007??0.031***?-0.006?Week 8 (June 18–23)-0.003??0.068***?0.008??0.035***?0.006?Week 9 (June 25–30)0.011??0.077***?0.009+?0.045***?0.012?15 largest MSAs (ref: none)??????????????New York0.027+?0.053***?0.034**?0.003??-0.006?Los Angeles0.003??0.053***?0.003??0.003??-0.024?Chicago-0.001??0.031***?0.020***?-0.006??0.003?Dallas0.012***?0.008??-0.002+?0.021***?-0.071***Houston0.015***?0.040***?0.020***?0.024***?-0.022+Washington, D.C.-0.004??-0.021??0.000??-0.003??0.035?Miami0.010+?0.043***?0.039***?-0.032***?-0.091**Philadelphia0.010??0.003??0.016**?0.010??-0.035*Atlanta-0.011*?0.052***?-0.004??-0.005??-0.074***Phoenix0.006??0.001??-0.001??-0.010*?0.024?Boston0.008??0.008??0.006??-0.003??0.054?San Francisco-0.002??0.010??0.001??0.005??0.000?Riverside-0.002??-0.001??-0.005??0.044***?0.042+Detroit0.016***?0.093***?0.013***?0.013***?0.076***Seattle-0.017**?0.013??-0.002??0.012***?0.090***Constant0.424***?0.094??0.096***?0.556***?0.255?Number of Observations512,386??512,386??512,386??512,386??157,457Adjusted R-squared0.137??0.098??0.082??0.134??0.034?Notes: + = p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. A&PI is Asian and Pacific Islander. MSA is metropolitan statistical area. ................
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