KCPE-KCSE



00Geography 312/1,312/2 MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 July / August 2016 Time: 2 ? Hours SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.a) Name two forms of precipitation common in Kenya.(2marks)b) Give two reasons why the recording of data at a school weather station may be inaccurate.(2marks)2.a) Identify two water deposition features in an arid area.(2 marks)b) How is an oasis formed?(3marks)3.a) Outline two causes of submergence of coasts(2marks)b) Name three features that may result from submergence of coasts.(3 marks)4.a) Name the three theories put forward to explain how fold mountains were formed.(3 marks)b) Explain two ways by which folding affects man negatively.(4 marks)5.a) What is mass wasting(2marks)b) Differentiate between solifluction and earth flow(2 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 and answer the following questions.a)i)Give the six figure grid reference for the junction of all weather road loose surface near Matayo.(2 marks)ii) What is the bearing of the air photo principal point at Kisoko GR 3847 from the one at GR3141.(2 marks)iii) What is the magnetic variation of the map?(1 marks)b)i)Using the scale 1cm rep 50 metres draw a cross section from the GR 300350 to 360390ii) On it mark and label,? Hill.(1 marks)? Bridge.(1 marks)? Swamp.(1 marks)? River.(1 marks)c)Describe distribution of drainage in the area covered by the map.(6 marks)d)Explain how relief has influenced distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map.(3 marks)e)With evidence from the map identify three economic activities in the area covered by the map.(3 marks)7.a) Identify three characteristics of minerals.(3 marks)b) What is a rock?(1 marks)c) i) Describe two processes through which sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks.(6 marks)ii) Identify three changes that may occur in rocks when they are subjected to heat and pressure.(3 marks)d) Explain three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps that form coral limestone rock.(6 marks)e) i) Supposing you were to carry out a field study on rocks at the Kenyan coastWhy do you think sedimentary rocks are the most widespread in the coastal.(3 marks)ii) Why would sampling part of the area be necessary as you conduct a field study.(3marks)8.a) What is magma?(l mark)b) i) Using a diagram describe how a lava plateau is formed.(7 marks)ii) Give two examples of lava plateaus in Kenya .(2 marks)c) i) Name three volcanic features found in the rift valley of Kenya.(3marks)ii) Explain three negative effects of vulcanicity in Kenya.(6marks)d) i) State four reasons why it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance in a field study of a volcanic landscape.ii) During your field study you intend to study volcanic rocks, state two problems you are likely to encounter during thefield study.(2marks)9.a) i) Distinguish an ice sheet from a glacier.(2marks)ii) Describe how ice forms on the high altitude areas.(4 marks)b) Describe how a fiord is formed.(7marks)c) Explain three conditions that may lead to glacier deposition in the lowland area.(6 marks)d)K R ST Page | 1Geography 312/1,312/2 i) Identify the features labeled K, R and S.(3 marks)ii) Name three glacial lakes other than moraine dammed lakes.(3 marks)10. a) i) Differentiate between the terms parent rock and bedrock.(2 marks)ii) Name two components of the soil.(2marks)iii) Identify three processes of soil formation.(3 marks)iv) State two factors that determine the colour of the soil.(2 marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.i)Parent rock.(4 marks)ii) Climate.(6 marks)c) Describe how laterization occurs.(4 marks)d) State two economic uses of soil.(2 marks)Page | 200Geography 312/1,312/2 MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ? HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.a) Differentiate between a forest and forestry.(2 marks)b) State three benefits of Agro-forestry.(3 marks)2.a) Give two exotic breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)b) State three environmental problems which face beef farming in Kenya.(3 marks)3.a) State two causes of international migration.(2 marks)b) Give three factors responsible for the low fertility rate in Sweden.(3 marks)4.a) Give two economic benefits of Southern African Development Co-operation (SADC) to member states.(2 marks)b) State three measures that Kenya can take in order to reduce her unfavourable balance of trade.(3 marks)5.a) Name two methods of irrigation used in Kenya.b) State three physical problems facing rice farmers in Mwea Tebere irrigation scheme.(3 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.The table below shows Kenyan exports by destination in Ksh, Million between 2008 - 2010. Use it to answer question (a).Region /(Year)200820092010Europe94,685100,975109,422America22,05518,96124,330Africa116,995162,732188,914Asia57,24159,23681,600Others2063,0445,225(a)i)In which year was Kenya's exports highest?(1 mark)ii) Using a radius of 5cm, draw a pie -chart to represent the data on Kenya's exports in 2009.(8 marks)iii) State two advantages of using pie charts to represent data.(2 marks)b)i)Name two main cocoa growing areas in Ghana.(2 marks)ii) State three physical conditions that favour cocoa growing in Ghana.(3 marks)c)i)Describe the stages involved in the production of cocoa in Ghana from harvesting to marketing.(6 marks)ii) State three economic problems that are experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana.(3 marks)7.a) i) What is domestic tourism?(2 marks)ii)State three reasons why the Kenyan government encourages domestic tourism.(3marks)b) i) Give three tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya.(3 marks)ii) Explain four measures that Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists.(8 marks)c) Explain the differences between the tourist attractions in Kenya and Switzerland under the followingsub-headings:? Security(2 marks)? Culture(2 marks)? Sceneries(2 marks)d) Give three ways through which wildlife is conserved in Kenya.(3 marks)8.a) Name two countries in Africa south of the equator where petroleum is mined.(2 marks)b) The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth's crust. U V W Porous Page | 3Geography 312/1,312/2 (i) State three conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(3 marks)c) Explain four effects of increased oil prices on the economies of oil importing countries.(8 marks)d)(i) Name the hydro-electric power projects found on the following rivers.? River Niger? River Volta? River Nile(3 marks)(ii) Explain three physical factors that influence the establishment of hydroelectric power dams.(6 marks)9.a)(i) What is industrial inertia?(2 marks)(ii) State two causes of industrial inertia.(2 marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence the location of industries.? Market(4 marks)? Transport and communication(4 marks)c) Explain four benefits which Kenya has derived from industrialization.(8 marks)d) Give five advantages of decentralization of industries in Kenya.(5 marks)10. (a)(i) Name two navigable rivers in Africa.(2 marks)ii) Apart from transportation, state four other economic uses of rivers in Africa(4marks)(b) State five problems that face transportation along the Trans-African Highway.(5 marks)(c) Explain four measures that should be taken to improve road transport in Kenya.(8 marks)(d) Explain three ways in which Kenya benefits from air links with the rest of the world.(6 marks)Page | 4Geography 312/1,312/2 MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 Time: 2 ? Hours MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 1.a)Name two forms of precipitation common in Kenya.(2 mks)?Rain?Hail?Dew?Fog/ mist(Any 1st 2 x 1)b)Give two reasons why the recording of data at a school weather station may be inaccurate(2 mks)?Use of faulty instruments?Inadequate skills of recorder in handling the instruments when collecting data.?Wrong placement of instrument so they record wrong values?Interference of instrument by naughty student(Any 1st 2 x 1)2.a)Identify two water deposition features in an arid area.(2 mks)?Bajada?Alluvial fan?Playas?Salinas(2 x 1)b)How is an oasis formed?(4 mks)?A crack, fault or pre -existing depressions exposed to wind erosion?Wind eddies blow away loose unconsolidated material by deflation and scours the rocks along the weak lines?Deflation further blows materials deepening the depression further?Abrasion and deflation continues the water table is exposed?Water oozes out and occupies the depression to form an oasis(4 x 1)Last point must be mentioned to score maximum 4 marks3.a)Outline two causes of submergence of coasts.(4 mks)?Positive changes in sea level / rise in water level in the ocean caused by increased water from melting of glacier or veryhigh rainfall.?Subsidence of a coastal area caused by local faulting or isostatic adjustments causes rise in sea water into the land whichsubmerges the sunk coastal land.b)Name three features that may result from submergence of coasts.(3 mks)?Fiord?Rias?Islands?Peninsulas?Mud flats4.a)Theories put forward to explain how Fold Mountains were formed.?Contraction theory?The convectional currents theory.?Plate tectonic theory.?Continental drift theory.b)Ways by which folding affects man negatively?They are barriers to rain bearing hence dry leeward side.?Cold winds descend from Fold Mountains causing severe harm to crops like grapes?Facilitate frost formation which destroys crops?Mountains are barriers to transport systems?Folding at times causes crustal rocks to become weak.5.a)What a mass wasting(2 mks)?Downward movement of weathered materials down slope under influence of gravityb)Differentiate solifluction and earth flow(2 mks)?Solifluction is flow of viscous soil, gravel and weathered rock material over saturated with water moving over apermanently frozen ground on a gentle slope due to influence of gravity while earth flow is rapid movement of materialoversaturated with water down a hill slope under the influence of gravity. ??6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 and answer the following questions.a.i)Give the six figure and reference for the junction of the all- weather road loose surface near Matayo.296406 ??Page | 500Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) What is the bearing of the air photo principal point at Kisoko GR 3847 from the one at GR 3141 052° ???iii) What is the magnetic variation of the map 2° 21‘??b. i)Using the scale 1cm represent 50 metres the grid reference 300350 to 360390(4 mks)A cross section between grid reference 300350 and grid reference 360390Hill RoadRiverRiver 1450Seasonalswamp 1400River1350 1300 1250 1200 1150 1100 1050 1000 Sp 1280?Rv1Ep 1220?Hill1Labeling axis (ax)14Rd14Trend (tr)1S swamp1Title (t)1ii) On it mark and labelHill(1 mk)Bridge(1 mk)Swamp(1 mk)River(1 mk)c) Describe distribution of drainage in the area covered by the map(6 mks)? There are many seasonal swamps in the northern part in the area covered by the map. ? There are true swamps near Ugala GR 2135 and Bumuji 2144 ? There is papyrus swamp along river Sio and its tributaries example Saka/ in the south eastern part in the area covered by the map 4. Page | 6Geography 312/1,312/2 ?There are many permanent rivers in the area covered by the map?River Sio is the main river in the area?River Sio and its tributaries form dendritic drainage pattern.?There are many short streams in the south eastern part in the area?There is a water reservoir at GR 2047any 6 x 1d)Explain how relief has influenced distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map?There are no/ few settlements on the hills because the land is steep which makes construction of houses very difficult.?There are few settlements on the ridge because the land is steep making construction of roads difficult?There are dense settlements on gentle slopes due to the ease in construction / movementany 3 x 1e)With evidence from the map identify three economic activities in the area covered by the mapActivityEvidencei.Trademarketii. Transportation All weather road loose surfaceiii. Crop farmingCotton store3x17.a) identify three characteristics of minerals(3 marks)?Have different degrees of hardness?Minerals differ in the texture?They have specific colours?They have lustre?They have different degrees of tenacity?Some minerals aggregate into distinct crystals shape?Minerals differ in steakany 1st 3 x 1c)Describe two processes through which sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks?when weight of overlying layer of rocks create pressure on lower layer it leads to change in structure/ grain alignment of therocks ?d this process is called dynamic metamorphism?pRegional metamorphism?p ? During the process of folding sedimentary rocks are exposed to compressional force and due to this pressure is generated??d. The pressure changes the structure of the original rock while the heat make the rock grains to recrystalise forming new minerals, [regional metamorphism] Thermal metamorphism?p ?During volcanic eruption hot magma heat crustal?d rock making them to recrystallize and form new minerals this is calledthermal metamorphismThermal dynamic?When the crustal rocks are subjected to great pressure and they break creating room for magma to pass the rocks are changedby both pressure and heats?d the process is thermal dynamic metamorphism. ?p?Hot gases and steam in a volcanic eruption react ?d with the crustal rock minerals forming new minerals a process calledmetasomatism. ?pP - Processp any 1st 3 x 1D - DescriptionD any 3 x1Description cannot score without process but vice versa.iii)Identify three changes that may occur in rocks when they are subjected to heat and pressure?Formation of new mineral?Minerals may recrystalise further?Rocks particles become compacted?The physical appearance of the rock changes?The rocks become metamorphisizedany 1st 3 x 1d)Explain three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps that form coral limestone rock?They require warm water20-30 degrees c in order to live?They require well oxygenated water in order for them to grow fast?They require water that is free from sediments because silt/mud interferes with their ability to gather food and causesuffocation?They require shallow water for growth of planktons which is the food for the polyps?They require saline water from the which the polyps extracts lime to make their exoskeletons any 1st 3 x 2e.i)Supposing you were to carry out a field study on rocks at the Kenyan coastWhy do you think sedimentary rocks are the most widespread in the coastal plain (3 marks)?The coastal plain was once an extensive part of the continental shelf of the Indian ocean and so sedimentation/deposit tookplace on this shelf extensively?The shallow continental shelf also provided a conducive environment for coral polyps for formation of the sedimentary rocks.The formed rocks got exposed to form dry coastal land?Many rivers deposit their load at the mouth which is the sea accumulating material to form sedimentary rocks.any 1st 3 x 1Page | 700Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Why would sampling part of the area be necessary as you conduct a field study(3 marks)? To be able to do a detailed study ? To reduce the cost of the study ? To save time ? To be less tiring ? To reduce chances of biasness ? The coastal area is too large to cover in a study.(Any 1st 3 x 1)8.a) What is magmaMagma is molten rock material beneath the earth’s crustb) i)Using a diagramDescribe how a lava plateau is formed(7 mks)? It forms when the magma reaches the surface of the earth and becomes lava ? It comes out of the ground through a fissure, a single vent or a series of vent ? The lava is ultra - basic and therefore of low viscosity or extremely fluid ? The lava spreads far filling in depressions and valleys ? The lava cools slowly to form a layer of rocks ? Repeated eruption make layers of lava pile on each other ? A series of eruption result in the piled lava forming an extensive low ? Lying level land called a lava plateau ? The plateau may form through a series of eruption which results into thick layers of lava. Layer of lava Plateau Fissures Text any 5 x 1 Diagram27ii) Give 2 examples of lava plateaus in Kenya.(2 mark)? Yatta plateau ? Laikipia plateau ? Uasin gishu plateau ? Northwest Kenya plateau ? Maralal- stony athi plateau(Any 1st 2 x 1)c. i)Name three volcanic features found in the rift valley of Kenya(3marks).? Volcanic cones/mountains ? Geysers and hotsprings ? Craters ? Fumaroles and solfatara ? Lava plateau and plains( e.g. Athi Kapiti)Any 1st 2 x 1)ii) Explain three negative effects of volcanicity in Kenya(6marks)? The rugged nature of the volcanic landscape in some places makes settlement and agriculture difficult ? Some volcanic features form barriers which construction lines expensive ? The recent lava flows have led to poorly developed soils which are unsuitable for agriculture ? Volcanic eruption in some places produce gases which pollute the environment and pose a danger to life ? Volcanic mountains create a rain shadow effects which results into aridity on their leeward sides making land unproductive. (Any 1st 3 x 2) d) State four reasons why it is necessary to conduct a reconnaissance in a field study of a volcanic landscape (4marks) ? To help in identifying methods of data collection ? To help in formulating the hypothesis and objectives of the study ? To help in assembling appropriate equipment for the study ? To assist in estimating the cost of the study Page | 8Geography 312/1,312/2 ?To seek permission from relevant authorities?To contact the resource persons and guides?To determine the location of various soils before the study?To help in preparing a work schedule?To identify problems that are likely to be encountered(Any 1st 4 x 1)ii)During your field study you intend to study volcanic rocks, state two problems you are likely to encounter during thefield study(2marks).?Snake bites?Being cut/ hurt by rocks?Difficult in identifying rocks?Difficult in walking on the rugged surface hindering us from accessing some areas with rocks (Any 1st 2 x 1)9.a i) Distinguish an ice sheet from a glacier(2marks)?An ice sheet is a continuous mass of ice/frozen water covering large parts of a lowland while glacier is a mass of moving iceof limited with moving outward from an area of accumulation.ii) Describe how ice forms on thehigh altitude areas(4marks)?Moisture/ water vapour in the air is cooled and condenses in the atmosphere?When temperature falls below freezing points 0 c the water droplets freeze and form white crystals called snow?Snow falls and accumulates on the grounds?Pressure from above layers cause slight thawing and refreezing of melt water, the former snow particles compact to form ice(Any 1st 4 x 1)b)Describe how a fiord is formed(7marks)?Ice occupies a pre - existing valley on a high land coast and become valley glacier.?Slight melting and subsequent freezing makes meltwater to freeze in the cracks and joints at the bottom and sides of thevalley.?It increase in volume and therefore widens the cracks and joints [makes the rock to break with time]?As ice moves forward, it plucks some rock pieces around which it has frozen(frost action)?As glacier moves it uses the broken rocks debris to scour floor and the sides of the valley?Continued freeze and thaw, plucking and abraison/ widens and deepens the lower part of the valley?Existing interlocking spurs are cut back by the abrasions and the plucking making the valley straight and having a Ushape?When temperature rise/climate change occurs the glacier in the valley melts leaving behind a steep sided U shaped valleycalled glacial trough?As melting occurs materials that was embedded as terminal moraine is dropped on the seaward edge of trough to form athreshold??Rise in the sea level or subsidence of the coastal land make the valley to be submerged on the sea ward end to form a sea inlet which is deeper on the seaward edge and the shallower on the landward side called a fiord. ? Asterisks points must be mentioned to score 7, otherwise a max of 5 c) Explain three conditions that may lead to glacier deposition in the lowland ?Gradient/ slope of land should be relatively flat?C to allow accumulation of large sheets of ice and subsequent deposition offluvio glacial materials E. ?E?Seasonal melting ?C of ice during alternating warm and cold periods to allow material embedded in the ice to be released fordeposition?E?Stagnation of glacier ?C leads to accumulation and pressure exerted at the base of the glacier which in turn leads to melting atthe base of the ice for deposition?E?Friction between the moving?C ice and the surface leads to deposition of heavy materials beneath the ice mass. ?E?Climatic change/ rising temperature leads ?C to melting of the ice thereby releasing all the load in the lowland. ?EC - Condition any 1st 3 x1E - Explanation any 3 x1 ? Explanation cannot score without the condition d)i)Identify the features labeled K, R, and S(3 marks)K - EskerR - Moraine dammed lakeS - Terminal moraineii) Name 3 glacial lakes other than Moraine dammed lakes(3marks)? Tarn? Ribbom lake? Kettle3 x110a) i) Differentiate between the terms parent rock and bedrock(2 marks)?Parent rock is the rock that is broken down by process of denudation to provide debris from which soil is formed while bedrock is the mass of rocks on which soil lies which may not even have a relationship with the soil lying on it??ii)Name two component of the soil(2 marks)?AirPage | 9Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Water/moisture ? Organic matter/humus/living organism(Any 1st 2 x 1)iii) Identify three processes of soil formation(3marks)? Weathering/ accumulation of loess or alluvium? leaching? Salinization? Organic accumulation(Any 1st 3 x 1)iv) State two factors that determine the colour of the soil(2 marks)?Amount of organic matter?The type of the parent rock?The chemical composition / degree of concentration of iron oxide minerals?Amount of water in the soil / the drainage of the soil(Any 1st 2 x 1)b)Explain how the following factors influence soil formationi.Parent rock(4marks)?The nature of the parent rock influences the rate of weathering.? Hard rocks weather slowly consequently giving rise to thinimmature soils, soft rocks on the other hand weathers down fast giving rise to deep soils.??Parent rocks determine the soil texture?. Large/ course grained rocks weather down to form large/ course grained soil whilefine grained weather to form fine grained soil?? The mineral composition of the parent rock determines the mineral component of the soil?. The minerals in the parent rocks are transferred to soil during formation and soil minerals are same as those of the rocks the soil is derived from??(Any 2 x 2) ii)Climate(6 marks)? Rainfall provided water/ moisture which makes it possible for the rocks to decay?/ disintegrate to form soil (provide moisture which promote chemical weathering and eventually soil is formed ??? Rainfall affects the rate at which soil forming process like leaching? can occur. leaching which is high in area of the high rainfall depletes top soil of some minerals through the dissolving and downward transfer of the same mineral to lower horizon and leads to formation of acid on soil???Seasonal variation of rainfall causes accumulation and concentration of the minerals of the upper layer of the soil a processcalled salinization? This leads to the formation of hard crust of the salt and leads to formation of alkaline soils??High temperatures ?normally leads to increase in the rate of weathering by mechanical means ?/or chemical means ifmoisture is available.?Rain water and warm condition? accelerates the rate of bacteria activities which generate some of the organic matter in thesoil. ??Climate lead to process of erosion and deposition by water?, wind and ice. Rainfall leads to formation of alluvial soils? afterflooding and water erosion/wind deposits oil particles leading to formation of new soils e.g. loess/ glacier leads to depositionof soils like boulder plain clay(Any 3 x 2)c)Describe how laterization occurs(4 marks)?During the rainy season, minerals(mainly silica) in the top layer of the soil dissolves in the rainwater?The dissolved minerals ( silica and bases) seep/percolated from the top soil to sub soil/horizon A to B?The dissolved minerals are deposited further downward to the lower layer.?Red acidic soils rich in insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminium accumulate on the top layer from a hard crust oflaterites(4 x 1)d)State two economic uses of soil(2 marks)?Some soils are sources of valuable minerals?Some soils are used as a raw materials for pottery / ceramic/ brick industry?Soils are used in building and construction?Soils are used for agriculture?Some soils are mixed with herbs for medicinal purposes e.g. clay/ sold directly for food(Any 1st 2 x 1)Page | 10Geography 312/1,312/2 MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 Paper 2 GEOGRAPHY 2 ? hrs MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section 1.a) Differentiate between a forest and forestry(2 marks)Forest is a continuous growth of trees and undergrowth covering a large area of land while Forestry is the science of planting,caring and using trees / forests or their associated resources. Or the practice of managing and using trees/ forests / theirassociated resources. ??(1 x 2)b) State three benefits of Agro-forestry.(3 marks)?It provides fodder for the animals Trees act as wind breakers/provide shade to young plants. ??Farm products are a source of income to the farmers. ??Trees act as wind breakers /provide shade to young plants. ??Trees conserve soil. ??Trees provide raw materials for industries??It is a source of fruits/food for human consumption. ??It conserves forests/for ensure continuous supply of wood fuel. ?any 1st 2 x 12a) Give two exotic breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)?Aberdeen Angus ??Hereford ??Galloway??Charolais??Short horn??Sahiwal ?any 1st 2 x 1b)State three environmental problems which face beef farming in Kenya.(3 marks)?Attack by pests e.g. ticks??Attack by diseases e.g. East Coast Fever,foot and mouth. ??Prolonged drought leading to shortage of pasture/water?3x13. a) State two causes of international migration.(2 marks)?Better employment opportunities. ??High standards of living??Shortage of food in a country/famine. ??Outbreak of civil wars in a country. ??Political/religious persecution. ??Religious pilgrimaged ??Leisure or recreational activities as tourists. ??International government appointments /assignments such as diplomats/peace keeping missions. ? any 1st 2 x 1b)Give three factors responsible for the low fertility rate in Sweden.(3 marks)?Widespread use of family planning methods. ??Improved medical facilities leading to high survival rates among children. More women are involved in employment thuschild bearing is an impediment to the persuit of careers. ??High standards/cost of living thus preference to smaller families. ?any 1st 3 x 14.a) Give two economic benefits of Southern African Development Co-operation (SADC) to member states. (2 marks)?Promoted/trade through removal of obstacles that hinder free movement of goods, ??Created more employment opportunities by promoting free movement of labour, ??Created wider market for goods promoting industrial and agricultural activities. ??It has promoted transfer of technology leading to production of quality goods, ??Provision of capital for development through the finance and investment coordinating office based in South Africa. ?(Any 1 s t 2 x 1 )b)State three measures that Kenya can take in order to reduce her unfavouable balance of trade ?(3 marks)?Encourage development of jua Kali industries which don‘t require importation of heavy machinery??Restrict importation /luxury items through taxations??Establish import substitute industries to cut down on importation of some commodities. ??Develop alternative sources energy to reduce importation petroleum. ??Encourage production of high quality manufactured goods in order to earn higher income. ??Diversify agricultural exports. ??Opening new markers to avoid dependence on traditional trading partners. ?any 1st 3 x 1Page | 1100Geography 312/1,312/2 5.a) Name two methods of irrigation used in Kenya.(2 marks)? Drip irrigation?? Overhead irrigation?? Canal/ furrow irrigation Flood/basin irrigation?any 1st 2 x 1b) State three physical problems facing rice farmers in Mwea Tebere irrigation scheme.(3 marks)? Incidences waterborne diseases e.g. bilharzia, malaria. ?? Pest infestation which lowers production e.g. quelea birds. ?? Water weeds which compete with rice /or nutrients e.g. Rhizome weeds. Silting in the canals reduces the amount of water. ?? Low water levels in the rivers during the dry season. ?any 1st 3 x 1SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section6.The table below shows Kenyan exports by destination in Ksh. Million between 2008 - 2010. Use it to answer question (a).Region / [Year)200820092010Europe94,685100,975109,422America22,05518,96124,380Africa116,995162,732188,914Asia57,24159,23681,600Others2063,0445,225a)(i)In which year was Kenya‘s exports highest?(1 mark)2010?1x1(ii) Using a radius of 5cm, draw a pie-chart to represent the data on Kenya‘s exports in 2009. (8 marks) Total = 100,975 + 18,961 + 162,732 + 59,236 + 3,044 = 344,948 Europex 360°= 105.38≈ 105° Americax 360°= 19.78≈ 20° Africax 360°= 169.83≈ 170° Asiax 360°= 61.82≈ 62° Othersx 360°= 3.17≈ 3° A PIE CHART SHOWING KENYA?S EXPORTS BY DESTINATION IN 2009 KEY Africa Europe Asia America Others Radius = 5cm Page | 12Geography 312/1,312/2 (iii) State two advantages of using pie charts to represent data.(2 marks)? Easy to read/interpret. ?? Allows for comparison?? Easy to draw/construct?? Clear visual impression. ?(Any 1st 2 x 1)b)(i) Name two main cocoa growing areas in Ghana.(2 marks)? Ashanti ??? Brong-Ahafo ??? Central region??? Eastern region??? Western region??? Volta region?(Any 1st 2 x 1)(ii) State three physical conditions that favour cocoa growing in Ghana.(3 marks)? High temperatures/240 - 30°C. ??? High rainfall/1,200 - 1,500mm. ??? Well distributed rainfall throughout the year. ??? Deep soils??? Well drained Soils. ??? Loam soils/volcanic soils/light clay soils. ??? High relative humidity/70° - 800 of humidity??? Shade from strong sun rays for the seedlings/young plants. ??? Shelter from strong winds??? Undulating lowlands/0 -750m above sea level. ?(Any 1st 3 x 1)c)(i) Describe the stages involved in the production of cocoa in Ghana from harvesting to marketing.(6 marks)? The ripe pods are cut using knives attached to poles. ??? The pods are put in large baskets and piled in a central place. ??? The pods are split open with sharp knives?. ? The beans/seeds are removed by hand piled on mats. ??? The beans are covered with banana leaves in order to ferment during which juicy pulp drains ay for 5-6 days. ??? The fermented beans are washed and cleaned. ??? The beans are spread on tables covered with mats to dry in the hot sun. ??? The beans are turned frequently as they dry and slowly they turn brown. ??? Dry beans are put in sacks and transported to the harvest buying centre. ??? At the Centre the dry beans are weighed and graded ready for export.(Any 6 x 1) in sequence(ii) State three economic problems that are experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana.(3 marks)? Fluctuating of prices in the world market. ? Competition from other land uses ? Inadequate labour during harvesting. ? High production costs, s' ? Competition from other beverages.(Any 1st 3 x 1)7.(a)(i) What is domestic tourism?(2 marks)? The act where people/citizens visit places of interest for sightseeing and leisure within the country. ?? 1 x2 (ii) State three reasons why the Kenyan government encourages domestic tourism. (3 marks) ? To utilize facilities such as hotels and lodges during the low tourist seasons. ??? The government encourages tourism in order for Kenyans to learn more about their own country. ??? The government encourages tourism to facilitate interaction between different communities and therefore enhance national unity and integrations??? To create more employment opportunities to citizens therefore improve standards of living??? It offers opportunities for recreation.?? To promote circulation of money in the country. ?(Any 1st 3 x 1)b)(i) Give three tourist attractions found at the coast of Kenya.(3 marks)? Sandy beaches/coral reefs. ??? Sunny/warm climate/warm conditions/sunbathing ??? Historical sites and monuments e.g. fort Jesus/Gedi ruins/Vasco-Dagama pillar. ??? Traditional culture of the people/dances/shrines. ??? Water sports e.g. yatching, surfing, goggling and sport fishing. ??? Marine parks/wildlife/mangrove forest??? Caves like Shimoni caves/cliffs/coral reef?(Any 1st 3 x 1)(ii) Explain four measures that Kenya should take in order to attract more tourists.(8marks)? Improving infrastructure/roads/airports/communications to all tourist-sites in order to make them easily accessible?? Improving security to ensure the safety of the tourist is guaranteed, ?Page | 1300Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Marketing the country more aggressively in order to make it more known/improve the image of the country abroad ??? Establishing a diversity of tourist attractions/emphasis on ecotourism to avoid depending entirely on the traditional attractions/reduce competition with other tourist destination. ??? Establishing/modernizing tourist facilities in areas that have high potential such as Western Kenya where such facilities are inadequate. ??? Intensify domestic marketing to reduce reliance on foreign tourists. Improve/train more personnel to serve tourists better/sensitize citizens on the need to be hospitable to tourists. ?(Any 1st 3 x 1)c) Explain the differences between the tourist attractions in Kenya and Switzerland under the following sub-headings:? Security(2 marks)In Kenya, some areas have rampant insecurity which scares away tourists while in Switzerland there is a peacefulatmosphere/political neutrality which encourage tourists.??1x 2? Culture(2 marks)In Kenya there are varied/a diversity of African cultures while in Switzerland tourists are attracted to the traditional swisshospitality and many European languages spoken.??1 x 2? Sceneries.(2 marks)In Kenya, there are varied sceneries such as snowcapped mountains, Rift Valley, Sandy leaches while in Switzerland hasvaried sceneries such as glaciated mountains, cascading waterfalls clear blue skies etc. ??1 x 2d) Give three ways through which wildlife is conserved in Kenya.(3 marks)? Encouraging individuals to set up game ranches. ??? Banning of trade in wildlife products??? Encouraging wildlife conservation education. ??? Employing anti-poaching unit in the game parks??? Protecting the endangered species orphanages. ??? Establishing game reserves/national parks/forest reserves. ??? Translocation/culling/game cropping ?(Any 1st 3 x 1)8. a)Name two countries in Africa South of the equator where petroleum is mined.(2 marks)? Congo ??? Gabon ??? DRC ??? Angola??? South Africa?(Any 1st 2 x 1)(b) The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth‘s crust U V W Porous rock (i) Name the parts marked U, V and W. (3 marks) U - Gas??V - Oil??W - Non porous rock ?3 x 1(ii) State three conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(3 marks)? Deposition/presence of flora and fauna over a long period of time/fossils. ??? Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposits of flora and fauna. ??? Deposition of other layers of rocks/non-porous rocks over the remains of flora and fauna. ??? Compression of the remains of flora and fauna due to folding. ??? Presence of porous rocks.?(Any 1st 3 x 1)c) Explain four effects of increased oil prices on the economies of oil importing countries. (8 marks)? The countries spend more of their foreign exchange on importation of oil leading to decline in other sectors of the economy.??Page | 14Geography 312/1,312/2 ? There has been increasing cost of transport causing a rise in the cost of movement of people, goods and services. ???? Production costs have increased leading to an increase in prices of commodities thus reducing the demand on the commodities Some industries that rely on by-products of petroleum have reduced leading to redundancy/ unemployment. ???? The countries have experienced-low economic growth leading to general poverty among the citizens. ???? It has led to the need to establish/look for cheaper sources of energy to replace/supplement oil. ???? It has created awareness on the need to conserve energy. ???? The countries that have oil potential have started exploring the possibilities of drilling their own oil to reduce/stop importation. ???d)(i) Name the hydro-electric power projects found on the following rivers.? River Niger- Kainji dam H.E.P Station?? River Volta- Akosombo dam H.E.P station?? River Nile- Owen falls dam H.E.P station??- Aswan High dam H.E.P station?(3 marks)(ii) Explain three physical factors that influence the establishment of hydroelectric power dams. (6 marks) ? The presence of impervious rock to prevent seepage of water???? The presence of a hard basement rock which provides a firm foundation for the dam/power station???? A large volume of water/constant supply of water to enable continuous production of electricity. ???? Presence of a narrow gorge behind the dam which minimizes on the cost of construction of the dam???? Presence of a deep gorge to provide space for the reservoir???? Presence of a steep river gradient/waterfall/rapids/ head of water to provide sufficient hydraulic force to turn the turbines???(Any 1st 3 x 2) 9.a)(i) What is industrial inertia?(2 marks)? The tendency of an industry to remain in a particular area even when the original locational factors/advantages are no longerimportant. ??1x2(ii) State two causes of industrial inertia.(2 marks)?Availability of experienced workers. ?(2 marks)?Availability of well-developed transport and communication system already in place. ??It is expensive to move to a new site. ??Industrial independence.??( A n y 1 s t2 x 1 )b)Explain how the following factors influence the location of industries.?Market(4 marks)?Industries which manufacture perishable products are located near the market to minimize on wastage. ??Industries which manufacture fragile products are located near the market to reduce on damage during transit. ??Industries which manufacture bulky finished products are located near the market to reduce the cost of transport??Transport and communication(4 marks)?Industries are sited near transport lines to reduce on the cost of production??Well-developed transport and communication network attract industries because finished products reach the marketfaster/limited spoilage. ??Efficient means of communication speeds up transactions leading to increased volume of production. ?c)Explain four benefits which Kenya has derived from industrialization.(8 marks)?Kenya exports goods thus earn foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of the economy. ???Taxes on industrial goods/industries earns revenue to the government used to develop other sectors of the economy. ???Industrialization has created employment opportunities leading to improved standards of living/reduced unemployment in thecountry. ???Development of transport and communication network which has facilitated the development of other sectors of the economy.???Increased agricultural production because some industries use agricultural materials as raw materials. ???Industrialization has led to acquisition of technical and managerial skills which are used in other sectors of theeconomy/enhance expansion of industries. ???Industrialization has led to reduction of importation on some industrial goods thus save foreign exchange used to developother sectors of the economy. ???Industrialization has led to the growth/expansion of urban centres as labour migrants to the urban centres. ???It has led to the production of goods which are on demand in the country thus leads to improved standards of living. ??(Any 1 s t 4 x 2 )(d) Give five advantages of decentralization of industries in Kenya.(5 marks)? It encourages regional equality in development ??? It creates employment opportunities in the rural areas. ??? It reduces on rural-urban migration. ??? It allows for greater exploitation of local resources. ??? It reduces risks during calamities. ??? It helps to reduce strain on social amenities in the urban centres. ??? It helps to raise the standards of living of people??Page | 15Geography 312/1,312/2 ?It helps reduce congestion in the urban centres. ?(Any 1 s t 5 x 1 )10.(a)(i) Name two navigable rivers in Africa.(2 marks)?Niger??Benue ??Congo??Nile?(Any 1 s t 2 x 1 )(ii)Apart from transportation, state/our other economic uses of rivers in Africa.(4 marks)?Rivers are used for fishing / source of food.??Some rivers are tourist attraction. ??River transport/fishing creates opportunities.??Some rivers are used to generate H.E.P. ??Sand in some river channels extracted and used for building and construction. ??Some river valleys contain minerals which are mined e.g. gold River floods deposit alluvium on the flood plains and deltaswhich are used for farming. ??River floods deposit alluvium on the flood plains and deltas which are used for farming.??River water is used for domestic /industrial/irrigation purposes?(Any 1 s t 4 x 1 )b)State five problems that face transportation along the Trans-African Highway.(5marks)?Civil wars in some regions??Tariffs charged at border posts increase transportation costs. ??Long distance causes fatigue??Parts of the highway are incomplete/impassable during the wet season/undeveloped. ??Use of different currencies. ??Political differences between countries through which the highway passes. ??Trade between East and West African countries is limited/East and West, ??African countries produce similar goods.?(Any 1st 5 x 1)c)Explain four measures that should be taken to improve road transport in Kenya.(8 marks)?Construction of by-passes/tunnels/subways/flyovers/underpasses to reduce congestion in the large towns???Construction of highways/dual-carriage way/ road expansion to, accommodate more traffic/improve traffic flow???Repair/maintain the roads to reduce accidents/improve traffic flow. ???Educate the road users on road safety precautions/discipline on the roads to ease traffic on the roads/reduce roadaccidents??.?Control the amount of load carried by large lorries/trucks to reduce damage on road surfaces.???Enforce traffic rules to regulate traffic flow/ reduce road accidents. ???Provide paths for cyclists/pedestrians to reduce congestion on roads/improve road safety.?? (Any 1st 4 x 1)d)Explain three ways in which Kenya benefits from air links with the rest of the world.(6 marks)?It has promote tourism by providing direct links to the tourists countries of origin ???It has promoted horticultural products by providing efficient means of transport to the foreign markets???It helps to generate revenue through taxation of goods and passengers at the airports which is used for economicdevelopment/foreign exchange. ???It has promoted international understanding by enabling Kenyans to interact with people from other parts of the world. ???It has promoted international trade by enabling business people to travel to and from Kenya easily.??(Any 1st 3 x 1) Page | 1600Geography 312/1,312/2 KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAM 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 23/4HRS SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) What is the relationship between Geography and Chemistry?(2mks)b) Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.Give three effects of the movement represented by the diagram.(3mks)2.a) Name two scales used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.(2mks)b) Give three reasons why the use of intensity as a measure of earthquake strength is unreliable.(3 mks)3.a) Apart from planets, name two other members of the solar system.(2mks)b) State three characteristics of planets.(3mks)4.a) List three process of wind erosion.b) The diagram below shows features of a Karst scenery.(3mks)i)Name the features marked P, Q and R.(3mks)ii) State two factors that influence the formation of the features in the diagram.(2mks)5.a) Give three characteristics of a composite volcano.(3mks)b) State two examples of composite volcanoes in East Africa.(2mks)SECTION BAnswer question six and any other two questions in this section.6.Study the map of Busia (1: 50,000, sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.a) i) Give the six-figure grid reference of school at Sega.(1mk)ii) Give the height of Odiado Hill.(1mk)b) i) Name three types of vegetation found in Busia.(3mks)ii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(4mks)iii) Name three natural features found in grid square 2646.(3mks)c) i) Measure the length of the C526 road from the junction at Nangina (222310) to the junction at Bumala market.Give your answer in kilometres.(2mks)Page | 17Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Calculate the area of Busia in Uganda in the map provided. Give your answer in Km2.(2mks)d)Draw a cross-section from grid reference 220410 to grid reference 300380. Use a vertical scale of 1cm represent 50m.(3mks)On your cross-section mark and name the following.i)International Boundaryii) River Sioiii) Hilliv) All weather loose surface road.(4 mks)e)With evidence from the map, give two economic activities of the people of Busia.(2mks)7.a)i)What are the causes of earth movements.(3mks)ii) What is folding?(2mks)iii) Differentiate a simple symmetrical fold from asymmetrical fold.(4mks)b)With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe the formation of an overthrust fold.(6mks)c)Student of a school are planning to carry out a field study in a folded region.i)Identify three ways in which Fold Mountains that they would come across are likely to have been formed.(3mks)ii) State four ways in which the students would prepare themselves for the study.(4mks)iii) Give three advantages of studying landforms through field work.(3mks)8.a)Define a lake.(1mk)b)Giving examples from East Africa, name any two types of lakes formed due to vulcanicity.(4mks)c)Explain the influence of L. Victoria on the surrounding areas.(6 mks)d)i)Give two examples of fresh water lakes within the Kenyan Rift Valley.(2mks)ii) State four reasons why some lakes in the Rift Valley are salty.(4mks)e)Explain any four economic significance of lakes.(8 mks)9.a)i)State four factors that determine the amount of surface run off.(4mks)ii) Name two sources of rivers.(2mks)iii) Name three types of river erosion.(3 mks)b)Mention three factors that facilitate the process of river deposition.(3mks)c)You are planning to carry out a field study on the course of a river.i)What would be the advantages of dividing the class into groups according to the stages of the long profile of a river.(4mks)ii) What would be the disadvantages of using secondary data in this kind of field study?(6mks)iii) Mention three methods they would use to record their data.(3mks)10.a)i)State two days in a year when the length of day and night is equal.(2mks)ii) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the eclipse of the moon (Lunar eclipse)(3mks)b)i)Give four characteristics of planet Jupiter.(4 mks)ii) Give three possible consequences of the revolution of the earth on lengths of days and nights.(3 mks)c)i)Name three instruments found in a Stevenson screen.(3mks)ii) State and explain four qualifications which makes Stevenson screen suitable four its work.(4mks)d)With the help of a well labelled diagram, explain the formation of frontal /cyclonic rainfall.(6mks)Page | 1800Geography 312/1,312/2 KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAM 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 23/4HRS SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) State two formations in which mineral ores occur.(2mks)b) Give three reasons why coal resource in the Mui basin Kitui county has not been commercially exploited.(3mks)2.a) What is mixed farming?(2mks)b) Give three advantages of mixed farming.(3mks)3.a) Give three lakes which are part of the St. Lawrence Seaway.(3mks)b) Outline two measures that should be taken to improve road transport in Kenya.(2mks)4.a) State two reasons why some industries are located near sources of raw materials.(2mks)b) Give three examples of non-food agricultural processing industries in Kenya.(3mks)5.a) Name two functional zones i an ideal urban centre.(2mks)b) State three factors that contribute to the emergence of slums in urban centres.(3mks)SECTION B (75 MARKS)Answer question six and any other two questions in this section.6.Study the photograph extract provided and answer questions (a), (b) and (c) below.a) i) Name the type of photograph shown.(1mk)ii) Briefly describe the activity represented in the photograph.(2mks)iii) Name two forms of transportation shown in the photograph.(2mks)b) Draw a rectangle 15cm by 12cm in the rectangle, represent the main features shown in the photograph.(5mks)c) Students from a secondary school in Murang‘a County conducted a field study on the activity shown in the photograph.i)State two objectives for their field study.(2mka)ii) Why was it necessary for them to prepare a work schedule?(2mks)d) i) Apart from Mombasa, name one other city in East Africa where this photograph may have been taken. (1mk)ii) Name three countries which form part of Mombasa‘s hinterland.e) State and explain three geographical factors that favoured the establishment of the port of Mombasa.(6mks)7.a) Name two major minerals mined in Kenya‘s Rift Valley.(2mks)b) i) Apart from deep shaft mining, name three other mining methods.(3mks)ii) Explain how shaft mining methods is carried out.(7mks)c) State any four conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(4mks)d) How does Kenya stand to gain from the exploitation of petroleum in the Turkana County?(9mks)8.a) Define:-a) A forest(2mks)b) Forestry(2mks)b) Mention two factors that determine the distribution of forest in Kenya.(2mks)c) Explain four factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slope of Mt. Kenya.(8mks)d) Explain four common problems facing forestry in both Kenya and Canada.(8mks)e) Students of a school at the coast are planning to carry out a field study in a mangrove forest.i)Formulate two objectives they would prepare for the field study.(2mks)Page | 1900Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Mention one type of data they would use in their field study.(1mk)9.a) i) What is shifting cultivation?(2mks)ii) Identify four features of shifting cultivation.(4mks)b) State three physical condition that favour coffee growing in the Central highlands of Kenya.(3mks)c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing.(8mks)d) Explain four problems facing coffee farming in Brazil.(8mks)10. a) Apart from wind and water, name two other types of renewable sources of energy.(2mks)b) State and explain five limitations (or problems) associated with the use of wind energy.(10mks)c) Study the map below to answer questions c() and (ii) below.i)Name the Hydro-electric power projects in the Seven Fork scheme marked X, Y and Z.(3mks)ii) Give the names of the two yet-to-be completed power projects to complete the Seven Fork project.(2mks)d) i) What is meant by energy crisis?(2mks)ii) Explain the impact of the energy crisis on the economy of developing countries.(6mks)Page | 20Geography 312/1,312/2 KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAM 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) What is the relationship between Geography and Chemistry?(2mks)-Chemistry involves the study of substances their composition and their behaviour.-Geography apples Chemistry in studying the chemical composition of rocks and soils.-It may also be used in explaining the chemical changes that take place in rocks and soils.b) Give three effects of the movement represented by the diagram.(3mks)-It causes four seasons.-It causes varying lengths of day and night at different times of the year.-It causes lunar eclipse.-It causes changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year.2.a) Name two scales used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.(2mks)-The mercalli scale-The Rossi -forren scaleb) Give three reasons why the use of intensity as a measure of earthquake strength is unreliable.(3 mks)-Damages depends on the geological materials where buildings have been built as well as the type of construction.-Drainage estimates are subjective/some people may exerogenate damages consciously or otherwise.-Damages may not be recorded in uninhabited areas e.g. deserts.-Damages from a quake differs with different stations as well as reduced damages from the earthquake epicentre.3.a) Apart from planets, name two other members of the solar system.(2mks)-The sun-Asteroids / planetoids-Comets-Meteoroids-Meteors-Meteorites-Moonb) State three characteristics of planets.(3mks)-They are spherical in shape-They don‘t have their own light but reflect it from the sun-They revolve around the sun in anticlockwise direction.-They have their own force of gravity4.a) List three process of wind erosion.-Abrasion-Deflation-Attritionb)i) Name the features marked P, Q and R.(3mks)-P - JointQ - ClintR - Grikeii) State two factors that influence the formation of the features in the diagram.(2mks)-Presence of limestone rock/dolomite/chalk-Rocks should be hard and well jointed-Hot and humid climate to allow chemical reactions to take place.-Rainfall should be moderate to high-The water table should be deep below the surface.5.a) Give three characteristics of a composite volcano.(3mks)-Cone shaped-Stratified (made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclasts-Most have conelets (parasitic cones)-Have steep slopes-Made of acidic lavab) State two examples of composite volcanoes in East Africa.(2mks)-Mt. Kilimanjaro-Mt. Kenya-Mt. Longonot-Mt. ElgonPage | 21Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B Answer question six and any other two questions in this section. 6.Study the map of Busia ( 1 : 50,000, sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.a) i)Give the six-figure grid reference of school at Sega.(1mk)- 362286ii)Give the height of Odiado Hill.(1mk)- 1568mb) i)Name three types of vegetation found in Busia.(3mks)-Thicket-Scrub-Scattered trees-Papyrus reeds-Riverine treesii)Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(4mks)In Busia area the following drainage features are found;-Rivers e.g. R. Sio,-Seasonal swamps-Papyrus swamps-Dams-The rivers are many, some emptying into swamps e.g. R. Saka, Nasea-The general direction of flow for rivers is south western.-The swamps are manyNB: Accept any other relevant point.iii) Name three natural features found in grid square 2646.(3mks)-Riverine trees-Rivers-Seasonal swampsc) i)Measure the length of the C526 road from the junction at Nangina (222310) to the junction at Bumalamarket. Give your answer in kilometres.(2mks)12.7km ii)Calculate the area of Busia in Uganda in the map provided. Give your answer in Km2.(2mks)30km2 d) i) International Boundary ii) River Sio iii) Hill iv) All weather loose surface road.(4 mks)* On the graph paper provided.e) With evidence from the map, give two economic activities of the people of Busia.(2mks)-Trade - Presence of markets-Crop farming / Cotton farming / Cotton stores-Transport services - Roads etcNB:- No marks awarded if no evidence is given.7.a) i) What are the causes of earth movements.(3mks)-Magma movement-Gravitative pressure-Convectional currents in the mantle-isostatic adjustmentsii) What is folding.(2mks)-It is the process of crusted distortion which causes the rocks to bend upwards or downwardsiii) Differentiate a simple symmetrical fold from asymmetrical fold.(4mks)-Simple symmetrical fold is formed by compressed forces of equal magnitude while a symmetrical fold is formed fromunequal magnitude of compressional forces from one side is greater than the other.-In simple symmetrical fold, the anticline shows a sign of symmetry about the axis while no sign of symmetry about theaxis in shown on asymmetrical fold.b) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, describe the formation of an overthrust fold.(6mks)-The layers of rocks of the earth‘s crust are subjected to intense compressional forces.-Intense folding results in the formation of an overfold. Diagram (i)-Continued compression due to increased pressure causes the overfold to fold further into a recumbent fold ( Diagram 2)-When pressure is very great, a fracture occurs in the recumbent fold along which a thrust plane develops.-The upper part of the recumbent fold slides forward along the thrust plane, over the lower part. This results in theformation of an overthrust fold. Diagram .Page | 2200Geography 312/1,312/2 Diagram 2 mks Explanation - 4mks c) Student of a school are planning to carry out a field study in a folded region. i) Identify three ways in which fold mountains that they would come across are likely to have been formed. (3mks) -Through contraction-Through convection-Through the movements of tectonic platesii) State four ways in which the students would prepare themselves for the study.(4mks)-Formulate study objectives / hypothesis-Identify methods of data collection/presentation-Planning a schedule of activities-Carry out a reconnaissance /pre visit-Seeking permission from relevant authorities-Identifying /collecting relevant equipment/tools for study-Drawing a route map-Holding class discussions-Dividing themselves into groupsiii) Give three advantages of studying landforms through field work.(3mks)-It gives first hand information on different types of landforms.-One is able to apply knowledge gained to real life situation.-It leads to development of various skills application of skills learnt-One is able to familiarize with the environment-It reduces monotony in the classroom-It provide a chance for broader learning-It enables one to appreciate landforms-It enhances visual memory of the landscape better than the theory.8.a) Define a lake.(1mk)-A lake is a large mass of water in a depression on the earth‘s surface.b) Giving examples from East Africa, name any two types of lakes formed due to vulcanicity.(4mks)-Crater lakes e.g. L. Paradise in Marsabit, KenyaL. Mossoko in Tanzania Lake Myungu in Uganda -Lava dammed lakese.g. L. Bunyonyi L. Mutanda- in UgandaL. Bulera NB: 1mk for each type of lake x 2 1 mk for correctly stated example x 2 Total (4 marks) c) Explain the influence of L. Victoria on the surrounding areas.(6 mks)-High relative humidity due to evaporation from lake-L. Victoria modifies the climate of the surrounding areas due to heavy convectional rainfall received.-L. Victoria causes a cooling effect on the surrounding areas through lake breeze-Convectional rainfall experienced around the lake is occasionally accompanied by thunderstorms.-Lake breeze and sea breeze are due to low and high pressure systemsPage | 23Geography 312/1,312/2 Accept any relevant point Any 3 x 2 Total 6mks d) i) Give two examples of fresh water lakes within the Kenyan Rift Valley.(2mks)-L. Naivasha-L. Baringo-L. Turkanaii) State four reasons why some lakes in the Rift Valley are salty.(4mks)-Some lakes lacks outlets-Rocks over which lake water is in contact with may contain mineral salts.-Some lakes lacks enough fresh water rivers to pour into them-Surface run-off and rivers way dissolve a lot of salt from rocks on which they flow.-Some lakes are located in hot climate where the rates of evaporation is high.1mk each max 3e) Explain any four economic significance of lakes.(8 mks)-Some lakes provide water for both domestic and industrial uses.-Some lakes form tourist attraction sites thus earning the country foreign exchange-Some lakes provide water for irrigation hence boosts agriculture-Some lakes provide building materials e.g. sand-Some lakes provide transport routes-Some lakes are sources of minerals e.g. the Magadi trona-Some lakes provide water for the generation of H.E.P.-Some is a sources of fish (food) which is a source of protein to man.9.a) i) State four factors that determine the amount of surface run off.(4mks)-Amount of precipitation / rainfall-The nature of the slope of the land/gradient of the land-The nature of the soil / the level of saturation-The nature of the underlying rocks-The amount of vegetation cover-The rate of evaporation-Human activitiesii) Name two sources of rivers.(2mks)-Lakes-Melting ice /snow-Springs-Swamps-Surface run-offiii) Name three types of river erosion.(3 mks)-Headward erosion-Vertical erosion-Lateral erosionb) Mention three factors that facilitate the process of river deposition.(3mks)-Reduction in gradient-Reduction in the volume of water-Increase in the width of the river bed-Freezing of river water-Emptying into a calm water body-Occurrence of obstacles in the stream channelc) You are planning to carry out a field study on the course of a river.i) What would be the advantages of dividing the class into groups according to the stages of the long profile of ariver.(4mks)-The class would be able to study the entire course of the river-It will enable them to obtain detailed information on each stage of the river.-It will save on time-It well enable the studies to be carried out in an orderly way-It will encourage participation of all the members of the class/encourage individual roles-It will facilitate more interaction among the group members.ii) What would be the disadvantages of using secondary data in this kind of field study?(6mks)-Recorded data would be outdated-Condition under which such data was collected may have changed-Obtaining records on the particular river may be difficult.iii) Mention three methods they would use to record their data.(3mks)-Taking notes-TapingPage | 2400Geography 312/1,312/2 -Drawing sketches10. a) i) State two days in a year when the length of day and night is equal. (2mks)-21st March-23rd Septemberii) Draw a well labelled diagram to show the eclipse of the moon (Lunar eclipse) (3mks) b) i) Give four characteristics of planet Jupiter.(4 mks)- Largest planet in the solar system - Rotates on its own axis at very fast speed - Has flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotation - Has very thick layers of ice on its surface - Takes 12 earth years to revolve around the sun - Has 16 satellites - It is approximately 778 m km from the su ii) Give three possible consequences of the revolution of the earth on lengths of days and nights. (3 mks) - Equinoxes have equal days and nights - Summers have longer days and shorter nights - Winters have longer nights and shorter days c) i) Name three instruments found in a Stevenson screen.(3mks)-Maximum thermometer - Minimum thermometer - Six‘s thermometer - Hygrometer / (wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer) ii) State and explain four qualifications which makes Stevenson screen suitable four its work.(4mks)- Painted white for little absorption of solar heat / energy - Made of wood which is a bad conductor of heat - Well-ventilated / lourres to allow easier flow of air inside it. - Raised above the ground to prevent contact with terrestrial radiation - Has double roof which acts as an insulator to prevent direct heating from the sun. - Has metal legs to protect it from termites / Ants d) With the help of a well labelled diagram, explain the formation of frontal /cyclonic rainfall. (6mks) Formation -Warm moist air mass meets with a cold air mass-The warm air is forced to rise since it is less dense-It cools as it rises at the line of contact with cold air (front)-The moisture condenses forming clouds resulting in frontal rain.Page | 25Geography 312/1,312/2 KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAM 2016 312/2 - GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) State two formations in which mineral ores occur.(2mks)- Some occur as evaporates- Some occur as alluvial / placer deposits.- Some occur in beds/seamsb)Give three reasons why coal resource in the Mui basin Kitui county has not been commercially exploited.(3mks)- Inadequate capital to invest in coal mining.- The low coal demand in the local market - The coal reserves are found far from the potential market; the remote location of the resource. - Availability of cheaper alternative sources of energy e.g. oil, electricity. - Poor quality of coal - Low quantities of coal reserves. - Disputes over compensation/resettlement of affected citizens. 2.a) What is mixed farming?(2mks)- Type of agriculture where crops are grown and livestock kept in the same farm. b)Give three advantages of mixed farming.(3mks)- It provides security to the farmer, if crops fail, livestock sustains the farmer. - Some of the crops grown are fed to the animals - Animals provide organic manure to enrich the soil. 3.a) Give three lakes which are part of the St. Lawrence Seaway.(3mks)- Lake Erie - Lake Superior - Lake Huron - Lake Michigan - Lake Ontario b)Outline two measures that should be taken to improve road transport in Kenya.(2mks)- Construction of the by-passes/subways/tunnels/fly overs/under passes to reduce congestion in large towns. - Construction of highways/dual carriage ways/road expansion to accommodate more traffic/improve traffic flow. - Repair / maintain the roads in good state to reduce road accidents. - Educate road users on road safety precautions/discipline on roads to ease traffic on roads/to reduce accidents. - Control the amount of load carried by large lorries and trucks to reduce damage on the road surface. - Enforce traffic rules to regulate traffic flow / to reduce road accidents. - Provide paths for cyclists and pedestrians to reduce congestion on roads/improve road safety.(2 x 2 = 4)4.a) State two reasons why some industries are located near sources of raw materials.(2mks)- Some materials are perishable so they have to be processed before transportation. - Processing reduces transport costs. - The raw materials may be too bulky and thus expensive to transport. b)Give three examples of non-food agricultural processing industries in Kenya.(3mks)-Cotton processing industries - Rivatex, Raymond - Tobacco processing - BAT, Mastermind - Pyrethrum processing industries - Leather tanning/Making - BATA - Lumbering - Sisal factories 5.a) Name two functional zones is an ideal urban centre.(2mks)- Poor urban planning - Inadequate housing in urban centres - High costs of housing making houses unaffordable - High rates of rural urban migration - High unemployment rates b)State three factors that contribute to the emergence of slums in urban centres.(3mks)-Climate / Rainfall / Temperature - Altitude - Relief - Soil (Edaphic factors) - Aspect Page | 26Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B (75 MARKS) Answer question six and any other two questions in this section. 6.Study the photograph extract provided and answer questions (a), (b) and (c) below.a)i) Name the type of photograph shown.(1mk)- Aerial photograph ii) Briefly describe the activity represented in the photograph.(2mks)-The photograph shows transport activities - There is road network/interchange - There is a water vessel/ship - There is a bridge - Existence of buildings - Existence of motor vehicles - Existence of planted trees iii) Name two forms of transportation shown in the photograph.(2mks)- Road transport - Water transport b)Draw a rectangle 15cm by 12cm in the rectangle, represent the main features shown in the photograph.(5mks)- On the graph paper attachedc)Students from a secondary school in Murang‘a County conducted a field study on the activity shown in the photograph.i) State two objectives for their field study.- To find out the number of vessels docking into the port - To determine volume of trade in the port - To find out problems experienced conducting business in the port (Accept any other relevant point) ii) Why was it necessary for them to prepare a work schedule?(3mks)- To determine the specific time when each activity should take place. - To reduce time wastage by ensuring proper time management - Ensure all important areas are covered and none is forgotten. - Provide an estimate of total time required for the study. d)i) Apart from Mombasa, name one other city in East Africa where this photograph may have been taken.(1mk)- Dar-es-Salaamii) Name three countries which form part of Mombasa‘s hinterland.-Uganda- DRC- Kenya- Rwanda- South Sudan- Burundi(3mks)e) State and explain three geographical factors that favoured the establishment of the port of Mombasa.(6mks)- Has flat land which is ideal for construction of buildings (coastal plains) - Coval limestone rocks found in the sea were used as building stones for houses. - River Mwachi and Kiembeni provided early settlers with fresh water for domestic use. Later Mzima Springs in Tsavo West National Park became the main source of water. - The deep waters of Kilindini Creek provided a good sheltered natural harbour. - Has a large and rich agricultural hinterland and i.e. Kenya, N. Tanzania, Uganda, S. Sudan, Rwanda and DRC. 7.a) Name two major minerals mined in Kenya‘s Rift Valley.(2mks)-Diatomite - Kariandusi - Flouspar - Kerio Valley - Soda Ash - Magadi b) i) Apart from deep shaft mining, name three other mining methods.(3mks)- Open cast mining method - Placer mining method - Alluvial mining method ii) Explain how shaft mining methods is carried out.(7mks)- Used where the mineral bearing rock does not outcrop. - Vertical shafts are sunk into the earth‘s crust to reach the layer with mineral. - Horizontal tunnels are dug from the vertical shaft to reach the mineral - Props are erected to support the roof from collapsing. - The mineral bearing rock is then blasted through explosives - The deposit is transported on light rail or conveyor belts to the bottom of the shaft. - It is then brought to the surface in a crane or a lift (cage) for processing. c) State any four conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(4mks)- Presence of fossils / organic remains- Presence of sedimentary rocks for burying organic remains- Presence of pressure to compress organic remains to ?cook‘ the oil and natural gas out of organic matter.Page | 27Geography 312/1,312/2 - Presence of porous reservoir rock to store and transmit petroleum to the soil pools e.g. limestone / or sandstone. - Presence of a trap like syncline to hold petroleum in a reservoir to prevent it escape. - Presence of impermeable rocks below the trap or syncline to prevent petroleum percolating further underground. d) How does Kenya stand to gain from the exploitation of petroleum in the Turkana county?(9mks)- When exported, petroleum will earn Kenya foreign exchange - It will help Kenya save on foreign exchange that was formerly used to import crude oil from the Middle East - It will create employment opportunities for many Kenyans - Development of related industries e.g. fertilizer, plastics, pharmaceuticals etc. - Development of social amenities in the marginal areas e.g. schools, hospitals etc. - Infrastructure development e.g. roads, electricity, water supply etc. -Growth of new urban centres and expansion of existing towns. - A cheap source of energy for our industries and transport industry - Source of revenue for both county and national government through taxes, levies etc. (Accept any other relevant factor) 8.a) Define:-i) a forest(2mks)- It is a continuous and extensive land covered with a closed stand of tall trees, usually of economic value. ii) Forestry(2mks)- It is the science of developing/cultivating and managing forests and their associated resources for human benefits. b) Mention two factors that determine the distribution of forest in Kenya.(2mks)- Climate / Rainfall/temperature - Altitude - Aspect - Soil - Human activities - Government policy c) Explain four factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slope of Mt. Kenya.(8mks)- The area receive high rainfall/over 1000mm throughout the year which encourage growth of trees - The area has well drained soils hence there is no water logging that can choke plants and interfere with their growth - The area has deep fertile volcanic soil that allow the roots to penetrate deep in to the ground to support the trees. - The area has moderate to cool temperatures which are ideal for growth of a variety of trees. - The area is a gazetted forest reserve hence cultivation and settlement are prohibited hence allowing growth of trees without interference. - The steep slopes discourage human activities thus enabling forests to thrive.( 4 x 2 = 8 marks)d) Explain four common problems facing forestry in both Kenya and Canada.(8mks)- In both countries, large tracks of forests are destroyed by forest fires. - Diseases and pests e.g. arphids destroy the trees in both countries - Climate problems - In Canada, harsh cold climate slows down the growth rate of trees while in Kenya drought/ inadequate rainfall leads to drying up of forest trees - In both countries, some parts of forests are not accessible due to steep slopes.( 4 x 2 = 8 mks)e) Students of a school at the coast are planning to carry out a field study in a mangrove forest. i) Formulate two objectives they would prepare for the field study.(2mks)-To find out the types of trees in the forest. - To find out the height of trees in the forest. NB: Accept any other correctly stated objective. ii) Mention one type of data they would use in their field study.(1mk)- Primary data - Secondary data 9.a) i) What is shifting cultivation?(2mks)- It is a type of cultivation where land is cleared and cultivated and when the soil are exhausted, the farmers leave the land fallow so that it can regain its fertility and move to another piece of land ii) Identify four features of shifting cultivation.(4mks)- A virgin forest is cleared - Clearing is done by burning /hence slush and burn - Plots are small in size (1 - 3 cms) - Simple tools are used e.g. hoes, axes - Family labour is used - Little attention is given to the crops until they are ready for harvest - Planting is staggered throughout the year in order to ensure continous supply of food all the year round. - Crop yields are low just enough to sustain the family. - When crop yields decline the plot is abandoned and a fresh one is cleared. - The old plot is left fallow for along period of time. - Land is owned communally Page | 28Geography 312/1,312/2 - Production is for subsistence( 4 x 1 = 4 marks)b) State three physical condition that favour coffee growing in the Central highlands of Kenya.(3mks)- The soils are deep fertile volcanic type. - The area experiences cool to warm conditions / 140 - 240C throughout the year. - The land has gentle slopes that allow good drainage/well drained soils - The highlands experience high well distributed rainfall throughout the year which is ideal for coffee. c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing.(8mks)- The ripe/deep red berries are picked by hands. - The harvested berries are carried in baskets/sacks to the factory - The berries are sorted out to remove the unripe/diseased berries/overripe berries - The berries are graded into grade A and B. - The different grades are weighed. - Berries go through a machine that removes the outer covering - The beans are fermented in tanks for sometime. - The beans are washed and then sundried for about a week - The husks are removed and the beans winnowed. - The beans are sorted out and graded according to size and quality. - The beans are roasted at a temperature of about 1000C - The beans are ground into powder and packed for sale. (NB. Sequential/procedural to score max.) d) Explain four problems facing coffee farming in Brazil.(8mks)-Unregulated cultivation leads to soil exhaustion / low quality coffee - Climate hazards /Frost destroys coffee plant reducing the yield. - Unplanned planting leads to over-production/surplus production which lowers the price. - The fluctuation of coffee prices in the world sometimes leads to low profits - Stiff competition from other coffee producing countries reduces Brazil‘s dominance in the world coffee market. ( 4 x 2 = 8 marks) 10.a) Apart from wind and water, name two other types of renewable sources of energy.(2mks)- Sun/solar - Biomass (wood, biogas) - Animal b) State and explain five limitations (or problems) associated with the use of wind energy.(10mks)- Wind mills for harvesting it are expensive to buy and install - The equipments for harvesting is relatively expensive to maintain. - Many wind mills are required to provide a significant amount of electrical energy. - It fluctuates when strength and direction of wind changes. - The large tracks of land it requires (wind farms) alter the beauty of the environment. - It‘s not available in many areas except in open areas. c) i) Name the Hydro-electric power projects in the Seven Fork scheme marked X, Y and Z.(3mks)X - Kamburu Y - Gitaru Z - Kiambere ii) Give the names of the two yet-to-be completed power projects to complete the Seven Fork project.(2mks)- Mutonga - Grand Falls d) i) What is meant by energy crisis?(2mks)-A situation whereby the demand for oil is higher than the amount that is being supplied leading to high oil prices. ii) Explain the impact of the energy crisis on the economy of developing countries.(6mks)- Increase in the prices of many commodities as a result of increase in the cost of production and transportation where oil is used to provide power and as a raw material in some industries. - Increase in the price of imports due to high crude oil prices which affect the balance of trade by causing earnings from exports to be lower than the cost of imports. - High rates of inflation / devaluation of local currency as a result of commodity prices rising high due to the cost of imports being passed to the a consumers - Industries are forced to lay off workers because of the high cost of production which can cause losses. - It cause the price of other forms of energy e.g. charcoal and gas also to become expensive. - Developing countries running into heavy debts as a result of borrowing heavily to pay for oil loans which are paid at high interest rates making the country unable to invest in development projects. - Decrease in agricultural production as a result of decrease in the use of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers due to their high cost brought about by increase in oil prices. - Decline in the number of tourists as a result of escalation of oil prices making air travel very expensive. Page | 2900Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ?40? EXAMINATION 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2015 TIME: 23/4 HOURS SECTION A Attempt all the questions in this Section 1.(a) Give two reasons why it is important to study Geography(2mks)(b) Highlight two weaknesses of the passing star theory(2mks)2.(a) What are asteroids(2mks)(b) Name two forces responsible for the geoid shape of the earth3.The world sketch map below shows areas with temperature grasslands(a) Name the grassland marked A , B, and C(3mks)(b) Give three characteristics of desert vegetation(3mks)4.(a) Distinguish between river confluence and river mouth(2mks)(b) State three factors which influence development of a drainage pattern(3mks)5.(a). State three factors which influence tranportation of materials in the desert by wind(3mks)(b) Name three resultant features from water action in the desert(3mks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section6.Study the map of Busia (1:50.00 sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions .(a)(i) Give the latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map(2mks)(ii) What is the height in metres of Odiads hill at grid grid reference 290333(1mk)(iii) Measure the length of all weather road loose surface from the Junctin at Bumala market grid reference 336338 to bridgeat Lumino grid reference 274427 ( Give your answer in kilometres(2mks)(b)(i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 20 metres draw a cross section between contour at grid reference 263370 andcontour at grid reference 330377 in the area covered by the map(5mks)(ii) In the cross section you have drawn mark and name the following(i) River(1mk)(ii) All weather road loose surface(1mk)(iii) Area with steep slopes(1mk)(c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map(6mks)(d) Citing evidence from the map give three economic activities practised(6mks)7(a) What is a rock(2mks)(ii) Describe the following characteristics of minerals- Texture- Lustre- Element composition(6mks)(b)(i) Name two types of hypabyssal rocks(2mks)(ii) Describe three ways through which an original rock can be converted into metamorphic rock(9mks)(c) Explain three significances of rocks(6mks)Page | 3000Geography 312/1,312/2 8. The world map below shows fold mountains distribution in the world. (a)(i) Name the fold mountains marked A B and C(3mks)(ii) Apart from fold mountains name three other features associated with folding(3mks)(b) With the aid of well labelled diagrams, describe how Fold Mountains were formed(9mks)(c) Explain the significance of folding(10mk)9.(a) What is a lake?(2mks)(ii) Name two fresh water lakes in Kenyan Rift valley System(2mks)(iii) Give four reasons why some lakes in the Rift Valley have fresh water(4mks)(b)(i) Describe how Lake Victoria was formed(5mks)(ii) State four sources of Lake water(4mks)(c) Suppose you carried out a field study on a lake;(i) Give three methods you would use to collect data(3mks)(ii) State three advantages of studying lakes through fieild work(3mks)(iii) Give two uses of lakes they may have identified(2mks)10.(a) What is a soil profile?(2mks)(ii) Give three components of soil(3mks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation(i) Climate(4mks)(ii) Topography(4mks)(c)(i) State three characteristics of desert soil(2mks)(d) You are supposed to carry out a field study of an eroded area(i) List down two indicators which would prove that the area is severely eroded(2mks)(ii) Give two follow-up activities you would carry out after field work(2mks)(iii) State three recommendations you would give to control soil erosion(3mks)Page | 31Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ?40? EXAMINATION 2015 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2015 TIME: 23/4 HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.(a) Name two types of fish caught from Lake Victoria(2mks)(b) State three reasons why fish farming should be encouraged in Kenya(3mks)2(a) State three physical conditions that favour wheat cultivation in Kenya(3mks )(b) Name two provinces where wheat is grown on large scale in Canada2mks3(a) What is urbanisation(1mk)(b) State four factors which have led to the development of Mombasa as a mojor sea port in the region(4mks)4Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation(2mks)(b) State three factors that influenced the establishment of perkerra irrigation scheme(3mks)5(a) List two forms of telecommunication services in Kenya(2mks)(b) State three ways in which Kenya would benefit from construction of standard gauge railway(3mks)SECTION B - Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section6.The table below shows forest plantations by area in hectares in three countries in Kenya between 2011and 2014 . Use it to answer the questions that followsCountry /Year2011201220132014Nakuru150140120100Kericho140135130110Nandi12011010090a(i) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 20 hectares draw a comparative line graph to represent the above data.(6mks)(ii) Give two advantages of using the above method to represent data(2mks)bState five factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forests in many parts of Kenya(5mks)cExplain four measures that the governement of Kenya is taking to conserve forests in the country( 8mks)dState the difference between softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings(i) Distribution of softwood forests(2mks)(ii) Transportation of logs(2mks)7.(a) Name two types of coffee that are grown in Kenya(2mks)(b State four physical conditions that favour coffee farming in Kenya(4mks)(c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing(3mks)(d) Explain three problems that are facing coffee farming in Kenya(6mks)(e) Your class visited a horticultural farm in your county for a field study .(i) Name three horticultural crops they could have identified(3mks)(ii) State three problems facing horticultural farming they could have identified3mks)8.(a) Name three agricultural food processing industries in Kenya(4mks)(b) State four reasons why the government of Kenya should encourage the development of cottage industries (4mks (c) Explain four factors that led to the growth and development of the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany (8mks) (d) Explain three measures that can be undertaken to curb environmental pollution that arise from the development of industries(6mks)(e) State four ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya(4mks)9.(a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya(2mks)(b) State two physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Kenya(2 mks)(c) Explain four ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy farming in Denmark(8mks)(d) Explain four measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef cattle farming(8mks)(e) Your class is planning to visit a dairy farm within your county(i) State three objective for the study(3mks)(ii) Name two methods of data collection you would use(2mks)10.(a)(i) Name two minerals which occur as placer deposits(2 mks)(a) Describe how shaft mining is carried out(5 mks)(c) Explain how the following factors influence exploitation of minerals(i) Value of mineral(2 mks)(ii) Quality of the ore(2 mks)(iii) Mining methods(2 mks)(d) Explain four ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa(8 mks)(e) State four negative effects of mining on the environment(4 mks)Page | 32Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA WEST SUB COUNTY EFFECTIVE “40” GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME 312/1 1. (a) Give two reasons why it is important to study Geography - It is a career subject - Helps learners to develop skills of observing /reading /analysing statistical data - Helps the learners to understand and appreciate the different type of environments - Creates international awareness - Help learners in time management - Learners are able to understand the need of conserving the environment. (b) Weaknesses of Nebula cloud theory - If another star approaches the sun, it would melt down - Chances of another star opproaching the sun are few - Do not explain the origin of the star and sun 2.(a) What are asteroids?-These are planet like objects which orbit around the sun between mars and jupiter(b) Forces responsble for the shape of the earth - Centripeted forces - Centrifugal forces - Force of gravitiy 3(a) - Grasslands - A- Prairies - B- Veld /veldt - C- Downs (b) Characteristics of desert vegetation - Some have deep tap roots - Some have leafts modified into thorns - Some have succulent stems - Some have waxy leafs - Some have thick barks - Stomata of some vegetation are protected from excessive exposure to evaporation by being sunken- Some plants sprouts fast after rains produces seeds and dries up after a short period of time( First 3 x 1 = 3mks)4(a) Distinguish between river confluence and river mouth- A river confluence is a point where tributary joins the main river while river mouth is the end point of a river(2mks)(b) Factors influencing the development of a drainage putters- Slope of the land - Difference in rock resistance/hardness -Rock structure along a rivers profile( 3mks)5. (a) Factors influencing transportation of material in the desert - Strength/velocity /speed of the wind - Absence / presence of obstacles - Presence /abscence of vegetation cover /water mass on the path of the wind - Nature of the load - Weather changes (first 3 x 1 = 3mks ) b) Resultant features from water action in the desert - Wadis - Buttes / Mesas - Gorges /Canyons - Inselbergs(first 3 x 1 = 3mks )6(a) (i) Latitudinal exent of the area covered by the map-From 0? 15 North to 0? 27‘ North(2mks)(b) Height of Odiads Hill = 1568m(1mk)Length of the loose surface road from Bumala market grid ref 336338 to bridge at Lumino grid references 27442711.4 Kilometres _ - 0.1 = 11.3 km or 11.5 km(b) Cross direction of graph paper . Mark the following(i)Title derived from the question- 1mk(ii) Lebelling of vertical axes- 1mk(iii) Starting point and end point- 1mk(iv) Horizontal extent- 1mk(v) Trend- 1mk(vi) River Marking- 1mk(vii) Road- 1mkPage | 3300Geography 312/1,312/2 (viii) Steep sloping area (any)- 1mkCross Section Title A cross section Between contour at grid reference 263370 and crystour at grid reference 330377 in the area covered by the map Cross Section (d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map - There are many permanent rivers - There are several seasonal swamps in the Northern part of the map - Rive Sio is the main river - The main river is flowing from North East to South West - There is a water reservoir /man-made lake in grid square 2134 -River sio has sevaral tributaries -Some rivers are disappearing(Any 6x1 points = 6marks)(d) Economic activities based on evidenceEconomicEvidenceActivity(i) TransportPresence of all-weather roads(ii) TradingPresence of markets(iii) Crop growing/farmingPresence of cotton storeagriculture(3x2=6mks)7(a) What is a rock(i)It is a natural occurring substance made up of one or more elements and forms part of the earth‘s crust(2mks)(ii) Texture Different minerals have different textures/shape and sizes of individual crystals(2mks)(ii) LustreDifferent minerals have different lustre way through which they reflect light/some minerals are shiny while others aredull(2mks)Elements composition-Some minerals are made up of one element while others are compounds / are made up of more than one mineralsPage | 34Geography 312/1,312/2 (2mks)Total (6mks)b)(i) Types of hypabyssal rock-Porphyry-Dolerate-Porphyrite-Diabase-Lamprophyre-Granophyre(ii) Thermo metamorphism - An original rock can be converted into metamorophic rock if it is subjected to intense heat especially during vulcanicity . The rock experiences changes in colour /mineral re-arrangment (3) (ii) Dynamic metarmorphism - This is whereby the original rock is subjected to great pressure during earth movements . The intense pressure results in the rock changing colour /mineral re-arrangement (3) (iii) Thermo-dynamic/cataclastic metamorplosion - The‘s is whereby the original rock is subjected to both intense heat and pressure associated with volcanicity and earth movements . The rock colour changes and there is crystal re-arrangment (6mks) c) Significance of rocks -Rocks form the parent material from which soil is formed . The soils are used for crop farming/ agriculture .-Some rocks act as water storage for underground water . This water is used for underground water. This water is used fordomestically and in industries-Some rocks forms good scenery which attracts tourists who brings in foreign exchange .-Some rocks are used in building and construction-Some rocks contains valuable minerals which are extracted and sold thereby earning the country exchange-Exploitation of rocks may lead to land dereliction /scarnification /ugly pits which destroys the natural land scenery(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks) 8.(a) MountainA- RockiesB- AlpsC-Himalayas(3 x 1 = 3mks)(ii)Features associated with folding-Depression-Escarpments-Syncinal valleys(3 x 1 = 3mks)(c) Significance of folding-The windward sides of Fold Mountains receive high rainfall which encourages growth of forests. The trees are harvested toprovide timber for building and constructions-Heavy rainfall on the windward sides leads to development of rivers which provide water for domestic use/industries-The swift flowing streams /rivers in the fold mountains areas are harnessed to produces hydroelectric power-During folding mineral may be brought nearer to the ground making it easier to mine them.-Fold mountains offer unique scenery which attracts tourists who brings in foreign exchange-Fold mountains are barriers to transport and communication-Fold mountains have thin soils which discourages agriculture-In the past fold mountains provided defensive walls against attacks(Any 5 x 2 = 10mks)9.(a) What is a lake?A lake is an extensive body of water in a hollow/ depression on the surface of the earth(2mks)(ii) Fresh water lakes in the Rift valley-Lake Naivasha-Lake Baringo(2mks)(iii) Reasons why some lakes in the Rift Valley have fresh water-Some have underground drainage eg Lake Naivasha-Some are located in areas with low/moderate temperatures hence low evaporation rates-Some have numerous rivers which feeds them with fresh water-Some lake beds of some lakes have rocks formed through recent volcanic eruption which covered salty rocks beneathb(i) Formation of Lake Victoria-A major land divide existed to the East of Lake Victoria which separated river systems flowing into Indian Ocean from thoseflowing into Congo basin-Land in the West began to rise during the formation of the Rift valley.-Plateau surface of the West was raised while middle section sunk to form a basin-Plateau surface was titled towards the East and rivers flowing towards the West were backfilted /experienced reversed flow-Their waters filled the basin together with waters from rivers such as Yando and Nzoia-This resulted in formation of Lake Victoria(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)Sources of Lake water-From rain water-From riversPage | 35Geography 312/1,312/2 -From water oozing from the ground-rom melt water-From surface run-off(First 4 x 1 = 4mks)c(i) Methods of collecting data-Direct observation-Reading from secondary sources-Taking photographs/video recording/filming-Carrying out interviewsMapping 1 field sketching(ii) Importance studying lake through fieldwork-It breaks the monotony of studying in class-It makes Geography real-It enables the students to collect first head information-It enhances visual memory-It provides detailed /indepth/broad learning(Any first 3 x1 = 3mks)(iii) Uses of Lakes-Provides water for domestic /irrigation industrial use-Lakes are used for transport and communication-Lakes provides building materials such as sand.-Lakes attracts tourists-Lakes are source of fish-Lake water is used to generate hydroelectric power(First 2 x 1 = 2mks)10.(a) What is a soil profile ?It is vertical arrangements of soil layers from the surface to the bedrock(2mks)(ii) Components of soil-Soil air-Organic matter-Soil water-In-organic components elements(first 3 x 1 = 3mks)(b) Explain how the following influences soil formation Climate -Seasonal variation of temperature and rainfall affects the rate at which certain soil forming process takes place eg High/heavy rainfall causes leaching while high temperature causes higher chemical changes. Low temperature slow down chemical weathering of rocks to form soil(Any 2x2 = 4mks)Topography Steepslopes experiences fast run-off leading to washing away of soil/erosion resulting in formation of shallow /immature soils -Areas which are well drained/gentle slopes experiences free water drainage under the surface and moderate surface run-off leading to formation of mature soils -Flat areas experience high rate of leaching. Rate of chemical disintegration is slow because air isn‘t able to penetrate into thesoil leading to formation of immature soils(Any first 2 x 2 = 4mks)(ii) Economic uses of soil-Soils provides a medium on which crops grow/are used for crop cultivation-Some soils are used as food for animals eg salt licks-Soils are used in making bricks which are used in building and construction-Soil is used in making pots/ ceramics/sculptures-Some soils contains minerals which are extracted commercially-Some soils such as red ochre are used for decoration(First 2 x 1 = 4mks)(d) (i) Indicators of severe soil erosion-Presence of Gullies/deep trenches-Little/abscence of vegetation cover-Little/abscence of top soil-Exposed plant/tree roots(first 2 x 1= 2mks)(ii) Follow up activities after field work-Writing a report about their findings-Holding class discussion-Developing photographs-Displaying the photographs-Write appreciation letter to resource persons(First 3 x 1 = 3mks)(iii) - Residents should construct gabions-Construction of check dams-Embark on afforestation / reafforestation programmes-Fill the gullies-Construct drainage trenches-Use suitable methods of farming-Plant cover crops/mulching /terracing(First 3 x 1= 3mks)Page | 36Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYANGA WEST EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME 312/2 1.(a) Name two types of fish caught from lake victoria-Tilapia-Dagaa ( omena)-Herring-Nile perch (mbuta )(first 2 x 1= 2mks)(b) State three reasons why fish farming should be encouraged in Kenya-It allows better use of land and water resources-It creates employment opportunities-It contributes immensely to the supply of animal protein-Some of the fish from the ponds eg trout are exported to earn foreign exchange-The activity can lead to the development of the related industries eg fish processing, fertilisers , manufacturing . boatconstruction and net making-It is free from international conflicts and disputes-It occupies less space compared to other activities such as livestock keeping-It assist in the conservation of fish-It encourages research on fish(first 3 x 1 = 3mks)2.(a) State three physical conditions that favour wheat cultivation in Kenya-Moderate rainfall (500mm to 1270mm) to enhance the growth of wheat-Temperatures ranging (from 150c to 200c) warm condition to facilitate growth /maturity of wheat-A warm /dry/sunny spell for ripening and harvesting-Deep well drained volocanic sustain high production-Gently sloping /undulating landscape to allow proper drainage /mechanised cultivation(first 3 x 1 = 3mks)(b) Name two provinces where wheat is grown on large scale in Canada-Alberta-Manitoba-Saskatchewan(first 2 x 1 = 2mks)3(a) What is urbanisation-It is the process through which an increasing proportion of a country‘s population is concentrated in towns . It also refers to growth of towns in number and size/process by which population is transferred from rural based agricultural life style to urban based life style1mk(b) State four factors which have led to the development of Mombasa as a major sea port in the region-The port is well linked to its hinterland by a railway line , road and air-Mombasa serves a very large hinterland including the whole of Kenya, East Africa and other countries like Rwanda, Burudiand Zambia-The island has a deep and broad harbour (Kilindi) for anchoring ship-It has many tourist sites (beaches, historical sites, coral reers etc) with high class tourist hotels that attracts tourists-Its strategic position allows to ships salling between Europe and Asia to anchor. This enchances trade in the area-It has modern port equipment /creation of container terminal(First 4 x 1 = 4mks)4(a) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation-Land reclamation is the process by which unproductive land such as a desert or a swamp is converted into an agriculturally productive state while land rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring land that was originally productive to its former useful condition2mks(b) State three factors that influenced the establishment of perkerra irrigination scheme-The presence of sufficient water from river perkerra through out the year-Availability of an extensive and gently sloping land that allows the natural flow of water to the fields by gravity-There was need to control the devastating seasonal flooding of river perkerra that originates from Tugen hills and to utilisethe excess water instead of it going to waste-The deep clays that are deposited by the flooding river are suitable for the growth of a variety of crops like onions, pawpawetc-Low and unevenly distributed rainfall could not support agriculture thus the need for irrigation for improved productivity ofthe area throughout the year(First 2 1x = 2mks)(5a) List two forms of telecommunications services in Kenya-Land line /mobile phone services-Telex services-Telegraphic-Paging-Radio /TV communication(First 2 x 1 = 2mks)Page | 37Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) State three ways in which Kenya would benefit from construction of standard gauge railway - It will lead to development of towns - It is a faster mode of transport /efficiency in transport - It will help to handle bulk goods with ease - It will lead to increase in trade between East African countries - It is an efficient mode of transport - It will offer employment opportunities to many(First 3 x 1 = 3mks)GSECTION B 6 (i) Give two advantages of using a comparative line graph - They give clear visual impression - They are easy to construct - They are easy to interpret - They can be used to represent a wide variety of valuables - They are appropriate for comparison(First 2 x 1 = 2mks)(b) State five factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forests in many parts of Kenya - The illegal encroachment of human activities eg agriculture and settlement. - Illegal logging . This involves culting down of trees by unlicenced people for charcoal and other timber products . - Prolonged droughts have caused drying of some forests. - Outbreak of forest fires caused by charcoal burning and hunters destroy large hectare or trees eg. on Mt Kenya in 20013 - Pest and diseases destroy some trees in the forests e.g Aphids have mainly affected cypress trees - Over exploitation of certain species of trees - The degazettement of state forests in the year 2002 hence reducing the total acreage under forests (first 2 x 1 = 2mks) (c) Explain four measures that the govenment of Kenya is taking to conserve forests in the country -Creation of forest reserves. Deliberate effort is being made to create forest reserves on mountain slopes and river banks with aim of preventing soil erosion and conserving the river catchment areas e.g The aberdare, Mau & Arabu Sokoke forest reserves -Registering /recognizing the efforts of NGO‘s like the Green Belt Movement which have mounted campaigns onplantingtrees-Creating public awareness through mass media public barazas on the importance of conserving forest resources-Enacting laws to prohibit the culting of trees without a license /protecting indingenous tree species-Setting aside national tree planting day to encourage people to plant more trees .-Establishing NEMA / Ministry of environment and natural resources to co-ordinate environmental managementandconservation activities-Advising people to practice Agro-forestry so as to avoid cutting trees from the forests-Employing forest guards to protect forests from fires land other illegal human actitivities .-Encouraging use of other sources of energy to reduce demand of trees .-Carrying out research (through KEFRI) and ICRAF in order to come up with ways of controlling diseases /pests .-This helps to develop species suitable for different ecological regions(First 4 x 2 = 8mks)(d) State the differences between softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following subheading (i) Distribution of softwood forests In Kenya forest cover a small percentage of land in the country and are scattered in the Kenya highlands while in Canada forests are continous covering very large track of land more than fifty percent of the total land is under forests (ii) Transportation of logs In Kenya forest the logs are transported by tractors from the forests to the processing points while in Canada the logs are transported using rivers to the processing point(2mks)7 (a) Name the two types of coffee that are grown in Kenya(i) Robusta(ii) Arabica(iii) Ruiru 11(First 2 x 1= 2mks)(b) State four physical conditions that favour coffee farming in Kenya-Cool to hot temperatures between 150c to 30oc-High well distributed rainfall between 1000mm-2000mm throughout the year-Deep well drained volcanic soils-Frost free environment-Two months dry period to allow ripening-High altitude ranging between 910m and 1830m above sea level. However in a few areas like Machakos it is grown at slightlylower altitudes(First 4 x 1=4mks)(c) Explain three problems that are facing coffee farming in Kenya - In adequate and unreliable rainfall lowers the quality and quantity of the yield - Pests and diseases like leaf rust, coffee berry disease, root rot destroy the crops reducing the yields - Fluctuation of prices in the world markets disourages the farmers - High cost of farm inputs, fertilizers and pesticide reduce the farmer‘s profit margins - Delayed payments. Thus lowers the farmer‘s morale in coffee production Page | 38Geography 312/1,312/2 - Competition in the world market. This is due to flooding occassioned by over production - Poor roads. Some of the feeder roads in the growing areas are poorly maintained and impassable during the rainy season. - Mismanagement of the coffee board of Kenya and failure to pay farmers has led to the decline of coffee growing in Kenya . - Inadequate labour during harvesting period- Competition from other well paying crops like the macademia, tea and horticultural cropsDescribe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing- The pipe/deep red berries are picked by hand- The harvested berries are carried in baskets /sacks to the factory- The berries are sorted out to remove the unripe/ diseased- The berries are graded into grade A and B- The different grades are weighed- Berries go through a machine that removes the outer covering /pulp- The beans are fermented in tanks for sometime- The beans are washed and then sun dried for about a week .- The husks are removed and the beans winnowed- The beans are sorted out and graded according to size and quality- The beans are roasted at temperatures of about 1000c- The beans are ground into powder ready for sale- The powder is packaged ready for sale Sequence most be followede) Your class visited a horticultural farm within your country for a field study (i) Name three horticultural crops they could have identified- Vegetables eg tomatoes, onions, carrots (allow any correct vegetable) - Fruits e.g oranges, mangoes (allow any correct fruit- Flowers e.g. roses, orchids, carnations (allow any correct flower )(ii) State three problems facing horticultural farming they could have identified -Pests and diseases which destroy the crops hence lowering produce-Inadequate refrigeration facilities leads to reduction in quality of the highly perishable products-Freight charges are high leading to low profits-Transport problems during rainy seasons leads to delays-Marketing system not organised hence farmers fail to sell their products-Climatic hazards eg hail stones, prolonged drought which destroy crops-In adequate capital to run the farm ( Any 3x1=3mks)8 (a) Name three agriculuture food processing industries in Kenya(First 3 x2 = 6mks)(7mks)(3mks)(max 1mk)( max 1mk)( max 1mk) - Tea processing, milk processing, fruit canning/processing, coffee processing, sugar refining, brewing, bakering, grain milling , meat , canning/meat processing, vegetable canning/processing, oil pressing/processing(Any 3x1=3mks)(b) State four reasons why the government of Kenya should encourage the development of cottage industries-The industries requires little capital to start and run due to their small scale nature-The cottage industry creates employment opportunities for may people especially the youth. This raises their living standards-The industry provides cheap consumer goods to substitute the expensive imported goods thus saving the country‘s foreignexchange-The Jua Kali products are cheap as compared to similarly industrially manufactured goods-The industry successfully uses discarded materials such as scrap metals which would otherwise go to waste and causeenvironmental degradation-It requires cheap machinery-It encourages decentralisation of industries-It encourages Kenyans to be self reliant(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)(c) Explain four factors that led to the growth and development of the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany-Availability of coal. The Ruhr region is located on the largest coal field in Europe. The coal provides a basic raw material forthe manufacturer of iron and steel-Availability of limestone. Limestone is one of the major raw materials in iron and steel industry. It is available in the Ruhrregion-Availability of iron ore in the Rhine valley. This has greatly influenced the location of the iron and steel industries. The ironore has however reduced forcing the industries to import more from France and Sweden-Central geographical location. The Ruhr region is centrally located in Europe thus accessible to all parts of Europe by water ,road, rail and air. This facilitates easy marketing of iron and steel .-Availability of capital. Capital accrued from other industries like coal is invested in the iron and steel industry. Old richcompanies also provide ready capital for development in the region eg the krupp group.-Availability of market , product from the iron and steel industries in Ruhr Region have a ready market within the locality aswell as in other part of the world .-Availability of skilled labour , metal work has been a long term tradition amongst the people in the Rhine valley, this meansthat they have developed skills in metal working hence available skilled labour that is needed in the industries( First4x2= 8mks)d) Explain three measures that can be undertaken to curb environmental pollution that arise from the development of industries-Treating industrial waste before being thrown into the rivers or lakes to control water pollutionPage | 39Geography 312/1,312/2 -Creating awareness on the importance of environment to the industrial workers by government and some other stakeholders-Controlling smoke and other fumes using fume chambers in the industries and make use of fuels that emit less or noFumes at all to control the machines in the industries-Enacted laws should be enforced and the culprit to the arrested and charged in court-Conducting research by the manufactures on the raw materials that do not pollute the environment (First 3 x 2 = 6mks)e) State four ways in which energy crisis affects the economy of Kenya-It leads to an increase in prices of imports and other locally manufactured goods-Third world countries spend huge sums of money on importation of crude oil , this include Kenya.-It affects balance of trade since earnings from exportswill be lower than exports .-Results into inflation since the government passes the costs to consumers-It leads to a drop in the Gross Domestic product of a country since there will be more expenditure than investments-It causes recession making an economy unable to create more jobs-It causes a rise in the living standards of the people-It leads to increased production costs in the industries-It encourages development of alternative sources of energy , especially the non-exhaustible-The constant fluctuation in oil prices necessitates the search for alternative sources of energy.-Demand for charcoal and fuel wood has increased.This has caused deforestation and soil erosion hence reducing productivity of land in the country9(a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya-Fresian(ii) Ayrshire(iii) Guernsey (iv) Jersey( First 2x1=2mks)(b) State two physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Kenya-Low temperature averaging 180-High rainfall which is well distributed through out the year to ensure abundant supply of water and adequate natural pasturefor the animals-Well drained fertile volcanic soils(First 2x1=2mks)(c) Explain four ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy farming in Denmark-In Kenya, dairy farming is restricted to the cool areas especially the highlands in Denmark dairy farming is practised throughout the country-In Kenya , most dairy products are for local consumption on the other hand, Denmark produces more dairy products than itrequires therefore exporting more .-In Denmark dairy cooperatives are highly developed and effective while in Kenya, dairy cooperatives suffer mismanagementhence do not have enough funds to assist farmers-Denmark‘s dairy yields are constant throughout the year while in Kenya the yields fluctuates due to weather changes-In Kenya technology is of low level in Denmark on the otherhand there is a high level of technology-In Kenya use of artificial insemination is Limited to specific areas because of in adequate capital while in Denmark , artificialinsemination services are widely used-In Kenya cattle mainly depend on natural grass while in Denmark cattle mailnly depends on fodder crops and commercialfeeds-Kenyan farmers practice mixed farming while the Danish farmers specialise in commercial dairy farming(First 4 x 2 = 8mks) (d) Explain four measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef cattle keeping -It strengthens community education to teach beef cattle farmer‘s better livestock management -The government encourages research / the cross breeding of traditional cattle breds with exotic ones. This improves the quality of the animals/cross breeds are more resistant to diseases than pure exotic breeds . -It has constructed roads to make services accessible to farmers/make transportation of animals to market easier-It encourages the replacement of the coarse grass with nutritious pasture to improve the quality of animals-It has sunk bore holes/dug wells/ constructed dams to provide water for the animals-It has revived Kenya Meat Commission ( KMC) a government parastatal that buys animals from farmers for slaughter(e) Your class is planning to visit a dairy farm within your county(i) State three objectives for the study-To find out about dairy farm activities-To find out where the farmer sell his or her milk-To find out the type of breeds kept by the farmer-To investigate the problems facing dairy farm(First 3x1= 3mks)(ii) Name two methods of data collections you would use(3mks)-Direct observation-Photographing-Conducting interview-Administering questionnaire(First 2x1= 2 mks)10 (a) Name two minerals which occur as placer depositsGold, tin and platinum( First 2x1=2mks)(b) Describe how shape mining is carried out-Vertical shaft are sunk underground-The horizontal tunnels galleries are dug to reach the mineral bearing rockPage | 40Geography 312/1,312/2 -Pit props are constructed to support the horizontal tunnels-The mineral bearing rock is blasted by explosives or where the rock is soft it is dug out-They are then transported to the base of the shaft by a light railway-The ore is then hauled to the surface by a cage operating in form of a lift. These cages are also used to tranport the workersand instruments(c) Explain how the following factors influence exploitation of minerals-Minerals that are of high demand and economic value may be mined at a very high cost because they can be sold at highprices.-Less valuable minerals cannot be mined if the cost of mining will be he higher that the returns(2mks)(ii) Quality of the ore-The higher grade ares are more economical to exploit than low grade ore because they yield a large amount of metal. They arealso easier and cheaper to smelt.-Mineral concentration and quality within the rock bodies varies. If they are highly concentrated then they are easier andcheaper to mine and proces-The presence or abscence of impurities eg the quality of petroleum is determined by its clarity from impurities eg sulphur.(2mks)iii) Mining method-This depends on the mode of occurence of the ores. The cost of mining varies from one method to another . The open castmethod is cheaper while underground method is more expensive(2mks)ii) Quality of the ore-The higher grade ores are more economical to exploit than low grade ore because they yield a large amount of metal. They arealso easier and cheaper to smelt.-Mineral concentration and quality within the rock bodies varies. If they are highly concentrated then they are easier andcheaper to mine and process-The process or abscence of impurities e.g. the quality of petroleum is determined by its clarity from impurities eg. sulphur(2mks)(d) Explain four ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa-It has stimulated widespread urbanisation . Towns have sprung up e.g. the orange free state and transvaal into the formation ofthe witwaters and conurbation e.g welkam.-It has resulted into the country earning huge foreign exchange which is later used to improve other sectors of the economy egagriculture and education .-It has assisted in improving infrastructure e.g. railway not only in the mining regions but also in the country as a whole-It has offered employment opportunities to thousands of people thus raising the citizens living standards-It has boosted the provision of social amenities within the mining regions and their surrounding e.g. hospitals, school andclean water .-It has promoted the development of industries in the areas e.g. by providing market for engineering, electrical appliances andconstruction industries-Since gold co exist with uranium gold mining has made South Africa a leading producer of energy-It has enhanced the improvement of technology in the methods of mining and equipments(First 4 x2 = 8mks)(e) State four negative effects of mining on the environment-It causes pollution of air/water /land and noise-It causes derelection of land/ugly land slide scars-It causes disruption /lowering of the water table-It leads to loss of biodiversity /plants and animals-It leads to soil erosion/degeneraton of soilsPage | 4100Geography 312/1,312/2 GATAGA FORM IV END OF TERM II EXAMINATION - 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 3/4 Hours SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.The diagram below shows the revolution of the earth around the sun.Use it to answer the questions that follow;(a) (i)If the earth takes 366 days to make a complete revolution during a leap year, how long will it take to move fromposition 2 to position 4 ?(1mk)(ii) What season is experienced in the Southern hemisphere when the earth is in position 1?(1mk)(b) State three effects of rotation of the earth.(3mks)2.(a) Differentiate between the terms plate tectonics and tectonic plate.(2mks)(b) Identify three activities that take place along extension boundaries.(3mks)3.(a) List two elements of weather.(2mks)(b) Name three processes through which the atmosphere is heated.(3mks)4.Describe how lake Victoria was formed.(5mks)5.(a) Define the term moraine.(2mks)(b) State three factors that influence the rate of movement of a glacier.(3mks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 and answer the questions that follows.(a)(i) Convert the ratio scale on the map into a statement scale.(1mk)(ii) Give the latitudinal extent of the map.(2mks)(iii) What is the magnetic variation of the map extract?(2mks)(b)(i) Calculate the area enclosed by the international boundary and the Northings 40 upto the Western margin of themap. Give your answers in km2.(2mks)(ii) What is the length of the loose surface road C526 from the junction near Odiado school, grid reference 276318to the edge of the map on the East end?(2mks)(iii) Give the six-figure grid reference for the junction of the roads C529 and B 8/3.(2mks)(c)(i) Draw a square measuring 10cm X 10cm to represent the area West of Eastings 25 and South of Northing 33.(1mk)On it mark and label:--Swamp(1mk)-A road(1mk)-Col(1mk)-A river(1mk)-Thicket(1mk)(ii) Citing evidence from the map, give one reason which indicates that the area receives low rainfall.(2mks)(d) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map.(6mks)7.(a)(i) State two characteristics of sedimentary rocks.(2mks)(ii) Describe three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed.(6mks)(b) Describe two processes through which sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks.(4mks)(c) Give an example of each of the following types of igneous rocks.(i) Plutonic rocks(1mk)(ii) Hypobesal rocks(1mk)(iii) Volcanic rocks(1mk)Page | 4200Geography 312/1,312/2 (d)(i) Give two examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks.(2mks)(ii) State five uses of rocks.(5mks)(iii) Describe the following characteristics of minerals:-- Lustre(1mk)- Colour(1mk)- Density(1mk)8.(a)(i) What is natural vegetation?(1mk)(ii) Distinguish between derived and planted vegetation.(2mks)(iii) Explain how the following climatic factors influence vegetation distribution.- Precipitation(2mks)- Temperature(2mks)- Wind(2mks)- Sunlight2mks)(b) The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain in Africa. Use it to answer question (b) (i). 5000 4000 Bare rock 3000 Y 2000X1000WSavannah vegetation0(i) Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y.(3mks)(ii) Describe the characteristics of savannah vegetation.(4mks)(c)(i) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries.- Canada(1mk)- Russia(1mk)- Australia(1mk)(ii) Give two reasons why the Tundra region has scanty vegetation.(2mks)9.The diagram below shows a section of a river. Use it to answer the questions that follow.(a)(i) Name the features marked S and T(2mks)(ii) State three conditions that are necessary for the formation of the feature marked S.(3mks)(b)(i) Outline two factors that influence the development of a drainage pattern.(2mks)(ii) Outline five characteristics of a river in its youthful stage.(5mks)(c) Your class is planning to carry out a field study of a river in its old stage.(i) State three reasons why it would be necessary to pre-visit the area of study.(3mks)(ii) State four activities you would carry out to determine why deposition occurs at this stage.(4mks)(d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment.(6mks)10.(a)(i) State two causes of submergence of Coasts.(2mks)(ii) Name two features that form as a result of submergence of Coasts.(2mks)(b)(i) State four conditions that favour the growth of coral.(4mks)(ii) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe the process through which a stack is formed.(9mks)(iii) Explain two ways in which coral contribute to the economy of Kenya.(4mks)(c)(i) What are tides?(2mks)(ii) Name the three ocean currents along the Western Coast of Africa.(3mks)Page | 43Geography 312/1,312/2 GATAGA FORM IV END OF TERM II EXAMINATION - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 3/4 Hours SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.(a) What is dependency ratio?(2mks)(b) Apart from rural - rural migration list two other types of internal migrations in Kenya.(2mks)(c) State two causes of rural to rural migration.(2mks)2.Explain how the following processes influence the occurence of minerals.-Vulcanicity(2mks)-Sedimentation(2mks)3.(a) Name two renewable sources of industrial energy.(2mks)(b) State three physical conditions necessary for the location of hydro-electric power dam.(3mks)4.Describe the stages in the reclamation of land from the sea in Netherlands.(5mks)5.(a) Name two main towns in the cocoa triangle in Ghana.(2mks)(b) State three problems which are experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana.(3mks)SECTION BAnswer question six and any other two questions from this section.6.The table below shows East Africa‘s beef production in (000 tonnes) from 1976 - 1980.Country19761977197819791980Kenya2041526050Uganda4247604047Tanzania2832485043(a) Draw a compound bar graph to represent the above data. Use a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 5 tonnes.(9mks)(b) (i) Give two advantages of compound bar graph.(2mks)(ii) Give three reasons why nomadic pastoralists keep large herds of animals.(3mks)(c) State five measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef farming.(5mks)(d) Explain three differences between beef - cattle farming in Kenya and Argentina.(6mks)7.(a)(i) What is forestry?(2mks)(ii) Give four reasons why agroforestry is being encouraged in Kenya.(4mks)(b) State four characteristics of softwood forests in Canada.(4mks)(c)(i) Explain three factors which favour the development of softwood forests in Canada.(6mks)(ii) Explain two problems that affect forestry in Canada.(4mks)(d) State five importance of forests in Kenya.(5mks)8.(a)(i) Name two non-food agricultural industries in Thika.(2mks)(ii) State two reasons why some industries are located near the sources of water.(2mks)(b)(i) Give three characteristics of the cottage industries in India.(3mks)(ii) Explain four factors which led to the growth of the iron and steel industries in the Ruhr region of Germany.(8mks)(c) Give five reasons why Kenya should become an industrialized country.(5mks)(d) State five benefits of decetralizing industries in Kenya.(5mks)9.(a)(i) Give four reasons why wildlife conservation is encouraged in Kenya.(4mks)(ii) Draw a map of Kenya.(1mk)On it, mark and name Sibilioi national park, Maasai Mara national reserve and Tsavo national park.(3mks)(b) (i) Apart from establishing national parks and game reserves, state three other ways through which the government ofKenya conserves her wildlife.(3mks)(ii)Explain three ways in which vegetation influence the distribution of wildlife in East Africa.(6mks)(c) Explain four problems facing wildlife in East Africa.(8mks)10.(i) Differentiate between fishing and fisheries.(2mks)Page | 4400Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) The map below shows the distribution of fishing grounds in North East Pacific. Study it carefully and use it to answer the question that follows. (ii) Name the ocean marked A.(1mk)(iii) Rivers marked D and E.(2mks)(b) Explain four factors that have favoured the development of fishing in North East Pacific.(8mks)(c) Give four examples of demersal fish.(4mks)(d) Explain four factors discouraging development of marine fishing in Kenya.(8mks)Page | 45Geography 312/1,312/2 GATAGA FORM IV END OF TERM II EXAM 2016 JUNE / JULY 2016 GEOGRAPHY 312/1 MARKING SCHEME 1. (a)(i) 366 x 3 = 274 1/2 / 274.5 days 4(1mk)(ii) Season experienced in the Southern hemisphere when the earth is in position 1 -Summer(1mk)(b) Effects of the rotation of the earth - It causes the occurence of days and nights - It leads to the rising and falling of sea/ocean tides/high and low tides. - It causes differences in time over the earth‘s surfaces/time difference at different longitude. - It causes deflection of wind/ocean currents. - It causes differences in the atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth.(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)2.(a) Differentiate between the terms plate tectonics and tectonic plate.- Plate tectonics is a theory that explains that the crust is made up of separate blocks, whereas tectonics plates are the different Blocks(2 x 1 = 2mks)(b) Three activities that take place along extension boundaries. - Plates move away from one another. - Liquid rock moves up from the mantle. - Plates on either side become wider. - Volcanic activity and faulting take place. - Mild earthquakes occur.(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)3.(a)Two elements of weather.- Temperature- Wind- Air pressure- Sunshine- Precipitation- Cloud cover- Humidity(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(b) Three processes through which the atmosphere is heated.- Radiation- Conduction- Convection(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)4.Describe how lake Victoria wasformed.- Formed as a result of warping and tilting of the earth‘s crust. - Formed during the drainage evolution process. - The Western part of the depression was uplifted to form Ruwenzoris. - The middle part was down warped. - Rivers Yala, Nzoia, Mara and Kuja were cut off and poured in their waters into the depression. - Rivers Kagera, Katonga and Kafu in Uganda were reversed. They changed their courses and started pouring their waters into the hollow. - This led to the formation of Lake Victoria.(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)5.(a) Define the term moraine.- This is a mass of rock debris transported by a glacier.(2mks)(b) State two factors that influence the rate of movement of a glacier. - Temperature - Width of the valley - Gradient of the slope - Weight of the ice - Nature of the underlying rock.(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)SECTION B6.(a) (i) Convert the ratio scale on the map into a statement scale.- 1cm represent 0.5/ 1/2km(1mk)(ii) Give the latitudinal extent of the map. - 0015-0027 /00 28 North(2mks)(iii) The magnetic variation of the map extract - 2021(2mks)(b) (i) The area enclosed by the international boundary and the Northings 40 = 18 full squares + 12 half squares 2 = 18 + 6 = 24km2 (2mks) Page | 4600Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) The length of the loose surface road C526 from the junction near Odiado school, grid reference 276318 to the edge of the map on the East end13.3km(iii) The six-figure grid reference for the junction of the roads C529 and B 8/3.297407(2mks)- The land is sloping from North East to North West.- There are many conceal hills on the South West part of the map.- The South West and South East part of the map are rugged(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)7.(a) (i) State two characteristics of sedimentary rocks.- They are found in layers. - They are non-crystalline. - They contain fossils.(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Describe three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed.-Mechanically formed - These are formed when eroded rock particles are transported by agents like wind, waterand ice then deposited in layers either on land or in the sea.-Organically formed - These are rocks formed when the remains of former living plants and animals accumulateand cement over a period of time, forming layers.-Chemically formed - These are form when rocks precipitate or when solution of salts evaporate and particlesaccumulate in layers.(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)(b) Describe two processes through which sedimentary rocks change into metamorphic rocks.-During volcanic eruption, hot magma may intrude a sedimentary rock. The rock grains will recrystalise due to heat,forming new minerals. This is known as thermal metamorphism.-When the weight of overlying rock layers create pressure on the lower layers, it leads to change in grain structure.This is dynamic metamorphisms.-During Fold Mountain building process, sedimentary rocks are compressed, generating heat and pressure whichmodifies original rocks structure. This is thermal dynamic metamorphism.(4mks)(c) Give an example of each of the following types of igneous rocks.(i) Plutonic rocks - Granite, diorite, gabbro, peridutite, syenite(Any 1 x 1= 1mks)(ii) Hypabyssal rocks - Dolerite, porphyrite, diabese, granophyre, porphyrite, anprophyre(Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)(iii) Volcanic rocks - Pumice, Basalt, Anderite, Obsidian, Rhyolite, Trychyte(1 x 1 = 1mk)(d)(i) Give two examples of chemically formed sedimentary rocks.-Trona- Rock salt-Limomite- Hamatite-Flint- Gypsu(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) State five uses of rocks.-Some rocks form tourist attractions e.g. granites of Kakamega.-Some rocks provide materials for building and construction e.g limestone.-Rocks are sources of minerals e.g. mineral ores-Some rocks are sources of food e.g rock salt-Some rocks provide raw materials for manufacturing industries e.g cement-Some rocks are used for carving e.g Kisii stones.Page | 47Geography 312/1,312/2 - Rocks weather down to form soils which supports agriculture e.g. volcanic rocks.(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)(iii) Describe the followingcharacteristics of minerals:--Lustre - Minerals differ in their brightness depending on the nature of reflective surface (smooth surfaces are shinnywhile rough surfaces are dull). (1mk)-Colour - Different minerals display different colours (mineral that have iron and Magnesium have dark colours)-Density - Mineral have different weights per unit volume of water. Minerals have different specific gravity, someminerals are heavy while other are light.(1mk)8.(a)(i) What is natural vegetation?-This is the plant cover that grows on the earth‘s surface without human interference.(2mks)(ii) Distinguish between derived and planted vegetation.-Derived vegetation results from human interference on a previous natural vegetation while planted vegetation is thetype of vegetation grown in an area by human beings.(2mks)(iii) Explain how the following climatic factors influence vegetation distribution.Precipitation-Places receiving high and reliable rainfall have more plant species with the vegetation being luxuriant while areaswith low and unreliable rainfall have few species and scanty vegetation.(2 x 1 = 2mks)Temperature-Each plant species has an optimum temperature at which it can survive.-Some plants can tolerate the high temperatures like the scrub.-Likewise some plants tolerate cool climates like heath and moorland.(2 x 1 = 2mks)Wind-Wind is vital in plant pollination as it is responsible for seed dispersal.-Winds also cause damage to vegetation by restricting their growth and spread.(2 x 1 = 2mks)Sunlight-It is vital in plant photosynthesis.-Areas with long hours of sunlight have a variety of plants which grow much faster than those areas which receivefew hours of sunlight.(2 x 1 = 2mks)(b) (i) Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y.-W - Rain forest-X - Bamboo forest-Y - Heath and moorland(Any 3 x 1= 3mks)(ii) Describe the characteristics of savannah vegetation.-Savanna vegetation consists of trees and grass.-Wetter areas/near the forest, the vegetation consists of tall scattered tree similar to those found in the forest/woodland.-The wetter areas also have tall/thick grass.-Gradually, away from the forest, the trees become fewer and shorter.-The grass also becomes shorter and more scattered.-Some trees are deciduous type.-Most of the tree are umbrella - shaped.-The most common tree species are the acacia and other thorny trees.-Where rainfall is lowest grass is turfted and coarse / scrubs.-There are scattered baobab trees and other drought resistant trees.-A long river valleys there are tall trees and thick bushes.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)(c)(i) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following-Canada - Prairies(1 x 1 = 1mk)-Russia- Steppes(1 x 1 = 1mk)-Australia - Downs(1 x 1 = 1mk)(ii) Give two reasons why the Tundra region has scanty vegetation.-The ground is frozen most of the year.-The area has very short growing seasons/short summers/warm seasons.-The area has thin soils.-Some parts are poorly drained.(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)9.(a)(i) Name the features marked S and T- S - Ox - bow lake-T - alluvial deposits(1 mark each)(ii) State three that are necessary for the formation of the feature marked S.-Presence of pronounced meanders in the flood plain.-Heavy load being carried by the river.-A reduction in the river gradient/reduction in the river energy to erode vertically/low velocity.-Lateral erosion on the outer side of the river banks.-Deposition on the inner side of the river banks.-Periodic flooding (to cut off the neck to pronounced meanders).(Any first 3, 1 mark)Page | 4800Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) (i) Outline two factors that influence the development of a drainage pattern. - Direction of the slope of the land. - Difference in rock resistance/hardness. - The arrangement of rock layers/ structure.(2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Outline five characteristics of a river in its youthful stage. - The river has a steep river gradient. - The river channel is narrow. - The river has deep steep - sided V-shaped valley/gorges. - The river flows at a high speed/high stream velocity. - The vertical erosion/down cutting is dorminant. - The river channel is generally widing. - The type of flow is torrential. - The river has a small volume of water. - The river has a small load.(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)(c) (i) State three reasons why it would be necessary to pre-visit the area of study. - Helps to access suitability of the area of study. - Helps to draw up objectives/hypothesis of the study. - Helps to prepare a route map. - It helps to design a working schedule. - It helps to identify the probable problems and how to solve them. - It helps to estimate the cost of the field study. - It helps to identify suitable data collection methods. - It helps to identify appropriate equipment to be used during the field study.(Any 3x 1 = 3mks)(ii) State four activities you would carry out to determine why deposition occurs at this stage. - Measuring of the gradient. - Finding out the nature of the load. - Finding out the amount of the load. - Establishing the velocity of the river. - Observing obstacles in the stream channel or distributaries. - Measuring of the width of the river. (d) (i) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment - When rivers flood, they destroy a lot of property/crops and may lead to loss of human life. - Wide/deep rivers are a barrier to transport especially where bridge has not been constructed. - River water can be a medium of spreading water-borne diseases since flood waters may spread chemicals from farms/human waste which contaminates sources of water. - Some rivers are habitat to dangerous animals which may attack human beings/destroys crops. (Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)10.(a) (i) Causes of submergence of Coasts- Rise in the sea level.- Depression of the Coastlands or subsidence of Coastal lands.- Flooding along the Coast(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Name two features that form as a result of submergence of Coasts.- Fjords- Rias or creeks- Islands- Estuaries- Broad continent shelf(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(b) (i) Conditions that favour the growth of coral. - Warm water about 200 - 300c - Water that is clear from silt/mud - Water should be saline - Plenty supply of plankton microscopic plant food. - Water should be well oxygenated.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)(ii) Formation of a stack.- Waves attack both sides of a headland at right angle.Stage IPage | 4900Geography 312/1,312/2 Stage II The wave erode through abrasion and hydraulic action, forming caves on both sides of the headland Stage III Continued wave erosion and weathering leads to the merging of caves. The merging of the caves leads to formation of an arch. Stage IV The roof of the arch collapses leading to isolation of part of the headland on the seaward side. The isolation headland is the stack. (Any 9 x 1 = 9mks) (iii) Explain two ways in which coral contribute to the economy of Kenya. -Coral stones are extracted and sold as ornaments.-Coral features attract tourists who bring foreign exchange in the country.-Coral reefs provide breeding grounds for fish.-Provide limestones; cement(Any 2 x 2 = 4mks)(c) (i) What are tides?-Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the level of ocean or sea or other water bodies as a result of the gravitationalattraction of the sun and the moon.(2mks)(ii) Name the three ocean currents along the Western Coast of Africa.-Benguela-Guinea-Canary(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)Page | 50Geography 312/1,312/2 GATAGA FORM IV END OF TERM II EXAM 2016 JUNE / JULY 2016 GEOGRAPHY 312/2 MARKING SCHEME 1.(a) What is dependency ratio?-Dependency ratio is the proportion of the population that is not involved in productive activities to the one that isproductive.(2 x 1 =1mks)(b) Types of internal migrations in Kenya.-Rural - urban-Urban - rural-Urban - urban(Any 1 x 2 =2mks)(c) State two causes of rural to rural migration.-Insecurity in some areas make people to migrate to safer areas.-Availability of jobs in large farms/plantation.-Occurence of natural calamities such as floods causes people to move to secure areas.-Pastoral communities migrate from one rural area to another in search of pasture and water for their animals.-Population pressure/landlessness lead to migration of people to settlement schemes or to less populated rural areas insearch of land.(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)2. Explain how the following processes influence the occurence of minerals.-Vulcanicity - As a result of igneous activity, minerals in molten form may solidify in cracks, joints and faults. The smallvarieties are called veins and the large lodes.(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)-Sedimentation - Deposition, accumulation andconcentration of minerals in specific areas over a long period of time may make them to occur in layers, beds and seams(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)3. (a)Name two renewable sources of industrial energy.-Wind-Geothermal/underground stream-Solar-Wood/biogases(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)(b) State three physical conditions necessary for the location of hydro-electric power dam.-Presence of large volume of water from a river/ lake to provide water to drive the turbines.-Regular/constant supply of water to ensure continuous generation of power.-Hard basement rock to provide a firm foundation for the construction of a dam.-Presence of non-porous rock to prevent seepage.-Narrow valley/gorge to provide space for reservoir.-Presence of a waterfall/heed of water/steep gradient to provide energy required to drivethe turbines.(Any 3 x 1 =3mks)4.Describe the stages in the reclamation of land from the sea in Netherlands.-Protective dykes or sea walls are constructed to enclose the part of the sea to be reclaimed.-Ring canals are constructed on the interior sides of the dykes.-Pumping stations are installed to pump out sea water from the area enclosed by the dyke.-Water is pumped out of the sea enclosed by thedyke.-Reeds are planted to help dry out the soil.-Ditches and more pumping stations are made on the land being reclaimed.-Drainage pipes are laid below the soil.-The area is divided into regular portions using inner dykes and ring canals.-Soils are treated with chemicals to lower salinity.-The drained land is flushed with fresh water to remove salt from the soil.-Pumping out water from the polders is a continuous process to prevent water from accumulating in the reclaimed land.N.B. Sequence must be followed for the candidate to score(Any 5 x 1 =5mks)5.(a) Name two main towns in the cocoa triangle in Ghana.-Kumasi-Takoradi-Accra(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)(b) State three problems which are experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana.-Pests like capsid bug and mealy bug destroy the crop.-The swollen shoot disease attacks the tree shoots and the black pod disease affects the pods reducing the yields.-The strong harmattan winds break the branches and cause premature ripening of the pods.-Fluctuation of prices in the world market discourages the farmers.-Poor transport facilities make it difficult for the farmers to deliver the crop in time.-Labour is sometimes in short supply leading to delay in harvesting.(Any 3 x 1 =3mks)Page | 5100Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B Answer question six and any other two questions.6.(a) Draw a compound bar graph to represent the above data. Use a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 5 tonnes.16014012010080x60xx 40xx20x0 (b) (i) Advantages of compound bar graph. -Easy to compare-Easy to read and interpret-Easy to draw(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)(ii)Give three reasons why nomadic pastoralists keep large herds of animals.-It is a form of insurance against natural calamities diseases/drought.-Animals are kept as a sign of wealth/prestige/ social status.-Animals are kept for use to pay dowry.-Animals are used as a source of food/milk/blood.-As a source of income.(Any 3 x 1 =3mks)(c) State five measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef farming.-Encourage research/cross breeding of traditional cattle breeds with exotic to improve the quality of animals.-Strengthening community education to teach farmers better livestock management/set up demonstration ranches for farmersto learn new trends in livestock management.-Constructing roads to make services accessible to farmers/make transportation of animals to markets easier.-Encouraging the replacement of the coarse grass with nutrition pasture to improve the quality of animals.-Sinking boreholes/constructing dams/wells to provide water for the animals.-Revived the Kenya Meat Commission that buy animals for slaughter from farmers.-Government has encouraged formation of group ranches for easier provision of services.-Government has constructed cattle dips to control pests employed veterinary officers to treat animal diseases.(Any 5 x 1 =5mks)(d) Explain three differences between beef - cattle farming in Kenya and Argentina.KenyaArgentina1. Beef cattle farming- Beef cattle farming isis carried out bymainly carried out inpastoralists andextensive mercial ranches.Page | 52Geography 312/1,312/22.Inadequate pasturedue to inadequaterainfall and infertilesoils.3.Livestock farmingaffected by pestsand diseasesespeciallytrypanosomiasis andrinderpest.4.There is inadequateextension servicesespecially for thepastoralists.5.There is limitedhome market dueto low purchasing power.6.Inadequate capitalfor running farms .7.Overstocking andovergrazing is amajor problemamongst thepastoralist.8.Animals walk fordistances to get tothe local buyingcentres due poortransport network7.(a) (i) What is forestry?- There is plenty of pasturefrom the moderaterainfall and fertile soils.- Pests and diseases have almost been controlled by the invention ofdrugs.- Every ranch is a complete unit with all the necessary services for scientificmanagement of ranches.- Nearly all meat produced in Argentina is consumed locally. The large population offers a ready market- Capital is readilyavailable to the farmers.- The stock numbers are well regulated not toexceed the land‘scarrying capacity.- Elaborate transport network helps intransportationof beef cattle to thefactories. -Forestry is the science of developing and managing forests including cultivating them.( 1 x 2 =2mks)(ii) Give four reasons why agroforestry is being encouraged in Kenya.-To ensure continuous supply of wood, fuel, timber, herbal, medicine and raw materials for making paper.-To reduce importation of forest products hence save foreign exchange.-To create employment opportunities.-To protect the soil from erosion.-To protect and improve water-catchment areas.-To create scenic beauty.-To expand habitat for wildlife and conserve wildlife.-To maintain the hydrological cycle of water.(Any 4 x 1 =4mks)(b) State four characteristics of softwood forests inCanada.-Trees are conical in shape.-The tree species occur in pure stands.-The trees grow tall and have straight trunks.-The trees bears cones.-The trees have needle-like leaves.-The trees wide shallow roots.-The trees are evergreen.-The forests have no undergrowth.(Any 4 x 1 =4mks)(c) (i) Explain three factors which favour the development of softwood forests in Canada.-Cool to cold climate limits agriculture and settlement thus the establishment of coniferous forests as the alternativeland use.-High precipitation on the windward slopes of the rockies that receive high rainfall from the Westerlies promote thePage | 53Geography 312/1,312/2 growth of softwood forests/the Eastern Canada experiences low evaporation rates that makes it possible for forests to grow despite the low amount of rainfall. -The steep and rugged landscape in British, Columbia limits agriculture, leaving forestry as the only suitable alternative land use hence much of the mountain slopes are under forestcover. -Availability of market both locally and internationally from countries such as U.S.A, Britain promotes forestry. (Any 3 x 2 =6mks)(ii) Explain two problems that affect forestry in Canada.-The extremely low temperatures/severe winters especially in Northern Canada make B the tree seedlings take a longtime to mature, leading to delays in harvesting of the trees.-The rugged landscape in the Northern part of Canada/thin soils/the snowfall in winter hinder smooth exploitation offorests due to inaccessibility.-Wildfires/pests and diseases destroy large tracts of the forests hence reducing the area under forest cover.-Over-exploitation/extreme low temperatures in some areas has created a shortage of some of the species which take along time to mature/ regenerate when planted.(Any 2 x 2 =4mks)(d) State five importance of forests in Kenya.-Provide utility products such as timber, honey and herbal medicine.-Conservation of soil and water.-For aesthic value.-Creation of jobs to many people e.g forest guards/officers-Forests are reservoir for research materials for scientists.-Regulate climate of areas by creating micro - climates.-Forests are habitats for wild animals.(Any 5 x 1 =5mks)8.(a) (i) Name two non-food agricultural industries in Thika.-Furniture making- Leather tanning-Tobacco processing- Textiles processing-Cotton spinning(Any 2 x 1 =2mks)(ii) State two reasons why some industries are located near the sources of water.-For cooling machines to avoid damage by heat.-Water is used for grading the products.-Provide cheap means of transport.-For cleaning machines as part of maintenance/ final product.-It‘s a raw material e.g the brewing-To provide power to turn the turbines.-As a medium of disposing off waste product.(Any 2 x 1=2mks)(b) (i) Give three characteristics of the cottage industries in India.-They are owned by families.-They depend on family labour.-They use locally available raw materials.-They sell their products mainly to the local markets.-They require relatively little capital investment/are small scale.-They rely on simple equipments.-They are labour intensive.-They are widely spread in the country/located in homes.-The craftsmen are highly skilled(Any 3 x 1 =3mks)(ii) Explain four factors which led to the growth of the iron and steel industries in the Ruhr region of Germany.-Availability of coal because Ruhr region is located on the largest coalfield in Europe.-Availability of iron ore.-Central Geographical position.-Availability of capital.-Availability of ready market.(8mks)(c) Give five reasons why Kenya should become an industrialized country.-To diversify her economy.-To create employment opportunities.-For self-sufficiency/reduce importation/save foreign exchange.-To uplift the standards of living of the citizen.-To be able to increase the value of her exports/quality.-To improve balance of trade.(Any 5 x 1 =5mks)(d) State five benefits of decetralizing industries in Kenya.-It would encourage regional equality indevelopment development of infrastructure/ social amenities in the ruralareas.-It would create employment in the rural areas.-It would reduce rural-urban migration.-It would allow greater exploitation of local resources.-Reduces risks during calamities.Page | 5400Geography 312/1,312/2 -It would raise the standards of living of people in rural areas.-Reduce strain on social amenities in urban areas.-It would help reduce congestion in urban areas.(Any 5 x 1 =5mks)9.(a) (i) Give four reasons why wildlife conservation is encouraged in Kenya.-To protect the endangered animals/plant species.-To promote tourism.-To generate foreign exchange/revenue.-To keep them for posterlity/future generation.-To sustain the raw materials for supply of drugs.-For education/research purpose.-For aesthetic value/beauty.(Any 4 x 1 =4mks)(ii) Map of Kenya. (3 x 1 =3mks) (b) (i) Apart from establishing national parks and game reserves, state three other ways through which the government of Kenya conserves her wildlife. -Setting up the Kenya Wildlife Services which is responsible for conserving wildlife.-Banning of game hunting.-Banning of trade in wildlife products.-Establishing the Kenya range lands ecological monitoring unit.-Creating public awareness through mass media, wildlife clubs and education centres.(Any 3 x 1 =3mks)(ii) Explain three ways in which vegetation influence the distribution of wildlife in East Africa.-Different types of vegetation are habitats of different animals e.g. natural forests are habitats of elephants,buffaloes, baboons, gorillas, monkeys and variety of birds and insects.-The savanna woodlands are habitats of giraffes, rhinos, impala, zebras, lions and bees.-The savannah grasslands are habitats for variety of herbivores e.g. grasslands in Serengeti and Maasai Mara game reserve arehabitats for antelopes, gazelles, wildbeasts,leopards, cheetah and variety of birds.-Areas dominated by shrubs and bushes support the dik dik, and warthog and carnivores.-The semi-desert and desert vegetation support hardly animals such as hartebeest, gerenuk and Grant‘s gazelle.(Any 3 x 2 =6mks)(c) Explain four problems facing wildlife in East Africa.-Poaching/illegal hunting of wild game has reduced the number of some animal species.-Human encroachment on land that was formerly reserved for wildlife the pasture and habitats for animals are greatlyreduced/kills animals as the clear vegetation.-Pollution of the environment is a threat to wildlife /kill animals/effluent from industries pollute rivers thuspoisoning the animals that may drink water from them.-Adverse climatic conditions/heavy rainfall/ floods/droughts leads to destruction of vegetation and death of animals.-Pests/diseases/tsetse flies attack animals and kill a number of them in many parts of East Africa.-Fire outbreaks during the dry months may destroy vegetation and animal species which cannot escape.-Wildlife - human conflict where people live near the game parks make stray animals todestroy their crops and someanimals like lions and leopards may kill their livestock. -Overpopulation of certain species of animals may lead to destruction of vegetation through overgrazing e.g elephants. (Any 4 x 2 =8mks)10. (i) Differentiate between fishing and fisheries.-Fishing is the exploitation of fish and other aquatic animals for both commercial and subsistance purposes whilefisheries are water bodies which contain fish and other acquatic animals.(2 x 1 =2mks)(ii) Name the ocean marked A. A - Pacific(1 x 1 =1mk)(iii) Rivers marked D and E.D - MackenzieE - Colorado(1 x 2 =2mks)(b) Explain four factors that have favoured the development of fishing in North East Pacific.-Cool climate conditions favouring the breeding of fish.-Indented Coast with fiords, estuaries she ltered inlets are good for fish ports and breeding grounds.Page | 55Geography 312/1,312/2-Several rivers and lakes.-Rugged terrain discourage agriculture.-Advanced technology.-Excellent fishing ports such as Prince Rupert.-Availability of capital.(c) Give four examples of demersal fish.-Cod, haddock, halibut, hake, plaice, flounder, dog fish, cat fish, skate.(d) Explain four factors discouraging development of marine fishing in Kenya.-Warm waters of the tropics do not favour fishing like in the temperate warm waters.-The continental shelf is narrow thus limiting the area ever which plankton grow.-Low purchasing power limits the markets.-Poor technology.-Inadequate capital.(Any 4 x 2 =8mks)(Any 4 x 1 =4mks)(Any 4 x 2 =8mks)(9mks) Page | 56Geography 312/1,312/2 MURANGA SOUTH MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION GEOGARPHY 312/1 CONFIDENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS Use the map of Busia 1:50,000 (Kenya) sheet 101/1 MURANG?A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAM - 2016 kenya certificate of secondary education. 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 TIME: 2 HOURS SECTION A (25mks) Answer all questions in this section 1a Name three types of coral reefs3 mksb What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed2 mks2a Name the three main layers of the atmosphere from the earths surface upwards3mksb State two effects of climate change2mks3a State any two reasons why we study geography2mksb Give three forces that are responsible for the spherical shape of the earth3mks4a Differentiate between river rejuvenation and river capture2mksb Give three conditions that are ideal for the formation of a delta.3mks5a Name two types of ice masses found on mountains in East Africa2mksb Give three characteristics of a pyramidal peak.3mksSECTION BAnswer Question 6 and any other two from this section.6a Study the map of Busia ( 1:50,000) provided and answer the Questions that follow:(i) Give the two types of scales shown on the map2mks(ii) Name two human features found at grid square 36282mks(iii) State two types of roads found in the area to the north of Northing 402mksb(i) What is the vertical interval (V.I) of the map extract?1mk(ii) State two methods that have been used to show relief on the map extract2mks(iii) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map5mkscGiving evidence from the map list three economic activities practised in the area covered by the map.6mksd.Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map5mks7(i) Distinguish between minerals and rocks2mks(ii) Give three ways in which rocks can be classified3mksb(i) The table below shows types of sedimentary rocks. Fill in the blank spaces.TypeExampleChlorideAranaceousCoal3mks(ii) Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed through physical processes4mksc(i) Give three changes that occur in rocks during metamorphism3mks(ii) State two reasons why sedimentary rocks are dorminant along the Kenyan coast2mksdYou intend to carry out a fieldstudy of rocks in the area around your school.(i) Show how you would use the following during the study.(a) Geographical hammer1mk(b) Polythene bags1mk(ii) Give three reasons why it would be necessary to conduct a reconnaissance of the area of study3mks(ii) State three importance of rocks that you may identify3mks8a(i) Define the term drainage basin2mks(ii) Mention any three types of river erosion3mks(iii) Describe the process of abrasion in river erosion3mks(iv) Explain the four process in which the river transports its load8mksPage | 5700Geography 312/1,312/2 b Students of your school were to carry out a fieldstudy of a river in an area. (i) State any three reasons why they may need a route map3mks(ii) Give two features that they may have observed and studied2mks(iii) State any two problems that they may experience in the field2mks(iv) Mention any two follow-up activities that they may take2mks9 a(i) State three types of vegetation3mks(ii) State three characteristics of savanna vegetation3mks(iii) Explain two uses of savannah vegetation4mksb Use the diagram of a mountain vegetation zones below to answer the questions that follow:(i) Name the vegetation zones B, C and D3mks(ii) Explain three importance of vegetation in zone C6mks(iii) Explain three ways in which vegetation in zone B can be protected from destruction6mks10. a(i) Define the term soil2mks(ii) Name any four constituents of soil4mksb(i) Differentiate between soil cateria and soil profile2mks(ii) Give three human activities which lead to decrease in soil fertility3mksc(i)State four significance of soil4mks(ii) Explain five ways in which vegetation prevents soil erosion10mksPage | 5800Geography 312/1,312/2 MURANG?A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAM - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 TIME: 2 HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1.(a) What is a cottage industry2mks(b) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages the establishment of Jua Kali Industries3mks2.(a) State three factors that favor the growth of forest on Mt. Kenya.3mks(b) Name two types of indigenenous hard wood trees found in Kenyan forests2mks3.(a) Name two main cattle breeds reared by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya2mks(b) State three environmental conditions which favours beef farming in Argentina3mks4.Use the map of Kenya below to answer questions (a)(a) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked P and R.2mks(b) State three benefits of Gold mining to the economy of South Africa.3mks5(a) Give two advantages of wood as a source of fuel.2mks(b) State three conditions necessary for the formation of oil3mksSECTION BAnswer Question 6 and any other two from this section6.The table below shows hypothetical population of livestock in some countries in Africa. Use it to answer question (a)YearKenyaSouth AfricaTanzaniaZambia201095,40061,92768,70284,4472011111,71367,46266,98593,7982012110,87065,17390,64986,832a(i) Draw a divided rectangle 16cm long to represent the data in the year 20127mks(ii) State two advantages of using divided rectangles to represent data.2mksb(i) Define the term Transtrumance2mks(ii) Give three characteristics of nomadic pastoralism3mksc(i) Identify three counties in the Rift Valley where ranching is practiced.3mks(ii) Explain four benefits of beef farming to the economy of Argentina8mks7(a) Define the term industry2mks(b)(i) Give four factors why for being Kenya‘s refinery is located at Mombasa4mks(ii) Name three industrial towns in Kenya3mks(c) Give five characteristics of cottage industry in India5mks(d) Give three agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya3mks(e) Explain four factors that led to the growth of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany8mks8.(a) State four physical conditions required for cocoa growing4mks(b) State three main cocoa growing areas in Ghana3mks(c) Outline the stages of cocoa processing from harveting to the time it is ready for export9mks(d) Highlight five economic problems experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana5mks(e) Give four uses of oil palm4mks9.a)(i) Apart from oil, name two other non-renewable sources of energy2mks(ii) Give three advantages of using solar energy3mks(b) State four problems facing hydroelectric power projects in Kenya4mks(c) Explain four physical factors that influenced the establishment of hydroelectric power dams8mks(d) Explain four measures the government of Kenya has taken to conserve energy8mks10a(i) List two factors that determine the distribution of forests in Kenya2mks(ii) Give the differences in the exploitation of softwood in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings- Period of harvesting2mks- Transportation2mksbHighlight the three ways in which the clearing of forests has affected the natural environment in Kenya3mkscExplain four problems facing forestry in Kenya8mksdExplain four measures that the Kenya government is taking to conserve forestry in the Country8mksPage | 59Geography 312/1,312/2 MURANGA SOUTH DISTRICT MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION-2016 GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME 312/1 1 a Barrier reefs Fringing reefs A tall3x1b. Coral rocks form a base for mining of limestone used in cement making-shallow corals are a tourist attraction earning the country foreigh exchange-sheltered water encourages growth of planktons/fish food2x12 a TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereb-May lead to Elnino floods-Global warming due to increase of green house gases-Wide spread changes in natural ecosystem-Rise in temperature and increase in evaporation ratesorder must be correct to score 3x1 -Wether and warmer conditions increase pests and disease which affect human crops and livestock.-May bring wether and warmer summers in temperate regions/melting of polar glaciers.-Increased droughts some countries eg. China, Africa and Brazil.3a) It helps to develop skills eg interviewingAny 2x1-Helps learners to understand/appreciate different environmental influences-Helps the learners to manage time properly.-Encourages international awareness and co-operation.-Helps learners to appreciate important social values eg co-operation.-Promotes positive attitudes towards conservation and protection of resources.-Leads to development of career opportunities.2x1b) force of gravity-Contrifugal force-Centripetal force3x14a) River rejuvenation is the rebirth of a river‘s erosive power/renewal of the river‘s erosiveactivity while river capture is the diversion of the head waters of a weaker river into the system of an adjacent morepowerful river.2mks mark a wholeb)-Presence of a large load of sediments.-Absence of sediments/swamps in the rivers course that filters sediments from the rivers thereby reducing the quantityof the load.-Low speed/reduced gradiant at the point where the river joins the sea or lake. 3x15a)Valley glaciersIce capsCirque glaciersAny 2x1b)-It has steep sides-It is sorounded by cirques-Has a sharp rock horn/has a sharp horn-It has radiating system of aretes3x16a)iRepresentative fractioniiLinear scale2x1b)iiSchoolRoadMain tracks (motorable)HutsiiiName two types of roads found in the area to the morth of nothing 40-All weather roads - bound surface-Dry weather road-Main tracks-Foot paths2x1b(i) Vertical interal of the map extract 20m1x1(ii) Trigonometrict stations-Spot heights2x1(iii) Relief of the area:--Highest pt about 1568m-The land generally slopes south westwards.-The area has numerous hills eg Odiado hill.-The land in the north is gently sloping-There is a valley along R. SioPage | 60Geography 312/1,312/2 -The land in the south western part is generally steep.5x16.c)Farming as evidenced by various cotton stores eg at 3446-Transportation as shown by several roads and tracks eg all weather roads and bound surface road to Lwanda.-Trade as evidenced by various markets eg funyula market3x2d)-main river is Sio-There are several rivers-They generally flow in a south west direction.-There are many marshes-There are several seasonal swamps in the northern part of the map6x17 i)Minerals are naturally occuring inorganic substances with definite chemical composition and physical properties whilerocks are substances made up of mineral particles forming the earth‘s crust.2x1ii)-Mode of formation-By age-Physical and chemical characteristics3x1bi)Chlorides rock-salt/sodium chlorideArenaceous- sandstone/gritCarbonaceous- coal3x1ii)Formation of sedimentary rocks-Pre existing rocks of sedimentary and igneous types undergo weathering and erosion-The weathered and eroded rock materials are then transported and deposited over the land or in the sea/ocean bywind water or ice.-The deposited weathered materials accumulate over time become compacted and cemented to form sedimentaryrocks.NB. Sequence must be followed to score marks 44x1c(i) - New minerals are formed-Rocks are hardened/become mode resistance.-The rocks may recrystalize-The chemical composition of the rock changes.-Physical/characteristics/appearance of the rock is altered/changes3x17di)(a) Hummer - To break the rocks into small portable samples1(b) To carry the rock samples for further study in school1ii)- To familiarize with the study area authorities-To estimate the cost/budget of the study .-To help in designing a working schedule.-To determine suitability of the area of study-To identify in advance working problems to be encounted during the study and propose possible solutions.-To decide on methods of data collection.iii)- Weathered rocks form rich agricultural soils for crop cultivation.-Some rocks are used in building and construction of roads.-Some rocks form spectacular features that attract tourists thus earning forex.-Some form water reservoires that are exploited for domestic use.-Some have valuable minerals that can be exploited and used to make jewellery.8.a i) Drainage basin is the entire area drained by a river and its tribularies(2mks)ii) Headward erosion - lengthens river courseLateral erosion - widens river banksVertical erosion - deepens river bed.3x1iii)-Materials carried by the river is used as a tool for scouring.-Load is hurled by river water against the banks and the floor.-The load being dragged, smoothens the river bed.-Eddy currents rotate rock particles in hollows and widens them into potholes.-Abrasion is responsible for wearing down the river bed and widening the banks as the river flows down stream.NB follow the sequence.3 x1iv) Solution - The process in which materials that are soluble in water like soil are transported down stream eg chalk in limestone areas. Suspension - process where light insoluble materials like silt and mud are carried and maintained with the turbulence of flowing water. Traction - process of transportation in which large and heavier materials are rolled/dragged along the river bed eg logs and rocks. Saltation/hydraulic lifts. Process of transportation whereby materials such as small stones are moved through a series of short hops and jumps b i) The importance of route map - To help to identify the direction to follow - To help to prepare a work schedule Page | 61Geography 312/1,312/2 -To identify the location of features for study.-To estimate the distance to be covered.-To estimate the time the field work is supposed to take.3x1(ii) Interocking spurs-V shaped valley-Gorges-Rapids-Water falls-Pot holes2x1(iii) Harsh weather changes-Attack by wild animals eg crocodile-Accidents in the river-Loss of direction.2x1(iv)Discussing the findingsDrawing diagrams-Read more about the topics-Writing field reports-sketching the features-Analysing the collected data.-Drawing conclusions.-Assessing the information collected against the hypothesis2x19 a i) Natural vegetationDevived vegetationCultivated vegetation3x1ii)- Consist of grass and trees-Wetter areas consist of tall scattered trees or woodland.-Some trees are deciduous-Most trees have umbrella shape-Some trees have small leaves to reduce transpiration.-The dorminant grass species is the elephant grass and the kikuyu grass-There are tall trees, thick bushes and riverine trees along the river valleys.-There are scattered baobab trees and other drought resistant trees3x1iii)- Are home to wild animals.-Some trees are habitats to bees which provide honey.-Commercial ranching is practised in some parts of the grassland.-Some of the herbs are used for medical purposes.-Some of the wild fruits are consumed as food.2x2b i) B - WoodlandC - Rain forestD - Bamboo forest.3x1ii)- Purifification of air.-Roots and plants bind soil together and check rain intensity hence control soil erosion-Habitat for wild life which attract tourists thus generating foreign exchange.-Raw materials for industries eg. pulp paper.-Aesthetic value - makes land beautiful.-Protect water catchment areas which are sources of rivers3x2iii)- Reafforestation programmes-Employment of forest guards-Legal action - legislating laws governing harveting of trees.-Gazetting areas to become forest reserves3x2i) Uppermost thin layer of the earth‘s surface composed of disintegrated tiny rock particles, humus, water and air of. The loose consolidateduppermost surface layer of the earth in which plants grow. ii) Organic matter/humus Inorganic matter/minerals Soil water Soil air Soil organisms b i) Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of soil from the bottom layer to the top layer while soil catera is the arrangement of soil on a slope horizontally. ii(i) Clearing of plots by burning-This leads to loss of humus.-Burning kills soil fauna responsible for recycling nutrients and therefore soil deteriorates.Page | 62Geography 312/1,312/2(ii) MonocroppingProtracted growing of a single crop removes specific mineral nutrients from the soils making it infertile and less useful.(iii) Over cultivation and multi-croppingThis exhausts soil of humus and fertility, monocropping removes nutrients from the soils making it infertile and less useful.(c)-Decayed vegetation matter provides humus which holds the soils particles together.-Plant roots which penetrates the soil help to carry surface moisture into the ground.-Plant cover breaks the force of wind at ground level and reduces the transportation of soil particles.-Plant cover reduce the rain drop force which loosen the soil-The rate of infiltration of rain water into the soil is increased by vegetation cover hence reducing surface run-off.(d) Significance of soil-Gives physical support for the rooting systems of plants.-Habitats for bacteria which are necessary for breakdown of organic matter into humus.-Medium through which plants absorb water.-Provide mineral elements eg nitrogen.-Used for building and construction.-Used in ceramics eg pot making.Page | 6300Geography 312/1,312/2 MURANGA SOUTH DISTRICT MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME 312/2 1.a) A small scale industry which uses local raw materials and requires little capital to start and operate 2x 1b)- Requires little capital investments-Requires little skills-Encourages innovation-Diversify production/export goods-To cater for real needs/save on foreign exchange.-To produce cheap consumer goods-To make use of locally available raw materials-To create employment opportunities2.(a)- Cool climates enables forests to flourish-High rainfall experienced in the area enhance growth of trees-The steep nature of the forested land makes it a conducive area for forest growth3x 1(b) Mvule-Meru oak-Elgon teak-Elgon olive2mks3.a) Zebu-Boranb) Low lying land suitable for grazing-Availability of vast lands suitable for cattle grazing-Fertile soils for the growth of pasture-Moderate temperature/240c in summer and 00c in winter.-Moderate rainfall/1800mm per annum for pasture growth.3mks4a) FlousparTitaniumb) Provides raw materials for industries-Create employment opportunities-Earns foreigh exchange-Led to industrial development-Has led to urbanisation-Devt of transport facilities5.a) Readily available in all parts of the world-There are no maintainence costs.-Cheap source of energy-Ashes can be used for other purposes eg plastering traditional houses2x1b)- Presence of sedimentary rocks-Presence of organic remains/fuels-Presence of non-porous rocks overlying the porous rocks-Presence of porous rocks to trap the oil-Presence of pressure to compress organic matter3x16.a i) 110,873+65,172+90,649+86,832 = 353,531Length of bars 110,873 x 16= 5.01cm353,531 65172 x 16= 2.94cm353,531 90649 x 16= 4.10cm353531 86,832 x 16= 3.92cm353531A DIVIDED RECTANGLE SHOWING POPULATION OF LIVESTOCK - AFRICATitle- 1/2 markSegments ants - 4marksCalculations - 1/2mark each= 2marksPage | 64Geography 312/1,312/2 Accurancy- 1/2markTOTAL 7marks(ii)- It gives a clear visual impression-It allows for comparison-Easy to draw-Easy to read/ interpret-Can be used to represent a wide range of data.2x1b i) It is seasonal movement of people and their animals from place to place in search of water and pasturefor their animals.2mksii)- Animals grazed communally-Reared in areas receiving low and unreliable rainfall-Animals are kept for sabsistance/sign of wealth.-Nomadic herders move use of natural pastures.-Different types of animals are kept eg sheep, goats and cows-Poor marketing of animals and their products.-Lack of organised land tenure where land is owned communally3x1c i) Kajiado- Laikipia- Nakuru3x1ii)-Beef is expected to earn foreigh exchange which is used to develop other sectors of the economy.-Beef farming has led to the growth of towns eg buenos aives leading to urbanisation in the country.-It has resulted in development of roads/railway lines thus increase accessibility.-It is a source of income to farmers which has improved their living standards.-It provides raw materials used in industries thus promotes industrialisation.-Beef farming increase employment opportunities hence improve the living standards of citizens4x27.(a) Industry is any form of economic activity in which people produce goods and services for their consumption or for sale.(b) It is easier to transport refined petroleum products than crude oil hence the need to process the oil at the part of entry.-Since crude oil comes by seas the industry is located near the raw materials.-Availability of large water supply which is needed for refining and disposal of wastes.-Existence of port facilities which facilitates the importation of crude oil from Middle East.-Extensive hinterland which offers market for oil products-Relatively flat topography which is suitable for the oil refinery4x1ii) Nairobi, Thika Eldoret3x1(c) It is labour intensive-Requires little capital to set and run-Relies in simple machines and equipment-Different establishments are owned by families or individuals.-Uses locally available materials-Products are mainly for local markets though some are exported-Labour is mainly provided by family members5x1(d) - Foot wear making-Tobacco processing-Sisal processing-Pyrethrum processing-Leather tanning-Bee wax processing3x1(e) Availability of coal and iron ore which, is used in the industry as new materials.-Ready market in central and Western Europe.-Availability of capital to start and run the industry.-Availability of skilled labour in the country.-Cheap water transport or R. Rhine which is navigable.-Abundant sources of power from coal and hydro-electric power (HEP) to be used in the industries. 4x2=8mks8(a)- Rainfall of between 1300mm and 1500mm/high rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year.-High temperatures/210c-260c throughout the year.-Undulating low lands / below 750m above sea level-Sufficient sunshine when pods are ripening.-Loamy/volcanic/clay soils-High relative humidity/75% throughout the year.-Deep well drained soils-Shade from strong sun rays for the seedlings4x1(b) Kumasi, Ashanti, (Brong Ahafo)3x1(c) Pods are collected and piled at a central place.-The pods are then split open with a sharp knife and the beans are scooped out by hands.-The beans are put in heaps on mats and covered with banana leaves.Page | 65Geography 312/1,312/2 -Beans are allowed to ferment for 5-6 days during which the juice pulps drain away.-Fermented beans are washed and cleaned.-The beans are spread on tables covered with mats to dry in the hot sun.-The beans are turned frequently as they dry and they slowly turn brown in colour.-The dry beans are weighed and graded ready for exports follow sequence 9mks(d)-Inadequate labour leading to delay in harvesting.-Price fluctuation in the world market discourages the farmers.-Low prices for the crop kills the farmers morale hence low yields.-Poor transport facilities makes it difficult for the farmers to deliver the crops in time.-Pests like capsid bug destroy the crops hence low yields.-Diseases like swollen shoot and black pod affect the tree shoots and pods, reducing the yields.5x1(e)-Used in manufacture of vegetable cooking oil.-Used as a clearing agent in industries which produce tin.-Used in manufacture of margarine-Used to manufacture soaps and candles4x19.a(i)CoalwaterwindUraniumoilTides/wavesNatural gassteam2x1ii)- It is cheap source of energy-Non exhaustive form of energy-Clean/environmentally friendly source of energy.-Can be stored for future use.-Found everywhere /has many uses.-Easy to use3x1b)- Seasonal fluctuation of water levels in the rivers.-Frequent silting of the reservoirs-High cost of maintainace of machines.-High cost of transmission of power from remote site.-Inadequate capital to expand the project.4x1=4c)- Presence of a hand basement rock which provides a firm foundation for the dam/power station-Layer volume of water/constant supply of water to enable continuous production of electricity.-Presence of a narrow gorge behind the dam which minimizes the cost of construction of the dam.-Presence of a steep river gradient/water fall/rapid/headwater to provide sufficient hydraulic force to turn theturbines.-Presence of impervious rock to prevent seepage.Any 4x2=8mksd)- Encourage people to use renewable sources in order to reduce the overreliance of fossil fuel.-Developing energy saving technologies in order to reduce the high consumption of energy.-Enforcing the legislation against indiscaminate cutting down of trees for fuel thus conserving existing sources.-Educating the public on the careful use of energy in order to save it.Progress taxation on energy consumption in order to discourage the misuse of energy.-Encourage the use of public transport in order to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads thus reducing energyconsumption.-Discouraging importation of high fuel consumption vehicles to reduce the amount of fuel used.Any 4x2=8mks10a(i)- Climate/rainfall/temperature-Altitude-Relief-Aspect of slope-Soils-Human activities-Environmental policy2x1KENYACANADA-Harvesting period is- Harvesting is winterthroughout the yearand early spring.-Mainly road- Mainly waterTransportTransportb)-Has led to reduced volume of water in the rivers/caused drying up of rivers.-It has led to the destruction of the natural habitat for the wildlife/it has endangered some of the wildlife species.-It has interfered with the beauty of the envoronment/lousered the aesthetic value of the environment.-It has disrupted the ecosystem.-It has accelerated soil erosion3x1c)-Rapid increase in population has led to encroachment into forest cand hence destruction of forests.-Occurence of forest fires which have led to the destruction of large areas under forest.Illegal logging/indiscriminate cutting of trees whereby reducing/depleting indegenous tree species-Attacks by pests/diseases have led to the destruction of valuable tree speciesPage | 66Geography 312/1,312/2 -Some wild animals through debarking/trampling/uprooting.-At times, the government allocates land to private developers/thus reducing the land under forest.-Prolonged drought leads to the drying of the trees.4x2(d)-Registrar/recognizing the work of NGO‘s like the Green Belt Movement which mounted campaigns on tree planting.-Gazeting forested areas to reduce encroachment by the public.-Creating public awareness through mass media/public barazas on the importance of conserving forest resources.-Enacting laws to prohibit the cutting of trees without license/protecting idgenous trees.-Establishing NEMA/ministry of environment and natural resources to co-ordinate environmental conservationactivities.-Setting aside national tree planting days to encourage the people to plant more trees.-Advising people to practise agro-forestry so as to avoid cutting trees from the forests.-Employing forest guards to protect forest from fines and other illegal human activities.-Encouraging recycling of paper and other wood based products/use other sources of energy to reduce demandon trees.-Carrying out research through KEFRI and ICRAF in order to come up with ways of controlling diseases andpests and develop species for different ecological regions.4x2Page | 67Geography 312/1,312/2 KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 SECTION A Answer all questions in this section 1.a) Define the term rotation of the earth.(2 Mks)b) State three factors that contribute to the geoid spheroid shape of the earth(3 Mks)2.a) Give three methods of predicting weather(3 Mks)b) Why is weather predictions by the weather man in the recent past not been accurate(2 Mks)3.a) What is folding?(2 Mks)b) What determines the extent of folding that takes place in a given area?(3 Mks)4.a) Define the term lake.(2 Mks)b) Give three factors that determine the permanence of a lake.(3 Mks)5.State five natural causes of aridity and desertification(5 Mks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section.Study the map of Busia (1: 50,000) sheet (101/1) provided and answer the following questions.6.a) i) What is the map name of the map provided?(1 Mk)ii) What is the magnetic declination of the area covered by the map as per 1965?(2 Mks)iii) Give the location of the hill at grid square 2731 by use of latitudes and longitudes(2 Mks)b) Draw a cross section between easting 25 and 31 along northing 37.(3 Mks)(Use a vertical scale 1cmrep 20m)On the cross section drawn above mark and name the following.-Nanginingini hill-Loose surface road-Muyufwa river(3 Mks)ii) Determine the intervisibility of the cross section drawn above(2 Mks)iii) Calculate the vertical exageration (VE) of the cross section drawn above(2 Mks)c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map(5 Mks)d) Students from Mundika Mission school carried out a field study on settlement in the area North of Northing 44.i)Identify two types of settlement in the area.(2 Mks)ii) State three possible problems they might have encountered(3 Mks)7.a) i) What is a rock?(2 Mks)ii) State two reason why sedimentary rocks are wide spread in the Coastal plain(2 Mks)b) For each of the following rocks, name the resultant rock formed after metamorphism(i) Sandstone(1 Mk)(ii) Limestone(1 Mk)(iii) Granite(1 Mk)c) Describe how extrusive igneous rocks are formed(4 Mks)ii)List two examples of extrusive rocks(2 Mks)d) Explain three economic significance of rocks in Kenya.(6 Mks)e) Students carried out a field study on rocks around their school.(i) State two objectives they formulated(2 Mks)(ii) Give two reasons why they prepared a route map.(2 Mks)(iii) Give two activities that the students were involved in during the field study(2 Mks)8.a) Apart from sill and dyke name two intrusive volcanic features.(2 Mks)b) Explain the formation of the following volcanic land forms(i) Dyke(3 Mks)(ii) Sill(3 Mks)(iii) Crater (by violent explosion)4 Mks)c) The world map below shows some fold mountains . Use it to answer the questions that follows.Page | 6800Geography 312/1,312/2 C B Tropic of Cancer 00 Tropic of Capricon A 00 (i) Name the fold mountains marked A B and C.(3 Mks)(ii) Explain four positive ways on which fold mountains influence human activities?(8 Mks)(iii) Apart from fold mountains name two features resulting from folding(2 Mks)9.a) i) Define the term soil(2 Mks)ii) List three components of soil(3 Mks)b)Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil.-Climate(3 Mks)-Relief(3 Mks)-Living organisms(3 Mks)ci) Using well labelled diagrams differentiate soil profile from soil catena(3 Mrks)ii) List two factors influencing the development of soil catena(2 Mrks)d)You intend to carry out field study on soil around your school.i) Name three equipments they will be required to carry and their purpose.(3 Mrks)ii) State three preparations they will be required to make before going out for their field study.(3 Mks)10.a)i) What is a desert?(2 Mks)ii) The diagram below shows a feature resulting from wind deposition in a desert. V U eddy Currents U Name the parts marked U and V. iii) a) State three processes through which wind erode in deserts( 3 Mks)b) Using well labelled diagrams explain the formation of(i) Rock pedestal(5 Mks)(ii) Zeugen(5 Mks)c)i)Explain three factors that influence wind transportation on deserts.(6 Mks)ii) Name four features resulting from action of water in deserts(4 Mks)Page | 6900Geography 312/1,312/2 KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 3/4 HRS SECTION A Answer all questions in this section 1.a) Define the term fisheries(2 Mks)b) State three ways in which marine fisheries in Kenya can be conserved(3 Mks)2.a) Apart from coal, identify two non- renewable sources of energy( 2 Mks)b) State three advantages of geothermal source of energy(3 Mks)3.a) Give three factors influencing population growth.(3 Mks)b) State two positive significance of population growth(2 Mks)4.a) What is urbanization(2 Mks)b) Give three differences in the function of New York and Nairobi cities(3 Mks)5.a) Define land reclamation(2 Mks)b) State three problems experienced in Pekerra irrigation scheme(3 Mks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section.6.Use the photograph provided to answer the questions that followsa) i)Draw a rectangle measuring 8cm by 10cm represent the photograph(1 Mk)ii)On the rectangle drawn in a (i) above mark and name the main features(4 Mks)b) Explain five factors that favour the activity on photograph on the Kenya highlands(10 Mks)c) What are the factors that make Denmark lead the world in the activity shown in the photograph above(5 Mks)d) State five measures the government of Kenya has taken to assist those involved in the activity shown on the photographprovided(5 Mrk)7.Use the map of East Africa below to answer question a (i)UGANDAQKENYA P TANZANIA R Page | 70Geography 312/1,312/2 ai)Name the National parks P Q and R( 3 Mks)ii) Differentiate between game reserves and National park(2 Mks)b)Explain four measures being undertaken in Kenya to conserve wildlife(8 Mks)c)i)State five significance of wildlife(4 Mks)ii) Explain four problems facing wildlife in Kenya(8 Mks)8.a)i)Apart from water and air pollution, name two other types of pollution(2 Mks)ii) Give three ways through which water is polluted(3 Mks)iii) Explain three effects of air pollution on the environment(6 Mks)b)i)Explain three factors that led to frequent flooding in the lake region of Kenya( 6 Mks)ii) State three ways through which floods are controlled in Kenya(3 Mks)c)You are planning to carry out a field study on effects of wind on the environmenti)State two methods of Data collection you are likely to use(2 Mks)ii) Give three ways in which your findings will benefit the local people(3 Mrks)9.a)i)What is agroforestry?(2 Mrk)ii) State four reasons why agroforestry should be encouraged in Kenya(4 Mrks)b)i)Name three tropical hardwood trees found in Kenya( 3 Mrks)ii) State four characteristics of softwood forest in Canada(4 Mrks)c)Explain three problems which hinder the Kenya government‘s effort to manage and conserve her forests(6 Mrks)d)Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following headings.(i) Transportation of the logs(2 Mrks)(ii) Felling of trees(2 Mrks)(iii) Tree species(2 Mrks)10.a)i)Name two non- agricultural industries in Kenya( 2 Mrks)ii) Explain how the following factors influence the location of industries-Government policies(4 Mrks)-Soure of energy(2 Mks)b)i)Give three factors that led to the development of cottage industries in India.(3 Mrks)ii) Mention four ways in which the government of Kenya has promotedJua kali industries(4 Mrks)c)i)Explain four factors that led to the growth of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany(8 Mrks)ii) Apart from iron and steel industries in Germany name any other two industires in Germany(2 Mrks)Page | 71Geography 312/1,312/2 KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 312/1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer all questions in this section 1.a) Define the term rotation of the earth.(2 Mks)- It is a period of 24 hours that the earth takes to move around its own axis. or- Is the movement of the earth on its own axis in 24 hrs.(1 x 2 Mrks)b) State three factors that contribute to the geoid spheroid shape of the earth(2 Mks)- Gravitational force- Centripetal force- Centrifugal force(3 x 1 = 3 Mrks)2.a) Give three methods of predicting weather(3 Mks)- Use of modern methods- Use of traditional methods- Use of weather lore(3 x 1 =3 Mrks)b) Why is weather predictions by the weather man in the recent past not been accurate(2 Mks)- Defection instruments- Human error- Abrupt change of weather systems.(2 x 1 = 2 Mrks)3.a) What is folding?(2 Mks)It is the bending of crustal rocks due to tectonic forces(2 Mks)b) What determines the extent of folding that takes place in a given area?(3 Mks)- Magnitude of the force- Nature of the rock- Type of the tectonic force(3 x 1 = 3 Mrks)4.a) Define the term lake. (2 Mks)- Lake is vast body of water that has accumulated in a depression on the earth surfaces.(1 x 2= 2 Mrks)b) Give three factors that determine the permanence of a lake. Size of the depression - Nature of the flow - Climate of the area - Floating vegetation(3 x 1= 3 Mrks)5.State five natural causes of aridity and desertification- Prolonged drought (insufficient rainfall) - Increase in temperature (Globalwarming)- Soil erosion - Soil degradation - Influence of relief barriers - Influence of wind dry /hot winds. SECTION B 6.a) Map name Busia( 1 x 1= 1 Mrk)ii) Magnetic declaration - 20 21‘(1 x 2= 2 Mrks)iii) Position hill at grid square 2731 by use latitudes and longitudes - 00 17‘N, 340 08‘ E(1 x 2= 2 Mrks)b) (i) Cross section on graph paper(ii) On the graph paper(iii) On the graph paperc) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map( 5 Mks)- There are many permanent swamps in the Northern part of the area covered by the map.- Most of the rivers flow from the Northern part of the area to the Central area covered by the map.- The main river in the area covered by the map is river Sio.- River Sio has dendratic drainage in the Northern earth part of the area covered by the map.(5x 1= 5 Mrks)d) (i)Types of settlements(2 Mks)Rural settlement in the whole area covered by the map.- Urban settlement at grid square 2747(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)ii) Possible problems- Vastness of the area to be covered.- Inaccessibility due to swamps.- Unfavourable weather conditions e.g It was too rainy(3 x 1= 3 Mrks)Page | 72Geography 312/1,312/2 7.a) i) A rock is a substance that is an aggregrate of mineral particles forming part of the earth crust.(1 x 2= 2 Mrks)ii) Why sedimentary rocks are wide spread at Coast of Kenya.-The Coastal plain was once an extensive part of the continental shelf of the ocean. Sedimentation took place on the shelf.-The continental shelf provides a good environment for formation of coral rocks.-Emergence of the land from the sea lead to exposure of sedimentary rocks.(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)b)(i) Sandstone- quartizite, slate(ii) Limestone - Marble (iii) Granite- Gneiss(3 x 1= 3 Mrks)c) Formation of extrusive igneous rocks.-Formed when semi- liquid magma is ejected or when lava flows through the lines of weakness until it reaches thesurface of the earth.-The lava cools and solidifies on the earths surface forming extrusive igneousrocks.(4 x 1= 4 Mrks)ii) Two examples of extrusive rocks- Pumice- Tuff- Obsidian- Basalt(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)d) Significance of rocks in Kenya.-When rocks weather they lead to formation of soil for agriculture.-Some rocks store underground water in the aquifers which flow out in form of spring water for irrigation or domestic use.-Various salts are obtained from rocks e.g soda ash from L. Magadi-Some rocks are used as building materials e.g granites or limestone which is a raw material for cement manufacturing.-Some rocks form fascinating features that become tourist attractions e.g granitic toss, hence the country earns foreignexchange(3 x 2= 6 Mrks)e) Two objectives-To find out the types of rocks around the school.-To find out the importance of the rocks to the local community any other correct(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)(ii) Reasons for a route map.-To show the direction/route-To prepare working schedule-To estimate the time required for study.-To identify some features on the route.-To decide on method of data collection.(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)(iii) Activities students were involved in during the study.-Collecting samples of rocks.-Drawing sketches of rocks/area-Breaking the rocks.-Taking photographs.(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)8.a) Intrusive volcanic landforms.-Batholith- Laccolith-Lapolith- Facolith( 2 x1= 2 Mrks)b) Formation of(i) Dyke-This volcanic feature forms when a mass of molten magma forces its way through the layers of the earths crust.-Magma generally passes through cracks or faults in the rocks.-The magma cuts across the bedding planes of the rock strata.-Magma does not reach the surface but cools and solidifies within the earths crust, forming a dyke.-The solidified sheet of magma may be vertical or inclined.(3 x 1= 3 Mrks)(ii) Sill-Forms when a mass of molten magma forces its way through the layers of the earth‘s crust.-Magma generally passes through cracks or faults in the rocks.-The magma cools and solidifies between the bedding planes of the rock layers forming a sheet of intrusive igneous rockscalled sill.(3 x 1= 3 Mrks)(iii) Crater ( by violent explosion.-When volcanic eruption occurs the lava emitted accumulates around the vent to form a volcanic cone.-The magma in the vent cools and the vent is sealed.-This leads to pilling of pressure beneath the plug.-Eventually the pressure leads to violent eruption which blows a hole on top of the volcano.-The materials land back and fall around the hole. The hole or depression formed is called crater(4 x 1 = 4 mrks)c) The fold mountain markedi)A- Andesii) B- Appalachiansiii) C -Ural mountains(3 x 1 =3 mrks)ii) Positive significance of fold mountains of human activities.-The windward slopes of fold mountains receive high rainfall that enables agriculture activities to take place.-Mountains are water catchment areas. Rivers originate from them and provide water for domestic use, irrigation andPage | 7300Geography 312/1,312/2 generation of H.E.P -Fold mountains are important tourist attractions, that earns the country revenue and foreign exchange.-In some of the fold mountains valuable minerals are exposed and are exploited for economic purposes.-The windward side receives high rainfall encouraging forestry which is a source of timber.-The windward side receives high rainfall that favour settlements.(4 x 2= 8 mrks)(iii) Features resulting from folding.-Rolling plains-Escarpments-Ridge and valley landscape-Synclinal valleys-Inter-mountane plateaus/basins(2 x 1= 2 Mrks)9.a)i)Define the term soilSoil refers to thin loose material that covers the earth surface which supports plant and animal life. (1 x 2 = 2 mrks)ii) Components of soil-Water-Humus-Minerals( 3 x 1= 3 Mrks)b)How the following factors influence the formation of soil.-ClimateRainfall provides moisture for rocks to weather down to the soil.-High temperature increase the rate of weathering leading to the formation of soil.-Climatic influences process of erosion by water wind and ice leading to soil formation.(3 x 1 = 3mrks)-Relief-Relief has influence on drainage surface run off and erosion hence influencing soil formation.-Relief determines exposure of the rock to the sun thus temp. difference facilitating weathering thus soil formation.-Windward slopes are usually wetter than leeward slopes influencing soil formation.-Gentle slopes have deep soils while steep slopes have thin soils.(3 x 1 = 3mrks)-Living organismsBurrowing, ploughing, and root penetration of plants contribute to soil formation-Organic acid and minerals are added to the soil by the remains of plants.-Burrowing animals improve soil aeration.-Plant decay adds soil fertility(3 x 1 = 3mrks)c i) Factors that influence development of soil catena.- Relief- Leaching- Drainage- Transport of soil debris(2x 1 = 2mrks)d) i) Equipment to be carried to the field.-Polythene bag for carrying soil samples.-Jembe for scooping soil-Umbrella for sheltering from strong sunshine.(3 x 1 = 3mrks)ii) Preparations they are required to make before going out for field study.-Carry out a literature review (content analysis)-Carry out a pre visit-Divide themselves into workable groups.-Prepare objectives for their study-Any other relevant point(3 x 1 = 3mrks)10.ii) U - HornV- Gentle windward slope(iii) Processes through which wind erodes in the desert area.( 2 x 1= 2 Mrks)Abrasion- Mechanical erosion of rocks by the material carried by wind .Pebbles sand and an material carried areused to polish the rock obstacles. Deflation -Wind blows and carries away materials that are unconsolidated like dust, by rolling and carrying them in air currents. Attrition - Involves particles that are carried by wind knock each other. Involves particles that can be carried by wind, when they collide against each other and reduce in size.(3 x 1 = 3mrks)b) Formation of a rock pedestal. Resistant rock (hard rock) Less resistant rock 1/2WindRock mass before erosionPage | 7400Geography 312/1,312/2 Diagram- 1Explanation- 4Resistant rock Less resistant rock 1/ 2WindWindRock mass after erosion 5 Mrks (ii) Zeugen Resistant rock Less resistant rock Cracks or joints Zeugen Resistant rock Less resistant rock Diagram - 1 Mk Explanation- 4 Mks c) i) Explanation Rock pedestal -Rock pedestal is formed from rock out crop with alternating hard and soft rocks.-The rock is weakened by weathering andwind abrassion.-The soft rock is eroded faster than hardrock.-Wind abrasion attacks the lower part of the rock than the upper layers.-The lower part is reduced to a thin steam supporting a huge column of rock called pedestalDia- 2 Text- 3 5 Marks Zeugen -Zeugen is formed from a rock -outcrop with a Horizontal alternating hand and soft rocks.-The top layer develops cracks due to weathering.-Wind abrassion erodes the hard rock along the joints.-Deflation- Process blows away to unconsolidated materials.-Furrows are formed as wind abrasion attacks the soft rocks.-The hard rocks form ridges known as zeugen.Text3Diagram25 Marksii)Resultant features of water erosion in desert area.-Wadis- Bajada-Playas- Salinas-Inselberg- Dry river valleysAny 4 x 1 = 4 Mrksc)Factors influencing wind transportation-Strength and speed of the wind:- A strong wind can transport more and heavier load than a week one.-Obstacles: Presence of obstacles in the path of wind blocks movement of wind and reduces its speed through friction.-Nature of the load- light particles such as those of dust can be transported in suspension over a long distance whileheavier ones are transported over a short distance.Any 3 x 2 = 6 MrksPage | 7500Geography 312/1,312/2 KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 312/2 MARKING SCHEME 1.a)Fisheries refer water bodies where fish are reared or caught in numbers2 x 1 = 2 (Mrks)b)Establishing of research stations to study various fish species and their breeding habits.-Creating awareness on the importance of the fish resource to reduce pollution.-Indiscriminate fishing should be banned to avoid depletion of fish stock in water bodies.-Laws should be enacted to allow only small numbers of selected fisherman to carry out the activity.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)2.a)Petroleum-Uranium-Natural gas2 x 1 = 2 (Mrks)b)It is renewable source of energy.-It is environmental friendly /doesn‘t pollute environment.-It is not affected by weather changes.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)3.a)Fertility rate-Mortality rate-Migration-Modernization-Religion-Cultural belief3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)b)-Increase in market for the goods produced in the country.-Proper utilisation of facilities such as schools and hospitals (social amenities)-Provision of labour in various areas of the econony-Provision of enough revenue to the country2 x 1 = 2 (Mrks)4.a)Urbanisation is the growth and spread of towns1 x 2 = 2 (Mrks)b)Newyork is a state city while Nairobi is capital city.-Newyork is a sea port while Nairobi is a dry port.-Nairobi is a national commercial and financial centre while Newyork is an International financial and commercial centre.-Transport modes in Newyork are road railway canals and underground passages while Nairobi has only roads andrailway services.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)5.a)Land reclamation is the practice by which less useful land is converted into more useful land.1x 2 = 2 (Mrks)b)Poor transport and communication due to remotness of the scheme.-The water level in R. Perkerra have proved to be inadequate hence hindering expansion.-The sorrounding area of the scheme is sparsely populated thus limiting the market for its products.-Water borne diseases affects the farmer hence reduced labour-Price fluctuation of farm produce lowering the morale of farmers.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)6.a)6 b) Reliable rainfall thought the year that favour growth of pasture and availability of water.-Fertile soil that favour the growth of pasture.-Gentle relief that favour movement of dairy animals.-Cool temperature that favour the survival of exotic animals.-Read market of the dairy products.5x2 = 10 (Mrks)c) Advanced technology in dairy farming.-Adequate capital to purchase farm inputs.Page | 76Geography 312/1,312/2 -High level of mechanization-Ready market within and without their dairy products.-Plenty of nutrious pasture such as alfafa5 x 1 = 5 (Mrks)d) Advancing loans to farmers - Encouraing AI - Extension offices - Improving transport network - Marketing dairy products for their farmers - Holding demonstration shows to the farmers.5 x 1 = 5 (Mrks)7. a) i) P- Masaai Mara Q- Bakora R- Selous3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)ii) A game reserve is an area set aside for preservation of wildlife but local communities are allowed to graze their animals while National parks is an area set aside for the preservation of wildlife and it may be fenced and managed and controlled by government agencies2x 1 = 2 (Mrks)b) Establishment of game reserves, National parks and game santuaries which have been gazetted to enjoy government protection. - Ban on game hunting in order to preserve wildlife - Establishment of game ranches to enable exploitation of wildlife for meat and other products. - Creation of anti - poaching units.4 x 2 = 8 (Mrks)c(i) Earns foreign exchange through tourists whose are attracted to the National breaking of the wildlife- Provide employment e.g. game rangers. - Protect water catchment areas through preservation of flora and fauna. - Offer economic utilization of marginal areas. - Some wild plants are medicinal in value. - Wildlife provide scientist with a field for study5 x 1 =5 (Mrks)(ii) Poaching - Illegal hunting of wildlife with gameparks leading to their reduction in number. - Human encroachment in search for settlement and agriculture lead to death and migration of wildlife. - Over population of the animals mount pressure on the available resources. - Pollution from the wastes are harmful to the animals - Pests and diseases e.g Nagana kill animals4 x 2 = 8 (Mrks)8 a (i) Other two types of air pollution. - Soil /land pollution - Sound /noise pollution2 x 1 = 2(Mrks)ii) 3 ways through which water is polluted. - Through releasing of untreated wastes into water bodies - Oil spillage in water bodies. - Herbicides/pestcides from the farm that end up in water bodies.2x 1 = 2 (Mrks)iii) Explain three effects of air pollution on the environment. - Some gases from factories contain substances which make plants wither and kill animals. - Smoke and soot discolour buildings and plants making them ugly. - Some gases released into the atmosphere combine with moisture to form acidic rain which is harmful to environment. - Gases like carbon IV Oxide cause global warming hence depletion of the Ozone layer. - The dust that falls on plants inhibits photosynthesis.3 x 2 = 6 (Mrks)8 i) Factors that led to flooding in the lake region of Kenya. - Devegetation of the water catchment areas allowing water to run off - Cultivation along river banks causes siltation of river reducing the capacity of the river to carry its water hence spill over to adjacent land. - Heavy rainfall on water catchment areas causing a lot of water to accumulate in the lowlands. 3x 2 = 6 (Mrks) ii) State three ways through which floods are controlled in Kenya. - Contruction of dams and check dams which help reduce velocity of river down stream. - Construction of /embarkments (artificial levees) along the rivers to control floods. - Construction of dykes to restrict the flow of water on the river channel. - Planting of trees in water catchment areas to increase inflitration rate. - Dredging of river channels to remove silt and widen the channel. - Contruction of diversion canals to maintain flow of river water in the channel or align meanders.c)(i) Observation method- Photograhing method- Interviewing method2 x 1 = 2 (Mrks)ii) They will help the locals to control soil erosion.-They will learn the benefits of planting trees.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)b)(i) - Meru oak-Elgon olive-Elgon teakPage | 77Geography 312/1,312/2 - Camphor - Mvuli - Mangrove3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)ii) The trees are conical in shape - Trees occur in pure stands - Trees are tall. - Trees have straight trunks. - Trees bear cones. - Trees have thick barks - The forest have no undergrowth. - The trees have 2 shallow roots.4 x 1 = 4 (Mrks)c (i) Rapid increase in population has led to encroachment into forest hence destruction of trees, causing extinction of some tree species. - Occurence of forest fires which have led to destruction of large areas under forests. - Illegal logging / indiscriminate cutting of trees. - Some wild animals damage trees through uprooting . - Prolonged drought leads to drying of some trees.3x 2 = 6 (Mrks)d) Transportation of logs. - In Canada logs are transorted using melt water rivers while in Kenya transportation is by roads. Felling trees - In Canada, felling is done in winter while in Kenya it takes place throughout the year. - In Canada, harvesting is done through clear cutting while in Kenya it is selective cutting. Trees species In both countries some tree species are similar e.g. pine. - In Canada softwood species are indigenous while in Kenya they are both exotic /ingigenous.1x 2 = 2 (Mrks)9a) Why agro forestry is being encouraged- To create scenic beauty - To expand habitat for wildlife and conserve wildlife. - To maintain hydrological cycle. - To protect and improve water catchment areas. - To protect the soil erosion. - To create employment opportunities - To reduce importation of forest products hence save foreign exchange. - To ensure continous supply of wood fuel timber, herbal medicines and raw materials for making paper. 4 x 1 = 4 (Mrks) 10a) Two non- agricultural industies in Kenya.-Cement production-Oil refining-Metal box-Glass making-Steel rolling2x 1 = 2 (Mrks)(ii) How the following factors influence location of ernment policies-The government is encouraging decentralization of industries from urban to rural areas - to minimise rural- urban migration.-Some industires may be set up in a particular place because of political reasons.-The government may restrict the development of some industries due to environmental reasons. 2 x 2 = 4 (Mrks)Source of energy-Industries are located where power can be supplied easily.-Industries are located in urban areas where power is readily available1 x 2 = 2 (Mrks)b) 3 factors that led to development of cottage industries in India.-Majority of the Indians are skilled weaver‘s and ornamental makers.-The high demand for products from the high population.-The availability of H.E.P-The country has abundant supply of locally available raw materials-Huge population that offers labour.-The industries require little capital to start.3x 1 = 3 (Mrks)ii) Four ways in which the government of Kenya has promoted Jua Kali industries.-The government offers training through seminars and workshops to improve the skills of the artisans.-It offers advisory services to the artisans on marketing and expansion.-It sources funds and machinery from NGOs and donors to improve their products-The government provides space for the establishment of Jua kali sheds.-It facilitates formation of co-operative through which artisans access credit.-The K.I.E has put up permanent structures for the artisans.4 x 1 = 4 (Mrks)Page | 78Geography 312/1,312/2 iii) Factors that favoured the growth of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region. -Availability of coal, iron ore and limestones as raw materials in the industry.-Availability of water from river rhine rhine , Lippe, Ruhr used in the industries.-Availability of cheap water transport on river Rhine.-Availability of capital from the rich merchants and the krupp family, that is reinvested in the industries.-Availability of capital from the rich merchants and the krupp family that is reinvested in the industries.-Ready internal and external market in central and western Europe.-Availability of skilled labour from the local population.4 x 2 = 8 (Mrks)(ii) Other industries in Germany.-Chemical industries-Pharmaceutical industries-Textile industries-Fertiliser making industries2x 1 = 2 (Mrks)Page | 7900Geography 312/1,312/2 MOKASA JOINT EXAMINATION 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PRE - MOCK Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education SECTION A (25MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1.(a) What is the relationship between Geography and Chemistry?(2marks)(b) Give three reasons why the interior of the Earth is hot.(3marks)2.(a) Distinguish between Vulcanicity and Volcanicity.(2marks)(b) Give two characteristics of basic lava domes.(2marks).3.(a) What is desertification?(2marks)(b) State three negative effects of desertification.(3marks)4.The diagram below shows an upland area.(a) Name the feature P, Q and R.(3 marks)(b) How is a u-shaped valley formed?(3 marks)5.(a) State three ways in which lakes are formed.(3 marks)(b) Give two characteristics of lakes formed due to faulting.(2 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section6.Study the map of Busia (1:50,000) sheet 101/1 provided and answer the following questions.(a)(i) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal position of South East corner of the map(2marks)(ii) Give two methods that have been used to represent relief.(2marks)(b)(i) What is the length in Kilometres of the All-weather loose surface road (C526) from the road junction at Odiado tothe road junction at Bumula.(2marks)(ii) What is the bearing of the road junction at Matayo from the air photo Principal(2 marks)(iii) Give three social services that are provided at Funyula.(3 marks)(c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6marks)(d)(i) Apart from trading, name two other economic activities in Busia area.(2marks)(ii) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that favour trading in the area covered by the map.(6marks)7.(a)(i) What is folding?(2marks)(ii) Name one country where the following fold mountains are found.? Andes(1mark)? Atlas(1mark)Page | 8000Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) The diagram below shows a types of fold. Name the features marked x, y and z(3marks)(c) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how an overthrust fold is formed.(6 marks)(d) Explain four effects of fold mountains on climate(8marks)(e) Form four students in your school are planning to study land forms through field work.Give four reasons why it is important to study the folded landforms through fieldwork.(4 marks)8.(a) Define the term vegetation(2marks)(b) Explain how the following factors influences the distribution of vegetation(i) Aspect(2marks)(ii) Relief(3marks)(c) The map below shows world vegetation zone(i) Name vegetation type marked 1,2, 3, and 4(4marks)(d) Explain four ways in which trees in coniferous forests are adopted to the climatic condition(8marks)(e) A form four Geography class is planning to carry out a field study in Kakamega forest.(i) State how they would use the following tools during the study.-A tape recorder(1mark)-A sketch map(1mark)-A camera(1mark)(ii) Give three methods they would use to collect the data during the study.(3 marks)9.(a)(i) Differentiate between river catchment and watershed.(2marks)(ii) Describe three processes by which a river transports its load.(6marks)(b) Explain three factors that lead to rejuvenation of a river.(6marks)(c) Describe each of the following drainage patterns.(i) Centripetal drainage pattern(2marks)Page | 81Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) Superimposed drainage pattern(3marks)(e) You are to carry out a field study of a river within the vicinity of your school.(i) State two reasons why you need a working schedule.(2 marks)(ii) State two characteristics of a river you are likely to observe in its lower course.(2 marks)(iii) State two follow up activities you are likely to carry out after the study.(2marks)10.(a)(i) Name two components of soils.(2 marks)(ii) State three characteristics of desert soils.(3 marks)(iii) List two factors that contribute to soil leaching.(2 marks)(b) Describe how lateralization occurs.(6 marks)(c) Explain how the following processes occurs.(i) Splash erosion(2 marks)(ii) Gulley erosion(2 marks)(d)(i) What is soil conservation?(2 marks)(ii) Explain in three ways of maintaining soil fertility.(6 marks)Page | 8200Geography 312/1,312/2 MOKASA JOINT EXAMINATION 312/2 GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 PRE - MOCK Time: 2? hours SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.(a) Give two uses of soda ash.(2 marks)(b) State three ways in which mining derelicts can be rehabilitated.(3 marks)2.(a) Name two crops grown in Perkerra irrigation scheme.(2 marks)(b) State three physical factors that favoured the location of Mwea Tebere irrigation scheme.(3 marks)3.(a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)(b) State three factors that favour dairy farming in Denmark.(3 marks)4.(a) Define wildlife.(2 marks)(b) State three reasons why it is necessary to conserve wildlife in Kenya.(3 marks)5.Study the sketch map of Lake Victoria below and use it to answer question (a).(a) Name the lake parts P, Q and R.(3 marks)(b) State two advantages of using water transport.(2 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.6.Study the photograph below and answer question (a).(a)(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above.(1 mark)Page | 8300Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the photograph.(1 mark)(iii) On the rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph.(4 marks)(iv) Describe the nature of the landscape of the are represented by the photograph.(3 marks)(b) Give three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in Kenya.(3 marks)(c) Explain three problems facing coffee in Kenya.(6 marks)(d) Compare coffee growing in Kenya and Brazil under the following sub-headings.? Coffee growing areas.(2 marks)? Soil(2 marks)? Labour(2 marks)7.(a)(i) What is agro forestry?(2 marks)(ii) Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests.(2 marks)(iii) Name two indigenous softwood trees species.(2 marks)(b)(i) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.(6 marks)(ii) State four factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest on the slope of Mt. Kenya.(4 marks)(c) Give differences in the exploitation of softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following headings.(i) Tree species(2 marks)(ii) Problems facing forestry.(2 marks)(d) Form four students in a school carried out a field study on forestry within their county.(i) Give three reasons why a recconnaince was necessary for field study.(3 marks)(ii) State two advantages of using content Analysis in the study of forests.(2 marks)8.(a) Define the term fishing.(2 marks)(b)(i) Name two types of marine fish caught along the East African coast.(2 marks)(c) Use the map of North-West Atlantic fishing ground to answer questions c(i).P Q (i) Name the ocean currents marked P and Q.(2 marks)(ii) Explain three ways in which the convergence of ocean currents marked P and Q influence fishing.(6 marks)(d)(i) Describe how drifting method is used in fishing.(5 marks)(ii) State three factors which are considered when choosing a fishing method.(3 marks)(iii) State three problems which face fishing in Lake Turkana.(3 marks)(e) State two reasons why fish farming should be encouraged in Kenya.(2 marks)9.(a)(i) Give two renewable sources of energy.(2 marks)(ii) State two advantages of using uranium as a source of energy.(2 marks)(b)(i) Apart from generating H.E.P, give three other benefits that have resulted from the construction of Masinga Dam.(3 marks)(ii) Explain four physical factors that influence the location of a hydro-electric power station.(8 marks)(c) State two conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(2 marks)(d) Explain four effects that the increase in oil prices has had on the economy of Kenya.(8 marks)10.(a)(i) Distinguish between industry and industrialization.(2 marks)(ii) State five factors that have influenced industrial development in Thika.(5 marks)(b)(i) Explain three reasons a government may have for influencing industrial location.(6 marks)(ii) Explain four factors that have led to the rapid development of automobile industries in Japan.(8 marks)Page | 84Geography 312/1,312/2 MOKASA, 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25MARKS) 1.(a) What is the relationship between Geography and Chemistry(2marks)-Chemistry principles are used by geographers in the studying the chemicals compositions of rocks and soil-The chemical changes that take place in rocks and soil can best be analyzed and presented by geographers through theapplication of chemistry techniques.(b) State three reasons why the interior of the Earth is hot(3marks)-Weight of overlying materials exert pressure resulting in heat-Due to Radioactivity or nuclear fission-Interior of the earth retained heat in the process of cooling after breaking from the sun.2.(a)Distinguish between Vulcanicity and Volcanicity(2marks)-Vulcanicity is the process in which solids liquids or gaseous materials are forced out of the interior into the earths crust oronto the surface of the EarthWhileVolcanicity is a process in which igneous materials reach the surface of the earth.Mark as a whole(b) Give two characteristics of basic lava domes(2marks).-Have low heights-Have a broad base-Have gentle slopes-Made up of several layers of basic lava.3.(a) what is desertification?(2marks)-Desertification is the slow but steady encroachment of arid like conditions into formerly productive area.Or-Desertification is the process through which marginal lands are degraded through climatic variations and human activities.(b) State three negative effects of desertification(3marks)? It leads to shortage of water / destruction of water catchment areas. ? It leads to drying of vegetation ? It leads to drying up of soil / development of fertile soils. ? It causes out migration of population ? It leads to wind erosion ? Development of infertile soil 4. (a) Name the features P, Q and R(3 marks)P - Pyramidal peakQ - AreteR- Hanging Valley(b) How is a U- shaped valley formed?(3marks)-Glacier flows in an existing valley down hill-It erodes vertically to deepen the valley-It erodes laterally to widen the valley-Resulting in U-shaped valley5.(a) State three ways in which lakes are formed.( 3marks)-By process of erosion i.e water, wind , glacier and waves.-By process of earth movement-By process of Vulcanicity / Volcanic activity i.e lava flows, violent explosion-By process of human activity-By process of mass movements - land slides-By process of falling of meteorite-By process of carbonation i.e. solution action-By process of depositionAny 3 x 1 = (3marks)(b) Give two characteristics of lakes formed due to faulting.(2 marks)-Most of the lakes are narrow-Most of the lakes are steep sided boarded by steep sides-Most of the lakes are deep-Most of the lakes are salty-Most of the lakes are longAny 2 x 1 (2marks)Page | 8500Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section 6.Study the map of Busia (1:50,000) sheet 101/1 provided and answer the following questions.(a)(i) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal position of South East corner of the map.(2marks)-0o15‘N, 34o15E.(ii) Give two methods that have been used to represent relief.(2marks)-contours-trigonometrically station(b)(i) What is the length in Kilometres of the All-weather loose surface road (C526) from the road junction at Odiado tothe road junction at Bumula.(2marks)-7.1 km(ii) What is the bearing of the road junction at Matayo from the air photo principal point at Kisoko?(2marks)-233o(iii) Give three social services that are provided at Funyula.(3marks)-Commercial services-Transportation-Administration services-Recreation services-Security(c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6marks)-The main drainage feature are rives.-The other drainage features are swamps, dams, reservoirs.-There are many rivers in the area.-The rivers are permanent-The rivers form dendritic pattern-The main river is Sio.and it flows South Westwards.-Some rivers are bending / winding/ meandering-Some rivers are short and disappear underground e.g, R, Kiround and Wakgungu in the South.-Some rivers originate from the highland/around Samia hills.(d)(i) Apart from trading, name two other economic activities in Busia area.(2marks)-transportation-cotton growing(ii) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that favour trading in the area covered by the map.(6marks)-the presence of numerous market centers/shops which provide opportunities for trading.-the area has well developed transport network for delivery of goods and services shown by all-weather roads.-the area is economically productive which provides good for trade evidenced by cotton farming/cotton store.-there are numerous settlements which suggests availability of market for consumption of the variety of goods and services.7.(a)(i) What is folding?(2marks)-It is the process of crustal distortion which causes the rocks to bend upwards and downwards.(ii) Name one country where the following fold mountains are found.? Andes(1mark)-Chile,Bolivia, Argentina, Venezuela, Ecuador Colombia? Atlas(1mark)Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia(b) Name the feature marked x, y and z(3 marks)X - LimbY - AnticlineZ - Syncline(c) With the aid of a labelled diagram, describe how an overthrust fold is formed.(6marks)-Layers of rocks of the earth‘s crust are subjected to compressional forces.Page | 8600Geography 312/1,312/2 -Intense folding result in the formation of an over fold. -With increased pressure, the over fold result in the formation of a recumbent fold.-When pressure is very great a fracture occurs along the axis in the recumbent fold producing a thrust plane.-The upper part of the recumbent fold slides forward over the lower part along the plane resulting to the formation of an overthrust fold.(d) Explain four effects of fold mountains on climate(8marks)-The sun facing slopes are warmer than the opposite slopes because they are exposed to the sun.-Windward slopes of Fold Mountains receive higher precipitation than the leeward side because of orographic effect.-Leeward side of Fold Mountain have caused Aridity-fold mountains cause anabatic winds which have a cooling effect on the windward side while Katabaic winds on the leewardside cause a cooling effect on the valleys.-Fold mountains have an effect reducing pressure with increasing altitude-The orographic effect of Fold Mountain leads to lower temperatures leading to formation of ice and snow.(e) Form four students in your school are planning to study land forms through field work.Give four reasons why it is important to study folded landforms through fieldwork.(4marks)-Gives firsthand information.-Application of knowledge gained to real life situation.Page | 87Geography 312/1,312/2 -Development of various skills / application of skills learnt.-Helps in enhancing visual memory of landforms.-Enables one to appreciate landforms.-Provides an in-depth learning / broader learning-Makes learning more interesting-Enables one to familiarize with the environment(4 x 1= 4mark)8.(a) Define the term vegetation(2marks)-Collective plants cover growing in a particular area/ is the plant cover that occurs naturally or widely on the earth surface.(b) Explain how the following factors influences the distribution of vegetation(i) Aspect(2marks)-Slopes facing the sun have a variety of plants due to warm summers.-Slopes not facing the sun hence few plants due to cool conditions or low temperatures.(ii) Relief(3marks)-Windward sides of mountains receive heavy rainfall leading to the growth of thick forests.-Tops of mountains have no or little vegetation cover due to little rainfall and very low temperatures.-Gentle slopes have thick vegetation due to deep fertile soils.(c) (i) Name vegetation type marked 1,2, 3, and 4(4marks)1- tundra 2-equatonal forests 3-tropical grasslands 4-desert vegetation (d) Explain four ways in which trees in coniferous forests are adopted to the climatic condition(8marks)-Needle - like leaves help to reduce loss of water in winter.-The leaves have a tough waxy skin to protect them from cold winter-The trees have a conical shape and flexible branches to allow snow to slide easily and to minimize damage to trees.-Most trees are evergreen to minimize sunlight during the short growing season.-The tree trunks are flexible to enable them sway without breaking during strong winds.-The trees have thick barks with a lot of resin which protect them from frost.4 x 2 = (8maks)(c) A form four Geography class is planning to carry out a field study in Kakamega forest.(i) State how they would use the following tools during the study.-A tape recorder(1mark)-for recording conversations in the field.-A sketch map(1mark)-to fill in information during the study-A camera(1mark)Taking photographs of the forest.(ii) Give three methods they would use to collect data during the study(3marks)-Observation-Interviewing-Sampling-taking photographs-Digging-Smelling and feeling-Reading from books(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)9.(a)(i) Differentiate between river catchment and watershed.(2marks)? Catchment area is the land from which a river draws its water/source of a river. While ? A Watershed is a ridge/ highland area separating two drainage basins/river system. (ii) Describe three processes by which a river transports its load.(6marks)? Suspension - some materials like silt is carried in suspension because they are light and can be maintained within turbulence of the water. ? Solution - some of the load is dissolved in water and carried in solution form ? Saltation - some particles are fairly heavy and momentarily lifted by the turbulence of the water and then dropped onto the river bed. ? Transaction - large and heavy particles are rolled along the riverbed.(3x2 = 6marks)(b) Explain three factors that lead to rejuvenation of a river.(6marks)? Dynamic rejuvenation local uplift of land leads to a change in the base level hence the river revives renews its erosive activities. ? Ecustatic rejuvenation lowering of the sea level creates sharp knick points at the river mouth thus increasing velocity of water hence renewing reverving its erosive activities. ? An increase of river discharge brought about a river capture leads to the revival/renewal of its erosive activities. Page | 88Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Unequal regional subsidence of land a long a river course result in knick point thereby increasing the velocity of water down stream and hence revives its erosive activities. ? Changing rock resistance from hard to softer rocks along a river course. ? Increased precipitation in the catchment area of river increases the discharge raising the volume of a river thus increasing its erosive power / renews/ revives its erosive activities. ? Increase in precipitation in catchment areas of river increase the discharge raising volume of a river thereby increasing its power / renews/ revives its erosive activities (c) Describe each of the following drainage patterns. (i) Centripetal drainage pattern(2marks)Centripetal drainage pattern. The pattern develops in an area with central basin / depression /hollow in which many rivers flow from all directions. (2marks) (ii) Superimposed drainage pattern(3marks)The drainage system develops on a rock structure that overlay a totally different oneThe river valley cuts through the surface rock layer onto the underlying rocksGradually the surface rocks are removed and the underlying rocks now become exposed on the river bed.The river maintains its original direction of flow despite the new structure.(3marks)(d) You are to carry out a field study of a river within the vicinity of your school.(i) State two reasons why you would need a working schedule.(2marks)(ii)-It gives ample time to each activity.-No activity is forgotten.-It enables tendency of repeating facts.-It provides an estimate.-It provides estimation of the cost of the wholes study.-It enables the research to remain in within the scope of topic.(iii) State two characteristics of a river you are likely to observe in the lower course of the river.(2 marks)? Alluvial fan ? Meanders and ox-bow lakes ? Natural levees and deferred tributaries ? Braided channels ? Deltas and distributaries ? Flood plain ? Very wide valley(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(iv) State two follow -up activities you are likely to carry out after the study.(2 marks)? Class discussion ? Reading more about the topic ? Analyzing photographs / tape recorded ? Report writing ? Displaying the samples/specimen collected ? Class presentation 10.(i) Name two components of soil(2 marks)? Air ? Water ? Organic matter / humus ? Inorganic matter/minerals (ii) State three characteristics of desert soils(3marks)? They sandy ? They have low humus ? They are thin ? They are rich in calcium / lime content alkaline ? They are saline(3 x 1 = 3marks)(iii) State two factors that contribute to soil leaching(2marks)? Nature of the soil / solubility of the minerals / porosity? Topography / relief? High rainfall / alternating wet and dry seasons.(2x1 = 2marks)(b) Describe how lateralization occurs(6marks)? During the wet season, mineral salt in the top layer of the soil dissolves in rain water. ? The dissolved minerals are deposited further downwards to the lower layer. i.e elluviation . ? The dissolved mineral are deposited further downwards to the lower layer. ? Insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminum accumulate in the top layer to form laterite soil. (c) Explain how the following process occurs.(2 marks)(i) Splash erosionPage | 89Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Rain drops of heavy sudden rainstorms hit and loosen unconsolidated soil particles there by throwing soil particles away. (ii) Gulley erosion ? It occurs on steep slopes when rain water cuts deep grooves/channels on slopes to form rill. The channels are deepened and widened to form gullies.(2marks)(d) (i) What is soil conservation?(2marks)Soil conservation are the measures taken to protect the soil from destruction (ii) Explain three ways of maintaining soil fertility(6marks)? Contour ploughing / ploughing across the slope form ridges and furrows that breaks the flow of the water downhill thus checking soil erosion. ? Crop rotation/planting different crops in successive years allows the soil to replenish hence the soil fertility is naturally maintained. ? Planting trees help reduce the runoff; leaves reduce the force of falling rain drops while the roots hold the soil particles together thus checking soil erosion ? In mixed farming, livestock feed on the remains. Livestock add fertility to the soil thereby enriching the soil with minerals and humus. ? Planting cover crops protects the top soil from the full force of heavy downpour. ? Regulating livestock and controlling grazing thereby reducing soil erosion. ? Regulating and checking the number of livestock thereby controlling overgrazing. This prevents exposing soil to erosion. ? Mulching protects soil from erosion and adds organic material / humus to the soil(Any 3 x 2 = 6)Page | 90Geography 312/1,312/2 MOKASA JOINT EXAMINATION 312/2 GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME Paper 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section. 1.(a)Give two uses of soda ash.(2 marks)-Manufacture of glass.-Manufacture of soap-Manufacture of detergent.-Manufacture of caustic soda.(b)State three ways in which mining derelicts can be rehabilitated.(3 marks)-Planting trees.-Creating a park to attract tourists.-Introducing aquaculture/fish farming.-Landscaping for settlement or faming.-Refilling the pits.2.(a)Name two crops grown in Perkerra irrigation scheme.(2 marks)-Seed maize-Pawpaw-Chillies-Onions-Water melons-Tomatoes(b)State three physical factors that influenced the location of Mwea Tebere irrigation scheme.(3 marks)-Black cotton soil with a high water retention suitable for rice cultivation.-Gently sloping land to allow gravitational flow of water.-Abundant and regular water supply from Rwey Theba and Nyamidi.-Warm weather suitable for rice growing.-Availability of extensive land for rice cultivation and future expansion.3.(a)Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)-Fresian-Holstein-Asyhire-Guernsey-Jersey-Aiderney-Brown swiss(b)State three factors that favour dairy farming in Denmark.(3 marks)-The landscape is gentle sloping which is suitable for grazing.-The climate is warm/sunny summer/moderate temperature 100 - 170 that allow out door grazing.-There is cool climate suitable for pasture growing.-The moderate rainfall (500 - 1000mm) that supports growing.-Boulder clay soil are fertile which supports high posture.4.(a)Define wildlife.(2 marks)-Wildlife is defined as all untamed plants/flora and animals/ fauna existing in their natural habitats.(b)State three reasons why it is necessary to conserve wildlife in Kenya.(3 marks)-To maintain the genetic diversity.-To attract tourist.-To protect endangered species of plants and animals.-To preserve wildlife for future generation/posterity.-To ensure sustainable utilization of species.-To maintain aesthetic value for recreation.-To provide raw materials for medicinal.5.(a)Name the lake parts P, Q and R.(3 marks)M - JinjaN-BukobaP-Mwanza(b)State two advantages of using water transport.(2 marks)-It is a cheaper means of transport for bulky goods.-The water transport has less traffic congestion-Convenient to carry large quantity of goods.Page | 9100Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section. 6.(a)(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above.(1 mark)-Ground general view.(ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the photograph.(1 mark)Tree (iii) On the rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph.(4 marks)-Clouds-Sky-Trees-Coffee plants-People/labourers/workers-Ridges-Hills-Valleys(iv) Describe the nature of the landscape of the are represented by the photograph.(3 marks)-The land in the foreground rises from the right to the left.-The land in the middle ground rises to the background-The land in the background has ridges and valleys/hilly.-There is a slight depression in the middle ground.(b) Give three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in Kenya.(3 marks)-Moderate temperatures ranging from 140C - 26/cool climate/cool conditions.-High rainfall/1000mm - 2030mm per year.-Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.-Gently sloping landscapes.-Deep, well-drained volcanic soils.(c) Explain three problems facing coffee in Kenya.(6 marks)-The crop is attacked by pests such as leaf miner/aphid/thrips and diseases/ CBD/ Leaf rust/ root rot which lower theYields/quality of barriers.-Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market cause uncertainties to farmers making it difficult to plan ahead.-Inadequate rainfall in some areas destroy crops leading to losses.-Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of the coffee barriers to the factory lowering the quality/profit.-Mismanagement of the co-operatives leads to delayed payment which discourage the farmers.-Poor marketing strategies leads to low prices which discourage farmers.(d) Compare coffee growing in Kenya and Brazil under the following sub-headings.?Coffee growing areas.(2 marks)-Coffee in Brazil is mainly grown at lower altitudes/upto 900 metres/on gently rolling Brazillian plateau while in Kenya coffeeis mainly grown in the highlands.?Soil(2 marks)-Coffee in Brazil is grown in deep porous/terra rosa soils while in Kenya it is grown in deep volcanic soils.?Labour(2 marks)-In Kenya the work is done by family members while in Brazil the work is done by tenants.Page | 92Geography 312/1,312/2 7.(a)(i) What is agro forestry?(2 marks)-The deliberate growing of trees, crops and keeping of livestock on the same piece of land.(ii) Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests.(2 marks)-Indegenous forests are trees which are natural native to a country/trees grow naturally while exotic forests are trees thatare alien to a country/trees introduced to the country from other parts of the world.(iii) Name two indigenous softwood trees species.(2 marks)-Podo-Ceda/juniper-African pencil.(b)(i) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.(6 marks)-The area receives heavy rainfall over 1000mm throughout the year which encourages growth of trees.-The area has deep fertile volcanic soils that allow the roots to penetrate deep into the ground to support the trees.-The area has well drained soils thus there is no water logging which can choke plant and interfere with their growth.-The area has moderate to cool conditions/climate which are ideal for the growth of a variety of trees.-The area is a gazette forest reserve hence settlement and cultivation are prohibited thereby allowing forests to growwithout interference.-The steep slopes discourage human activities thus enabling forests to thrive without human interference.(ii) State four factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest on the slope of Mt. Kenya.(4 marks)-The illegal encroachment of human activities.-The government policy of degazzettement has allowed encroachment of human activities.-Increase population of elephants, buffaloes etc destroy the trees.-Prolonged droughts have caused drying of some trees.-Plant disease/pests destroy some trees in the forest.-Over exploitation of certain species of trees.(c)Give the differences in the exploitation of softwood forests in Kenya and Canada under the following headings.(i) Tree species(2 marks)-In Kenya there are both exotic and indigenous trees while In Canada there are only indigenous softwood trees only.(ii) Problems facing forestry.(2 marks)-In Kenya pests and diseases affect exotic trees, in Canada harsh cold climate slow down the regeneration of forests aftertrees have been felled.-In Kenya forests is cleared for settlement and agriculture practices while in Canada some parts are not accessible inwinter due to cold climate and rugged landscape.(d)Form four students in a school carried out a field study on the forestry within their county.(i) Give three reasons why recconnaince was necessary for field study.(3 marks)-It help in designing methods of data collection.-To help in formulating the hypothesis/objectives of the study.-To help estimating the cost of the study.-To get in contact with relevant authority for permission for the visit.-To help prepare working schedule.-To help in assembling appropriate apparatus equipment/instruments for the study.-To help identify the location of various tree species before the study.-To identify problems likely to be experienced.(ii) State two advantages of using the content Analysis in the study of forests.(2 marks)-It provides old information.-It is easy to collect the data as they are already analyzed.-Less expensive because relevant publication is available.8.(a)What is fishing?(2 marks)-It is the exploitation of aquatic animals/fish.OR-It involves the catching of aquatic animals for food or for economic reasons.(b)(i) Name two types of marine fish caught along the East African coast.(2 marks)-Crabs-Blackskin-Oyster-Cat fish-Sardines-Mullet-Tuna-King fish-Prawn-Barracuda-Bonito-Queen fishPage | 93Geography 312/1,312/2 (c) Use the map of North-West Atlantic fishing ground to answer questions c(i). (i) Name the ocean currents marked P and Q.(2 marks)P-Cold Labrador currentQ-Warm gulf stream(ii) Explain three ways in which the convergence of ocean currents marked P and Q influence fishing.(6 marks)-The warm gulf stream raises the temperature of ocean water making it ice-free thereby encouraging fishing throughout theyear.-Convergence of the ocean currents causes upwelling of water which increases supply of oxygen and minerals required for thegrowth of planktons hence presence of mery fish.-It causes cool conditions, thereby favouring the growth of planktons required by fish.(d)(i) Describe how drifting method is used in fishing.(5 marks)-The drift net is held vertically in the water by fitting floats on the upper side and weights at the bottom end of net. This helpsto stretch the net.-The net is held close to the surface of water since this method is meant to catch pelagic fish; while swim in large shoals.-As the fish try to go past the net they are trapped by their gills.-Once the net has caught enough fish the drifters are used to haul it and the catch onto the shore.-The fish are then removed from the net and take for processing.(ii) State three factors which are considered when choosing a fishing method.(3 marks)-The type of fish.-The depth of water.-The level of technology.-The purpose of fishing - commercial consumption.(iii) State three problems which face fishing in Lake Turkana. (3 marks)-Limited modern technology/inadequate capita to develop fishing.-Shortage of reedy market due to remoteness and sparse population.-Overfishing leading to a reduction in the fish population.-Mismanagement of fishing cooperative society.-Reduction/fluctuation in water levels lead to decline in fish catch.(e)State two reasons why fish farming should be encouraged in Kenya.(2 marks)-It helps meet the demand for food with high protein content.-It allows better use of land and water resources for example ponds and swamps/occupies a small land.-It creates employment opportunities for many Kenyans for example pond construction, etc hence it is a source of income.-It is free from inter-territorial conflicts and disputes.-It leads to development of related industries e.g. canning, net-making etc.-The fish can be exported to earn foreign exchange for the country.-It may facilitate scientific research on the general behavior of fish.-Fish farming assists in the conservation of rare and endangered fish species in danger of depletion.9.(a)(i) Give two renewable sources of energy.(2 marks)-Water-Wind-Sun-Geothermal steam-Biomass-Wood-Drought animals(ii) State two advantages of using uranium as a source of energy.(2 marks)-It occurs in huge reserves-It produces large amounts energy compared to other sources/ A relatively small amount of uranium generates large quantitiesof energy.-It has a longer lifetime compared to other non-renewable sources of energy.(b)(i) Apart from generating H.E.P, give three other benefits that have resulted from the construction of Masinga Dam.(3 marks)-It filters silt to save the other dams which downstream.-It provides a fishing ground for the local communities.-It provides water for domestic use.-It is a tourist attraction/recreation.-The dam provides a link across river Tana.-The reservoir provides water for irrigation.(ii) Explain four physical factors that influence the location of a hydro-electric power station.(8 marks)-Presence of large volume of water from a river/lake/large catchment area to provide water to drive the turbines.-Regular/constant supply of water to ensure continuous generation of power.-Hard basement rock to provide a firm foundation for the construction of a dam.-Presence of rapids/waterfalls/knick points to provide a massive hydraulic force/lead for power generation.Page | 94Geography 312/1,312/2 -Presence of a deep valley/a river gorge to save on the cost of the construction of the dam/to provide spare for the reservoir .-Non-porous rock/impervions to prevent seepage of water.(c) State two conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum.(2 marks)-Presence of remains /deposits of flora and fauna over a long period of time.-Presence of non-porous rocks underneath the deposits of flora and fauna.-Deposition of other layers of rocks/non-porous rocks over the remains of flora and fauna.-Presence of porous rocks.-Compression of the remains of the flora and fauna due to folding of layers of rocks.(d) Explain four effects that the increase in oil prices has had on the economies of Kenya.(8 marks)-The country spend more of their foreign exchange on importation of oil thus leading to decline in other sectors of theireconomies.-There has been increasing cost of transport causing a rise in the cost of movement of people, goods and services.-Production costs have increased leading to an increase in prices of commodities thus reducing the demand on thecommodities.-Some industries that rely on by-products of petroleum have reduce production leading to redundancy/unemployment.-The country have experienced low economic growth leading to general poverty among the citizen.-It has led to the need to establish/look for cheaper sources of energy to replace/supplement oil.-It has created an awareness on the need to conserve energy.-The countries that have oil potential have started exploring the possibilities of drilling their own oil to reduce/stopimportation.10.(a)(i) Distinguish between industry and industrialization.(2 marks)-Industrialization is setting up of more industries/is the process and pace/speed at which a country and community sets andundergoes to establish more industries.OR-The process of change from primary to secondary and tertiary production while an industry is an establishment set up toprocess and transform raw materials to more complex material of great value.(ii) State five factors that have influenced industrial development in Thika.(5 marks)-A rich agricultural hinterland of Thika town provides raw materials.-River Channia provided fresh water for industrial use.-Well developed road and railway provide transport services required for industrialization.-Proximity to Nairobi provides large market.-Availability of power.-Availability of labour.(b)(i) Explain three reasons a government may have for influencing industrial location.(6 marks)The government may establish industries in place for the purpose of creating employment.-It leads to utilization of locally available raw materials that would otherwise be left idle.-It leads to improvement of transport and communication thus opening up the area where the industries are located.-It leads to the development of social amenities like water supply and electricity thereby raising the living standard of people.-It leads to diversification of the economy thus reducing the over reliance on Agriculture products.(ii) Explain four factors that have led to the rapid development of automobile industries in Japan.(8 marks)-The mountainous and rugged terrain together with thin and Availability of capital acquired from other industries like fishing,ship building together with financial assistance from the government have helped in the setting up and expansion of theindustry.-Large population provides large domestic market in addition to large external market for the cars has encouraged the industry.-Japanese have advanced technology a fact that has promoted efficient methods of production of high quality goods that arecompetitive in the world market.-There are many sea ports that ease the importation of raw materials and exportation of finished cars.-Japan has skilled industrious workforce which enhance efficiency in production.-The large source of power from her H.E.P and imported oil has encouraged the growth of Automobile industries.-Permafrost soil inhibits agriculture and hence Japanese have turned to automobile and electronic industries.Page | 95Geography 312/1,312/2 CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions on the answer booklet provided. 1.(a) Give three reasons why recording of data at a weather station may be inaccurate.(3 marks)(b) Give two weather conditions associated with cumulonimbus clouds.(2 marks)2.(a) Distinguish between aridity and desertification.(2 marks)(b) State three causes of climate change.(3 marks)3.(a) What is weathering?(2 marks)(b) Give three processes of chemical weathering.(3 marks)4.(a) State two characteristics of mushroom blocks.(2 marks)(b) Apart from mushroom block and rock pedestals, list three other features formed as a result of wind erosion in deserts.5.(a) Name a place in Kenya where terms are found.(1 mark)(b) Describe how a tarn is formed.(4 marks)SECTION B: (75 MARKS)Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6. Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (Sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.(a) (i) What is the position of Nanginingini hill by latitude.(1 mark)(ii) What was the magnetic variation of the area when the map was published?(1 mark)(iii) Calculate the area of land enclosed by loose surface road C526 and region boundary from Easting 31 to Easting 38(iv) Name two natural features shown at grid square 2444.(2 marks)(b) (i) Draw across-section from grid reference 250370 to grid reference 310370, use a scale 1cm rep. 50 metres.(4 marks)(ii) On the cross-section drawn, mark and name the following:(a) Loose surface road.(1 mark)(b) Hill.(1 mark)(c) River.(1 mark)(c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map.(6 marks)(d) Giving evidence, identify three economic activities of the area covered by the map.(6 marks)7.(a) (i) What is natural vegetation.(2 marks)(ii) State two factors why mountain tops have no vegetation.(2 marks)(iii) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries.(3 marks)? Canada.? Russia.? Australia.(b) Explain four ways in which coniferous forest is adapted to the climatic conditions.(8 marks)(c) You are planning to carry out a field study in a forest.(i) Give five reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration(5 marks)(ii) Identify five challenges you are likely to encounter during the study.(5 marks)1.(a) (i) What is lake?(2 marks)(ii) Name two crater lakes in Kenya.(2 marks)(b) Describe how the following lakes are formed.(i) Oasis.(4 marks)(ii) Lagoon.(4 marks)(c) Explain five ways in which human activities affects lakes in Kenya.(8 marks)(d) State five economic uses of lakes.(5 marks)9.(a) (i) Define the term vulcanicity.(2 marks)(ii) Give four features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity.(4 marks)(b) Describe the formation of a caldera under the following subheadings.(i) Subsidence.(4 marks)(ii) Explosion.(5 marks)(c) Describe how Yatta plateau was formed.(4 marks)(d) Explain three negative effects of vulcanicity.(6 marks)10. (a) (i) What is soil?(2 marks)(ii) Give four components of soil.(4 marks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence formation of soil.(i) Topography.(4 marks)(ii) Climate.(4 marks)(c) Describe how laterization occurs.(5 marks)(d) You have been requested to carry out a field study of the soils found around your school.(i) Name two main types of soils you would collect.(2 marks)(ii) Give four problems you are likely to encounter in the field.(4 marks)Page | 9600Geography 312/1,312/2 CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 3122 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions on the answer booklet provided. 1.(a) Name two exotic breeds of commercial beef cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)(b) State three similarities between commercial beef cattle farming in Kenya and Argentina.(3 marks)2.(a) Give three measures taken to manage fresh water and marine Fisheries in Kenya.(3 marks)(b) Give two examples of hatcheries in Kenya that provide fingerlings to the fish farms.(2 marks)3.(a) State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns.(2 marks)(b) Give three social functions of Kisumu town.(3 marks)4.(a) Name three modes of transport in Kenya.(3 marks)(b) Give two ways in which cell phones contribute to Kenya‘s economical development.(2 marks)5.(a) Differentiate between a national park and game sanctuary.(2 marks)(b) State three physical conditions which discourage setting up of game parks and game reserves.(3 marks)SECTION B: (75 MARKS)Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6. Study the photograph below and answer the following questions.(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above.(1 mark)(ii) Give one reason for your answer in a(i) above.(1 mark)(iii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the photograph. On it sketch and label the mainFeatures shown on the photograph.(4 marks)(b) (i) Name three countries in Kenya where maize is grown on large scale.(3 marks)(ii) Explain three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Uasin Gishu County in Kenya.(6 marks)(iii) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of maize from land preparation to harvesting.(6 marks)(iii) Outline four ways in which the government assists maize farmers.(4 marks)7.(a) (i) What is mining.(2 marks)(ii) Give four main formations in which minerals occur.(4 marks)(b) (i) Apart from shaft methods name three other types of underground mining.(3 marks)(ii) Describe the shaft method of mining.(5 marks)(iii) Explain four ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa.(8 marks)(d) State three negative effects of mining on the environment.(3 marks)8.(a) (i) List three Jua Kali Industries which are located in rural areas of Kenya.(3 marks)(ii) Suggest three ways in which the Kenya government can promote the development of the Jua Kali Industries.(3 marks)(b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization.(6 marks)Page | 97Geography 312/1,312/2 (c) Explain four factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany in the 19th century.(8 marks)(d) Students of a school in Mombasa County went for a field study at the oil refinery in Mombasa.(i) List two methods that they used to record data.(2 marks)(ii) Give three problems that they might have faced during the study.(3 marks)9.(a) What is nuclear energy?(2 marks)(b) Name four sources of electric power other than water.(4 marks)(c) Explain two negative effects that Kenya will get from exploitation or her newly discovered oil reserves in the Northernparts of the Country.(4 marks)(d) Explain four factors that influenced the location of Ol Karia geothermal power station(8 marks)(e) (i) State four physical factors that favours development of hydro-electric power projects.(4 marks)(ii) Apart from generation of hydro-electric power, name three other benefits of dams.(3 marks)10. (a) (i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation.(2 marks)(ii) State two benefits of irrigation over natural water supply.(2 marks)(iii) Explain how the following factors influenced the establishment of Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme.(4 marks)(a) Climate.(b) Soils.(iv) Identify two horticultures crops grown at Mwea Tebere.(2 marks)(b) (i) Describe the steps which were followed in reclaiming and preparing land from the sea for agricultural use in theNetherlands.(6 marks)(ii) Identify four factors that favoured land reclamation in the Netherlands.(4 marks)(c) Form four students from a school visited an irrigation farm.(i) State two objectives for the study.(2 marks)(ii) State three problems facing irrigation projects in Kenya they came up with.(3 marks)Page | 98Geography 312/1,312/2 CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1.(a) Give three reasons why recording of data at a weather station may be inaccurate.(3 marks)- Use of defective instruments. - Human error - Interference with instrument. - Poor sitting of weather station. - Extreme weather conditions. - Natural calamities. (b) Give two weather conditions associated with cumulonimbus clouds.(2 marks)- Thunder and lightning. - Hailstones. - Heavy rainfall mostly in the afternoon/large drops. - Rainfall falls for short duration. 2.(a) Distinguish between aridity and desertification.(2 marks)Aridity refers to the state of land having insufficient moisture leading to scanty vegetation, while desertification is the slow but steady encroachment of desert like conditions into potentially/formally productive land. (b) State three causes of climate change.(3 marks)- Variations in the earth‘s orbital characteristics. - Variations in the earth‘s amount of atmospheric CO2 in the air. - Volcanic eruptions. - Variations in the solar output. 3.(a) What is weathering?(2 marks)This is the breaking down/decomposition of rocks/at or near the earth‘s surface with by chemical or physical processes. (b) Give three processes of chemical weathering.(3 marks)- Hydrolysis. - Solution. - Oxidation. - Carbonation. - Hydration. 4.(a) State two characteristics of mushroom blocks.(2 marks)- Has a broad rounded top. - Its smoothened. - Has very narrow bottom. (b) Apart from mushroom block and rock pedestals, list three other features formed as a result of wind erosion in deserts.(3 marks)- Millet seed/sand grains. - Zengers. - Yardangs. - Depressions /deflation hollows. 5.(a) Name a place in Kenya where tarns are found.(1 mark)Mt. Kenya. (b) Describe how a tarn is formed.(4 marks)- Snow accumulates in shallow pre-existing hollow/depression on mountain side. - Snow got compacted into ice to form a cirque glacier. - The accumulated ice erodes the hollow, moving it deep and wide, forming depression. - Eventually a deep, arm chair shaped depression, known as a corrie is formed. - The depression is filled with melt water or rain to form a tarn. Any 4 (4 x 1) SECTION B: (75 MARKS) 6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (Sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.(a) (i) What is the position of Nanginingini hill by latitude.(1 mark)0°20? North.(ii) What was the magnetic variation of the area when the map was published?2°21?.(1 mark)(iii)Complete sq. 9Incomplete 19/2 = 9.5Total area = 18.5km? ? 0.5 (18 - 19km?)Page | 9900Geography 312/1,312/2 (iv) Name two natural features shown at grid square 2444.(2 marks)- River. - Riverine trees. - Seasonal swamp. (b) (i) Draw across-section from grid reference 250370 to grid reference 310370, use a scale 1cm rep. 50 metres. (4 marks) (iii) On the cross-section drawn, mark and name the following: (a) Loose surface road.(1 mark)(b) Hill.(1 mark)(c) River.(1 mark)(c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map.(6 marks)- Area has been dissected rivers, forming valleys. - The area is low lying in the North. - The highest point is 1568 metres. - The lowest point is 1160 metres. - The area has several hills in the South. - There are ridges (Samia ridge). - There are interlocking spurs along river valleys. (d) Giving evidence, identify three economic activities of the area covered by the map.(6 marks)- Transport - roads. - Trading - markets. - Crop farming - cotton store.(3 x 2 = 6mks)NB: No mark without evidence. 7.(a) (i) What is natural vegetation.(2 marks)Natural vegetation is the plant cover that grows naturally/wildly on the earth‘s surface without interference by man or byanimals.(ii) State two factors why mountain tops have no vegetation.(2 marks)- Temperatures are too low/too cold to support plant growth.- There is no soil to support plant growth/bare rock.- Precipitation/water is in the frozen state.(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(iv) Name the temperate grasslands found in the following countries.(3 marks)- Canada - Prairies.- Russia - Steppes.- Australia - Downs(3 x 1 = 3mks)(c) Explain four ways in which coniferous forest is adapted to the climatic conditions.(8 marks)- Trees have needlelike leaves which help to reduce water loss during winter. - Trees have waxy skin which protects them from cold winters. - Trees have conical shape which allows snow to slide off easily and therefore minimum damage to trees. - Trees are evergreen which enable them to maximize utilization of sunlight during short summers. - Tree franks are flexible enabling them to sway/bend without breaking when there is presence of strong winds. - Trees have shallow roots which are widely spread to enable them to utilize moisture from the top soil because sub-soil is mostly frozen. - Trees have thick barks with a lot of resin which protects them from frost.(Any 4 x 2 = 8mks)(d) You are planning to carry out a field study in a forest.Page | 100Geography 312/1,312/2 (i) Give five reasons why it is important to seek permission from the school administration(5 marks)- It is an official requirement. - To enable the administration to arrange for transport. - To enable to the administration to take care of the disruption of the school programme. - To enable the administration to provide the entry fee if required. - To enable the administration to provide essential tools for use.(5 x 1 = 5mks)(iii) Identify five challenges you are likely to encounter during the study. (5mks) - Attack by wild animals/insects/animal bites. - Adverse weather conditions/too much rain. - Thick/thorns vegetation/rugged terrains may hinder movement within the forest. - Tiredness due to walking long distances/climbing dugged terrain. - Inadequate time for data collection. - Getting lost/loss of direction. - Unco-operative respondents.(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks)8.(a) (i) What is lake?(2 marks)It is an extensive body of water in a depression or hollow in the earth‘s surface.(ii) Name two crate lakes in Kenya.(2 marks)- Challa.- Simbi.- Paradisle .- Sonanchi.(b) Describe how the following lakes are formed. (i) Oasis.(4 marks)- A pre existing depression formed through faulting or otherwise is exposed to wind erosion. - Wind eddies remove unconsolidated materials through deflation. - Wind abrasion deepens and widens or enlarging depression. Further abrasion and deflation leads to the depression reaching the water table. - Water oozes out of the ground and collects into the depression to form a lake known as an oasis. (ii) Lagoon.(4 marks)- Sand is moved by the long shore and deposited at the entrance of the bay. - The deposits accumulate forming a spit or sand bar or ridge. - The continued deposition elongates the spit, eventually blocking the mouth of the bay forming a bay bar. - The bay bar separately part of the sea water from the open sea. - The enclosed sea water is the lagoon. (c) Explain five ways in which human activities affects lakes in Kenya.(8 marks)- Excessive use of water for irrigation reduces the volume of water in the lake which may lead to the lake drying up of L.Naivasha. - Cultivation of the land near the lake contributes the silting up of the lakes due to increased soil erosion of Masinga reservoir. - Disposal of industrial effluent and domestic wastes pollutes the water in the lake which adversely affects the aquatic life. - Accumulation of agro-chemicals and industrial effluent promotes the growth of weeds of hyacinths in L. Victoria hinders movements of water vessels. - Deforestation in the catchments areas interferes with the hydrological cycle. This lowers the rainfall amount and reduces water in the feeder river which may eventually lead to the drying up of lakes. (d) State five economic uses of lakes.(5 marks)- Some lakes provide water for irrigation in domestic use. - Lakes are tourist site. - Some lakes are used for transport of Victoria. - Some contain sand which used in building and construction. - Some lakes are used as fishing ground. - Manmade lakes control floods. 9.(a) (i) Define the term vulcanicity.(2 marks)- Vulcanicity in the process by which gaseous, liquid and solid materials are forced out of the interior of the earth into the earth earth‘s crust or onto the surface of the earth. (ii) Give four features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity.(4 marks)- Composite volcanco/plug dome/lava dome. - Lava plateau/tuff plateau/lava plain. - Calderas/crater. - Ash and cinder cones/conelets/subsidiary cones. - Spine/volcanic plug. - Hot springs/geysers/fumaroles. (b) Describe the formation of a caldera under the following headings. (i) Subsidence.(4 marks)- The outpouring of lava forms a volcanic cone.- When the pressure beneath stops, a hollow is left behind.- The weight of the overlying cone leads to collapsing of materials in the hollow.Page | 101Geography 312/1,312/2 - This leaves a wide depression at the top of the cone called a caldera. (The last point must appear to score max score, otherwise award 3mks(4 x 1 = 4mks)(ii) Explosion.(5 marks)- The eruption of magma forms a volcanic cone. - Some of the lava may solidify in the vent, thus sealing it. - With time pressure builds and becomes high in the vent. - Eventually this pressure leads to a violent eruption that blows off the top of the cone. - This leaves behind a wide depression referred to as caldera.(5 x 1 = 5mks)(The last point must appear for max score). (c) Describe how Yatta plateau was formed.(4 marks)- Yatta plateau was formed when very fluid lava was slowly ejected onto the earth‘s surface by non-explosive eruption. - The lava followed many fissures from the interior to the surface. - A series of eruptions took place. - Lava flowed for a long distance before cooling and solidifying to form relatively even surface with very gentle slopes called a lava plateau.(4 x 1 = 4mks)(d) Explain three negative effects of vulcanicity.(6 marks)- Volcanic mountains create rain shadow effect on leeward side which discourages agriculture. - Recent volcanic lava flows have poorly developed soils which are unsuitable for agriculture. - Some volcanic features such as volcanic mountains are barriers to construction of transport and communication lines. - The rugged nature of volcanic landscape makes settlement and agriculture difficult. - The areas showing signs of eruption may produce poisonous gases which pollute the environment, thus posing danger to animal and human lives.(Any 3 x 2 = 6mks)10. (a) (i) What is soil?(2 marks)Soil is a naturally occurring thin layer of loose/unconsolidated materials which overlies crustal rocks and on which plantsgrow.(ii) Give four components of soil.(4 marks)- Water/moisture.- Organic matter/humus/living organisms.- Air/gases.- Inorganic matter/minerals.(4 x 1 = 4mks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence formation of soil. (i) Topography.(4 marks)- Some slopes are more exposed to the sum and rain which influence weathering of parent rock, hence affecting soil formation. - Valley bottoms and gentle sloped encourage formation of deep and fertile soils due to deposition and accumulation of materials. - Steep slopes encourage erosion of the top layer of soil thus slowing down formation of soil thus steep slopes have thin soils. - Flat plains and flood plains are saturated with water; this slows down soil forming process. - Slopes influence arrangement/sequence of soils/soil catena.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)(ii) Climate.(4 marks)- Seasonal variation of rainfall can cause accumulation/concentration of salt in soil. - Rainfall provides water which makes it possible for rocks to decay/ disintegrate to form soil. - Rainfall affects the rate at which some soil forming processes occur such as leaching. - High temperatures increases the rate of weathering. High temperatures accelerate the rate of bacterial activities which generates some of the organic matter in the soil. - Water, ice and wind erode, transport and deposit soil particles in other areas leading to the formation of new soils such as coeff.(4 x 1 = 4mks)(c) Describe how laterization occurs.5 marks)- Laterization takes place in humid tropical areas with high temperatures and high rainfall. - During the wet season, mineral salts on the top layer of the soil and dissolve in rain water. - The dissolved minerals move downwards from the top soil to the sub-soil. - The dissolved minerals are deposited further downwards to the lower layer. - The insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminium accumulate in the top layers to form a crust of laterite. (d) You have been requested to carry out a field study of the soils found around your school. (i) Name two main types of soils you would collect.(2 marks)- Sandy soil.- Clay soil.- Loamy soil.- Alluvial/silt.(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(ii) Give four problems you are likely to encounter in the field.(4 marks)- Inaccessibility of some areas due to thick vegetation and steep slopes. - Unco-operative respondents. - Encounter with dangerous animals such as snakes. - Heavy rains. - Fatigue/getting tired because of covering large area.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)Page | 102Geography 312/1,312/2 CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1.(a) Name two exotic breeds of commercial beef cattle reared in Kenya.(2 marks)- Hereford.- Short horn.- Aberdeen Angus.- Sahiwal.- Charolais. b) State three similarities between beef cattle farming in Kenya and Argentina. (3 marks) - In both countries the cattle breeds reared are similar. - In both countries the cattle are mainly reared in areas of natural grazing/natural pastures. - In both countries cross-breeding of beef cattle is common/scientific methods of beef production. - In both countries beef cattle are mainly reared in ranches. - In both countries beef cattle/products are meant for local and foreign market.(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)2.(a) Give three measures taken to manage fresh water and marine fisheries.(3 marks)- Creating awareness to people on importance of fish. - The government working ways to protect the inland water resources. - Establishment of research stations carry on the research on fish. - Banning indiscriminate fishing. - Laws are being put in a place to manage fisheries. (c) Give two examples of hatcheries in Kenya that provide fingerlings to the fish forms.(2 marks)- Sagana - Kirinyaga County.- Kibos in Kisumu.- Kabaru - Nyeri.- Bamburi - Mombasa.- Aruba - Taita Taveta.- Lake Jipe - Taita Taveta.- Homabay in S. Nyanza. 3.(a) State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns.(2 marks)- Availability of social amenities. - Presence of natural resource/industrial plant. - Limitation of land for building. - Assurance of security/defense. - Government policy on settlement. (b) Give three social functions of Kisumu town.(3 marks)- Educational centre.- Cultural centre.- Religious centre.- Recreation centre.- Residential centre.- Medical centre.4.(a) Name three modes of transport in Kenya.(3 marks)- Land transport. - Water transport. - Air transport. (f) Give two ways in which cell phones contribute to Kenya?s economical development.(2 marks)- Transfer of money. - Ordering of goods through text massages. - Reduced movement of traders thus saving on money. - Provides security in storage memory. 5.(a) Differentiate between a national park game sanctuary.(2 marks)- National park is an area which has been set aside for the preservation of scenery, wildlife and historical sites to protect themfrom destruction while a game sanctuary is an area that has been set aside for the protection of birds and other kinds ofanimals.(c) State three physical conditions which discourage setting up of game parks and game reserves.(3 marks)- Insufficient vegetation to provide food and shelter.- Areas of high altitude such as mountains have less temperature which are unsuitable for survival of plants and animals. - Arid areas have high temperatures which are unsuitable for plant growth and survival of animals. - High mountain experience snow fall which discourage survival of animals and plant growth. - Very steep and rugged landscapes discourage movement of animals. SECTION B: (75 MARKS) 6.(a)(i) Identify the type of photograph shown above.(1 mark)Ground general view.(ii) Give one reason for your answer in a(i) above.(1 mark)- The camera focuses on more than one object.- The objects size decreases/Reduces from foreground to background.Page | 103Geography 312/1,312/2 a. Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the photograph. On it sketch and label the main features shown on the photograph.(4 marks)(b) (i) Name three countries in Kenya where maize is grown on large scale. (3 marks) - Usain - Gishu - Trans - Nzoia. - Nakuru - Laikipia. - Bungoma. a. Explain three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Uasin Gishu County in Kenya.(3 marks)- Warm/Hot conditions/High temperatures/18°C - 30°C. - Moderate to high rainfall/ 800/450mm annually. - Hot dry period for ripening and harvesting/prevent rotting of maize. - Deep well drained volcanic/loam soils for high yields. - Frost free conditions. - Gently sloping land/undulating land for good drainage/flat land for easy mechanization/large scale farming. b. Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of maize from land preparation to harvesting.(6 marks)Land preparations: Land is cleared ploughed and harrowed using tractors to make the soil loose. Planting: - Holes are drug in lines using jembes for small scale farming. - Seeds and fertilizers are then applied in the holes and covered with soil. - For larger scale farming, tractor planters are used to make furrow. Where it places seeds and fertilizers and then cover them with soils as it moves in lines. - Growing maize is needed and sprayed regularly. - Top dressing is done with nitrogenous fertilizers/CAN when the maize is 4cm high. Harvesting: - Different maize varieties mature at different peripals. - Mature maize is left to dry on the stalks. - The stalks are cut and piled in pyramidal heaps/stocks. - The maize combs are plucked from their husks using human labour/ some large scale farms use combine harvesters. - The maize is dried and the out in store. - The dry maize is then shelled from the combs using machines/human labour. - The grained maize is then sifted and bad grains/impurities removed. - Maize is then weighed and put in 90kg sacks. - Its sold to: - Middlemen. - Maize millers. - NCPB. - For domestic feeding. - Maize combs are used as fuel or animal feed. c. Outline four ways in which the government assists maize formers. (4 marks) - Formation marketing bodies/cooperatives to organize local and foreign markets. - Establish proper facilities/Treat maize with chemical to reduce destruction by weevils/rodents. - Develop high quality and resistant/High yielding hybrid seeds through research/KAR. - The government gives subsidies in fertilizers and maize seeds/inputs to reduce production costs. - The government can give credit facilities/loans through banks/AFC for farmers to expand maize farming. - The government allocates funds to buy maize through NCPB to protect farmers from middlemen./Pay farmers on time to encourage them. - Discourage importation of maize to reduce competition in the local market. 7.(a) (i) What is mining.(2 marks)Mining is the extraction of minerals occurring on or below the earth‘s surface.(ii) Give four main formations in which minerals occur.(4 marks)- Veins and codes.- Beds and seams- Weathering products.- Alluvial/places deposits.(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)(b) (i) Apart from shaft methods name three other types of underground mining.(3 marks)- Drift/Adit method.- Solution method.- Drilling method.(3 x 1 = 3mks)(ii) Describe the shaft method of mining.(5 marks)- The method is used where the miner occur in vertical or steeply inclined seams.- Vertical tunnels called shafts are sunk until mineral ore is reached.Page | 104Geography 312/1,312/2 - Horizontal tunnels are dug to reach the mineral. - The mineral bearing rock is usually blasted loose by explosives. - Light railway tracks are laid down to bring the ore to the foot of the vertical shaft. - The mineral ore is lifted to the surface using a cage. - The ore is loaded into trucks and transported to the factory.(5 x 1 = 5mks)(c) Explain four ways in which gold mining has contributed to the economy of South Africa.(8 marks)- Gold is exported earning foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of economy. - Gold is provided raw materials for industries that make jewellery promoting industrial expansion. - Gold is a medium of exchange and is used in South Africa in paying international debts. - Gold mining has created employment which raise standard of living of people. - Gold mining has led to development of towns creating demand for agricultural products. - Gold mining has led to development of social amenities such as schools, hospitals which provide services to the people. - Gold mining has led to the development of transport and communication making it cheaper and faster movement of goods and services. - Gold mining has led to the development of industrial mining skills that are useful in other sectors of the economy. (Any 4 x 2 = 8mks) (d) Explain three negative effects of mining on the environment.(3 marks)- The dumping of rock waste has led to the loss of biodiversity/destruction of natural vegetation. - Dereliction of land due to dumping of waste material destroys the natural beauty of the land/exposes land to agents of soil erosion. - Pollution of the areas by noise/blasts/smoke/water pools are all health hazards. - Mining disrupts the water table which may lead to shortage of water. - Mining displaces human settlement thus disrupting people and necessitating expensive resettlement processes. (Any 3 x 2 = 6mks) 8.(a) (i) List three Jua Kali Industries which are located in rural areas of Kenya.(2 marks)- Pottery industries. - Wood carving. - Soap stone carving. - Waving industries. - Sheet metal work. - Wielding/steel work. - Basketry. - Mat making. - Shoe making. (ii) Suggest three ways in which the Kenya government can promote the development of the Jua Kali Industries. (3 marks) - By providing financial support to artisan. - By building better sheds for the artisan. - By carrying out research to produce better products. - By intensifying rural electrification to provide adequate power for the artisan. - By encouraging the formation of cooperatives among the artisans. - By encouraging Kenyans to buy from jua kali artisans. (b) Explain three problems arising from industrialisation.(3 marks)- Industrialization has led to rural-urban migration which has increased the urban population leading to congestion/shortages of houses/increase in crime. - Some industries emit toxic gases which are harmful to people/wildlife. - Industries effluent pollutes water sources making the water unfit for human/ animal use. - Fumes from chemical industries colludes metallic roofs of buildings hence destroying them. - Congestion of infrastructure and social services in the industrial areas has led to the degradation of land. - Some industries have led to the displacement of people thus disrupting their social and economic life. (c) Explain four factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany in the 19th century.(8 marks)- Availability of coal-iron ore as well as limestone from the Rhine - Valley provided raw materials needed in the industry. - River Rhine/Ruhr/Lippe/Wupper/Escher provided water required for cooling machines in the industry/industrial use. - The region is served by navigable rivers of River Rhine/Ruhr/cheap transport for the bulky raw material/materials and finished products. - Cheap water transport for the bulky raw materials and is required for the cooling machines in the industry. - Coal from the Ruhr region/imported petroleum provided power required in the industry. - The local population had acquired skills on iron working/availability of local skilled labour and this formed the foundation of iron and steel industry. - Presence of rich companies of Ruhr Khlet Krupp which provided capital for the development of the industries. - The dense and affluent population in (Central and Western) Europe/Germany provided ready market for iron and steel. (d) Field work on industries. Students of a school in Mombasa County went for a field study at the oil refinery in Mombasa. Page | 105Geography 312/1,312/2 (i) List two methods that they used to record data.(2 marks)- Note taking. - Filling questionnaires. - Taper/video recording. - Sketching diagrams/maps.(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)(iii) Give three problems that they might have faced during the study. (3 marks) - Students might have got injured. - Pollution from the industry - noise/gases - Noise pollution could have interfered. - With bearing. - Bad weather too hot for the study.(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)9.(a) What is nuclear energy?(2 marks)This is energy stored in the nucleus of an atom obtained by altering the structure of the atom through fusion.(b) Name four sources of electric power other than water.(4 marks)- Oil.- Nuclear/atomic- Biogas- Wind- Geothermal- Coal(g) Explain two negative effects that Kenya will get from exploitation of her newly discovered oil reserves in the Northern parts of the country.(4 marks)- Pollution of the atmosphere through emission of CO2 carbon monoxide and sulphur components. - H2O pollution killing marine life. - Over-reliance on soil leading to negligence of other sectors of the economy. - Conflict among the communities around due to dissatisfaction. (h) Explain four factors that influenced the location of Ol Karia geothermal power station.(8 marks)- Availability of underground steam reservoirs in the volcanic rocks around the area. - Sparse population in the area provided open land for drilling steam wells/location of power stations. - Availability of skills and technology provided by donor countries like Japan, New Zealand and China. - Availability of capital for the government and donors used to develop stations. - A volcanic activity in the rock underground ensures a continuous supply of steam. (i)(i) State four physical factors that favours development of hydro-electric power projects.(4 marks)- Large and constant volume of water, to turn turbines/generate power. - Deep narrow valley to ensure large capacity for the reservoir and narrow to minimize the costs of constructing dams. - Presence of falling water (rapids water falls and knick ports to provide gradient for water to run with force. - Hard basement rocks to reduce the amounts of infiltration to provide strong foundation for the dam/power station. - Hard non-porous rock prevents water seepage in the reservoir. (ii) Apart from generation of hydro-electric power, name three other benefits of dams.(3 marks)- Providing fishing grounds. - Tourist attractions. - Sources of water for domestic and industrial use. - Sources of water for irrigation. 10. (a) (i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation.(2 marks)Land reclamation is the process of converting waste/less productive land into a more productive state for agriculture/settlement purposes while land rehabilitation is the process of restoring damaged/degraded land back to its useful state. (ii) State two benefits of irrigation over natural water supply.(2 marks)- Ensures a steady and reliable H2O supply. - Irrigation makes cultivation possible in arid areas. - River water when used for irrigation brings silt which is good for crops. - Cultivation can be done throughout the year and this maximizes use of land resources. - When dams are created they become multipurpose. (iii) Explain how the following factors influenced the establishment of Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme.(4 marks)(a) Climate.- Experiences warm weather during the second part of the year suitable for growing rice. - High temperatures makes the area suitable for cultivation of rice. - Unreliable rainfall in the area made irrigation necessary. (b) Soils. - Black cotton soils/clays with high retention capacities for rice growing. - Deep fertile soils for high rice production. - Freely draining clay loamy soils suitable for growing other crops and food crops. (iv) Identify two horticultures crops grown at Mwea Tebere.(2 marks)- Tomatoes, French beans/peas, vegetables, water melons, green grams,bananas, chillies, onions.(b) (i) Describe the steps which were followed in reclaiming and preparing land from the sea for agricultural use in theNetherlands.(6 marks)- Protective dykes are constructed to enclose an area/part of sea to be reclaimed.Page | 106Geography 312/1,312/2 - Ring canals are constructed to pumping stations/drain pumped water into the sea. - Pumping stations were constructed/to pump out the sea water from the enclosed area. - Water is pumped out of the enclosed area to the sea using windmills/diesel/electric pumps. - Reeds are planted to help dry out the soil in the reclaimed area. - Drainage ditches/canals are made out the land being reclaimed to drain excess water. - Drainage pipes are laid below the soil to drain excess water from reclaimed land. - The area is divided into regular portions using inner dykes and a ring canal. - The soil is then treated with chemicals to reduce salinity. - Fresh water is pumped into the enclosed land to remove excess salts from the soil/reduce salinity. - Deep ploughing is done to mix up the leached nutrients in soil. - Oats, rye and sugars beets are planted to improve the soil pH. - The land is completely dry and ready for use. (Should follow the order/steps) (iii) Identify four factors that favoured land reclamation in the Netherlands.(4 marks)- Availability of capital from the government and rich merchants that was invested in the construction of dykes/canals/pumping stations. - Availability of skills and technology that was employed to build dykes and other facilities in the project. -The invention of diesel/electric pumps that enabled pumping of water from the reclaimed land/areas. - The powder deep day soils at the coast suitable for growing horticultural. - Availability of fresh water from rivers Yssel/Lake Yssel. - Gently sloping/Flat lowland coasts which facilitated easy mechanization. (c) Form four students from a school visited an irrigation farm. (i) State two objectives for the study.(2 marks)- To find out crops grown in the irrigation project. - To investigate problems facing the project. - To establish the management practices in the project. (Accept any relevant response) (iii) State three problems facing irrigation projects in Kenya they came up with.(3 marks)- Attack of crops by diseases and pests which are expensive. - Siltation in the canals requiring regular desiltation. - Mismanagement of projects leading to their closure. - Weeds due to flooding in the canals. - Soil exhaustion due to continued use. - Stagnant water causes bilharzia and malaria to people. Page | 107Geography 312/1,312/2 GATUNDU SOUTH SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER I JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ? HOURS SECTION A: Answer all questions. 1.(a) Distinguish between absolute humidity and relative humidity.(2 Marks)(b) State two factors that influence humidity.(2 Marks)2.(a) What is an earthquake?(2 Marks)(b) List three natural causes of earthquakes.(3 Marks)3.(a) Identify two rift valley lakes that are fresh.(2 Marks)(b) State three reasons why some lakes are fresh water lakes.(2 Marks)(c) State two negative effects of lakes(2 Marks)4.(a) List two methods used to determine the age of rocks.(2 Marks)(b) List down three metamorphic processes.(3 Marks)5.Define the term hydrological cycle.(2 Marks)SECTION B.Answer questions 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of MIGWAN (1: 50000 sheet 150/1) provided and answer the following questions.1.(a)What type of map is Migwani.(1 Mark)(b) Give the magnetic variation of the map.(2 Marks)(c) Measure the distance of the all-weather road in the North East part of the map. Give your answer in km.(2 Marks)(d) Identify one natural feature located at grid square 9264.(2 Marks)2. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6 Marks)3. Explain any four factors that influence settlement in the area covered by the map.(8 Marks)4. Citing evidence from the map give two economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map.(4 Marks)7.(a) (i) Differentiate between river discharge and river capacity.(2 Marks)(ii) State two factors which influence the occurrence of surface runoff.(2 Marks)(b) Describe two ways in which a river transports its load.(6 Marks)(c) Explain two causes of river rejuvenation.(4 Marks)(d) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the process of river capture.(6 Marks)(e) You intend to carry out a field study on a river at its old stage.(i) Outline three characteristics of the rive r you are likely to identify.(3 Marks)(ii) Give two reasons why it is important to study rivers through field work.(2 Marks)(ii) State two factors that contribute to soil leaching.(2 Marks)(iii)Explain four factors influencing soil formation.(8 Marks)(iv) State three types of intrazonal soils.(3 Marks)(v) Outline the characteristics of the following soils.(a) Chernozen.(2 Marks)(b) Latosoils(2 Marks)(vi) You intend to carry out a field study on soils within the school vicinity.(a) State three methods of data collection you would use.(3 Marks)(b) Name three properties of soil you are likely to identify.(3 Marks)9.(a) What is folding.(2 Marks)(b) Name four types of folds.(4 Marks)(i) Name four orogenies known in geological history.(4 Marks)(ii)With well-labelled diagrams, use the plate tectonics theory to explain the formation of Fold Mountains.(6 Marks)(c) Apart from Fold Mountains name three features resulting from folding.(3 Marks)(d) Explain three ways in which Fold Mountains influence human activities.(6 Marks)10. (a) Give the difference between minerals and rocks.(2 Marks)(b)(i) Explain the three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed.(6 Marks)(ii) Outline three ways through which rocks become metamorphic.(3 Marks)(c) Classify the rocks listed in the table below Name of RockClassMarble Granite Limestone (3 Marks) Page | 10800Geography 312/1,312/2 (d) Explaining the meaning of the following terms in relation to rocks (i) Relative dating.(2 Marks)(ii) Absolute dating.(2 Marks)(e) The map of Kenya below shows the distribution of major rock types in Kenya.Use it to answer the questions below.(i) Name the major rock types found in the area marked Q and R.(2 Marks)(ii) Account for the distribution of rocks in the areas marked P and B.(2 Marks)(iii) State three ways in which rocks contribute to the Kenyan economy.(3Marks)Page | 10900Geography 312/1,312/2 GATUNDU SOUTH SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ? HOURS SECTION A: 1.(a) Name any three beef cattle breeds reared in Kenya.(3 Marks)(b) Outline three environmental conditions that favour beef farming in the rift valley of Kenya.(3 Marks)2.(a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:-(i) Dry port.(2 Marks)(ii) Hinterland.(2 Marks)(b) List any three advantages of using containers at the port of Mombasa.(3 Marks)3.(a) Name two areas in Kenya where geothermal power can be harvested.(2 Marks)(b) Name any three hydro-electric power stations along river Tana.(3 Marks)4.(a) Define the term pollution.(1 marks)(b) State four causes of water pollution.(4marks)5.(a) Identify three types of trade.(3 Marks)(b) List two invisible exports in Kenya.(2 Marks)SECTION B.6.Use the table to answer question 6.YEA/CROP20102011201220132014TEA27.3025.0025.030.0025.00COFFEE3.04.003.704.104.00RICE0.901.200.901.200.80WHEAT0.350.660.400.500.60(a) (i) Using the statistical table above draw a compound bar graph to represent the data.(9 Marks)(ii) Give two advantages of compound bar graph in data presentation.(2 Marks)(iii) Explain three physical factors that favour coffee growing in Kenya.(6 Marks)(iv) Name two main varieties of coffee grown in Kenya.(2 Marks)(b) Describe the stages involved in coffee processing from harvesting to packaging.(6 Marks)7.(a) (i) Define the term industry.(1 Mark)(ii) Name three agricultural non-food manufacturing industries in Kenya.(3 Marks)(iii) Outline three benefits derived from the Jua Kali sector in Kenya.(3 Marks)(b) The diagram below shows the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Region of Germany.Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow.(i) Identify the towns marked A, B, C, D and E.(5 Marks)(ii) Identify the rivers marked F, G and H.(3 Marks)(c) (i) State four factors that led to the growth of the iron and steel industries in the Ruhr region of Germany.(4 Marks)(ii) Explain three factors that have led to the rapid development of the car manufacturing Industries in Japan.(6 Marks)8.(a) (i)Define the term wildlife.(2 Marks)(ii) Differentiate between a Game Reserve and a National park.(2 Marks)(iii) Name three game parks in Uganda.(3 Marks)Page | 110Geography 312/1,312/2 (iv)What is Wildlife Management?(2 Marks)(b) Explain the measures being taken to manage Wildlife in East Africa.(8 Marks)(c) Explain four physical factors that influence the distribution of Wildlife in East Africa.(8 Marks)9.(a) (i) Name two major counties in Kenya known for high maize production.(2 Marks)(ii) What is the importance of maize production to Kenya‘s economy.(6 Marks)(iii)Name the Board that is known for buying and selling of maize in Kenya.(1 Mark)(b) What are the problems facing maize farming in Kenya.(8 Marks)(c) Explain four physical conditions that favour maize growing in Kenya.(8 Marks)10. (a) Define the term Energy.(2 Marks)(b) Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.(2 Marks)(c) Explain four physical factors that affect the location of hydro-electric power stations in Kenya.(8 Marks)(d) (i) Outline four measures undertaken to reduce overreliance on non-renewable sources of energy.(4 Marks)(ii) State three sources of renewable energy.(3 Marks)(e) Your class visited the local town for a field study to find out the sources and uses of energy in the area.(i) State three objectives they could have formulated for the study.(3 Marks)(ii) State three methods they would use to collect data.(3 Marks)Page | 111Geography 312/1,312/2 GATUNDU SOUTH SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM MARKING SCHEME GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 312/1 1. a) Absolute humidity is the actual among of water vapour in a given volume of air at a particular temperatures while relative humidity is the ration between the absolute humidity of a given mass of air and the maximum amount of water vapour that is can hold at the same temperature.(2marks)b) Factors influencing humidity are,(i) Temperature and latitude(ii) Distance from the sea (supply of moisture)(iii) Atmospheric pressureAny 3 ( 3 x 1) = 3 marks)2.a) An earthquake is a sudden and rapid movement of the earth‘s crust caused by shock waves which are transmitted from apoint of origin inside the earth.(2marks)b) Natural causes of earthquakes are , (i) Gravitative pressure (force of gravity.) (ii) Isotactic adjustment (iii) Energy release in the mantle due to radioactivity. (iv) Techtronic movements where tectonic plates meet leading to sudden release of energy.Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)3.a) Fresh rift-valley lakes are ;- L. Baringo - L. George - L. albert - L. Tanganyika - L. Naivasha - L. Edward - L. Kivu(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)b) Reasons why some lakes are fresh. (i) Surface outlets through which dissolved salts are carried away. (ii) Some are found in areas of high rainfall which keeps the water fresh. (iii) Some lakes are fresh because of the several rivers draining water into them eg L. Rukwa. (iv) Some lakes have underground drainage outlets that drain salts that may accumulate on the lake bed. Eg L. Naivasha. (v) Some lakes are situated in areas of low temperature where the rate of evaporation is low. (Any 3 x 1 = 3marks) c) Negative effects of lakes are; (i) Saline lakes cannot be used for irrigation. (ii) Some lakes are breeding habitats for some disease causing vectors eg snails and mosquitoes. (iii) Large lakes act as obstacles to land transport and communication. (iv) Loss of property and lives when some lakes swell due to excessive rainfall resulting to flooding of surroundings areas.4.a) Methods of determining the age of rocks.- Relative dating- Absolute dating.- Radio carbon dating.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)b) Metamorphic process.- Dynamic/Kinetic/regional metamorphism-Thermal/contact metamorphism-Thermodynamic metamorphism. `(3 x 1 = 3 marks)5.Hydrological cycle.Definition - It is the endless interchange of water between the sea, the atmosphere and the land. SECTION B. 6.a) Type of map.(1mark)Topographical map. (b) Magnetic variation of the map.(2marks)20231c) Distance of all-weather Road.(2marks)9Km + 1(d) Natural feature located at grid square 9264Hill/Mountain.(2marks)7.Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6marks)- Numerous rivers in the map.(permanent) - The main River is River Ikoo - River Iko flows south Eastwards. - There are dams in the area ie Kauma dam - Most rivers have dendrintic drainage pattern Page | 11200Geography 312/1,312/2 8. Four factors influencing settlement in the area covered by the map(8marks)Transport - More settlements along transport lines for easy movement of people and good ie along all-weather reads. - relief - Gently sloping ones are inhabited due to easier construction of houses. - availability of water - Most people have settled near sources of water like rivers. - presence of an urban centre - more settlement in urban areas like Mutito due to availability of better social amenities hospitals. 9. Economic activities are:-- Trade - shops, markets. - Transport - all weather roads.(evidence must be given to score.)(2 x 2 = 4 Marks)10.a)(i) River discharge is the amount of water passing through any cross section of a river at a specific moment in time whileriver capacity is the availability of a river to transport its load.(2marks)(ii) Factors influencing occurrence of surface run off. - Low rate of evaporation - High amount of rainfall received and high intensity. - Nature of the soil-impervious rocks/soil - Steep slopes to increase the speed of surface water and reduce infiltration - High level of saturation of the soil surfaces. - Absence of vegetation.(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)b) Ways in which a river transport its load. - Solution - soluble materials are dissolved in water and carried in water - Saltation - Fairly heavy materials are momentarily lifted by the turbulence of the water and then dropped onto the river bed. ie in a series of hops and jumps. - Traction - Large particles and boulders are pushed and rolled along riverbed. - Suspension - Light insoluble particles like silt are carried and maintained within the turbulence of the water. Any 3 x 2 = 6marks) c) Causes of river rejuvenation. - Increased discharge due to in ereased rainfall. - A fall in sea level leads to the river reviving its heard ward erosion starting from the new base. - Change in rock resistance from a more resistant rock-bed to a less resistant rock-bed. - Regional uplift of the land causes a river to increase its erosive power because it creates breaks in the cause of a river channel. - Unequal local subsidence of the land along a river course.(2 x 2 = 4marks)d) River capture. Two rivers flow adjacent to each other and are separated by a common divide. One river x is weaker than river Y which is flowing at a lower level. It is therefore diverted to the pirate river X e) (i) Characteristics of a river at its old stage. - Has marshes and swamps. - Extremely low river gradient Page | 113Geography 312/1,312/2 - There are deltas and distributaries. - There are river terraces, bluffs and cliffs. - The river has a large volume of water due to addition of more tributaries. - Pronounced river meanders and ox-bow lakes.( 3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) Significance of studying rivers through field work. - Increases interest in students through activities and field observation - Enables students to use observation skills to draw valid conclusions. - Improves the students understanding of rivers. - Enables students to relate what has been learnt in the classroom to what is in the field. - Enables students to determine both the negative and positive effects of rivers.(2 x 1 = 2marks)8.a)i) Soil leaching is the process by which soluble mineral substances are dissolved in surface run-off that percolates into thesoil hence depositing the minerals within the soil layers.(2marks)(ii) Nature of the soil in terms of its permeability - Solubility of the minerals - Topography - gently sloping land encourage leaching compared to steep slopes. - Amount of rainfall high rainfall encourages leaching.(2x1 = 2marks)(iii) Factors influencing soil formation. - Nature of the parent rock/materials - this determines the rate of weathering, texture and soil minerals. - Climate -high temperature speed up chemical weathering and bacterial activities. Wind exposes rocks to weathering. - Topography- steep slopes encourages weathering and removal of soil particles. Gently sloping land allows water to percolate freely thus enhancing leaching process. - Living organism- influence chemical composition of the soil by adding/removing organic acids. Macro-organisms eg earthworms and millipedes assist breaking down of rocks through burrowing - Time - It takes a lot of time for rocks to break and finally form soil. (iv)Types of intrazonal soils - Redzinal soils - Solenetz - Bog peat - Terrarosa soils - Solonchaks - Meadow soils. (v) Characteristics of ; (a) Chernozen soils - Well drained. - Good crumby structures - Black in colour - Rich in humus hence fertile - They are rich in carbonates.(any 2 x 1 = 2marks)b) Lato soils - Red in colour - Rich in iron and aluminius oxides - Low hums content - They are acidic - They are porous. - They are sticky soils.(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)(vi) Filed study (a) Methods of data collection - Observation to identity soil colour and properties - Interviews - soil type and its uses. - Collecting samples. - Measuring - area covered by a particular type of soil - Photographing - Content analysis.Any ( 3 x 1 = 3 marks)(b) Soil Properties likely to be identified - Soil texture - Soil colour - Soil air - Soil organic matters - Soil structure - Soil PH - Soil water.Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)9.a)(i) What is foldingFolding is the process of crustal distortion which causes the rocks of the earth to bend upwards or downwards. (2 Marks)b) (i)Four types of folds.Page | 11400Geography 312/1,312/2 Simple symmetrical fold Asymmetrical fold Over fold Isoclinal fold Recumbent fold Over thrust fold Anticlinonium and synclinorium complex(Any 4 x 1 = 4 Marks)(ii) Four orogenesis. Charnian Caledonian Hercynian Alpine(4 x 1 = 4 Marks)(iii) Formation of fold mountains using the plated tectonics theory. Sediments are laid out in the ocean. (2marks) Oceanic plate meets a continental plate and goes underneath. Fold Mountains form when an oceanic plate and continental plate move towards each other. Oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental one at the compressional boundaries. Sediments in the ocean bend and rocks forming the edge of the continent are compressed causing them to fold into mountains.(2marks)c) Features resulting from folding other than fold mountains.(3marks)- Rolling plains -Intermoutane plateaus -Intermoutane basins -Valley and ridge lands scape. (c) Explain three ways fold mountains influence human activities (d) Fold Mts are water catchment areas, rivers originate form them and produce H.E.P for irrigation. - Windward slopes of fold mts receive heavy rainfall used in Agriculture and forestry. - Fold mts are important tourist attraction. Some are snow covered for sports like skills. - In some fold mts valuable minerals are exposed and exploited for economic purposes. - The topography of some fold mts is rugged and therefore discourages settlement agriculture. - Fold mts are barriers to transport and communications lives. They make construction difficult and expensive. Page | 11500Geography 312/1,312/2 (e) The map of Kenya below shows the distribution of major rock types in Kenya. Use it to answer the questions below. (i) Name the major rock types forms in the areas marked Q and R.(2marks)(ii) Account for the distribution of rocks in the areas marked P and B.(2marks)(iii) State three ways in which rocks contribute to the economy of Kenya.(3marks)10.Difference between minerals and rocks(2marks)Minerals are inorganic substances which occur naturally on or beneath the earths surface while a rock is a substance that is an aggregate of mineral particles. b)(i) Explain three ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed.(6marks)Mechanically - Rocks are formed from particles or sediments or pre existing rock. - They are transported by wind water and ice and deposited in layers in water or on land. Chemically -Minerals particles are dissolved from pre-existing rocks. - Dissolved minerals transported in solution form to water bodies. - Mixing of waters results in chemical reactions followed by precipitation of sediments that accumulate in water bodies. Organically -Form from remains of dead plants and on animals. - The remains accumulate on the lake or ocean bed in layers, later compressed in rock by weight of overlying materials. (ii) Outline three ways through which rocks become metamorphic.(3marks)- When rocks or igneous or sedimentary origin are subjected to great pressure and heat (thermo dynamic metamorphosis. - When the weight of the overlying rock lagoons create pressure (dynamic metamorphisin) - During volcanic eruptions when hot magma intrude into sedimentary rocks heating them (thermal or contact metamorphisin. c) Classification of rocks.(3marks)Marble- metamorphic Granite - igneous Limestone - sedimentary. (d) Explain the meaning of the following terms.(4marks)(i) Relative dating is a comparative method of estimating the age of rocks. The rocks overlying others are normally younger than those below them. (ii) Absolute dating is a method of estimating the age of rocks by counting the familial in some rocks like shade. e)(i) Major rock types found in areas marked(2marks)Q - Sedimentary rocks. R - Volcanic lava out pouring. (ii)Account for distribution of rocks in P and B. Rocks in P are volcanic type. The area had undergone faulting creating openings through which magma escaped lava covered the original basement rocks. In B the main rocks are sedimentary mainly limestone and sandstone. These were formed on the sea floor when the coastal region was under the se later the region emerged from the sea exposing large tracts of the continental shelf. (iii)Three ways in which rocks contribute to the economy of Kenya .(3marks)Some rock formations are tourist attractions that bring in foreign exchange eg granite for Some rocks provide building and construction materials in the industry. Rocks provide raw materials for cement production like limestone. Weathered rocks provide soils missed for agricultural production. Some rocks are carved into art facts and sold to improve people‘s income and living. Page | 116Geography 312/1,312/2 GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: 1.(a) Name any three beef cattle breeds reared in Kenya. (3 Marks)(i) Zebu(ii) Arberden augus (iii) Hareford (iv) Chavalais (v) Gallowey (vi) Shorthorn (vii) Boran (viii) Sauta Germadies (ix) Red Angus.(Any 3 x 1= 3marks)(b) Outline three environmental conditions that favour beef farming in the rift valley of Kenya.(3 Marks)(i) Presence of undulating gentle slopping landscape (ii) Adequate water supply (iii) Large tracts of land. (iv) Adequate pastures. (v) TseTse fly free area. 2.(a) Explain the meaning of the following terms:-(i) Dry port.(2 Marks)It is an island containing terminal deport where goods are temporally stored for easy distribution to owners and to ease congestion. (b) List any three advantages of using containers at the port of Mombasa.(3 Marks)(i) Containers guard against destruction of goods. (ii) Make loading and off loading faster (iii) Containers are in shape and hence occupy less space. (iv) Containers guard against theft of goods. (v) Saves time while loading and off loading. (vi) A clean method of transporting goods. 3.(a) Name two areas in Kenya where geothermal power can be harnessed.(2 Marks)(i) Eburu (ii) Olkaria. (iii) Lake Bogoria. (b) Name any three hydro-electric power stations along river Tana.(3 Marks)(i) Kiambere. (ii) Kindaruma (iii) Gitaru 4.(a) Define the term pollution.(1 Mark)- Refers to the contamination of the environment with poisonous and harmful gases. (b) State four causes of water pollution. (4 Marks) (i) Natural pollution through dust and salts. (ii) Disposal of waste from homes. (iii) Oil spillage. (iv) Siltation. 5.(a) Identify three types of trade.(3 Marks) (1) Local trade (2) Regional trade (3) International trade.(b) List two invisible(i) Banking(ii)Tourism(iii) Insurance(3 Marks)6.(a) The following table shows the estimated production of crops in Kenya between 2010 t0 2014 (in million bags)Crop /Year20102011201220132014TEA27.3025.0025.0030.0025.00COFFEE3.004.003.704.104.00RICE0.901.200.901.200.80WHEAT0.350.660.400.500.60(i) Using the statistical table above draw a compound bar graph to represent the data.(9 Marks)Page | 11700Geography 312/1,312/2 Estimated crop production in Kenya between 2010 and 2014 in million bags.(2 Marks)KEY Tea Coffee Rice 20102011 201220132014(ii) Give two advantages of compound bar graph in data presentation.(2 Marks)It provides clear usual impression of the total values. It‘s easy to read the highest and the lowest totals. The increase or decrease in the grand totals is easy to see. (iii) Explain three physical factors that favour coffee growing in Kenya.(6 Marks)Temperature - coffee requires moderate to high temperature ranging between 14oC to 26oC but Arabica can tolerate 30oC night temperatures should not drop below 10oC Rainfall - Coffee requires high rainfall between 1000 - 2030mm annually. Attitude - Most of Arabica coffee is grown in high attitudes the suitable attitude ranges between 910 and 2100m above sea level. Soils or loams should be deep and well drained, acidic with a PH of between 5.3 to 6 (iv) Name two main varieties of coffee grown in Kenya.(2 Marks)(i) Arabica (ii) Robusta (b) Describe the stages involved in coffee processing from harvesting to packaging.(6 Marks)(i) Ripe coffee berries are hand picked and taken to the factory. (ii) Coffee berries are sorted out to remove the diseased and unripe. (iii) Berries are weighed and taken to machine for pulping. (iv) The outer shell is removed, coffee is fermented and dried. (v) Coffee beans are dried roasted and ground into powder. (vi) It is graded and packed 7.(a) (i) Define the term industry.(1 Mark)- Industry refers to any form of economic activity through which people purchase goods and services for their consumption or for sale (ii) Name three agricultural non-food manufacturing industries in Kenya.(3 Marks)(i) Making footwear. (ii) Tobacco processing. (iii) Leather tanning. (iv) Textile manufacturing. (v) Soap manufacturing (vi) Saw milling (vii) Bees wax processing.(Any 3 x 1= 3marks)(iii) Outline three benefits derived from the Jua Kali sector in Kenya.(3 Marks)(i) It uses locally available or recycled raw materials helping in conservation of the environment. (ii) It produces relatively cheap products that are affordable to many. (iii) It facilitates decentralization of industries since its widespread in the country. (iv) It requires simple machinery since its production is mostly manual. (v) It requires little capital to establish. (vi) It empowers people to be self reliant reducing reliance in government. (vii) It has created job opportunities for the growing labour force (b) The diagram below shows the iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Region of Germany. Study it and use it to answer the questions that follow. (iii) Identify the towns marked A, B, C, D and E.(5 Marks)A-WeselB-DuisburgC-KrefeldD-EssenPage | 118Geography 312/1,312/2 E-Dortmund(iv) Identify the rivers marked F, G and H.(3 Marks)F-River LippeH-RuhrH-Wupper(c) (i) State four factors that led to the growth of the iron and steel industries in the Ruhr region of Germany. (4 Marks) (i) Availability of water from River Rhine Lippe and Ruhr. (ii) Availability of Coal, Iron Ore and Limestone as raw materials. (iii) There was cheap water transport on River Rhine (iv) There was Coal as an abundant source of power. (v) Skilled labour from the local population. (vi) There was available capital from rich merchants. (vii) Ready markets both internal and external in central and Western Europe. (ii) Explain three factors that have led to the rapid development of the car manufacturing Industries in Japan. (6 Marks) (i) Advanced technology and research provided efficient production of high quality goods. (ii) Large population provides a large domestic market for electronic goods and labour force. (iii) Adequate financial resources have helped in setting up and expansion of the industry (iv) Large external markets are available due to high quality goods and low prices enhance efficiency in production. (v) The government policies encourage development of electronics industries. (vi) There are several sea ports that encourage importation of raw materials and exportation of the finished products. 10.(a) (i) Define the term wildlife.(2 Marks)It refers to the animals and plants in their natural habitat. e.g. birds, insect etc. (ii)Differentiate between a Game Reserve and a National park. (2 Marks) (i) National park is managed by the National government, while Game Reserve is managed by County government. (ii) Grazing of domestic animals is allowed in Game Reserves while it is prohibited in National Parks. (iii) National Parks are usually fenced while Game Parks are not. (iii)Name three Game Parks in Uganda.(3 Marks)(i) Ajai. (ii) Bugungu (iii) Toro (iv) Katanga (v) Kyambura (vi) Kiguzi (vii) Matheniko (viii) Bokora (ix) Pian-upe (iv)What is Wildlife Management?(2 Marks)(b) Explain the measures being taken to manage Wildlife in East Africa.(8 Marks)(i) Formation of wildlife management bodies eg Kenya Wildlife Service to manage Wildlife. (ii) Training and research; training personnel in wildlife management through exclusive wildlife colleges eg college of African wildlife management. Kenya wildlife service. (iii) Creating awareness on need to manage wildlife through wildlife clubs (iv) Education: Public is educated about the importance of wildlife through lectures and video shows.Through translocation programmes animals are moved from one place to another. To reduce pressure on food. (v) Culling of animals to allow young animals a better environment. (c) Explain four physical factors that influence the distribution of Wildlife in East Africa.(8 Marks)(i) Climate:- Most animals are found in hot and warm parts, few species ie Mountain gorillas are found in mountains where rainfall is high, more plant variety is found extreme temperatures will adversely affect plants growth. (ii) Relief:- Altitude will influence plant growth because of variation in temperature some plants eg lobelia will be found at high altitude and nowhere else. (iii) Soil types:- different types of plants grow in different types of soils burrowing animals eg Earthworms are found in certain soils. (iv) Vegetation:- different types of vegetation are habitat for different animals eg Natural forest attract elephants, gorillas etc while savanna grass lands host herbivores eg Lions. (v) Drainage:- Well drained areas support a wide variety of plants and animals. 11.(a) (i) Name two major counties known for high maize production.(2 Marks)(i) Trans Nzoia. (ii) Uasingishu (ii) What is the importance of maize production to Kenya‘s economy?(6 Marks)(i) Maize production is consumed as food when processed it produces flour which makes posho or boiled cornflakes etc. (ii) Maize is valuable as animal feeds. (iii) Maize is used to make industrial products such as salad oil for cooking so is alcohol for consumption. (iv) Maize has led to development of livestock Industries by providing feeds for animals. (iii) Name the Board that is known in buying and selling of maize in Kenya.(1 Mark)Page | 119Geography 312/1,312/2 National Cereals And Produce Board. (b) What are the problems facing maize farming in Kenya. (i) Maize is attacked by pests ie stalk, borers, Army worms, Amphids etc. (ii) Maize is affected by diseases eg white leaf blight. (iii) Price fluctuations especially low prices discourage farmers this is due to importation of cheap maize that flood the market killing the morale of farmers. (iv) Inadequate capital by farmers to buy farm inputs ie fertilizers and high quality seeds (v) Un favourable climatic condition ie drought or frost. (vi) Poor transport and communication eg poor roads (c) Explain four physical conditions that favour maize growing in Kenya.(8 Marks)(i) Temperature:- Maize require moderate to high temperature ranging between 18oC to 80oC and should not fall below 10oC or low temperature, different varieties of maize thrive at different temperature but within the range of 18oC to 30oC moderate to high. (ii) Rainfall:- Rainfall requirements depends on different varieties of maize crop. It varies from moderate to high rainfall ie from 300mm to 1800mm there should be a dry period for the crop to ripen. (iii) Soils:- Maize does well in a wide range of soils. The soil should be deep rich with an abundant amount of Nitrogen content, it should be well drained and not water logged. It should be aerated. (iv) Altitude: different types of maize are suitable for different altitudes however the best ideal condition is around 1800 metres above sea-level. (v) Topography:- Maize grows very well on gently sloping or undulating plains and plateaus. 12.(a) Define the term Energy.(2 Marks)Energy is the power required to carry out an activity. (b) Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.(2 Marks)Renewable sources of energy are those sources that can be regenerated and used for a long period of time while nonrenewable sources of energy are exhaustible if they are not well managed. (c) Explain four physical factors that affect the location of hydro-electric power stations in Kenya.(8 Marks)(i) A large and constant volume of water. It‘s more economical to harness large rivers with large volume of water. (ii) Water should be constant/supply of water. A lake could be a suitable source. (iii) The valley where the dam is to be constructed should be narrow to minimize the cost of constructing a dam. (iv) The area should be sparsely populated to minimize the cost of relocating people. (v) A hard basement rock is suitable for the creation of a reservoir to minimize seepage and provide a strong foundation for the reservoir. (vi) Water should be falling from a high point to supply the force required to rotate the turbines. (d) (i) Outline four measures undertaken to reduce overreliance on non-renewable sources of energy. (4 Marks) (i) Control of the importation of vehicles with high engine capacity. (ii) Improving public transport to encourage more people to use it to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads (iii) Creating awareness by educating the users on the importance of conserving energy. (iv) Proper planning of the road network especially in urban centres to reduce traffic jams. (ii) State three sources of renewable energy.(3 Marks)sun Wind water waves and tides Geothermal steam Biomass (e) Your class visited the local town for a field study to find out the sources and uses of energy in the area. (i) State three objectives they could have formulated for the study.(3 Marks)(i) To find out the type of energy people in the town use for cooking and heating.(ii) To find out the sources of the energy used.(iii) To find out the different uses to which the energy is put.(ii) State three methods they would use to collect data.(3 Marks)Observation - the lighting system in homes.Interviewing the home owners on the sources.Taking photographs of the lighting system.Page | 120Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided. 1.(a) Differentiate between relative humidity and absolute humidity.(2marks)(b) State the significance of water vapour in the atmosphere.(2rmarks)2.(a) What do you understand by the term; Vertical Earth movement.(2marks)(b) Identify three causes of earth movement.(3marks)3.(a) Define the term block disintegration(2marks)(b) State three factors influencing the rate at which weathered materials move down slope.(3marks)4.(a) Name two places in Kenya where karst scenery is relatively well developed.(2marks)(b) State three ideal conditions for development of an artesian well/basin.(3marks)5.(a) Give two characteristics of plutonic rocks?(2marks)(b) State three ways in which rocks are significant to Kenya‘s economy.(3marks)SECTION B: MAPWORKAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1: 50,000 (Sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.(a) (i)What is the approximate height of Ndanyi Hill Peak in grid square 4032.(2marks)(ii) Identify two natural relief features in grid square 2837.(2marks)(iii) Name two types of natural vegetation to the North of Northings 45.(2marks)(b) (i) What is the bearing of Principal photo point in grid square 3827 from principal photo point in grid square 3131.(2marks)(ii) Citing evidence from the map identify two social services offered in the area covered by the map.(4marks)(c)(i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40 metres, draw across-section along Northing 36 from easting 29 toeasting 34.(4marks)(ii) On it mark and label the following? Ridge.(1mark)? Loose surface road.(1mark)? River.(1mark)(iii) From the cross-section you have drawn, test if the starting and end point are intervisible. (Give a reason for youranswer).(2marks)(d) Describe briefly the drainage of the area covered by the map.(4marks)7.(a) (i) Differentiate between a mineral and a rock.(2marks)(ii) Name any two intrusive igneous rocks.(2marks)(b) (i) Name four characteristics of minerals.(4marks)(ii) Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed. (9marks)(c) Explain four significances of rocks.(8marks)8.(a) (i) Define the term vulcanicity.(2marks)(ii) Name two features resulting from fissure eruptions.(2marks)(b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the formation of the following intrusive features:-(9marks)(i) Sill.(ii) Dyke.(iii) Batholith.(c) Explain three positive effects of vulcanicity to human activities.(6marks)(d) You have been asked to carry out a field study in Mount Kenya on vulcanicity.(i) State three methods you would use to collect your data.(3marks)(ii) Name three follow-up activities you will undertake.(3marks)9.(a) (i) Define the term glaciation.(2marks)(ii) Give two processes of glacial movement.(2marks)(iii) Explain three factors that enhance glacial erosion.(6marks)Page | 12100Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) The diagram below shows features resulting from glacial erosion on a highland area. KLM(i) Name the feature marked K, L and M.(3marks)(ii) Describe how the feature marked M is formed.(6marks)(c) Explain three negative effects of glaciation on the physical and human environment.(6marks)10.(a) List three factors which contribute to the development of deserts.(3marks)(b) Name three processes through which wind erodes a desert landscape.(3marks)(c) Explain three ways through which wind transports its load.(6marks)(d) Describe how the following desert features are formed.(9marks)(i) Yardangs.(ii) Rock pedestals.(iii) Wadis.(e) State four ways in which desert features are significant to human activities.(4marks)Page | 12200Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS 1.(a) Define the term transhumance.(2marks)(b) State three characteristics of nomadic pastoralism.(3marks)2.State five factors which influence nucleated settlement pattern.(5marks)3.(a) What is a cottage industry.(2marks)(b) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages the establishment of Jua Kali Industries.(3marks)4.(a) What is air pollution?(2marks)(b) State three negative effects of uncollected garbage on the environment.(3marks)5.(a) Name two main reclamation projects in the Netherlands.(2marks)(b) State three reasons for reclaiming swamps in Kenya.(3marks)SECTION B:Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.The table below shows agricultural crops produced in Kenya in the year 2008 to 2011.Use it to answer question (a).CropsAmount in metric tonnes2008200920102011Tea240,000314,000399,000405,000Coffee98,00054,00042,00055,000Wheat70,00037,00054,00066,000Others165,000180,000147,000155,000(a) (i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 100,000 metric tones, draw a compound bar graph to represent the data above.(6marks)(ii) State two advantages of using compound bar graphs to represent geographical data.(2marks)(b) State five physical factors that favour coffee growing in the Kenya highlands.(5marks)(c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from harvesting to marketing.(6marks)(d) Compare coffee farming in Kenya and Brazil under the following sub-headings.? Growing areas.(2marks)? Processing.(2marks)? Labour.(2marks)7.(a) (i) What is rural settlement?(2marks)(ii) State three characteristics of rural settlement.(3marks)(b) Explain three factors that led to the growth of Kisumu town.(6marks)(c) Explain how the following problems facing Kisumu town can be solved.(i) Pollution.(2marks)(ii) Crime.(2marks)(iii) Unemployment.(2marks)(d) Explain how the port of Rotterdam differs from the port of Mombasa.(8marks)8.(a) (i) Apart from coal name three other non-renewable sources of energy.(3marks)(ii) State four reasons why there has been a decline in the use of coal as a source of energy.(4marks)(iii) Give three advantages of using wind energy.(3marks)(b) Name two examples of agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.(2marks)(c) Below is a sketch map of the Ruhr industrial region.Use it to answer question (i).(i) Name:? The canal marked U.(1mark)? The river marked V.(1mark)Page | 123Geography 312/1,312/2 ? The town marked M.(1mark)(ii) Explain three factors which led to the growth of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany.(6marks)(d)Explain two environmental problems which have resulted from the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.(4marks)9.(a) (i) What is forestry?(2marks)(ii) Define agro-forestry?(2marks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of natural forest.(i) Climate.(4marks)(ii) Altitude.(2marks)(iii) Soil.(2marks)(c) Give(i) Three characteristics of softwood in Kenya.(3marks)(ii) Four characteristics of softwood in Canada.(4marks)(d) Explain three positive significances of forests products in Kenya.(6marks)10.(a) (i) Define the term pollution.(2marks)(ii) State four causes of land pollution.(4marks)(b) (i) Name two areas in Kenya which occasionally experience flooding.(2marks)(ii) Explain three major causes of widespread flooding in Kenya.(6marks)(iii) State four methods used in controlling and managing floods in Kenya.(4marks)(c) (i) State three problems caused by lighting.(3marks)(ii) Give four measures used to control and manage lighting in Kenya.(4marks)Page | 124Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE 40 JOINT EXAMS - 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: 1.(a) Differentiate between relative humidity and absolute humidity.(2marks)Relative humidity refers to the ratio of absolute humidity of a given mass of air to the maximum amount of moisture thismass of air can hold at the same temperature while absolute humidity refers to the actual amount of moisture in a givenmass of air at a particular temperature.(2 x 1 = 2marks)(b) State the significance of water vapour in the atmosphere.(3marks)(i) Water vapour in the atmosphere stores energy in the atmosphere for development of storms. (ii) Amount of water vapour in the atmosphere determine the type and amount of precipitation to be received in a particular area. (iii) Green house effect of water vapour in the atmosphere regulates air temperature - absorbs terrestrial radiation regulating heat loss.(3 x 1 = 3marks)2.(a) What do you understand by the term; Vertical Earth movement.(2marks)These are movement within the rocks of the crust that operates along the radius of the earth: From inside to the surface orfrom the surface to the interior of the earth.(b) Identify three causes of earth movement.(3marks)(i) Isostatic adjustments in the crust.(ii) Movement of magma through the crust.(iii) Convectional current in the mantle.(iv) Gravitational force.(3 x 1 = 3marks)3.(a) Define the term block disintegration.(2marks)Block disintegration is the break up of exposed well jointed/bedded rocks into angular block due to mechanical processes like alternates heating and cooling. (d) State three factors influencing the rate at which weathered materials move down slope.(3marks)(i) Heavy materials have a higher momentum to overcome gravity thus move fast down slope. (ii) Steep slope increases the speed at which weathered materials move down slopes. (iii) Moisture lubricated/increases weight of weathered materials encouraging rapid movement down slope. (iv) Earthquakes/volcanic eruptions cause vibration that encourages movement of materials down slope. (v) Presence of vegetation stabilizes weathered materials with roots slowing their movement down slope. (Any 3 x 1 = 3marks) 4.(a) Name two places in Kenya where karst scenery is relatively well developed.(i) Shimoni caves in South Coast.(ii) Devils kitchen North of Malindi.(2marks)(b) State three ideal conditions for development of an artesian well/basin.(3marks)(i) The aquifer must be sandwiched between impermeable rock to retain water. (ii) The aquifer must be exposed in a area which is a water source/beneath lake/rainy area for water to infiltrate. (iii) The aquifer must dip/slope from a region of water intake into a syncline/basin. (iv) The mouth of the artesian well must be at a lower level with the water table to allow water to flow by hydraulic force 5.(a) Give two characteristics of plutonic rocks?(2marks)(i) Formed deep below the earth surface mainly crystalline/resistant to slow cooling.(ii) Have coarse texture/have large crystals.(Any 2 x 1 = 3marks)(b) State three ways in which rocks are significant to Kenya?s economy.(3marks)(i) Some like granite provide building materials. (ii) Some rocks form unique sceneries thus attracting tourist earning the country foreign exchange/revenue. (iii) Some upon weathering form deep fertile soil suitable for agriculture. (iv) Some are permeable/pervious rocks store underground water thus sources of rivers/water. (v) Some contain valuable minerals ores thus supporting mining industry.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)SECTION B: MAPWORK6.(a) (i) What is the approximate height of Ndanyi Hill Peak in grid square 4032.1500m + maximum of 19 metres. (Any figure from 1501 + 1519 metres).(2marks)(ii) Identify two natural relief features in grid square 2837.(2marks)River valley, hill. (iii) Name two types of natural vegetation to the North of Northings 45.-Riverine vegetation.- Papyrus swamp vegetation.- Scrub vegetation.- Woodland vegetation.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(b)(i) What is the bearing of Principal photo point in grid square 3827 from principal photo point in grid square3131.(2marks)Page | 12500Geography 312/1,312/2 074? + 001? (073? - 075?). (iv) Citing evidence from the map identify two social services offered in the area covered by the map. (4marks) (e) Answer on the graph paper (for c(i), (ii), (iii). Start and end point are not indivisibility. Reason: There exists dead ground/raised ground/hill obstruction of visibility between the two point. (d) Describe briefly the drainage of the area covered by the map.(4marks)- River Sio is a permanent river. - River Sio has many meanders/follows a winding course. - River Sio and its tributary forms a dendritic drainage pattern. - There are numerous swamps and seasonal swamps in the area covered by the map. - River Sio flows from North east to the west of the area covered by the map. - Some rivers flows through swamps/have their mouth in Swamps Sea, River Walchungu. - There is radial drainage pattern made by rivers flowing from Samia ridge. 7.(a) (i) Differentiate between a mineral and a rock.Mineral - Its an inorganic substances which occur naturally at or beneath the surface of the earth ? while a rock is asubstance that is an aggregate of mineral particles and it forms the social part of the earth. ?(2marks)(ii) Name any two intrusive igneous rocks.(2marks)- Granite.- Diorite.- Gabbro.- Periodotite.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(b) (i) Name four characteristics of minerals.(4marks)- Minerals have different degrees of hardness. - Some minerals aggregate into distinct shapes. - Some minerals like gold, silver, copper and diamond have only one element while others like bauxite have more than one. - Minerals can be opaque, translucent or transparent. - Minerals have different textures. - They have specific colours. - Minerals have lustre. - Tenacity - Ability of the mineral to withstand tearing. (ii) Describe three ways in which sedimentary rocks are formed.(9marks)(i) Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks. - Formed from previous existing rocks. - Particles are derived from pre-existing rocks through the process of weathering/erosion. - They are transported by either wind, water and are deposited in layers according to their sizes either in land or in sea. (3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) Organically- Formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.Page | 12600Geography 312/1,312/2 - Fossils/remains accumulate in lakes or oceans over along period of time forming layers.(3 x 1 = 3marks)(iii) Chemically formed.- This involves dissolving of mineral particles of the pre-existing rocks. - The mineral particles are carried away in solution. - The mixing of water of different types may result in chemical reaction followed by precipitation of sediments. (3 x 1 = 3marks) (c) Explain four significances of rocks.(8marks)(i) Formation of soil for agriculture. Soil is formed from rocks. The acidic soils from the weathered volcanic rocks are suitable for the growth of tea and coffee. (ii) Storing underground water. - Rocks helps in storing water in water holding strata called aquifers. - Springs may also appear where the water bearing stratum is near the surface. (v) Salts - Various salts are obtained from rocks such as deposits of rock salt which are used for domestic purposes and in industrial activities. (vi) Building materials - Rocks like granites and limestone are used for building purposes. (vii) Tourist attraction - Some rocks like granitic of Western Kenya they form fascinating features which attract tourists. (viii) Mineral deposits - Minerals occur in different types of rocks known as ores. These mineral are used in different ways e.g. gold for making jewellery and ornament.(Any 4 x 2 = 8marks)8.(a) (i) Define the term vulcanicity.(2marks)This is the process where volcanic material (gaseous liquid and solid) are forced into the earths surface and formationbeneath the crust of features on the surface of the earth and beneath.(1 x 2 = 2marks)(ii) Name two features resulting from fissure eruptions.(2marks)- Lava plateau. - Tuff plateau. - Geysers. - Hot springs. - Fumeroles.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(c) With the aid of a diagram, describe the formation of the following intrusive features:-(i) Sill. Sill is formed when magma intrude into the crustal rocks along the bedding plane where it cools and solidify to form sill.(Text 2mks, diagram 1mk - Total = 3marks)(ii) Dyke - Dyke is formed when magma is intruded into the crustal rocks across the bedding plane when it cools and solidify to form a dyke.(Text 2mks, diagram 1mk - Total = 3marks)(iii) Batholith. Batholith is a deep intrusion of magma,?? masses deep in the crustal rocks where its rod is deep seated. (Text 2mks, diagram 1mk - Total = 3marks) (c) Explain three positive effects of vulcanicity to human activities. (6marks) (i) Formation of fertile soils. Volcanic lava especially basalt rocks upon weathering result in the formation of fertile soils used in agriculture. ???(ii) Valuable minerals during volcanic process rock can undergo metamorphosis to form valuable minerals e.g. Diamond at Mwadui promotes mining. ???(iii) Sources of geothermal power. Geysers like Olkaria in Kenya can be harnessed for geothermal electricity. ???(iv) Hot water from hot springs is pumped through pipes into houses for heating especially during water to New Zealand and Iceland. ???(v) Tourist attraction sites. Features formed through vulcanicity such as snowcapped mountains, geysers hot springs attract tourists earning foreign exchange. ???(vi) Many varieties of igneous rocks are useful economically e.g. phenolite/ trachyte, welded tuff are used in building. (Any 3 x 2 = 6marks) (d) You have been asked to carry out a field study in Mount Kenya on vulcanicity. (i) State three methods you would use to collect your data.(3marks)- Taking photographs.- Conducting interviews.- Administering questionnaires.- Collecting samples.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) Name three follow-up activities you will undertake.(3marks)- Presenting the information.Page | 127Geography 312/1,312/2 - Analysing the information. - Giving a lecture. - Further discussion.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)9.(a) (i) Define the term glaciation.It‘s the action of moving ice and the changes that takes place on the land that it moves ??/A process by which ice movingice erodes, transports and deposits material on the earths surface. ? ?(2marks)(ii) Give two processes of glacial movement.(2marks)- Basal slips.- Extrusion flow.- Plastic flowage.(Any first 2 x 1 = 2marks)(iii) Explain three factors that enhance glacial erosion.(3marks)- Nature of the underlying rock. If abrasion is more effective on soften rocks than on the harder one, well jointed rocks and those with cracks/faults are easily eroded. - The speed of glacier. The faster a glacier moves the more it erodes. - The thickness and weight of the ice. If thicker/heavier lie exerts a lot of pressure on debris beneath it as it moves along causing a lot of erosion by abrasion. - Availability of debris The more the debris that is embedded in the ice the more effective is the process of abrasion. (d) (i) Name the feature marked K, L and M. K - Pyramidal peak/horn. L - Arete. M - Cirque/corrie.(3marks)(ii) Describe how the feature marked M is formed.(6marks)- Snow accumulates in a shallow pre-existing depression on a mountain side. - The snow gets compacted into ice/cirque glacier. - The ice erodes the bottom of the hollow by abrasion, making it deeper. - Frost action and the plucking process operate on the sides of the hollow, making it wider. - The plucking process is effective on the back wall making it deeper. - Eventually a deep arm-chair shaped depression is formed called a cirque.(Any 6 x 1 = 6marks)(e) Explain three negative effects of glaciation on the physical and human environment.- Some floods are not accessible from the mainland due to the steep sides and shallowness on the windward side hencehindering transport. ? ?- Some outwash plains have infertile sand and gravel which unfavourable for farming/Agriculture. ? ?- Rugged landscapes resulting from glaciation are of littlevalue for agricultural farming.(Any3wellexplained x 2 = 6marks)10.(a) List three factors which contribute to the development of deserts.(3marks)- Increased temperature and excessive evaporation. - Prolonged drought/low rainfall. - Existence of cold ocean current on the path of rain bearing winds. - Rain shadow effects of high mountains. - Continentally. - Human activities/deforestation/overstocking.(Any first 3 x 1 = 3marks)(b) Name three processes through which wind erodes a desert landscape.(3marks)- Deflation.- Abrasion.- Attrition.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(c) Explain three ways through which wind transports its load.(6marks)(i) Suspension. The fine dust particles are lifted clear of the ground and eventually they are blown by wind currents. (ii) Saltation. Larger fragments/sand particles are lifted from the ground by eddy action and they are moved in series hops/jumps within the wind currents. (iii) Surface creep/Traction. The heavy materials/small stones/pebbles are dragged along the ground by wind currents. W - 1 x 3 = 3marks E - 1 x 3 = 3marks(6marks)(d) Describe how the following desert features are formed.(9marks)(i) Yardangs.- Formed from massive rocks with alternating vertical layers of soft and hard rocks.- Wind abrasion wears layers and soft rocks ridges of hard resistant rocks.- The ridges are known as yardangs.(Any 3 = 3marks)(ii) Rock pedestals.- Formed from a rock outcrop made of alternating hard and soft layers.- Wind abrasion is greatest at the base/near ground level.- This leads to an irregular rock with protruding layers that alternate with hollows.(Any 3 = 3marks)Page | 128Geography 312/1,312/2(iii) Wadis.- Sheet floods developed on gently sloping surface surrounding upland areas. - On steep-sided landscape floods cut rills which are then enlarged to form gullies. - Continued erosion of gullies enlarges them to form a steep-sided valley called Wadi. (e) State four ways in which desert features are significant to human activities. - Water from the oases is used for irrigation. - Desert landscape are ideal for military training. - Loess form fertile alluvium soils for agriculture. - Deserts from beautiful scenery like yardangs for tourist attraction. - Seasonal streams in deserts can be dammed to supply water to the surrounding for domestic use. - The hot sun in deserts provide a large potential for solar energy. - Desert features like sandunes hinder human development like transport.(Any first 4 x 1 = 4marks)Page | 129Geography 312/1,312/2 KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE 40 JOINT EXAMS - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: 1.(a) Define the term transhumance.(2marks)Transhumance is seasonal movement of people and their animals from place to place in search of water and pasture for their animals. (b) State three characteristics of nomadic pastoralism.(3marks)- Reared in areas receiving low and unreliable rainfall. - Animals are grazed communally. - Animals are kept for subsistence/sign of wealth. - Nomadic herders make use of natural pasture. - Different types of animals are kept e.g. sheep, goats and cows. - Poor marketing of animals and their products. 2.State five factors which influence nucleated settlement pattern.(5marks)- Farming - Irrigation farming e.g. Mwea Tebere. - Limitations of site, inadequate space for expansion. - Presence of water of site, lack of space for expansion. - Exploitation of natural resources e.g. mining. - A prime area for defence/cluster together for defence. - Government policy - settlement schemes. - Ownership of land in small plots. - Presence of an industrial plan. - Security leading to cluster in a more secure area. 3.(a) What is a cottage industry.(2marks)Cottage industry is a small industry which uses local raw materials and requires little capital to start and operate. (c) Give three reasons why the government of Kenya encourages the establishment of Jua Kali Industries.(3marks) - It requires little capital investment. - It decentralizes industries reducing rural urban migration. - Requires little skills. - Encourages innovation. - To diversify export goods. - To cater for local needs/save on foreign exchange. - To produce cheap consumer goods. - To make use of locally available raw materials. - To create employment opportunities. 4.(a) What is air pollution?(2marks)Air pollution is the contamination of air with additional material in solid or gaseous form causing injury or harm to human health or property. (d) State three negative effects of uncollected garbage on the environment.(3marks)a. Garbage heaps are unattractive. b. Garbage produces foul smell. c. Garbage washed into water surfaces causes pollution. d. Organisms that thrive in garbage may transmit diseases. e. Some matter may cause injuries. 5.(a) Name two main reclamation projects in the Netherlands.(2marks)- The zuider zee project. - The delta plan project. (b) State three reasons for reclaiming swamps in Kenya.(3marks)- To free area from pest/water borne diseases. - To reduce flooding and associated effects. - To acquire agricultural land with profitable farming/settlement. - To develop the remote areas with social amenities. Page | 13000Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B: 6. (a) (i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 100,000 metric tones, draw a compound bar graph to represent the data above. (6marks) (iii) State two advantages of using compound bar graphs to represent geographical data.(2marks)i) Easy to construct/draw. ii) They allow easy comparison. iii) Are easy to read/interpret. iv) They can be used to represent a wide range of data. v) They give clear visual impression of individual components. (e) State five physical factors that favour coffee growing in the Kenya highlands. - High rainfall ? well ? distributed throughout the year. - The soils are deep, ? well drained ? volcanic type. ??- They are experiences cool to warm conditions/14?C - 24?C throughout the year. - The land is gently sloping that allow drainage. - Altitude of between 910m - 2100 above sea level.(5marks)(f) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from harvesting to marketing. - The ripe/deep red berries are carried in sacks to the factory. - The berries are sorted out to remove the unripe/diseased berries. - The different grades are weighed. - The berries go through a machine that removes the outer covering/pulp. - The beans are fermented in tanks for some time. - The beans are washed and sun-dried about a week. - The husks are removed and the beans winnowed. - The beans are sorted out and graded according to size and quality. - The beans are roasted at temperatures of about 100?C. - The beans are ground into powder and packed ready for sale.(6marks)(g) Compare coffee farming in Kenya and Brazil under the following sub-headings. ? Growing areas.(2marks)In Kenya coffee is mainly grown in the highlands while in Brazil coffee is mainly grown on the rolling plateau of the South Eastern Brazil. ? Processing.(2marks)In Kenya coffee berries are processed using wet or wash method whileBrazil processed its coffee using both the natural dry method and thepulped natural process.? Labour.(2marks)In Kenya work is done by family members/casual labourers while inBrazil work in the Fazendas is done by the tenants.7.(a) (i) What is rural settlement?(2marks)Page | 131Geography 312/1,312/2 Rural settlements are human habitats that consist of villages and homesteads and people mainly engage in extractive/primary activities. (ii) State three characteristics of rural settlement.(3marks)- Consists of homestead and villages. - Dormant activities are extractive/primary activities. - Found mainly in the country sides. - Agriculture is their main source of occupation. (b) Explain three factors that led to the growth of Kisumu town.(6marks)- Location at the shores of Lake Victoria led to its growth as a lake port handling trade among the three East African countries. - 1901 Kisumu became a terminus for the Uganda railway allowing the influx and settlement of early Asian traders. This led to commercial development of the town. - Kisumu was a regional administrative centre during the colonial period. This led to setting up of administrative offices and other infrastructural facilities. - The rich hinterland with mineral/agricultural resources provided raw materials for the town residents. - The high population in the surrounding areas provided the required labour force for the development of industries. - The nearby rivers and Lake Victoria provided fresh water for industrial/ domestic use. - The well developed means of transport/road railway/airport made the town easily accessible from other parts of the country. (e) Explain how the following problems facing Kisumu town can be solved. (i) Pollution.(2marks)- Disposal of garbage can be improved by providing proper materials for collection. - Regular collection of garbage to avoid heaping wastes. - Regular dredging of sewerage and drainage system to avoid stagnant water. - Enacting enforcing laws on environmental management/charging those found contravening the laws. - Treatment of effluents from industries before disposal. - Educating the members of the public on dangers of pollution/on the appropriate ways of refuse disposal to avoid polluting the environment. (ii) Crime.(2marks)- Encouraging community policing to complement the effort of the police force. - Controlling the influx of illegal arms in order to reduce the incidents of thuggery. - Enforcing laws without favour to provide protection to the law abiding citizens. - Getting rid of street families to reduce the number of idlers in the towns. - Creation of job opportunities to reduce the number of idlers. (iii) Unemployment.(2marks)- Expanding and establishing more industries. - Encouraging and enabling people to be self-employed. - Reviving the collapsed industries to offer more employment opportunities. (d)Explain how the port of Rotterdam differs from the port of Mombasa.(8marks)- Rotterdam has expanded to a new port hence handle large amount of cargo while Mombasa has had little expansion thus handle less cargo. - Rotterdam uses advanced technology to provide services while Mombasa has limited expansion in technology hence provision of services are slow. - Rotterdam is connected to the hinterland by railway road, pipeline, air and rivers and canals while Mombasa is connected by road, railway, air and pipeline only. - Imports passing through Rotterdam are fuels, minerals agricultural products, while Mombasa imports are manufactured goods, petroleum and chemicals. - Main exports in Rotterdam are manufactured goods and chemicals while at Mombasa exports are minerals and agricultural products. - Rotterdam services rich developed and industrialized hinterland while Mombasa services developing and agricultural hinterland.(3marks)8.(a) (i) Apart from coal name three other non-renewable sources of energy.- Oil/petroleum.- Uranium.- Natural gas.(3marks)(ii) State four reasons why there has been a decline in the use of coal as a source of energy.(4marks)- Coal has a low calorific value. - Coal is dirty to use. - Exhaustion of coal. - Discovery of oil and other alternative efficient forms of energy. - Coal is bulky and thus costly to transport. - It is expensive to mine coal found deep underground. (iii) Give three advantages of using wind energy.(3marks)Page | 132Geography 312/1,312/2 - Cheap source of energy. - It is an inexhaustible source of energy/renewable. - It is clean/environmentally friendly form of energy. - It is free. - It is safe to use. - It can be found everywhere. - Land between the wind mills can be put into other uses. (e) Name two examples of agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya. - Tobacco processing. - Footwear making. - Leather tanning. - Beeswax processing. - Sisal processing. - Pyrethrum processing.(2marks)(f) (i) Lippesite canal. (ii) River Ruhr. (iii) Dortmund. (ii) Explain three factors which led to the growth of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany. (6marks) - Availability of coal/iron ore/limestone from the Rhine Valley that provided raw materials needed in the industry. - River Rhine/Ruhr/Lippe/Emcher/Wupper provided water required for cooling machines in the industry/for industrial use. - The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. R. Rhine and canals e.g. Lippesite which provided cheap transport for bulky raw materials and finished products. - Coal from the Ruhr region and imported petroleum provided power required in the industry. - The local population had acquired skills on iron working/availability of local skilled labour and this formed the foundation of iron and steel industry. - The presence of rich companies/krupp families which provided capital for the development of industry. - The dense population in Europe (Central and Western) Germany provided ready market for iron and steel. (d) Explain two environmental problems which have resulted from the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.(4marks)- It has led to air, noise and water pollution which is dangerous to human health and wildlife/visibility. - Dumping of industrial waste leads to environmental degradation/water or soil pollution. - Increased production of car and the high local purchasing power has led to traffic congestion in the cities. - High demand for limited raw materials, like coal has resulted to over exploitation. - Emergence of many factories has attracted large man power which has resulted in housing problems/inadequate housing. 9.(a) (i) What is forestry?(2marks)Forestry is the science of developing, cultivating and managing of forests. (ii) Define agro-forestry?(2marks)Agro-forestry - It is the cultivation of crops together with trees on the same piece of land at the same time. (d) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of natural forest. (i) Climate.(4marks)- Rainfall - forests grow in areas with high rainfall e.g. over 1200mm. Low rainfall discourages forest growth. - Temperature - high temperature over 24?C and humid within the tropical region accelerate plant growth. - Low temperature discourage plant growth. (ii) Altitude.(2marks)- Altitude influences rainfall and temperature. - Very high altitude over 3500m are unsuitable for plant growth since they are too cold. - The lower level of Tropical Mountain are suitable for forestry growth. (iii) Soil.(2marks)Deep fertile soil encourages growth of forests shallow and less fertile soil discourage growth of vegetation. (e) (i) Give three characteristics of softwood in Kenya.(3marks)- Cover 3% of the total land mass. - Located in Kenya highlands. - Consists both indigenous and exotic species. - They are both natural and planted. - Grow on deep fertile soil. - Take short time to mature. - Consists only one plant species. - Harvesting done on small scale. (ii) Four characteristics of softwood in Canada.(4marks)- Cover 60 - 70% of total land mass.- Mainly natural forest.Page | 133Geography 312/1,312/2 - Forest grow in shallow, thin soil due to glacial erosion. - Species are indigenous. - Trees take longtime to mature. (d) Explain three positive significances of forests products in Kenya.(6marks)- Create job opportunities raising the living standards. - Provision of fuel e.g. firewood and charcoal. - Habitat for world animals. - Control soil erosion. - Provide poles for fencing and supply of electricity. - Make the environment beautiful. - Source of raw materials in paper and pulp industry. - Source of timber for construction and making furniture. 10.(a) (i) Define the term pollution.(2marks)Pollution is the emission of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes to environment which contaminates water, soil and air. (ii) State four causes of land pollution.(4marks)- Dumping of garbage particularly in urban centres/inadequate dustbins to put wastes. - Inadequate waste dumping. - Poor sanitation and disposal of human waste. - Poor excessive use of farm chemicals. - Burning of forests. - Mining/quarrying of land dereliction. (b) (i) Name two areas in Kenya which occasionally experience flooding.(2marks)- Budalangi. - Nyando - Kano Plains. - Lower Tana/Tana River County. (ii) Explain three major causes of widespread flooding in Kenya.(6marks)- Blockage of drainage in urban centres. - Siltation of rivers and lakes making them shallow. - High rainfall in adjacent highlands leading to flooding in lowland. - Landslide blocking a river leading to flooding. (iii) State four methods used in controlling and managing floods in Kenya. - Construction of dams/check dams to reduce water velocity and water volume downstream. - Construction of dykes along rivers. - Building artificial levees to keep water in the main river channel. - Planting trees/vegetation cover in water catchment areas to increase infiltration/reduce runoff. Construction of diversion canals to straighten meanders for smooth water flow. - Regular dredging of river channels to remove silt/deepen channel to hold more water.(4marks)(c) (i) State three problems caused by lighting.(3marks)- Loss of human and animal lives. - Cause fire that destroys forests. - Damage houses and property. - Disrupts power and communication facilities. - Causes panic and shock to people. (iii) Give four measures used to control and manage lighting in Kenya.(4marks)a. Installation of lighting arresters on building. b. Discourage people from sheltering under trees when raining. c. Use aircraft to spray carbon (IV) oxide or silver iodide to disperse clouds reducing formation of lighting cloud seeding. d. Encourage public awareness and campaigns on the effects and control of lighting. e. Use of early warning systems e.g. radars they detect lightening before it strikes. Page | 13400Geography 312/1,312/2 KAHURO/MURANG?A EAST JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: Answer all questions from this section. 1.(a) What is a land breeze?(2marks)(b) Give three ways in which sea breezes influence the climate of adjacent land.(3marks)2.(a) Name one fold mountain in:(i) Asia.(1mark)(ii) North America.(1mark)(iii) South America.(1mark)(b) Apart from Fold Mountains, name three other features resulting from folding.(3marks)3.(a) Give two processes of slow mass movement.(2marks)(b) State two physical conditions that may influence landslides.(2marks)4.(a) The diagram below shows ways through which wind transports its load.(a) Name the three ways labeled E, F and G.(3marks)(b) Name three features produced by wind abrasion in arid areas.(3marks)5.Describe how a terminal moraine is formed.(4marks)SECTION B:Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 Sheet 101/1 provided and answer the following questions:(a) (i) Identify two relief features found in the grid square 2632.(2marks)(ii) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map?(2marks)(iii) Calculate the bearing of the road junction near Matayo from the road junction near Bulmala market.(3marks)(b) (i) Draw across-section from the grid reference 330338 to grid reference 380338. Use a scale 1cm rep. 20 metres. (5marks) On the cross-section mark and label the following. ? A hill ? A road ? A river (ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration.(2marks)(c) Giving evidence from the map, state three economic activities in the area covered by the map.(6marks)(d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6marks)7.The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain in Africa. Use it to answer question a(i) and (ii).(a) (i) Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y.(3marks)(ii) Describe the characteristics of Savanna vegetation.(6marks)(b) Explain how climate have influenced types of vegetation.(i) Desert vegetation.(4marks)(ii) Coniferous forest.(4marks)(c) State four uses of vegetation.(4marks)(d) State four causes for the decline of the area under forest in Kenya.(4marks)8.(a) Differentiate between river rejuvenation and river capture.(2marks)Page | 13500Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) Give three features resulting from: (i) River rejuvenation.(3marks)(ii) River capture.(3marks)(c) (i) Describe three processes through which a river transports its lead.(6marks)(ii) State five factors that determine the amount of surface runoff(5marks)(d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment.(6marks)9.(a) (i) What is a lake?(2marks)(ii) State two ways through which lakes are formed.(2marks)(b)(i) Name two man-made lakes along river Tana.(2marks)(ii) Explain three importance of lakes to human and physical environment.(6marks)(c) Outline two major problems facing lakes in Kenya.(2marks)(d) Your class went out for a field study on lakes.(i) State two suitable hypothesis for the study.(2marks)(ii) Name two suitable methods of data collection you would employ in such a study.(2marks)(iii) Give any three necessary preparations the class would need to carry out before going out for the field study.(3marks)(iv) State any four problems the class is likely to encounter during the study.(4marks)10.Use the diagram below to answer question (a).(a) Name the Coastal features marked H, J, K, L and M.(5marks)(b) (i) State four conditions necessary for the formation of a beach.(4marks)(ii) Describe how a bird‘s foot delta is formed.(4marks)(c) Describe three processes involved in Marine erosion.(6marks)(d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the depositional features along the Coast of Kenya.(i) State three objectives you would formulate for your study.(3marks)(ii) Give three methods you would use to record the information collected.(3marks)Page | 13600Geography 312/1,312/2 KAHURO/MURANG?A EAST JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: Answer all questions from this section. 1.(a) State two methods of mining.(2marks)(b) State three problems facing diamond mining in South Africa.(3marks)2.(a) State three causes of urban-rural migration.(3marks)(b) Give two reasons for rapid population growth.(2marks)3.(a) Give two physical conditions favouring beef farming in Argentina.(2marks)(b) State three human activities that interfere with wildlife.(3marks)4.(a) State three main characteristics of cottage industries in Kenya.(3marks)(b) Give two ways in which industrial pollution is a health hazard.(2marks)5.(a) Give three reasons why road transport is used more in Kenya than air transport.(3marks)(b) List two disadvantages of using railway transport in Kenya.(2marks)SECTION B:Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.7.The table below shows Kenya‘s horticultural produce in 1996 - 2000 in modity/year19961997199819992000Flowers200240250280285Vegetables116135138170175Fruits4030455045(a) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represent 50 tonnes, draw a group line graph to represent the data above.(7marks)(b) State three advantages of using group line graph.(3marks)(c) Distinguish between market gardening and horticulture.(2marks)(d) Explain four factors that favour horticulture in Netherlands.(8marks)(e) State five factors that hinder development of horticulture in Kenya.(5marks)7.(a) (i) Apart from draining of swamps, give two other methods through which land has been reclaimed in Kenya.(2marks)(ii) Give two methods that one used to drain swamps in Kenya.(2marks)(b) (i) Name two rivers that supply water to the Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme.(2marks)(ii) Explain how the following factors influenced the establishment of Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme.? Topography.(2marks)? Soils.(2marks)? Population.(2marks)? Government policy.(2marks)(c) (i) Name three areas which make up the Zuider Zee reclamation project in the Netherlands.(3marks)(ii) Give four differences between land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands.(8marks)8.(a) (i) Apart from windstorms name two other environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions.(2marks)(ii) State three problems caused by windstorms in Kenya.(3marks)(b) (i) Name two rivers in Kenya to the West of the Rift Valley which cause large scale flooding.(2marks)(ii) Explain four problems caused by floods.(8marks)(c) (i) Explain three effects of land pollution on the environment.(6marks)(ii) State four ways through which land pollution can be controlled.(4marks)9.(a) (i) Define the term fisheries.(2marks)(ii) Name two countries in Southern Africa that are important for marine fish production.(2marks)(b) (i) State four problems experienced in marketing fish in Kenya.(4marks)(ii) State four ways in which Kenya is promoting the fishing industry.(4marks)(c) The diagram below shows a fishing method.Page | 137Geography 312/1,312/2 (i) What method is shown above?(1mark)(ii) Describe how the method is used in catching fish.(4marks)(d) Explain four factors that favour fishing industry in Japan.(8marks)10.(a) (i) State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns.(2marks)(ii) Give three social functions of Kisumu town.(3marks)(b) Explain three positive effects of urbanization to a country.(6marks)(c) Explain four factors that have led to the growth of Eldoret town as a major town in Kenya.(8marks)(d) Compare the parts of Mombasa and Rotterdam under the following sub-headings.(i) Site.(2marks)(ii) Transport links to the interior.(2marks)(iii) The hinterland.(2marks)Page | 138Geography 312/1,312/2 KAHURO/MURANG?A EAST JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: 1.(a) What is a land breeze?(2marks)It is a mass of cool air blowing from the sea (during the night).(b) Give three ways in which sea breezes influence the climate of adjacent land.(3marks)a. It lowers temperature of adjacent lands.b. It increases rainfall.c. It moderates diurnal rates of temperature.d. It may lead to convectional rainfall.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)2.(a) Name one fold mountain in:(i) Asia.(1mark)- Himalayas. (ii) North America.(1mark)- Rockies. (iii) South America.(1mark)- Andes (c) Apart from Fold Mountains, name three other features resulting from folding.(3marks)e. Rolling plains. f. Synclinal valleys. g. Intermontane plateaus h. Intermontane basins. i. Valley and ridge landscape.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)3.(a) Give two processes of slow mass movement.(2marks)- Soil creep- Talus creep/scree creep.- Solifluction.- Rock creep.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(b) State two physical conditions that may influence landslides.(2marks)- Steep slopes which allow soils to move down easily.- Presence of loose soil/absence of firm rock which means that soils are easily destabilized.- Occurrence of earthquakes which interferes with the stability of soils.- Heavy rain facilitates movement of materials down slope.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)4(a) Name the three ways labeled E, F and G.(3marks)- E - Traction/surface creep. - F - Saltation. - G - Suspension (b) Name three features produced by wind abrasion in arid areas.(3marks)- Rock pedestal. - Zeugens. - Yardangs. - Ventifacts/dreikanters. - Mushroom blocks. - The millet seed grain.(Any 3 x 1= 3marks)5.Describe how a terminal moraine is formed.(4marks)- Moving ice carried solid materials. - Moving ice stagnates. - Ice at the snout melts. - Melting ice releases its load. - Gradually the load piles into a ridge. - Overtime the ridge forms a horse shoe/block of solid materials called terminal moraine.(4 x 1 = 4marks)SECTION B: MAP WORK6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 Sheet 101/1 provided and answer the following questions:(a)(i) Identify two relief features found in the grid square 2632.(2marks)- Ridge. - Escarpment/steep slope.(2 x 1 = 2marks)(iv) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map?- 1568 metres.(2marks)(v) Calculate the bearing of the road junction near Matayo from the road junction near Bulmala market.(3marks)- 149° + 180 = 329° ? 1°Page | 13900Geography 312/1,312/2 = 328 ? 330° (d) (i) Draw across-section from the grid reference 330338 to grid reference 380338. Use a scale 1cm rep. 20 metres. (5marks) On the cross-section mark and label the following. a. A hill b. A road c. A river (ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration.(2marks)VSV E ?H S11??2 ,00012 ,000? ??50 ,000? 50 ,000 = 25 ??(e) Giving evidence from the map, state three economic activities in the area covered by the map.(6marks)Trade? MarketTransport? RoadsCrop growing? Cotton store(3 x 2 = 6marks)(d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(6marks)- There are many permanent Rivers. - The main river is river Sio. - There are seasonal swamps. - There are disappearing rivers. - Some rivers form trellis drainage pattern. - River Sio flow from north east to south west.(Any 6 x 1 = 6marks)7.(a) (i) Name the vegetation zones marked W, X and Y.(3marks)- W - Rainforest.Page | 140Geography 312/1,312/2 - X - Bamboo. - Y - Heath and moorland. (ii) Describe the characteristics of Savanna vegetation.(6marks)- Savanna vegetation consists of trees and grass. - Wetter areas/near the forest the vegetation consists of tall scattered trees. - The wetter areas have thick/tall grass. - Gradually away from the forest, the trees become fewer and shorter. - The grass also become shorter. - In drier areas the trees are short and more scattered. - Some trees are deciduous. - Most of the trees are umbrella shaped. - Most common trees species are acacia and other thorny trees. - There are scattered baobab trees and other drought resistant trees. - There are riverine trees and thick bushes along river valleys.(Any 6 x 1 = 6marks)(c) Explain how climate have influenced types of vegetation. (d) (i) Desert vegetation.(4marks)- The area has scanty vegetation because it receives low rainfall. - High temperatures leaves the ground dry leading to scanty vegetation. - Long periods of drought causes seeds to exist in a dormant state only to germinate during the short rains. (Any 2 x 2 = 4marks) (ii) Coniferous forest.(4marks)- The long cold and short summers makes trees grow at a slower rate/water vegetation consist of limited variety of trees.- Low rainfall received/permanently frozen subsoil makes trees develop shallow roots that are widely spread to absorbmoisture in the top soil.(Any 2 x 2 = 4marks)(c) State four uses of vegetation.(4marks)- Some used as fodder for animals. - Some provide fruits/vegetables. - Control soil erosion/protect catchment areas. - Some used for ornamental/beauty/aesthetics. - Some are for cultural rituals/worship. - Some production of building/construction materials/timber. - Some provide wood fuel/charcoal. - Some are used as herbs/medicinal purposes.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)(d) State four causes for the decline of the area under forest in Kenya.(4marks)- Fire destroys large areas of forest. - Pests and diseases attack forests causing many trees to die. - Human activities/settlement/charcoal burning have destroyed large areas of forest. - Overexploitation leads to depletion of some tree species. - Government policy of degazetting of some forests leads to destruction of trees. - Prolonged droughts lead to degeneration of forests.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)8.(a) Differentiate between river rejuvenation and river capture.(2marks)- River rejuvenation is the renewal of the rivers erosive activity while river capture is the diversion of the head waters/beheading of one river into the system of an adjacent more powerful river.???(b) Give three features resulting from: (i) River rejuvenation.(3marks)- Knick point. - River terraces. - Incised meanders/Ingrown meanders/entrenched meanders. - Rejuvenation gorges. - Valley within a valley. - Abandoned meanders.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) River capture.(3marks)- Wind gap. - Elbow of capture. - Beheaded stream/misfit/captured river. - Knick point.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(c) (i) Describe three processes through which a river transports its lead. (6marks) - Traction process: ? Large and heavy loads of a river are rolled/ dragged along the river bed by force of moving water/gravity. ??- Saltation: ? Some large fragments that are momentarily lifted and dropped by water turbulence. - Suspension: ? Some insoluble materials such as sand and silt are carried and maintained within the water by river turbulence and carried down stream. ??- Solution: ? Soluble materials/minerals are dissolved in the river water and carried away.?(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)(ii) State five factors that determine the amount of surface runoff.(5marks)Page | 141Geography 312/1,312/2 - Amount of precipitation/rainfall. - The nature of slope of land/gradient of the land. - Nature of soil/level of saturation. - The nature of underlying rocks. - The amount of vegetation cover. - The rate of evaporation. - Human activities.(Any 5 x 1 = 5marks)(d) Explain three negative effects of rivers to the human environment.(6marks)- When rivers flood, they destroy a lot of property/crops/loss of life. - Wide deep rivers are a barrier to transport especially where bridges have not been constructed. - River water can be a medium of spreading waterborne diseases since flood waters may spread chemicals from farms/human waste. - Some rivers are habitats to dangerous animals which may attack human beings/destroy crops.(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)9.(a) (i) What is a lake?(2marks)A lake is an accumulation of mass of water in a large depression on the earth‘s surface. (ii) State two ways through which lakes are formed.(2marks)- Lakes produced through tectonic movement. - Lakes formed by crustal warping. - Lakes produced by erosion. - Lakes produced by deposition. - Lakes produced by vulcanicity. - Lakes formed by meteorites. - Lakes formed by human activities like damming rivers.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(b) (i) Name two man-made lakes along river Tana.(2marks)- Masinga. - Kamburu. - Gitaru. - Kiambere. - Kindaruma.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(iii) Explain three importances of lakes to human and physical environment. - Source of fish. - Some produce hydro-electric power (HEP). - Some are source of water for domestic and industrial use. - Some provide water for irrigation farming. - Some act as transport means. - Some are sources of minerals e.g. Lake Magadi. - Source of rivers e.g. Lake Victoria source of River Nile. - They modify climate of the surrounding areas where breezes lead to formation of convectional rainfall. - Lakes are tourist attraction/recreation.(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)(c) Outline two major problems facing lakes in Kenya.(2marks)- Pollution - Industrial waste and other waste are disposed into lakes polluting them e.g. Lake Nakuru. - Agro-chemicals wasted from the land accumulate in the lakes. - Dry up of some lakes due to destruction of the catchment areas. - Siltation of lakes from eroded soil deposited in lakes. - Damming of Feeder Rivers for irrigation or HEP production lower the volume of lakes. - Growing of water hyacinths hindering movement of water vessels.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(d) Your class went out for a field study on lakes. (i) State two suitable hypothesis for the study.(2marks)- All lakes within the region/area are man-made. - Fresh water lakes are more than salty ones. - Water from the lake is used for irrigation. - Most of the lakes are used for irrigation. (v) Name two suitable methods of data collection you would employ in such a study.(2marks)- Direct observation. - Interviewing. - Administering questionnaire. - Content analysis - Photographing/video taking.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(vi) Give any three necessary the class would need to carry out before going out for the field study.(3marks)- Seeking permission from the school administration. - Conducting a pre-visit. - Drawing up a working schedule - Dividing the class into a manageable group. - Gathering up required materials and tools. Page | 142Geography 312/1,312/2 - Context analysis in order to understand the topic in advance.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(vii) State any four problems the class is likely to encounter during the study.(4marks)- Accident - drowning. - Bad weather. - Attack by wild animals e.g. snakes. - Students are likely to fall sick. - Fatigue/tiredness.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)10.(a) Name the Coastal features marked H, J, K, L and M.(5marks)- H - Lagoon. - J - Bar. - K - Tombolo. - L - Spit. - M - Estuary.(5 x 1 = 5marks)(b) (i) State four conditions necessary for the formation of a beach.(4marks)- Gently sloping land at the sea shore. - The shore should be shallow. - Strong swash/constructive waves. - Weak backwash/wave deposition should be stronger than erosion. - Waves should carry a lot of material to be deposited. - Constant wave action.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)(ii) Describe how a bird?s foot delta is formed.(4marks)- It forms at a rivers mouth where waves, tides and currents are weak. - Deposition of large amounts of fine sediments occurs at the rivers mouth. - The deposits block the channel of the river. - The river divides into few distributaries. - Each distributary deposits it load maintaining levees as it extends into the sea. - Some distributaries extend further than others creating the shape of a bird‘s foot.(4 x 1 = 4marks)(c) Describe three processes involved in Marine erosion.(6marks)- Hydraulic action.? Breaking waves/swash to hits against the cliff shattering rock. The force of breaking waves compress the air into the cracks/joints in the cliff face. This enlarges the cracks and part of the rock breaks off. ??- Corrosion/Abrasion. ? The rock fragments carried by the wave are used a tool to erode the cliff as the waves break. The material carried by the back wash eroded the seafloor. ??- Attrition. ? The wearing down of particles as they continuously hit against each other. ??- Solution/corrosion. ? The solvent and chemical action weakens and removes mineral found in the cliff and seafloor where there are limestone rocks.?(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)(d) You are planning to carry out a field study on the depositional features along the Coast of Kenya. (i) State three objectives you would for your study.(3marks)- To find out the importance of depositional features. - To find out the appearance of depositional features. - To find out how the features were formed. - To find out how the features are distributed along the coast. - To find out the materials that makes up the coast. - To find out how constructive waves break at the coast.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) Give three methods you would use to record the information collected.(3marks)- Photographing/video taking/filming.- Taking notes/writing notes.- Sketching/drawing.- Tallying.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)Page | 143Geography 312/1,312/2 KAHURO/MURANG?A EAST JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: 1.(a) State two methods of mining.(2marks)- Underground/drift/Adit/drilling. - Opened cast/stripping/hill slope boring. - Alluvial/placer. - Submarine mining. (b) State three problems facing diamond mining in South Africa.(3marks)- Fluctuation in world market prices. - High cost of mining and processing. - Exhaustion and depletion of diamond reserves. 2.(a) State three causes of urban-rural migration.(3marks)- Retirement from job. - Transfer on job. - Insecurity in towns. - Education purposes/learning. - Retrenchment from one‘s job in town. (b) Give two reasons for rapid population growth.(2marks)- Improved nutrition hence balanced diet. - Improved medical facilities which have reduced mortality. - Some religious/Christian churches disapprove the use of artificial birth control methods. - Increases cases of early pregnancy in girls. - Provision of better social amenities. 3.(a) Give two physical conditions favouring beef farming in Argentina.(2marks)- Pampas in Argentina ensure pasture supply. - Extensive rolling terrain /floor of Andes allow free grazing. - Moderate rainfall ensures continuous supply of water for pasture. - Moderate temperatures ensure continuous growth of pasture. (b) State three human activities that interfere with wildlife.(3marks)- Industrial wastes pollute air and land threatening them. - Use of chemicals in agriculture kill birds, insects etc. - Settlement displaces wildlife. - Introduction of new species interfere with ecosystem. - Over fishing may lead to extinction of some species. - Feeding of wild game affects natural balance. 4.(a) State three main characteristics of cottage industries in Kenya.(3marks)- Use of locally available raw materials. - Involves hands and simple tools. - Acquisition of skills informally to make products. - Mainly in urban centres and others in rural areas. - Most of the products are cheaper than those from formal industries. (b) Give two ways in which industrial pollution is a health hazard.(2marks)- Some industries emit toxic gas like sulphur chloride which is harmful to people lives. - Pollution leads to formation of acid rain which damage vegetation and acquatic organisms. - Heavy smoke from industries lead to formation of smog which is harmful to people‘s health. - Industrial effluents pollutes the rivers and lakes making the water unfit for use by man. - Some industries produce a lot of noise which affect people‘s sense of hearing. 5. (a) Give three reasons why road transport is used more in Kenya than air transport. - Its cheaper than air transport. - Its flexible.- Provides door to door service. - Readily available. - Road network is highly developed.(3marks)(b) List two disadvantages of using railway transport in Kenya.(2marks)- High cost of rail network maintenance and expansion. - Inadequate servicing of rail equipment leading to frequent accidents. - Mismanagement of rail services leading to poor services. - Competition from other forms of transport roads or pipe which are faster SECTION B: 6. (b) State three advantages of using group line graph.(3marks)- Easy to construct.Page | 144Geography 312/1,312/2 - Gives clear visual impression. - Easy to read. - Easy to interpret. - Easy to compare (c) Distinguish between market gardening and horticulture.(2marks)Market gardening refers to growing of vegetables and fruits for local market while horticulture is growing of flowers, fruits and vegetables mainly for foreign market. (d) Explain four factors that favour horticulture in Netherlands.(8marks)- Advanced technology in the use of glass/green houses hence faster growth and better quality products. - Well established transport network/roads/railways/rivers which ensure fast deliveries. - Skilled labour ensures high production/high quality. - Market is easily accessible due to it central location. - Organized market system which encourages the farmers. - Fertile soils in the polder which favour crop growth.(2 x 4 = 8marks)(e) State five factors that hinder development of horticulture in Kenya. (5marks) - Insufficient capital/inadequate capital. - Lack of an organized marketing system. - Pests and diseases. - Poor farming methods. - Inadequate refrigeration facilities. - Stiff competition for market. 7. (a)(i) Apart from draining of swamps, give two other methods through which land has been reclaimed in Kenya. (2marks)- Irrigation.- Tsetse fly control.- Planting of trees/Afforestation.- Flood control.(Any 2 (2marks)(ii) Give two methods that are used to drain swamps in Kenya.(2marks)- Constructing drainage pipes.- Digging open ditches/canals.- Pumping out water.(Any 2 (2marks)(b) (i) Name two rivers that supply water to the Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme.(2marks)- Thiba river. - Nyamdi river. - Murubara(Any 2 (2marks)(iii) Explain how the following factors influenced the establishment of Mwea Tebere Irrigation Scheme. ? Topography. - The gently slopping land makes it possible for water to flow by gravity into/out of the irrigated field. - The gently slopping land allows for mechanization which allows large areas to be put under irrigation. (Any 1 x 2 = 2marks)? Soils.Presence of black cotton soil which is suitable for cultivation of rice which retains water for a long time.? Population.The area was originally sparsely populated which enabled large areas to be put under cultivation/very few people weredisplaced and it was cheap to start the scheme.(2marks)? Government policy.(2marks)There was need to put political detainees busy by using them to provide labour. This made the colonial/government to set upthe scheme atMwea Tebere where there was a large detention camp.(c) (i) Name three areas which make up the Zuider Zee reclamation project in the Netherlands.(3marks)- Markerwaard.- South Flavoland.- East Flavoland.- North Eastern Polder.- Wieringer Meer Polder.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(iii) Give four differences between land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands.(8marks)- In Kenya the area that is rebuild is relatively small while in Netherlands the area is large. - In Kenya land is mainly reclaimed from swamps and marginal areas while in Netherlands land is reclaimed from the sea. - In Kenya methods used for draining water from marshy areas is digging of canals/ditches which in Netherlands they use wind pumps to drain sea water from polders (advanced methods). - In Kenya, irrigation is used as a means of reclaiming dry areas while irrigation in the Netherlands is used to lower the salinity of the soil in the reclaimed lands. - In Kenya dykes are used to control river floods while in Netherlands dykes protect the reclaimed land from invasion by the sea.(Any 4 x 2 = 8marks)Page | 145Geography 312/1,312/2 8.(a) (i) Apart from windstorms name two other environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions.(2marks)- Lightening/thunder storm.- Floods.- Drought/desertification.- Landslides.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(ii) State three problems caused by windstorms in Kenya.(3marks)- Windstorms destroy trees and crops. - They blow off roofs of houses. - They disrupt transport and communication. - They spread bush fires. - They cause strong sea storms. - They accelerate erosion.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(b) (i) Name two rivers in Kenya to the West of the Rift Valley which cause large scale flooding.(2marks)- Nyando- Nzoia.- Yala.- Kuja/Gucha.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(ii) Explain four problems caused by floods.(8marks)- The stagnant water becomes breeding ground for vectors that cause water related diseases e.g. malaria, bliharzia.- Floods cause soil water logging which lowers crop production.- Floods wash away bridges/roads, telephone trees/and fields disrupting transport and communication.- People are displaced by-floods/are made homeless.(Any 4 x 2 = 8marks)(c) (i) Explain three effects of land pollution on the environment.(6marks)- The garbage may result to foul smell/air pollution which is hazardous to human health. - When it rains, dumped waste/garbage is washed to rivers causing water pollution. - Garbage is a breeding ground for rodents/flies/cockroaches which can cause disease outbreak e.g. plaque. - Accumulation of garbage leads to blockage of roads/drainage systems. - Garbage heaps are an eye sore/make the environment ugly.(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)(ii) State four ways through which land pollution can be controlled.(4marks)- Burning waste materials. - Digging pits for throwing rubbish. - Minimizing use of harmful animals/use of organic manure. - Creating public awareness on dangers of pollution. - Recycling of wastes. - Government legislation against dumping. - Setting up proper garbage collection.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)9.(a) (i) Define the term fisheries.(2marks)Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of acquatic organism is carried out. (iii) Name two countries in Southern Africa that are important for marine fish production.(2marks)- South Africa. - Angola. - Namibia. (b) (i) State four problems experienced in marketing fish in Kenya.(4marks)- Some fishing areas are far from the markets, fish goes bad on route/poor roads. - Fishermen lack appropriate storage and preservation facilities. - There are limited local markets due to cultural beliefs. - The external market are limited by tight restrictions/competition from other producers. - The limited number of fish species limits the market.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)(iii) State four ways in which Kenya is promoting the fishing industry. (4marks) - Fishermen are given loans. - Fishermen are encouraged to form co-operatives - Research is carried out/over fished areas are restocked with fingerlings. - There is standardization of size of nets used in fishing. - Law have been enacted against water fisheries. - Seasonal restriction in fishing in some areas. - By encouraging fish farming/hatcheries to supply fish farmers with fingerlings.(Any 4 x 1 = 4marks)(c) (i) What method is shown above?(1mark)- Trawling method. (ii) Describe how the method is used in catching fish.(4marks)- A bag shaped net is attached to a trawler/ship. - The net mouth is kept open by other boards/head beam. - The upper parts of the net are kept a float by corks/floats. - Weights are used to keep the lower part of the net at the sea bed. Page | 146Geography 312/1,312/2 - The trawler drags the net along the sea bed. - After sufficient fish has been caught, the net is hauled to the trawler to empty the fish.(4 x 1 = 4marks)(d) Explain four factors that favour fishing industry in Japan.(8marks)- The cool water are ideal for fish breeding because of abundant supply of plankton on which fish feed on. - The coast has many offshore islands which are sheltered inlet, ideal for establishment of fish ports. - The indented coastline provides secure breeding ground for fish. - The meeting of warm kuroshio and cool oyashio ocean currents resulting in up welling of sea water, thus bring minerals for the planktons from sea bed to the surface. - The mountainous nature of the country restricts agricultural activities hence fishing is an alternative economic activity. - Most settlements are found along the coast and the main occupation of the people there is fishing. - The Japanese have advanced technology that is used in fishing, processing and preservation of fish. - Japan has a large population which provides ready market for fish. - Japanese have a long history of sea faring thus are highly experienced in fishing. - The shallow continental shelf allows light to the sea bed for the growth of micro-organisms which are food for fish. - The cool waters encourages thriving of numerous species of aquatic life.(Any 4 x 2 = 8marks)10.(a) (i) State two factors that lead to the development of nucleated settlement patterns.(2marks)- Availability of social amenities. - Presence of natural resource/industries/plant. - Limitation of land for building. - Assurance of security/defence. - Government policy on settlement.(Any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(ii) Give three social functions of Kisumu town.(3marks)- Education centre. - Religious centre. - Residential centre. - Recreation centre. - Medical centre.(Any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(b) Explain three positive effects of urbanization to a country.(6marks)- It encourages natural unity as people of different ethnic groups/nationalities interact. - It promotes links with many areas as transport and communication tend to radiate from urban centres. - It provides employment opportunities through establishment of industries. - It leads to development of social amenities hence raising standards of living of people. - It provides market for agricultural/industrial goods produced in a country.(Any 3 x 2 = 6marks)(c) Explain four factors that have led to the growth of Eldoret town as a major town in Kenya.(8marks)- Eldoret town started as a railway station on Kenya Uganda railway, and thus attracted people from around the town. - Eldoret has a rich agricultural hinterland which has led to its growth as an agricultural and collecting centre. - It is located in an area that experiences cool and wet climate that is ideal for settlement. - The terrain of the land is a plateau/undulating land which allows room for expansion. - The modern infrastructure such as international airport has encouraged trade. - Investment by local entrepreneurs/athletes has led to the expansion of that town. - High population in the surrounding region provides market for manufactured goods/provides labour for the industries. - The government policy of decentralization of industries led to setting up of some industries in the town. - Eldoret is a county headquarters of Uasin Gishu and this has attracted administrative services in the town. - Establishment of many educational institutions has attracted settlement.(Any 4 x 2 = 8marks)(e) Compare the parts of Mombasa and Rotterdam under the following sub-headings. (i) Site.(2marks)Mombasa is located at the drowned mouths of river Mwachi and Kombeni while Rotterdam is located at the mouth of river Rhine. (ii) Transport links to the interior.(2marks)Mombasa relies on the road, air railway and the pipeline to the interior while Rotterdam has an additional river Rhine.(iii) The hinterland.(2marks)Both ports have extensive hinterland. Mombasa hinterland extend to the DRC Congo while Rotterdam serves as a continentalEurope.Page | 147Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A Answer ALL Questions. 1.(a) Define Ecology(2marks)(b) Explain the relationship between Geography and Biology(3marks)2.(a) Identify two types of movement of crustal rocks.(2marks)(b) State three causes of earth movements.(3marks)3.(a) Mention two types of mechanical weathering(2marks)(b) Explain how human activities contribute to rock disintegration.(3marks)4.(a) Differentiate between equinox and summer solstice.(2marks)(b) Give three proofs to show that the earth is an oblate spheroid.(3marks)5.(a) State the characteristics of Rift Valley lakes(2marks)(b) Using a diagram describe the formation of a shear fault.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (Sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.(a)(i) What is the six figure grid reference of Munongo School in the west part of the area covered by the map?(1mark)(ii) Name two man-made features in the grid square 2531.(2marks)(b) What was the magnetic declination of the area covered by the map as at January 1965?(1mark)(c)(i) Give two methods used to represent relief in the area covered by the map.(2marks)(ii) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.(2marks)(d) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 50m, draw a cross-section along northing 32 between easting 20 and 27.(i) On it mark and name the following:-a) Hill(1mark)b) River(1mark)c) All weather road(1mark)ii) Calculate the Gradient of the cross section.(2marks)(e) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(5marks)(f) State three factors that have influenced the distribution of settlements in the mapped area.(3marks)7.(a)(i). Name two types of folds.(2marks)(ii) Identify two features as a result of folding(2marks)(iii) Name two examples of Fold Mountains in Africa.(2marks)(b) With aid of a diagram describe the process of folding(6marks)(c) Explain the formation of fold mountains by contraction theory(3marks)(d) State five evidence supporting the continental drift theory(5marks)(e) State any five positive significance of folding to human activities.(5marks)8.(a)(i) Outline two factors that influence the development of drainage pattern.(2marks)(ii) Explain three ways through which a river erodes its banks and bed.(6marks)(b) The diagram below represents features of a river. Study it and answer the questions below.(i) Name the parts labeled E, F and G in the diagram.(3marks)(ii) Give one type of the feature represented by the diagram.(1mark)(iii) State three conditions necessary for the formation of the features shown in the diagram.(3marks)(c) Apart from providing water for domestic and industrial uses, highlight four other benefits of rivers in Kenya.4marks)(d) Your class intends to conduct a field study on rivers deposition around your school.(i) Give two features of the river that you are likely to identify during the study.(2marks)(ii) State two methods you would use to collect information about the river.(2marks)(iii) Give two benefits of river deposition that you intend to verify during the study.(2marks)9.(a)(i). What is vegetation?(2marks)(ii) Explain four factors that influence vegetation distribution of the world.(8marks)(b) Use the map below to answer the following questions(i) Name the type of climate marked A, B(2marks)(ii) Name the type of vegetation growing in region marked C(1mark)(iii) Give a reason why regions towards the poles receive low intensity of sunshine(1mark)(c)(i) Identify three natural vegetation types found in Africa(3marks)(ii) Explain four adaptation of coniferous forest to the climate condition(8marks)10.(a)(i) What is an ocean?(1mark)(ii) List four types of tides.(4marks)(b)(i) Name and describe two processes of wave erosion.(4marks)(ii) The diagram below shows features resulting from wave erosion. Use it to answer the questions that follow.Name the features marked P, Q and R.(3marks)(c)(i) Describe how wave cut platform is formed.(5marks)(ii) State two ways in which islands are formed.(2marks)(d) Explain three ways in which oceans are significant to human activities.(6marks)Page | 148Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION Answer ALL Questions. 1.(a) Apart from draining swamps state two other methods used in reclaiming land in Kenya.(2marks)(b) State three benefits that resulted from reclamation of the Yala swamp.3marks)2.(a) Differentiate between transport and communication.(2marks)(b) Mention three demerits of air transport.(3marks)3.(a) State three reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are under developed.(3marks)(b) State two ways through which fish farming contribute to the economy of Kenya.(2marks)4.(a) State three physical conditions necessary for the location of hydroelectric power dam.(3marks)(b) Apart from production of hydro-electric power, name two other benefits of Kariba dam.(2marks)5.(a)Apart from desertification, name two other environmental hazards experienced in Kenya.(2marks)(b) State three causes of desertification.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section6.The table below shows the estimated tropical hardwood production in DRC between 1990 and 1994 in million tones. Use it toanswer question (a) and (b).19901991199219931994Mahogany27.3025.0025.0030.0026.00Ebony3.004.003.704.104.00Rosewood0.901.200.901.200.80Greenheart0.370.660.400.500.60Tropical hardwood production for DRC(a) (i) Calculate the total production of Ebony .(1mark)(ii) Which tropical hardwood species has the highest production?(1mark)(b) Draw a compound bar graph to represent tropical hardwood production in DRC.(8marks)(c) State five problems that hinder exploitation of tropical hardwood forests in Africa.(5marks)(d) (i) State four problems facing forest conservation in Kenya.(4marks)(ii) Explain three ways in which the Kenya government is undertaking to manage and conserve forests.(6marks)7.(a)(i)Name three Agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.(3marks)(ii) State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the motor-vehicle industry.(4marks)(b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenya.(6marks)(c) Explain three factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in Ruhr region of Germany in the 19th century.(6marks)(d) You intend to carry out a field study of furniture -making industry in the local centre.(i) State two reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit the area of study in advance.(2marks)(ii) For your field study, you have prepared a work schedule, State two items you would include in the schedule.(iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture-making through field work.(2marks)8.(a)(i) What is visible trade?(2marks)(ii) List three major imports to Kenya from Japan.(3marks)(b) Explain four factors that influence internal trade in Kenya.(8marks)(c) State four ways in which trade is of significance to Kenya.(4marks)(d) Explain four benefits which member states of SADC derive from the formation of the trading bloc.(8marks)9.(a) Differentiate between a rural settlement and an urban centre.(2marks)(b) Explain how the following physical factors influence human settlement.(i) Relief.(6marks)(ii) Climate.(4marks)(c) Explain the causes of the following problems in urban centres in Kenya.(4marks)(i) Traffic congestion.(ii) Environmental degradation.(d)(i)Name two towns in Kenya that started as Agricultural collection centres.(2marks)(ii) Give three social functions of Kisumu town.(3marks)10.(a)(i) Apart from milk, name three other products obtained from dairy animals.(3marks)(ii) Give three exotic dairy breeds reared in Kenya.(3marks)(b) Explain four factors favouring dairy farming in Denmark.(8marks)(c) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark under the following sub-headings:-(i) Marketing(2marks)(ii) Feeding(2marks)(iii) Distribution(2marks)(d) You carried out a field study of a dairy factory near your school.(i) Name two preservation methods you identified.(2marks)(ii) State three follow-up activities you would undertake.(3marks)Page | 14900Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINAIONS 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. (a) Ecology- is a set of external surroundings that influence the development and behaviour of specific living organisms Or The study of environment and how it influence the development and behaviour of specific organisms. (b) Relationship between Geography and Biology - Biology is the study of living organisms whereas the distribution of plants and animals on the earth surface is influenced by factors like soils, relief, climate which is studied in Geography(2marks)2.(a)- Vertical- Horizontal(2marks)(b) - Magma movement within the crust - which erupts through lines of weakness causing displacement of rocks. - Gravitational pressure - causes vertical displacement of rocks when crustal rocks are pulled downwards towards the earth centre to fill voids left after volcanic eruption. - Convectional currents in the mantle - exterts frictional drag on the crustal rocks leading to horizontal displacement. - Isostatic adjustment - leads to vertical displacement of rocks when the weight is exerted by the sediments due to deposition and erosion makes the sima rocks to sink and the continental erupts upward as it attains some balance. 3. (a) Two types of mechanical weathering processes. - Granular disintegration - Exploitation - Block disintegration - Freezing and thawing (frost action) - Slaking - Crystal growth(any 2)b) Explain how human activities contribute to rock disintegration - Cutting down trees exposes rocks to agents of weathering - Breaking soil mounds / rocks during ploughing. - blasting of rocks during mining - Quarrying - Construction of roads, buildings(any 3)4. (a) Equinox is the period of the year when the path of the overhead midday sun is above the equator on 21st March and 23rd September, resulting to equal days and nights over the earth while summer solstice is the period of the year when the path of overhead sun is above the tropic of Capricorn or tropic of Cancer resulting in difference in number of hours for days and nights. (b) - Circumnavigation - when travels on a fast flying aircraft following astronaut line, he / she eventually comes back to the starting point. - Satellite photos taken from space show the path is spherical. - An observer on a high tower watching an approaching ship at a distance sees smoke first and then whole ship. - Eclipse of the moon shadow of the earth on the moon appears spherical. - Other planets viewed through a telescope appear spherical hence the earth must be spherical. - Viewed from high tower earths horizon appears circular or curved.(3marks)5.(a) Characteristics of R. Valley Lakes- the lakes are long - the lakes are narrow - most of the lakes are salty - Most of the lakes are deep(any 2 x 1 = 2marks)(b) Using a diagram describe the formation of a shear fault - The shear caused by two opposing parallel forces - Forces cause the rock to slip passed each other - Rock strata remain at same level on the surface but the structural positions are altered Page | 15000Geography 312/1,312/2 Diagram (1m) Explanation(2marks)6.(a)(i)246405(ii)- Chief‘s house- All weather road (loose surface)- Foot paths(b) 2021‘(c) (i)- Trigonometric stations e.g. primary pillar at grid 2933 and other stations on grid 3546.- Contours(ii) Latitudinal extent - from 0015‘N to 0027‘N (obtained by calculating i.e. 18cm - 58cm - ?)Longitudinal extent - from 34005‘E to 34015‘E.(iii) Gradient=Vertical interval1or1:31Horizontal equivalent31(d) A cross section along Northing 31 between Easting 20 and 27Gradient=Vertical riseHorizontal equivalent=>?1400?1160? ?24070007000?6??6:175175 (e) The drainage of the area covered by the map. - There are presence of disappearing rivers in some areas of Busia e.g. the North West. - Some areas of Busia are covered by Papyrus swamps as indicated by the presence of the swamp along river Sio. - Busia area is drained by several permanent rivers such as River Sio. - Most areas to the North of Busia area covered by seasonal swamps. - There are presence of tree swamps alongside papyrus swamps e.g. in the western area of Busia. - Most rivers form dendritic drainage pattern, as the tributaries join the main river on acute angles. (f) - Transport and communication - there is large settlements along the roads i.e. from Mbweka - Matayo. - Soils - attract settlement especially well drained soils thus agricultural activities take place. - Water - fresh water attracts settlement because it will be necessary for domestic use and industrial use. - Relief - lowlands are prone to flooding while hilly are avoided also while highlands are concentrated e.g. southern part of the area covered by the map. - Social amenities - there is an increase in settlement in areas with health facilities and education i.e its indicated by schools, hospitals and health centres.(3marks)7.(a)(i) Two types of folds- Simple symmetric fold - Asymmetric fold - Overfold - Isoclinal folds - Recumbent fold - Overthrust fold - Anticlinorium and synclinorium fold (ii) Features formed as a result of folding - Fold mountains / Block mountains / Horst Mountains - Depressions - Escarpment - Inter mountane plateau - Inter mountane basins - Rugged terrain - Cylindrical valleys (iii) - Atlas Mountains - North West Africa - The Drankensberg in Southern Africa (b) Rock is subjected to Compression forces and the rock bends upwards forming anticlines and downwards forming synclines. (c) -The upholds and down folds form a huge depression between anticlines known as geosynclines - Theory suggest that surface rocks faster than interior rocks - as interior rocks continued to cool surface rocks wrinkled to rift on interior rocks - The upward wrinkles formed fold mountains(3marks)(d) Evidence supporting the continental drifts theory - Evidence supporting the continental drifts theory - Remains (fossils) of some animals known to have lived in Africa have been discovered in other continents - Similarities in climate, plants and animals in various continents - Geological similarities of coastlines especially the close fit of A. America into Africa - The mid- Atlantic Ridge which reveals continuous mountain building to fill the gap left when two continents moved a part. Page | 151Geography 312/1,312/2 - Jigsaw fit of the continental margins. - The glacial deposits formed in S.Africa, Australia, South America, India Antactice indicate these land masses were once one. (e) Positive significance of Fold Mountains to human activities. - Fold mountains encourage relief rainfall on the windward slopes promoting - Fold mountain offer unique scenery that attract tourism - Fossils fuel is found folded sedimentary rocks eg petroleum - Folding can bring minerals close to the surface - Fold mountains are important water catchment areas with heavy precipitation making such areas sources of Rivers. - Folding leads to formation of lakes in depressions which provide water for industrial and domestic purpose (any 5) 8.(a)(i)- Direction of the slope of the land.- Difference in the slope of the land. - Arrangement of the rock layers. - Faulting / fault guided. (ii) - Solution / corrosion - solvent action of water on rocks to form solutions. - Hydraulic action - water thrust into cracks and joints thus dislodging the rocks. - Corrosion / abrasion - river uses carried materials as tools of scrap and scratch the banks and river beds. - Attrition - breaking up of the rivers load itself and they collide on transit into smaller pieces. (b) (i) E - Distributaries(1mark)F - Main river(1mark)G - Lagoon(1mark)(ii)- Arcuate delta- Birds delta - Estuarine delta - Cuspate delta - Inland delta (ii) - River must have large load of sediments. - Should be no obstacles like lake or swamp along the rivers course as they tend to block sediments from reaching river mouth. - River should be flowing slowly upon entering the sea to ensure deposition of a lot of materials at river mouth. - Rate of removal of sediments by tides and currents should be lower than rate of deposition of materials. (3marks) (c) - Provide fish which is food for human beings. - Some rivers act as natural boundaries between countries, communities and districts. - Rivers deltas and flood plains contain fertile alluvial soils suitable for agriculture. - Rivers provide building materials such as sand and gravel. - Provide fresh water used for irrigation. - Rivers provide sites for generation of H.E.P. - Waterfall sites provide good site for tourist attraction. - Rivers that are navigable provide route ways.(4marks)(d)(i) Erosional / depositional; cliffs, valleys, meanders, ox-bow lakes, braiding, levees, raised banks, deltas, alluvian fans,flood plains etc.(ii) - Take measurement - Interviewing - Administering questionnaires - Observing - Taking photographs - Sampling (iii) - Valuable minerals - Rivers and deltas contain fertile soils for agricultural production. 9.(a)(i) Vegetation is a community of plants such as shrubs, trees and grasses that cover a place and give it a distinct character.(ii) Factors that influence vegetation distribution.? Altitude - Temperatures decrease with increase in altitude. Altitude affects temperatures and rainfall that in turn affect vegetation. ? Aspect - Aspect increase or decrease the exposure of sunlight and prevailing winds. ? Terrain / drainage - Gentle slopes are more conducive to stable development of vegetation than the steep slopes. ? Precipitation - The process of germination, growth, flowering fruiting require water in form of rainfall.(any 4x2 = 8marks) (b) (i) Climate marked A - Equatorial. B - Tropical desert climate. (ii) C - Tropical grassland forest. (1mk) (iii) Why regions towards poles receive low intensity of sunshine - Sun‘s radiation is received at an oblique angle compared to the equatorial area where radiation is received at right angle. - Distance from the sun to the surface is large leading to scattering. - The apparent position of overhead sun.(any 2x1 = 2marks)(c) (i) Natural vegetation types found in Africa.Page | 152Geography 312/1,312/2- Forest vegetation.- Savanna vegetation- Arid and semi-arid vegetation.- Heath and Moorland.(3marks)(ii)- Conical in shape to combat snow fall during winter.- Needle shaped leaves to enable the trees to reduce water loss due to transpiration.- Grow in uniform stand.- Grow in temperate regions low latitude regions, takes longer time to mature.- Have thick barks to protect trunks from frost.(any 4x2 = 8marks)10.(a)(i) An ocean is an extensive body of salty water which occupies a basin between continents. (1mark)(ii) - Apogean tides- Perigean tides - Neap tides - Spring tides (b) (i) - Hydraulic action The force of water hitting the cliffs shatters the rocks. The mass of water crashing against a cliff face may also compress air in the cracks and joints. As the wave withdraws, the pressure in the joints is released. When this is repeated many times, it leads o shattering of the rock. Corrasion / Abrasion Rock fragments carried by the wave are thrown towards the cliff. This removes bits of rocks from cliffs. Solution / Corrosion Sea water dissolves soluble minerals in the rocks which its in contact with and removes them in solution. Attrition The particles carried by waves hit against each other and in the process they are worn out. (ii) The feature are:-P - Cave(1mark)Q - Stack(1mark)R - Stump(1mark)(c) (i) - Wave erosion attacks steeply sloping coasts at the high tide level forming a notch. - Part of the steep land over the notch becomes an overhanging block. - The overhanging block collapses forming a cliff. - Wave-erosion cuts a new notch into the cliff. - Eventually an overhanging block forms over new notch. - When this block collapses a new cliff forms further inland. - The floor of the sea between the original position o the steep land and the new cliff forms a wave-cut platform. (5marks) (ii)- Accumulation of coral into coral reefs may become coral islands when there is a drop in sea level.- Submergence of an upland coasts.- Volcanic eruptions on the seabed which build volcanoes on the sea floor forming volcanic islands. - Deposition of materials across bays, river mouth or lagoons eventually form islands which project out of the water. (2marks) (d) - Oceans provide a natural highway for transport. - Oceans provide variety of recreations. - Oceans contain a variety of fish which promote fishing industry. - Tidal waves are used to generate electricity. - Ocean water can be used for industries purposes.(6marks)Page | 153Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 1.(a) A part from draining swamps state two other methods used in reclaiming land in Kenya.- Through irrigation- Through controlling pest - By introducing drought resistant crops - By using fertilizer / manure - By aforestation. - Through control of floods.(Any 2x1)2marks(b) State three benefits that resulted from reclamation of the Yala swamp. - Floods were controlled - Pest waterborne diseases were controlled - There was an increase in the land for Agriculture/more land was made available for Agriculture. - Better farming methods were introduced. - There was increase in the employment opportunities. - A well-developed road network constructed (feeder roads built)(Any 3x1)3marks2.(a) Differentiate between transport and communication.2marks-Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another while communication is the sending and receiving of information, news, ideas and messages between individuals. b) Mention three demerits of air transport.3marks- Demands high technical know-how - Limited carrying capacity - Limited by political considerations. - Not conductive for carrying bulky commodities. - Has a lot of formalities, i.e overflying or land rights have to be sought by foreign aircrafts. - It relies heavily on weather conditions causing risk to life. - The cost of transport is high and unaffordable to many. - Prone to hijacking and terrorist activities. - In case of accident, most lives are lost. - Often cause sound pollution.(Any 3x1)=3marks3.(a) State three reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are under developed.3marks- The continental shelf is narrow - Poor transport connection to the fisheries. - Local fisherman do not have adequate capital. - The coastline is fairly straight/has few indentations. - The water is too warm for fish breeding/lack of upwelling of water/shallow continental shelf. - There is low demand for fish. - Fishermen have insufficient / inadequate / lack of enough modern equipment/preservation facilities/storage facilities. - Inadequate skills/inadequate research/technology. - Competition from developed countries. - Fish prices are high that discourage many people from eating fish.(Any 3x1)3marks(b) State two ways through which fish farming contribute to the economy of Kenya. - Provides alternative source of protein/save foreign exchange for healthy working population. - Encourage development of infrastructure connecting fish farms for transport of fish to market.. - It is a source of income for the farmer /earns foreign exchange when exported. - It creates employment opportunities to many earning them income. - It promotes industrial development as fish farms are sources of fish for processing..(Any 2x1)2marks4.(a) State three physical conditions necessary for the location of hydroelectric power dam.3marks- The river should have a narrow deep valley /gorge - Regular/reliable water supply - Large volume of water - A hard rock firm foundation - Impervious rocks/impermeable/non-porous rocks. - Waterfall/head of water/steep gradient/slope.(Any 3x1)3marks(b) Apart from production of hydro-electric power, name two other benefits of Kariba dam.2marks- Fish are caught for human consumption - The lake provides water for domestic use /industrial use. - The area is a tourist attraction/provides recreation/earns foreign exchange. - Water for irrigation. - Employment/source of income. - Control of floods in the lower Zambezi river.(Any 2x1)2marksPage | 154Geography 312/1,312/2 5.(a) Apart from desertification, name two other environmental hazards experienced in Kenya.(2marks)- Lightening - Strong winds - Hailstorms - Dust storms - Pest and disease/cholera/typhoid/malaria - Floods - Landslides - Pollution garbage - Soil erosion - Fire(Any 2x1) =2marks(b) State three causes of desertification. - Population pressure/clearing of forest for farming/settlement - Climatic changes/global warming/depletion of ozone layer. - Accidental fires - Poor methods of farming/overgrazing.(Any 3x1)3marksSECTION B:6.(a) (i)18.8 million tones(ii) Mahogany(b)1990CT1991CT1992CT1993CT1994CTMahogany27.3027.325.002525.002530.003026.0026Ebony3.0030.34.00293.7028.74.1034.14.0030Rosewood0.9031.21.2030.20.9029.61.2035.30.8030.8Greenheart0.3731.570.6630.860.40300.5035.20.6031.4Compound Bar graph showing tropical hardwood production in DRC (c) - The absence of pure stands, forests of the same species occur at far much apart. - The environment of the equatorial forests is made up of a thick forest that would scare off the foresters. - The branches of trees are intertwined thus bringing down selected trees means several other trees have to be felled. - Transportation of the heavy logs through the impassable forests is quite difficult. - The traditional methods of using axes and saws are inadequate funds for purchasing modern equipment. The roads and railways are sometimes washed away during heavy rain.(5x1 = 5marks)(d)(i)-Trees have been felled indiscriminately for timber and charcoal.- Prolonged droughts have led to the shrinking of forests. - Trees have been attacked by pests and diseases. - Trees have been cleared to give room to farming and settlement. - Fires intentionally or accidentally started have destroyed forests. - Degazettement has resulted into loss of thousands of hectares of forests.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(ii) - Afforestation and reafforestation programmes. - Spraying of forests with pesticides and fungicides. - Training of personnel in forest management. - Clearing around forests as a measure to guard against fire. - Legislation on non-interference with forest lands. - Removing the infected trees. - Man education on the importance of trees. - Reclaiming land from swamps and lands so as to ease the pressure on forests. - Ensuring maximum utilization of trees cut.(any 3 well explained 3x2 = 6 marks)7.(a) (i) Name three Agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.- Tobacco processing - Foot wear making - Leather training - Beeswax processing - Pyrethrum processing. - Pulp and paper industry - Cotton ginneries(Any 3x1)3marks(ii) State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the motor-vehicle industry. - Kenya saves foreign exchange - Kenya earns foreign exchange through motor-vehicles export - The industry has created employment opportunities. - The industry has promoted transport sector by availing buses/lorries/vans/cars.(Any 4x1)=4marks(b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenya.- Industrialization has led to rural-urban migration which has increased the urban population leading to congestion/shortagesof houses/increase crime.Page | 155Geography 312/1,312/2 - Some industries emit toxic gases which are harmful to people/wildlife. - Industrial effluent pollutes water sources making the water unfit for human/animal use. - Fumes from chemical industries corrode metallic roofs of building hence destroying them. - Congestion of infrastructure and social services in the industrial waste has led to the industrial degradation of land. - Some industries have led to the displacement of people thus disrupting their social and economic life. (Any 3x2)=6marks (c) Three factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in Ruhr region of Germany in the 19th century. Availability of coal-iron one as well as limestone from the Rhine valley. - River Rhine/Rhur/Lipper/Wopper/Escher provided water required for cooling machines in the industry (industrial use) - The region is served by navigable rivers e.g R.Rhine/Rhur port mortal rivers e.g R. Rhine/Rhur/port mortal, aims cheap transport for bulky raw materials and finished products. - Coal from the Rhur region/imported petroleum provided power required in the industry. - The local population has acquired skills on iron working/availability of local skilled labour and this formed the foundation of iron and steel industry. - Presence of rich companies e.g Rhur khlet krupp provided capital for the development of the industry. - The dense and affluent population in (central and western) Europe/ Germany provided ready market for iron and steel. (Any 3x2) = 6marks (d) You intend to carry out a field study of furniture -making industry in the local centre. (i) State two reasons why it would be necessary for you to visit to area of study in advance. - To be used to prepare a route map. - To determine the suitability of the area for the study. - To be able to formulate appropriate objective for the study. - Preparation of work schedule. - To be able to formulate appropriate. - It enables one to apply skills learned/acquired skills objective for the study. - To be able to prepare appropriate data collection methods. - To find out possible problems likely to be experienced during the field study. - To seek permission for the visit. - To determine appropriate tools for the study to determine the likely cost to be incurred during the study. (Any 2x1)=2marks (ii) For your field study, you have prepared a work schedule, State two items you would include in the schedule. - Time for departure - Time to spend in the study - Time for lunch - Time to end the study(Any 2x1)=2marks(iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture-making through field work. - It enables one to get firsthand information. - It makes learning real - It enables one to share information. - It enables one to retain information learned.(Any 2x1) =2marks8.(a)(i) Trade involving tangible goods which are transacted on.(ii)- Vehicles- Human resource - Electronics (b) Capital - Traders require capital to establish businesses thus when the capital is inadequate, the volume of trade will be low. Demand and Supply - For trade to take place, there must be sufficient demand and a good supply of items. Transport and communication - Goods and other trade items have to be moved. Traders and customers have also to travel and even communicate. Thus the existence of a good system of transport and communication is necessary. Government policy - the government taxation may encourage or discourage trading activities. (c) - Trade is a source of revenue to the population and government. - Earns a country foreign exchange. - Has created employment opportunities and growth of industries. - Trade has enhanced the growth and expansion of towns. - Trade has led to enhancement of international relations and cooperation.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(d)- SADC has eliminated obstacles to trade leading to free movement of goods, services and people.- Members are now able to access trading capital through the finance and investment coordinating office located in SouthAfrica.- It has enhanced employment opportunities to the people of member states by promoting free movement.- Member states have found a wider market for their goods.- It has enhanced the transfer of technology among the member states.(any 4 well explained x 2 = 8marks)9.(a) Differentiate between a rural settlement and an urban centre.(2marks)Page | 156Geography 312/1,312/2 A rural settlement consist of villages/scattered homesteads in the country side where people engage mainly in Agricultural activities primary economic activities while an urban centre is an area with dense population and people engaged mainly in industrial commercial. (b) Explain how the following physical factors influence human settlement.(6marks)(i) Relief. - Gentle slopes and lowlands are densely settled because they are conductive to Agriculture and building houses. - Steep slopes are sparsely settled because they have thin soils making them unsuitable for farming. - High mountain tops are not settled because they are too cold for plant growth and human habitation. - Mountainous areas are thinly-settled because they are dry and limits Agricultural activities. - Some hills have dense settlement because they are save and secure. - The leeward side of the mountains are sparsely settled because they are dry and limits agricultural activities. - Flat areas/flood plains are sparsely settled due to poor drainage and high incidence of water borne diseases. (Any 3x2) =6marks (ii) Climate.4marks- Areas that receive high rainfall have dense settlements because they are conductive to a variety of Agricultural activities. - Areas with low rainfall are sparsely settled because the climate limits economic activities. - Areas prone to strong wind s are often not settled to avoid destruction of property by the wind. - Some valley and bottoms have more settlements because they are warmer than the higher slope of mountains. - Areas with extreme temperatures discourage settlements because of unpleasant conditions. - Low to high temperatures/cool to hot conditions encourage dense settlements because they are conductive to human habitation/Agricultural activities.(Any 4x1) = 4marks(c) Explain the causes of the following problems in urban centres in Kenya. (i) Traffic congestion.4marks- The concentration of administrative/commercial function, education, in the CBD leads to movement of large numbers of people to and from the CBD especially during rush hour. - The narrowness of the streets makes the movement of traffic around and out of the urban centre slow. - The increase in the number of commuters vehicles that flock in the morning and evening has outstripped the capacity of the existing space. - Similar working schedules for most employees cause workers to report and leave work place at the same time, leading to congestion. - Failure of motorist and pedestrians to comply with traffic rules interferes with smooth flow of traffic. (Any 2x2) =(4marks) (ii) Environmental degradation. - The smoke/exhaust fumes factories, cars and residential houses cause air pollution smog over the urban centres. - Careless disposal of effluents from factories and residential areas into water resources lead to water pollution. - Careless disposal non-collection of garbage cause land pollution. - The construction of building/factories land to destruction of the landscape. - Careless disposal of waste materials from construction sites leads to tip heaps that degrade the environment. - Loud noise from industries/vehicles planes/music cause noise pollution.(Any 2x2)= 4marks(d)(i) Name two towns in Kenya that started as Agricultural collection centres.2marks- Nakuru - Eldoret - Nanyuki - Kitale(Any 2x1) =2marks(ii) Give three social functions of Kisumu town. - Educational centre - Religious centre - Residential centre - Cultural centre - Recreational centre - Medical centre(Any 3x1) =3marks10.(a)(i) CreamButter - powdered milk Cheese - Liquid mil Ghee(any 3x1 = 3marks)(ii) - Friesian - Channel Island - Guernsey and Anderney - Ayrshire - Sahiwal(any 3x1 = 3marks)(b) - The availability of high nutritious fodder. - The well managed cooperative societies. - The consolidation of the small farm units. - Invention of modern milking machines. Page | 157Geography 312/1,312/2 - Ready market both at home and abroad. - Availability of capital. - Advanced technology that has led to improvements in preservation of the dairy products. (any 4 well explained x 2 = 8 marks)(c) (i) MarketingDairy farmers in both Kenya and Denmark sell their products to the cooperatives.(2marks)(ii) FeedingIn Kenya, dairy cattle feed on grass throughout the year and supplemented with fodder sometimes. In Denmark, animals have to be indoors for at least six months. This time the animals are fed on fodder. (iii) Distribution In Kenya dairy is mainly practiced on the highlands. In Denmark dairy farming is practiced throughout the country. (d) (i) - Pasteurization. - Sterilization - Homogenizing - Cooling (ii) - Displaying a flow chart on milk processing. - Presenting the findings. - Discussing the finding in class.(any relevant 3x1 = 3marks)Page | 15800Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERETSUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: 25 MARKS Answer ALL Questions. 1.(a) What is land breeze?(2marks)(b) Give three indicators of climate change.(2marks)2.(a) Give three natural causes of earthquakes.(3marks)(b) Name two major earthquakes zones of the world.(2marks)3.(a) Give the two dates in a year when the hours of darkness are equal to the hours of light at the poles.(2marks)(b) What is the longitude of town X whose time is 8.00a.m. while in Thika at longitude 370E the time 12.00 noon?(3marks)4.(a) Name two examples of hypabyssal rocks.(2marks)(b) Name three elements that form minerals on the earth surface.(3marks)5.The diagram below shows some features of wind deposition. Identify K, L and M.(b) State two reasons why the interior of the earth is believed to be hot.(2marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section6.Study the map of Migwani (1:50,000) provided and answer the following questions.(a) Give the adjoining sheet found to the East of the provided Migwani Map.(1mark)(b) Give two methods used to represent relief on the map provided.(2marks)(c) Describe the relief of the area covered by the map.(4marks)(d) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 20m, draw a cross-section between grid references 060700 to 130700. (3marks) On the cross section: (i) Name and mark the following:-? River Ikoo ? Road ? Water pipe (ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration (V.E).(2marks)(e) Citing evidence from the map, state three services provided at Gwani centre.(3marks)(f) Students from Usiani School (grid square 9568) carried out a field study on vegetation around the school.(i) State two objectives of their study.(2marks)(ii) Give two types of data the students would collect.(2marks)(iii) Give three importance of a work schedule.(3marks)7.The map below shows the climatic regions of the world. Use it to answer the questions.Page | 159Geography 312/1,312/2 (a) Name the climatic regions marked W, X, Y and Z.(4marks)(b) State four characteristics of climate region marked W.(4marks)(c) Explain how the following factors influences the climatic condition of a place.(i) Warm ocean currents.(2marks)(ii) Latitude(2marks)(d) (i) Distinguish between climate and weather.(2marks)(ii) State three importance of weather forecasting.(3marks)(iii) Explain any three effects of climate change.(6marks)(e) You intend to carry out a study on weather around your school. Formulate two objectives of your study.(2marks)8.(a) Define a desert.(2marks)(b)(i) Give three ways by which wind can transport its load in arid areas.(3marks)(ii) Name three features in arid regions associated with wind deposition.(3marks)(c) Using a well-labeled diagram, describe the formation of the following resultant features of the wind erosion:(i) Yardang(4marks)(ii) Rock pedestal(4marks)(d) You intend to carry out a field study on desert land forms.(i) State two objectives and two hypothesis of your study.(4marks)(ii) Give two methods you would use to collect your data.(2marks)(iii) State any three challenges you are likely to encounter during your study.(3marks)9.(a) Describe the process of plucking as a process of glacial erosion.(2marks)(b) Explain three conditions that lead to glacial deposition.(6marks)(c)(i) Name three main erosional features in glaciated low lands.(3marks)(ii) Describe how cirque is formed.(4marks)(d) Explain four negative effects of glaciation.(8marks)10.(a) What is an Isohalines?(2marks)(b) Explain two causes of vertical movement of ocean water.(4marks)(c) Name four types of tides.(4marks)(d) (i) Briefly explain three ways by which waves erode.(6marks)(ii) Describe the formation of a sea cave.(4marks)(e) State two significance of ocean land forms.(2marks)(f) You intend to carry out a study on the coastal features in Mombasa. State three methods you would use to record data.(3marks) Page | 16000Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E.) 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2? HOURS SECTION A: 25 MARKS Answer ALL Questions. 1.(a) What is trade?(2marks)(b) State three factors that influences trade.(2marks)2.(a) State any two types of communication practiced in Kenya.(2marks)(b) State three problems facing transport and communication in Kenya.(3marks)3.(a) State three factors that influences slow population growth.(3marks)(b) Identify two causes of migration in Kenya.(2marks)4.(a) State three measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve wildlife.(3marks)(b) List two National Parks found in Kenya.(2marks)5.(a) What is population?(2marks)(b) State the effects of air pollution.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 (Compulsory) and any other two questions in this section6.Data below shows value in million shillings of export crops from Kenya 1999 to 2001.YearCrop199920002001Tea33,00035,00034,000Coffee12,00012,0007,000Pyrethrum6,6007,00010,000(a) (i) Draw a compound bar graph to represent this information. Use a scale of 1cm rep 10000 million shillings.(7marks)(ii) Give two advantages of using this method o present data.(2marks)(b) State four factors that favour coffee growing in Kenya.(4marks)(c) Describe harvesting and processing of coffee.(8marks)(d) Give four problems facing coffee farmers in Brazil.(4marks)7.(a) (i) Name two examples of energy minerals.(2marks)(ii) Describe open cast method of mining.(4marks)(b) Explain four effects of mining on the environment.(8marks)(c) Explain four problems facing gold mining in South Africa.(8marks)(d) Give three countries which produce oil in the Middle East.(3marks)8.(a) State four characteristics of pastoral farming.(4marks)(b) Name three exotic beef breeds kept in Kenya.(3marks)(c) Explain four factors favouring beef farming in Argentina.(8marks)(d)(i) Explain efforts taken by Kenya government to assist nomadic pastoralists.(8marks)(ii) Give two similarities between beef farming in Kenya and Argentina.(2marks)9.(a)(i) What is land reclamation?(2marks)(ii) Give three methods that have been used to reclaim land in Kenya.(3marks)(b) (i) Explain three physical conditions that favoured the establishment of Perkerra Irrigation scheme.(6marks)(ii) Name two crops that are grown in Perkerra Irrigation scheme.(2marks)(c)(i) Explain four benefits of the Zyder Zee project in the Netherlands.(8marks)(ii) Give two differences between land reclamation in Kenya and Netherlands.(4marks)10.(a)(i) Define the term energy.(2marks)(ii) Give three advantages of using solar as a source of energy.(3marks)(b) The diagram below shows Seven Forks Hydro-electric Power Projects in Kenya.Name:(i) Physical features marked W and X.(2marks)(ii) Rivers marked Y and Z.(2marks)(iii) Dams and Power stations marked A, B, C and D.(4marks)(c) Explain three measures taken in Kenya to conserve energy.(6marks)(d) Explain three effects of energy crisis to the economy of Kenya.(6marks)Page | 161Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH AND TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1.(a) Land Breeze- This is the movement of cool air from the land to the sea during the night.(2x1 = 2marks)(b) Three indicators of climate change. - Increased soil erosion. - Migration of people to more productive areas in search of food and pasture. - Strong winds. - Low levels of development due to less economic productivity.(3x1 = 3marks)2.(a) Natural causes of earth quakes.- Tectonic movements - Vulcanicity - Gravitative pressure - Isostatic adjustment(any 3x1 = 3marks)(b) Two main earthquake zones in the world. - The Circum Pacific Belt - The Mid Atlantic Ridge. - Mediterranean - Himalayan Belt. - Rift Valley(any 2x1 = 2marks)3.(a) Two dates in a year when the hours of darkness are equal to the hours of light at the poles.-21st March-23rd September(b) What is the longitude of town X when it is 8.00a.m. while in Thika at longitude 370E is 12.00 noon?Time difference=12.00 - 8.00√=3hrs=4 x 15√=600Longitudinal difference=60 - 37=200W√(3x1 = 3marks)4.(a) Two examples of hypabyssal rocks.(i) Dolerite (ii) Porphyrite (iii) Porphyry (iv) Diabase (v) Lamprophyre (vi) Granophyres(any 2x1 = 2marks)(b) Three elements that form minerals on the earth surface. - Oxygen - Potassium - Magnesium - Iron - Aluminium - Sodium - Calcium - Silicon(any 3x1 = 3marks)5.(a) Features of wind deposition. Identify K, L and M.K - HornsL - EddyingM - Wind direction / Gentle windward slope.(3x1 = 3marks)(b) Reasons why interior of earth is very hot.- Original heat retained from the sun since formation.- Radioactive materials in the mantle keeps exploding.- Overlaying material exert pressure to the mantle generating heat.(any 2x1 = 2marks)6.MAP WORKa. The adjoining sheet found to the East. - Nuu(1 x 1 = 1mark)b. Two methods used to represent relief.(i) Contours(ii) Trigonometry station.(any 2x1 = 2marks)c. The relief of the area covered by the map.(i) The highest point is 1600m and the lowest area is 640m.Page | 16200Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) The area covered by the map is hilly. (iii) Presence of ridges to the South of the area covered by the map. (iv) The area has V-shape valleys. (v) Presence of water shed.(any 4x1 = 4marks)d.(i) ON THE GRAPH PAPER(ii) Vertical Exaggeration=Vertical scaleHorizontal scale=1: 20001:50000√=1/2000 ÷ 1/500001/2000 x 50000 = 25√(2marks)e. Three services provided at Gwani centre.(i) ServiceEvidence Health service Health centre(ii) Communication Post office(iii) Commercial / TradeShops(iv) Educational serviceSchool(any 3x1 = 3marks)f.(i) Objectives(i) To investigate the type of vegetation found in the area. (ii) To find out the economic importance of the vegetation. (iii) To find out the distribution of vegetation.(any 2x1 = 2marks)(ii) Types of data the students would collect. (iv) Number of species of plants found in the area. (v) Area occupied by the plant species. (vi) Heights of the various plant species.(any 2x1 = 2marks(iii) Three reasons why you will need a working schedule (vii) To ensure all planned activities are carried out. (viii) To save on time programmed for the field study. (ix) To ensure well coordinated field study among students. (x) To avoid being distracted by unintended activities. (xi) To ensure the objectives of the field study are achieved.(3x1 = 3marks)7.(a) W - Equatorial climateX - Warm temperate eastern margin.Y - Cold temperate continental.Z - Tundra climate(4x1 = 4marks)(b)- High temperatures all year around (240C - 270C)- High evaporation rate.- Rain falls in two maximas (I.T.C.Z.) overheads 2 times. - Humidity is high all year round. - Rain falls throughout the year exceeding 1500mm. - Diurnal range temperature 60C due to cloudy skies. - Coastal low lands receive convectional rainfall while highland get relief rainfall. - Rainfall is heavy and usually accompanied by thunder and lightning.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(c) Warm ocean currents- Onshore winds flowing over warm currents.- The atmospheric temperature creating a warming effect on the adjacent land.- The moisture they pick up causes rain to form and fall in the coastal areas.(any 2x1 = 2marks)Page | 16300Geography 312/1,312/2 Latitude - It influences temperature, area near the equator experience high temperatures than those areas further away from the equator. - Seasonal variation of rainfall. The area that received maximum rainfall when the position of the sun is overhead. (d)(i)Climate and WeatherClimate is the average atmospheric condition of a place over a long period of time usually 20 - 35 years while weather is the condition of the atmosphere of a place at a particular time over a short period of time. (ii) - Farmers are able to adjust their farming activities. - Aviation weather forecasting is very important as aircraft take-off and landing can be affected by weather. - Forecast also helps in guiding tourist activities such as visiting. - Military personnel may also benefit because they can plan their military activities based on expected weather conditions. - Knowing about possible natural calamities and taking precautionary measures.(any 3x1= 3marks)(iii) - Causes emitted by power plants, automobile results into high temperatures which causes shifting vegetation e.g. wheat in Canada shift towards the poles. - Has led to risking wildlife, most wildlife has been extinct or migration to other areas for survival. - Rising of seas thermal expansion will lead to displacement of people and destruction of property through flooding. - Floods, fires and drought is more frequent , severe and widespread due to climate change. - Abnormal fast growth of plants due to increased carbon-dioxide levels leading to increase in yields of major crops. - City environment became hotter when carbon (IV) oxide levels doubles becoming unbearable. - Increasing of global temperature leads to increase in evaporation rate resulting to high rainfall. - High levels of ultraviolet radiation would have a wide range of effects on human, animal and plan life e.g. sunburn, eye diseases such as cataracts, lower yields in crops. - Caused storms, hurricanes causing damage to ecosystem.(any 3x2 = 6marks)(e)(i)To identify how weather elements are measured.(ii) To identify different instruments of measuring elements of weather.(iii) To establish the usefulness of the weather forecast information.(any 2x1 = 2marks)8.(a) Land that has little or completely no vegetation cover.(1x 2 = 2marks)(b)(i) - Saltation- Surface area- Suspension(any 3 x 1 = 3marks)(ii) - Sand dunes- Loess- Barchan / Barchans.(any 3x1 = 3marks)(c)(i) Yardang- Formed from rock layers that lie parallel to the wind direction. - The wind by abrasion erodes the soft layers removing and transporting worn out particles by deflation. - This leads to the formation of furrows. - Hard layers are left standing out as small ridges called Yardang. (ii) Rock Pedestal - Made of heterogenous rocks. - Massive rock which has horizontal layers of alternating soft and hard rock in the part of the moving wind. - The wind erodes soft layer through abrasion. - Soft rock layers worn out rapidly than hard rock leaving irregular mass of rock standing out called pedestal. Page | 164Geography 312/1,312/2 (d)(i)- To establish the types of arid land forms - formed through erosion.- To identify the importance of desert land forms to the economy of the community.- To identify how wind transports its load.(any 2x1 = 2marks)Hypothesis- The most dominant arid landform is the millet seed.- There is no relationship between the desert land forms and the economic activity of a place.- Suspension is the most dominant way of wind transportation.(any 2x1 = 2marks)(ii)- Questionnaires- Observation- Interviews- Content analysis(any 2x1 = 2marks)(iii) - Scorching sun- Wind transporting sand particles interferes with visibility.- Attack by wild snakes.- Bus might get stuck in the sand.(any 3x1 = 3marks)9.(a)- Pressure from overlying mass of ice cause freeze thaw action.- Melting water fills the cracks / joints in the bedrock. - As water freezes, it exerts pressure on the crack enlarging them. - The enlarged cracks lead to disintegration of the rock. - The disintegrated rock eventually get embedded with the mass of ice - As ice moves, it pulls / gives out the embedded rocks from parent rock.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(b) (i) Glacial deposition - Increase in glacier weight exerts pressure at the base causing some ice to melt dropping glacier in drift leading to deposition. - Change in gradient - when glacier encounters a gentle slope it accumulates a lot of local / materials are finally deposited by melting ice. - Friction in the weight of glacier occurs between its base and the earth‘s surface as it moves causing the heavy materials embedded in it to be deposited. - Rise in temperature causes ice to melt and therefore deposits some of the materials it was carrying.- When glaciers has so much sub-glacial moraine that cannot transport it leaves some behind.(any 3x2 = 6marks)(c)(i) Three main erosional features in glaciated low lands.- The eroded plains - Depressions - Roche mountains - Crag and tail(any 3x1 = 3marks)(ii) Formation of a Cirque - It is a semi-circular hollow on glaciated slopes. - Formed when sand accumulates in a shallow pre-existing depression on a mountain slope. - Snow gets compacted into ice to form cirque glacier. - Freeze - thaw action erodes the depression and changes it. - Plucking erodes the sides widening depression and making its sides steeper. - Abrasion at the bottom deepens the depression. - Eventually a deep arm-chair shaped depression known as cirque is formed.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(d)- Outwash plains have infertile soil, which discourages agriculture.- Glaciated mountains discourage human settlement and agriculture due to low temperatures.- Glaciation may lead to submerging of coasts during intense melting due to global warming.- Glaciation may make useful land to be inhabitable like plains with many lakes and depositional doctrines.- Glacial processes may bring valuable minerals.(any 4x2 = 8marks)10.(a) Line drawn on a map showing places with the same salinity in oceans.(1 x 2 = 2marks)(b) (i) Difference in the density of ocean water. - Increase in temperature leads to decrease in density and decrease in temperature leads to increase in density. - Polar water sinks to the ocean bed in vertical movement. - Water moves horizontally towards equator. - At equator, it moves vertically to the surface to replace heated water.(ii)- Convergence of currents- When a cold ocean current meets a warm ocean current, the cold ocean current sinks vertically because it is denser then it moves horizontally.(any 2x2 = 4marks)(c) - Perigean tides (i) Neap tides (ii) Spring tides (iii) Apogean tides (d) Abrasion / Corrosion (iv) Occurs when wave breaks and hurls water that has pebbles and sand to the coast. (v) Materials break off and scours out materials from the base of the cliff. (vi) Backwash carries broken materials to the sea and such materials erodes sea floor through scratching. Page | 165Geography 312/1,312/2 Hydraulic action (i) When waves break against a rock face or a cliff with cracks, it pushes air into the cracks. (ii) The pressure widens the cracks. (iii) When waves retreat, pressure suddenly released causing trapped air to suddenly expand explosively causing cracks to enlarge. (iv) Backwash carries away broken particles. (v) Direct wave - breaking waves, large amount of water rush against the rock which will eventually weaken and break up the rock. Attrition (i) Pebbles, boulders and rock fragments are dragged by swash and backwash. (ii) They hit against each other and the cliff. (iii) Materials break up into smaller particles. Solution (i) Rocks of the sea consist of soluble minerals such as limestone rock. (ii) Mineral dissolve by chemical reaction. (iii) Dissolved minerals are carried by solution. (ii) Cave (i) Forms when there is a crack of fault on limestone. (ii) Waves cracks and widens the crack through solution, abrasion and hydraulic action. (iii) Erosion enlarges the hollow inwards forming a cave.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(e) Coastal features like coral reefs / reefs beaches attract tourists. (i) Continental shelf and deep areas provide suitable habitat for marine life. (ii) Some features on submerged coasts favour development of deep and sheltered habours. (iii) The fiords provide good fishing grounds for fish. (iv) Coral rocks are used for construction. (v) Some emerged coastal lands are characterized by infertile soils. (vi) Some deposited sand form transport barrier.(any 2x1 = 2marks)(f)Sketching(i) Taking photographs(ii) Filling in questionnaire(iii) Note taking(iv) Tape recording(any 3x1 = 3marks)Page | 166Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH AND TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME1.(a) Trade is the activity of buying and selling of goods and services.(b) Factors that influence trade.- Security- Availability of goods.- Availability of capital.- Demand for goods.- Availability of transport.2.(a) Types of communication practices in Kenya.- Newspapers and magazines- Radio and television.- Telephone service- Postal and courier services.- Internet.(b) Problems facing transport and communication in Kenya.- Difficult terrain.- Harsh environment.- Non-navigable rivers.- Civil wars.3.(a) Factors leading to slow population growth.- Warfare- Epidemics e.g. diseases- Famine- Family planning practices- Late marriages- Emigration- Natural calamities- Social cultural factors.(b) Causes of migration in Kenya- Pressure on land.- Better employment opportunities.- Warfare.- Calamities.- Government policies.4.(a) Measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve wildlife.- Outlawing illegal hunting and trade in game trophies.- Establishment of game parks.- Setting up of wildlife protection agencies.- Animal trans-location programmes.- Public education campaigns.- Individual wildlife farms.- Encouragement of domestic tourism.- Formation of wildlife clubs and societies.(b) Major National Parks in Kenya.- Tsavo East- Mt. Kenya- Sibiloi- Nairobi- Amboseli- Mt. Elgon- Tsavo West- Meru- Lake Nakuru- Marsabit etc.5.(a) PollutionPollution is a situation whereby foreign harmful substances interfere with thequalityenvironment thereby endangering the survival and existence of human beings and plant life. (b) Effects of air pollution- Corrosion of metal.- Foul smell(1 x 2 = 2marks)(any 3x1 = 3marks)(any 2x1 = 2mks)(any 3x1 = 3marks)(any 3x1 = 3marks)(any 2x1 = 2marks)(any 3x1 = 3marks)andnatural composition of the(any 2x1 = 2marks) Page | 16700Geography 312/1,312/2 - Aggravating of lung illness. - Retarding of the plant growth. - Acid rains. - Oxygen reduction in the atmosphere.(any 3x1 = 3marks)6.(a)(i) A compound bar graph showing value of Kenya‘s export crops for the year 1999 to 2001(i) Title - 1mk (ii) Axes - 2mks (iii) Bars - 3mks (iv) Key - 1mk (ii) - Provide clear visual impression. - Easy to read the highest and lowest totals at a glance by comparing segment of individual bar. - Increase or decrease of grand total is easy to see since the length of each bar corresponds to the final cumulative total. (any 2x1 = 2marks) (b) - Temperature 140C - 260C - Rainfall 1000 - 2030mm - High altitude of about 2100m. - Deep, well drained, volcanic / loam soils, PH 5.3 - 6.0. - High population provide labour. - Availability of roads to transport barriers to the factories and finished products to the market.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(c) Harvesting- Picking red berries leaving green ones. - Sorting is done by separating damaged and unripe berries from the ripe ones. Processing - Berries are weighed. - They are taken through a machine which removes outer covering pulp. - The berries are fermented for 1 - 2 days. - Berries are dried in the sun. - The berries are graded. - Berries are sorted out according to size and quality. - They are roasted at temperature of 1000C. - They are ground into powder.(any 8x1 = 8marks)(d)- Soil exhaustion has led to lower yields.- Climatic hazards such as drought and frost destroy coffee.- Fluctuation in world prices lower farmers morale.- Overproduction brings down world prices.(any 4x1 = 4marks)7.(a)(i)- Oil / petroleum- Uranium - Coal(any 3x1 = 3marks)(ii) - Unwanted materials lying on top (burden) is removed. - If the mineral bearing rock is soft it is removed by digging. - If hard explosives are used to blast / break. - Huge power shovels dig up the mineral deposit. - The ore is loaded into lories, trucks or rail wagons. Page | 168Geography 312/1,312/2 - They are transported to the factory for processing.(any 4x1 = 4marks)(b) - Lead to land dereliction i.e. waste of agricultural land, waste of industrial land, ugliness.- Toxic gases emitted pollute air and toxic wastes pollute water.- Clearing of vegetation lead to loss of biodiversity.- Mining, lead to interference of soil structure making soil loose and vulnerable to soil erosion.(4x2 = 8marks)(c) Cost of mining have increased due to deepening of the mines.- There is an increase in demand to provide higher wages leading to increased costs. - Land area receives seasonal rainfall therefore there is inadequate water for processing. - Mines have become deep leading to problem s of cooling and ventilation. - Gold grade is decreasing with deepening of the mines. - Old mines are depleted leading to issues.(4x2 = 8marks)(d) Iraq. - Iran - Kuwait - Saudi Arabia - United Arab Emirates.(3x1 = 3marks)8.(a) Cattle are kept as a sign of wealth, paying bride price.- There is uncontrolled breeding. - Land is communally owned resulting in overgrazing and soil erosion. - Disease incidences are common both human and animals. - Animals are poor, weakened and of low value. - There is seasonal movement. - Many kinds of animals are grazed e.g. cattle, goats, sheep and camels.(4x1 = 4marks)(b) - Aberdeen Angus - Hereford - Galloway - Shorthorn - Charolais(3x1 = 3marks)(c) The Pampas receive moderate rainfall of about 1000mm to ensure enough pasture and water for the animals. - Loess soils at the foot of Andes Mountains gives rise to healthy natural grass for feeding animals. - Extension / rolling grasslands / gently sloping provide natural grazing landscape. - Introduction of European cattle breeds such as Hereford and shorthorn which are good quality. - Availability of alfalfa (Lucerne) which has been planted to replace natural grass which is nutritious. - Well-developed railway network for movement of beef cattle for the factories and beef products to the market. - Availability of capital to provide refrigeration facilities. - A large market from local, European countries and USA.(4x2 = 8marks)(d)(i)- Introduction of pedigree British cattle / cross-breeding with indigenous breeds.- Teaching and encouraging farmers to adopt modern methods of rearing / breeding beef cattle. - Providing water by building dams and reservoirs. - Ploughing and reserving pastureland with drought resistant / more nourishing grass. - Providing extension officers to give the farmers the necessary advice.(any 4 points x 2 = 8marks)(ii)Beef animals kept are similar. - Both exotic breeds and local breeds are kept. - Beef is for both local consumption and export market. - Beef farming is practiced in adulating landscape. - Modern farming practices are employed e.g. cross-breeding and AI.(2x1 = 2marks)9.(a)(i) Process by which wasteland is converted into farmland for growing of crops and keeping animals.(2marks)(ii) - Afforestation and reafforestation. - Bush fallowing - Mulching - Controlled grazing - Cut-off drains - Manuring - Building dams and weirs.(3x1 = 3marks)(b) (i) Presence of River Perkerra supply water for irrigation. - Gently sloping land allow natural flow of water by gravity / mechanism. - Loamy soils / alluvial soils rich in mineral nutrients allow a variety of crops to be grown. - Extensive land to allow large scale cultivation of crops. - Semi-arid conditions / dry making it necessary to practice irrigation.(any 3x2 = 6marks)(ii) Onions - Chilies - Water melons - Seed maize - Pawpaw Page | 169Geography 312/1,312/2 (c) (i) Dykes / canals / ditches constructed have reduced flooding. - Fresh water lake Ijssel provide water for domestic and industrial use. - Soil salinity has been lowered creating land for settlement and agriculture. - Barrier dam connect North Holland and Friesland is used for transport.(4x2 = 8marks)(ii)KenyaNetherlands- There is limited use of dykes and canals.-There is extensive use of dykes and canals.- Land reclamation is on small scale.-Land reclamation is on large scale.- Land reclaimed is not necessarily carried by water.-Land reclamation was below sea level.(any 2x2 = 4marks) 10.(a) (i) Power required to carry out an activity / run a machine.(1 x 2 = 2marks)(ii) - Cheap as it is free. - Available in all parts of the world. - Easy to tap and requires minimal maintenance costs. - Clean and environmentally friendly. - Can be stored in batteries and used later at night. - Versatile in its use i.e. can power diverse items, bulbs, cars, satellites. - Inexhaustible i.e. available as long as the sun continues to rise.(any 3x1 = 3marks)(b) (i)- W - Mt. Kenya(1mark)X - Nyandarua / Aberdare Range(1mark)(ii) Y - R. Sagana(1mark)Z - R. Mathiga(1mark)(iii) A - Masinga(1mark)B - Kaburu(1mark)C - Gitaru(1mark)D - Kindaruma(1mark)(c) - Encouraging people to use renewable energy sources in order to reduce over-reliance of fossil fuels. - Developing energy saving technologies (energy saving jiko) to reduce high consumption of energy. - Enforcing legislation against indiscriminate cutting down of trees thus conserving existing tree resources. - Educating the public on the careful use of energy in order to save it. - Progress taxation on energy consumption to discourage misuse of energy. - Proper planning of road network / conditions in urban areas to reduce traffic jam hence saving on fuel consumption. - Encouraging use of public transport / walking / cycling / railway / pipeline / to reduce energy consumption. - Discourage importation of high fuel consumption vehicles to reduce amount of fuel used. - Encouraging afforestation / reafforestation for continuous supply of wood fuel.(3x2 = 6marks)(e) Increase in prices of commodities / a lot of foreign exchange is used for imports leading to unfavourable balance of trade. - Prices of other commodities increases and industries lays off workers leading to unemployment. - Agricultural inputs increase leading to lower crop production. - Air fares escalate making it very expensive for tourists to travel. - Demand for firewood and charcoal increase leading o environmental degradation. - Increase in oil prices lead to high transport costs making commodities expensive to consumers. (3x2 = 6marks) Page | 17000Geography 312/1,312/2 KASSU-JET JOINT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/1 Paper 1 GEOGRAPHY June 2016 Time: 2 3/4 Hours SECTION A Answer All the questions in this section 1.(a) State three effects of revolution of the earth.(3marks)(b) The local time at Tema on 00 longitude is 12.00 noon. Calculate the local time at Hola 400E.(2marks)2.(a) What is temperature?(2marks)(b) Give three factors that determine the amount of solar isolation received on the earth‘s surface.(3marks)3.(a) What are extrusive volcanic features?(2marks)(b) Apart from basic lava domes, name three other vent eruption volcanic features.(3marks)4.(a) State two conditions that may lead to glacial deposition.(2marks)(b) The diagram below shows some features formed from glacial deposition in lowland areas. Name the features markedX,Y and Z.(3marks)5.(a) Give two processes through which wind erodes the desert surface.(2marks)(b) Describe how a mushroom block is formed.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other Two from the remaining.6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.(a) (i) What is the vertical interval of the area covered by the map?(1mark)(ii) Give the six figure grid reference of the chief‘s house,(2marks)(iii)What was the magnetic variation of the area when the map was drawn?(1mark)(iv) What is the height of Odhiado hill?(2marks)(b) (i) Measure the distance of the international boundary from point where it crosses northing 41 to Northing 50 (Give your answer to the nearest 100 meters)(2marks)(ii) Calculate the area enclosed by river sio, south of Northing 50, west of all-weather road. Loose surface (B8/3) and East of the international boundary.(2marks)(c) (i)Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40 meters, draw a cross section along Northing 37 from Easting 24 to Easting 31. On the cross-section mark and name; ? All weather road; loose surface ? River ? Swamp ? Hill ? Riverine trees (ii)Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section(2marks)(iii) Determine the intervisibility of the cross section you have drawn.(2marks)(d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(5marks)7.(a) Identify four causes of earth movements.(4marks)(b)(i) Name three types of tectonic plate boundaries.(3marks)(ii) Give four reasons why it is necessary to study the plate tectonic theory.(4marks)Page | 17100Geography 312/1,312/2 (c)The map below shows the location of some fold mountains ranges. (i) Name the mountains ranges marked W, X Y and Z(4marks)(ii) Apart from Fold Mountains, name two other features associated with folding.(2marks)(iii) Explain four positive effects of Fold Mountains to human activities.(8marks)8.Use the map below to answer question (a) and (b)(a)(i) Name the:? Vegetation marked L,M(2marks)? Grasslands marked N,Q(2marks)(ii) Identify the type of climate marked P.(1mark)(b) Explain four ways in which vegetation in the region marked P has adopted to the climatic conditions.(8marks)(c)(i) Describe the characteristics of the equatorial climate.(5marks)(ii) What is climate change?(2marks)(iii)State two natural causes of climate change.(2marks)(e) State four consequences of climate change on the physical environment.(4marks)9.(a)(i) Distinguish between a river divide and interfluves.(2marks)(ii) The diagram below shows the processes of hydrological cycle. Name the processes marked P,Q,R and S(4marks)Page | 172Geography 312/1,312/2 (iii)Explain two significance of the hydrological cycle.(4marks)(b) Describe two processes by which a river transports its load.(4marks)(c) Describe the following drainage patterns:(i) Superimposed(3marks)(ii) Dendritic(2marks)(d)Your class is planning to carry out a field study on a river in its old stage.(i) Apart from flood plain, name two other features you are likely to identify(2marks)(ii) State three activities students would engage in during the field study.(3marks)(iii)Describe three characteristics of the flood plain they would identify.(3marks)10.(a)(i) Define the term soil profile.(2marks)(ii) Outline three factors that contribute to the development of soil catena.(3marks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil.? Parent rock(3marks)? Biotic factors(3marks)(c) You intend to carry out a field study on the management and conservation of soil in the area near your school.(i) Explain how the following influences the characteristics of the soil.? Irrigation(4marks)? High temperature(2marks)(ii) Give three reasons why you are likely to rely on observation as a method of data collection.(3marks)(d) Describe laterisation as soil forming process.(5marks)Page | 17300Geography 312/1,312/2 KASSU-JET JOINT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 JUNE 2016 Time: 2? hours SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1.(a) The diagram below shows a mining drill. Name the parts marked D, E & F.(2 marks)(b) State two factors necessary for the occurrence of oil.(2 marks)2.(a) Give two characteristics of softwood forests in Canada.(2 marks)(b) State three problems that affect forestry in Canada.(3 marks)3.(a) State three physical conditions necessary for the growing of cocoa.(3 marks)(b) Outline two problems which are experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana(2 marks)4.(a) Distinguish between balance of trade and balance of payment.(2 marks)(b) State three efforts made by the Kenya government to promote external trade(3 marks)5.(a) Identify three causes of lightening.(3 marks)(b) State two advantages of windstorms.(2 marks)SECTION B6.The photograph below shows beef farming in Kenya. Use it to answer question (a).(a)(i) Identify the type of photograph.(1 mark)(ii) Describe the features shown on the photograph.(3 marks)(iii) What indicators show that the area is suitable for beef farming.(3 marks)(b) Explain four measures taken by the Kenyan government to improve beef farming in Kenya.(8 marks)(c) (i) Name two exotic beef cattle kept in Argentina.(2 marks)(ii) List two areas in Argentina where beef cattle rearing are practised.(2 marks)(iii) Explain three physical favouring beef farming in Argentina.(6 marks)7.(a) (i) Name three types of fish.(3 marks)(ii) State three conditions for the growth of planktons in the ocean.(3 marks)Page | 17400Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) Study the world map provided and answer the questions that follow. (i) Name the fishing grounds marked X & Y.(2 marks)(ii) Identify the Ocean currents marked O,P, Q.(3 marks)(c) Describe three major physical conditions that favour development of fishing ground X.(6 marks)(d)(i) Apart from Purse siene method, name three modern methods of fishing.(3 marks)(ii) Describe how purse seine method is used to catch fish.(5 marks)8.(a)(i)What is geothermal power?(2 marks)(ii) Mention three locational sites of geothermal power production in Kenya.(3 marks)(iii) State four problems facing geothermal power development in Kenya.(4 marks)(b)(i)Give three reasons why Kenya must develop wind energy.(3 marks)(ii) Name three areas in Kenya where wind mills have been installed.(3 marks)(c)(i) What is management of energy.(2 marks)(ii) Explain four measures taken by the Kenya government to manage and conserve energy.(8 marks)9.(a) Define the term cottage industry.(2 marks)(b) Outline four reasons why the county government of Nakuru should encourage foreign investors to establish jua-kaliindustries in the county.(4 marks)(c) Explain three factors which may lead to industrial inertia.(6 marks)(d) The map below represents the Ruhr industrial region of Germany. Use it to answer the questions that follow.Ruhr - industrial Region and Transportation Lines(i) Name the rivers marked X and Y.(2 marks)(ii) Identify the towns labeled T and U.(2 marks)(iii) Name the canal labeled V.(1 mark)(iv) Name any two forms of power used in the Ruhr region apart from coal.(2 marks)(v) Explain three factors that led to the growth of industries in the Ruhr region.(6 marks)10.(a)(i)What is urbanization?(2 marks)(ii) State three physical factors which influence the location of settlement.(3 marks)(b) Give three social problems experienced in Kisumu city.(3 marks)Page | 17500Geography 312/1,312/2 (c) The diagram below represents the functional zones of an urban centre. Use it to answer questions (i) and (ii). (i) Name the zone marked B.(1 mark)(ii) Give four characteristics of the zone A.(4 marks)(d) Explain three factors that led to the growth of Eldoret Town.Page | 17600Geography 312/1,312/2 KASSU -JET JOINT EXAMINATION. Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 JUNE 2016 TIME 23/4 HOURS MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 1.(a) State three effects of revolution of the earth.(3marks)? Varying lengths of day and night at different time of the year. ? The four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter. ? Changes in the position of the midday sun at different times of the year. ? Causes lunar eclipse (b) The local time at Hola 40oE(2marks)0o + 400 = 400 1o = 4min 40o = 160min = 2hrs 40mins Local time at Hola 12:00 2.40 14.40 = 2:40 p.m 2.(a) What is temperature?(2marks)The degree of sensible heat within the atmosphere /the degree of hotness or coldness of air in the atmosphere. (b) Give three factors that determine the amount of solar isolation received on the earth‘s surface.(3marks)? The intensity of such radiation in space and the arrange distance of the earth from the sun. ? The atmospheric transparency in terms of hansnission absorption, scatterings and reflection of the sun‘s rays by some particles found in the atmosphere. ? The earth‘s position in its orbit producing various seasons causing rotation in isolation of both days and periods of the year. ? The earth‘s inclination in relation to the rays of the sun on the earth‘s surface. ? The area and nature of the earth‘s surface on which the sun rays fall. 3.(a) What are extrusive volcanic features?(2marks)? The landforms formed when magma/lava ejected on to the surface of the earth‘s surface through vent or pipe cooling and solidifying forming the features. (b) Apart from basic lava domes, name three other vent eruption volcanic.(3marks)? Volcanoes ? Acid lava cones ? Corn posite volcanoes ? Ash and cinder cones ? Plug dome volcano ? Volcanic plug ? Volcanic depressions. 4.(a) State two conditions that may lead to granite deposition.(2marks)? Increased amount of maraine and flavor-glacial deposits ? Climate change - Rise in temperature during summer makes ice to melt and some load will be deposited. ? Change in gradient when the glacier encounters a gentle slope / low land causing deposition. ? Increase weight of the glacier causing increase pressure leading to deposition of embedded materials. ? Increased frictions underneath at base and sides of the glacier may cause deposition of embedded heavy materials. (b) The diagram below shows some features formed from glacial deposition in lowland areas. Name the features marked X,Y and Z.(3marks)Page | 17700Geography 312/1,312/2 5.(a) Give two processes through which wind erodes the desert surface.(2marks)? Abrasion process. ? Deflation process ? Attrition process. (b)Describe how a mushroom block is formed.(3marks)This is a feature formed from a vertically laid homogenous rock having uniform hardness and resistance ? such that wind abrasion is active at the base ? /ground part leading to intensive undercutting ? while at the top of the rock undergoes slow/gradual smoothening and polishing forming a massive rock having a broad, smooth and rounded top and a narrow bottom/base called mushroom block/rock mainly in hot deserts.??SECTION B 6.(a)(i) What is the vertical interval of the area covered by the map?(1mark)?20 metres(ii) Give the six figure grid reference of the chief‘s house, (2marks)?255 315(iii)What was the magnetic rotation of the area when the map was drawn?(1mark)?2o 21‘(iv) What is the height of Odiado hill?(2marks)?1568m(i) Measure the distance of the international boundary from point where it crosses northing 41E Northing 50 (Give your answer to the nearest 100 meters)(2marks)? 9700 metres/9800metres/9900metres (ii) Calculate the area enclosed by river sio, south of Northing 50, what of all-weather road. Loose surface (B8/3) and East of the international boundary.(2marks)? Complete square - 32 ? Incomplete square - 28 ? Total square - 32 + 14 = 46 ? Area = 46 km2/47km2 (i)Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40 meters, draw a cross section along Northing 37 from Easting 24 to Easting 31. On the cross-section mark and name; ? All weather road; loose surface ? River ? Swamp ? Hill ? River line trees (ii)Calculate the vertical exaggeration (VE) of the cross section(2marks)VS150,000V.E =H1=XS4001= 12 2/12.5 (iii) Determine the indivisibility of the section you have drawn.(2marks)? The two points are not invisible. (d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. (5marks) ? The main drainage features are rivers. ? The other drainage features are swamps, dams and reservoirs. ? There are many rivers in the area. ? The rivers are permanent Page | 178Geography 312/1,312/2 ? The main river is River Sio ? River Sio flows South Westwards. ? Some rivers are meandering / winding ? Some rivers are shout/ disappearing underground. ? Some rivers originate from highland around Samia hills. 7.(a) Identify four causes of earth movements.(4marks)? Convectional currents in the mantle ? Grantational piece/ grantative pressure ? Magma movement within the crust ? Isolation adjustments ? Human activities like underground nuclear, tests, underground mining, movement of underground trains etc (b)(i) Name three types of tectonic plate boundaries.(3marks)? Extension boundaries ? Compression boundaries ? Conservative boundaries (ii) Give four reasons why it is necessary to study the plate tectonic theory.(4marks)? Formation of various landscapes attracting tourism. ? Volcanic eruptions may expose minerals for mining . ? Formation of Riftvalleys and associated features . ? May be sources of earthquakes causing destructions. ? May lead to climate change. ? Volcanism may form fertile volcanic soils for agriculture. ? Volcanic activities may form geysers and hot springs for production of geothermal power. ? May cause metamorphism forming precious minerals. (c) (i) Name the mountains ranges marked W,X,Y, and Z(4marks)? W - Himalayas ? X - Atlas ? Y - Alps ? Z - Appalahinias (ii) Apart from Fold Mountains, name two other features associated with folding.(2marks)? Synclinal valleys / depressions. ? Rolling plains. ? Ridges and valley landscapes. ? Intermontane basins. ? Intermontane plateaus (iii) Explain four positive effects of Fold Mountains to human activities.(8marks)? Fold Mountains may be sources of major rivers providing water for generation of hydro-electric power, domestic and industrial uses. ? Fold Mountains have fascinating sceneries that may attract tourists promoting tourism. ? Windward slopes of Fold Mountains receives high and reliable rainfall encouraging agricultural activities. ? Some fold mountains have exposed valuable minerals deposits which are mined. ? Fold mountains slopes may be forested providing timber for building and construction for tourism/ have mechanical value / timber for pulp and paper industries. ? Leeward slopes of some Fold Mountains creates the rainfall encouraging livestock keeping/ pastoralism. 8.(a)(i) Name the:Vegetation marked L,M(2marks)? L = Tropical/ Equatorial rainforestl ? M = Coniferous forest Grasslands marked N,Q(2marks)? Veldt ? steppe (ii) Identify the type of climate marked P.1mark)? P = Desert / tropical desert(b) Explain four ways in which vegetation in the region marked P has adopted to the climatic conditions.(8marks)? Some plants have succulent stems to store water.? Some plants have handy, waxy and slimy leaves and sunken stomata to store water and reduce water loss. ? Some plants have reduced leaves / small/thorny leaves to reduce rate of transpiration. ? Some plants have deep tap roots systems to reach and tap water deep from the underground. ? Some plants are drought resistant and shed off their leaves to survive the long dry seasons. ? Some plants have short life cycle with dormant seeds which can only sprout during occasional rains. ? Some plants are salt-tolerant and can survive in the saline soils. (c)(i) Describe the characteristics of the equatorial climate.(5marks)Page | 179Geography 312/1,312/2 ? High temperature throughout the year / 24oC-27oC ? Small diurnal temperature range ? Small annual range of temperature about 2o c. ? High rainfall betweenbetween 1500mm-2000mm ? Rainfall is well distributed annually. ? Has a double maxima rainfall regime. ? Receives convectional rainfall usually accompanied by lightning and thunder in the lowlands and orographic/relief rainfall in the highlands. ? Thick cloud cover /dense cloud cover. ? Low atmospheric pressure throughout the year due high temperature. ? High relative humidity due to high rainfall and high temperature. (ii) What is climate change?(2marks)? This is the establishment of new climatic sate continuous change in climatic state in temperature and precipitation over time. (iii)State two natural causes of climate change.(2marks)? Variation in the earth‘s orbital characteristics. ? Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxide ? Variation in solar output. ? Volcanic eruptions ? Increase in greenhouse gases due to pollution ? Destruction of ozone layer. (iv)State four consequences of climate on the physical environment.(4marks ? Increased rainfall ? Folding from rising sea levels and rainfall ? Increased temperature due to greenhouse effect ? Disruption of the natural ecosystem. ? Disruption of agriculture in terms of types of crops ? Increase warming city environments ? Abnormally fast growth of plants ? Increase ultra-violet radiation leading to several challenges. ? Shifting of climatic and vegetation zones. 9.(a)(i) Distinguish between a river divide and interfluves.(2marks)? River divide is a ridge high ground that separates two or more river while interfluves is a high area in between thetributaries(ii)? P= RunoffR= Evapotranspiration? Q= PeculationS= condensation level(iii)Explain two significance of the hydrological cycle.(4marks)? The cycle creates an ecolognal balance in water supply between the atmosphere and the ground. ? It leads to formation of rainfall which assists in agricultural production and vegetation growth. ? It leads to formation of clouds in the atmosphere. ? It clues the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the earth. ? It assists in the oxygen and carbon cycles in the atmosphere (b) Describe two processes by which a river transports its load.(4marks)? Solution process: - the soluble minerals / materials are dissolved in river water and carried away. ? Suspension: - Light and insoluble materials such as sand and silt are carried and maintained within the water by river turbulence and transportation downstream. ? Traction:- the large and heavy loads of the rive are rolled/ dragged along the river bed by the force of the moving water and gravity. ? Saltation:-Some medium sized particles which cannot be suspended are momentarily lifted and dropped by water turbulences. (c) Describe the following drainage patterns: (i) Superimposed(3marks)? The drainage system developing on a rock structure that overlies a totally different one. ? The river cuts through the surface rock layer onto the underlying rocks. ? Gradually the surface rocks are removed and the underlying rocks now become exposed. ? The river maintains the original direction of flow despite the new rock structure. ? The superimposed drainage bears no relationship to the existing rock structure. (ii) Dendritic(2marks)? It develops in areas where rocks have uniform structure. ? The direction of flow is influenced by the slope of the land. ? The tributaries coverage on the main river forming a shape like that of tree and its branches. (d)Your class is planning to carry out a field study on a river in its old stage. (i) Apart from flood plain, name two other features you are likely to identify.(2marks)Page | 180Geography 312/1,312/2? Alluvial fans? Meanders? Ox-bow lakes? River braids? Natural levees? Deltas.(ii) State three activities students would engage in during the field study.(3marks)? Taking photographs ? Observing features ? Drawing sketches ? Measuring the width of river. (ii) Describe three characteristics of the flood plain they would identify.(3marks)? The slope is almost flat in some areas ? Surface covered by thick alluvial deposits ? Lavas are common along the river bank ? Marshers/swamps are common on it. ? There are meanders and ox-bow ? River braids may be seen along the river bank. ? Distributaries and deltas may be found on the seaward/lake ward end. ? Different tributaries may be found where trees have formed. 10.(a)(i) Define the term soil profile.(2marks)? Soil profile is the vertical arrangements of soil from the surface to the bed/parent rock. (ii) Outline three factors that contribute to the development of soil catena.3marks)? Relief ? Drainage ? Transport of soil materials ? Leaching (b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil. ? Parent rock(3marks)? Soft rocks weather fast/hand rocks are resistant and weathered slowly delaying the soil forming process. ? Parent rock determines the soil texture ? The type of minerals in the parent rock is transferred to the soil during formation. ? Soil colour is determined by the colour of the parent rock. ? Biotic factors(3marks)? Micro-organism in the soil assists in plants animals decay to form humus. ? The micro-organism mix and aerate the soil. ? The roots of plants penetrate the soil, enabling it to become process ? Penetrating plant roots / ploughing / digging/burrowing animal breakup the rocks into small process forming soil. (c) You intend to carry out a field study on the management and conservation of soil in the area near your school. (i) Explain how the following influences the characteristics of the soil. ? Irrigation(4marks)? The water dissolves soluble minerals leading to leaching of the soil nutrients. ? Regions of high temperature, the water escapes from the soil by capillary action, depositing salts/ iron thus leading to the development of poor laterite soils. ? High temperature(2marks)? It leads to excess loss of water which destroys the soil. ? High temperature kill soil living micro-organisms which assist in the formation of humus, thus reducing soil quality. (ii) Give three reasons why you are likely to rely on observation as a method of data collection.(3marks)? It helps collect firsthand information ? Information gathered through observation cannot be forgotten. ? Only observation is relevant to the study selected. ? Observation makes it possible to same time which could have been used moving around. ? It allows the learner to identify features, observe inter-relationship and see real process all at the same time. (d) Describe lateralization as soil forming process.(5marks)During the wet season, minerals salts in the top layer of the soil dissolve in rain water. The dissolved minerals percolate /seep downwards from the top soil to the sub-soil. The dissolved minerals are deposited further downwards to the lower layer .The insoluble minerals such as iron and aluminum oxides accumulate in the top layer to form a crust of laterite hence lateralization. Page | 181Geography 312/1,312/2 KASSU JET - 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer ALL the questions in this section. 1.(a)D = Mineral ore E = shaft F - Oli derrick (b) State two factors necessary for the occurrence of oil.(2 marks)? There must be a porous rock sandwiched between impermeable rocks / non-porous rocks. ? There must be remains f organisms / creatures / fossils ? There must be pressure to compress the remains ? Presence of sedimentary rocks ? Presence of porous rock to trap the oil. 2.(a) Give two characteristics of softwood forests in Canada.(2 marks)? The trees are conical in shape ? The tree species occur in pure stands ? The trees grow tall and have straight trunks ? The trees have narrow needle-like leaves ? The trees bear cover ? The trees have wide shallow roots ? The forests are evergreen ? The forests have no undergrowth (b) State three problems that affect forestry in Canada.(3 marks)? Over-exploitation in some areas create a shortage of some of the species that take long to mature when replanted ? The severe winters especially in northern Canada make the tree seedlings take too long to mature leading to delays in harvesting ? The rugged landscape in the northern part and snowfall in winter hinder smooth exploitation of forests due to inaccessibility ? Wild fires, pests & diseases destroy large tracts for the forest reducing the area under forest cover. 3.(a) State three physical conditions necessary for the growing of cocoa.(3 marks)? High temperatures (of between 210c and 260c) throughout the year ? High rainfall (of 1300 - 1800 mm) which is evenly distributed throughout the year ? High relative humidity of 75% throughout the year ? It requires loam, volcanic or clay soil rich in iron and potassium ? The terrain should be undulating lowlands which are below 750m above sea level ? There should ne sufficient sunshine when pods are ripening (b) Outline two problems which are experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana.(2 marks)? The swollen shoot disease attacks the tree shoots and the black pod disease affects the pods, reducing the yields ? Pests like capsid bug and mealy bug destroy the crop - reducing the quantity and lowering the quality ? Fluctuation of prices in the world market discourages the farmers and yields reduce ? The low prices paid for the crop also discourage farmers - lowering the yields ? Poor transport facilities make it difficult for the farmers to deliver the crop on time lowering the quality ? Labour is sometimes in short supply leading to delay in harvesting and lowering the quality ? The strong Harmattan winds break the branches and cause premature ripening of the pods lowering the yields. 4.(a) Distinguish between balance of trade and balance of payment.(2 marks)Balance of trade refers to the difference in value between a country‘s visible exports and invisible exports while balance of payments is the balance of all transaction involving both visible and invisible trade of a country.(Mark as a whole = 2 marks) (b) State three efforts made by the Kenya government to promote external trade. (3 marks) ? Improving infrastructure / transport and communication to facilitate movement of goods. ? Creation of Export Processing Zones (EPZ) to promote volume of exports. ? The government has introduced export compensation on traditional goods. ? Encourage the production of high quality goods through the establishment of Kenya Bureau of Standards ? Government has encouraged traders to participate in overseas trade fairs / international trade fairs / promotions of tourism ? The government has signed international trade agreements e.g. P.T.A., COMESA etc ? Joining trading block ? Encouraging foreign investors to establish industries in the country for production of export goods ? Government has reduced import duty / tariffs on raw materials meant for export products ? Government has removed a number of trade barriers / prompt issues of export licenses. 5.(a) Identify three causes of lightening.(3 marks)Page | 182Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Difference in electrical discharge ? Rapid expansion / heating & cooling of air ? Intense heating of the atmosphere during the day (b) State two advantages of windstorms.(2 marks)? Wind storms causes deposition of wind blown silt (loess) used for Agric production / forming fertile soil for agriculture ? Windstorms can be tapped to generate electricity. SECTION B 6. (a) (i) Identify the type of photograph.(1 mark)? Ground general view (ii) Describe the features shown on the photograph.(3 marks)? High quality cattle breeds ? Continuous luxuriant growth of grass ? Extension rotting landscape. (iii) What indicators show that the area of suitable for beef farming.(3 marks)? Extensive flat landscape be favouring cattle growing ? Enough pasture for beef cattle ? High temperatures for the growth of pasture. (b) Explain four measures taken by the Kenyan government to improve beef farming in Kenya. ? Construction of access roads making easier for farmers to transport beef animals to the markets ? Sinking of boreholes, wells and dams to provide water for the animals. ? Reviving of the Kenya Meet Commission that buys animals from the farmers for slaughtering. ? Encouraging formation of group ranches for easier provisions of vetenary services. ? Encouraging research on cross-breeding of traditional cattle breeds with exotic to improve the quality of the animals. ? Strengthening community education so as to teach beef farmers better ……………….management practices. ? Construction of cattle dips to control pests such as ticks reducing quality of animals (c) (i) Name two exotic beef cattle kept in Kenya.(2 marks)? Hereford ? Short horn (ii) List two areas in Argentina where beef cattle rearing is done.(2 marks)? Buenos Aires ? Ba Blanca ? La plata ? Rosario (iii) Explain three factors favouring beef farming in Argentina.(6 marks)? Replacement of coarse grasses that were of low quality with alfalfa or corn has improved the quality of pasture ? High and well distributed rainfall about 1000 mm annually ensuring constant growth of pasture, ? Availability of fertile loose soils supporting the growth of quality / nutritious pasture ? Well developed transport network making easier transportation of beef products both local and export market. ? Temperature ranging from 100c - 240C favouring breeding of beef cattle. ? Gently sloping pampas plains providing good natural grazing land for beef cattle. ? Availability of water supplied using wind pumps / high rainfalls 7.(a)(i) Name three types of fish.(3 marks)? Pelagic fish ? Demersal fish ? Anadromous fish ? Fresh water fish (ii) State three conditions for the growth of planktons in the ocean.(3 marks)? Shallow water which allows the light for making food ? Cool waters makes them thrive best ? Land derived mineral salts which favours growth of plankton. (b) Study the world map provided and answer the questions that follow. (i) X - N.E pacific fishing ground Y - S.E. Atlantic fishing ground (ii) Identify the Ocean current marked O,P, Q.(3 marks)O - Cold California currentP - Warm North Atlantic driftQ - Cold Benguela current(c) Describe three major physical conditions that favour development of fishing ground X.(6 marks)Page | 183Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Cool conditions created by the meeting of cold California current with the warm North Pacific current which makes plankton to flourish ? The coast has many fiords which provides shelter for fish breeding ? The area along the coast of Alsaka is mainly mountainous & rugged which is unsuitable for agriculture economic activity. ? The fiords also provide ideal conditions for the construction of ports for fish landing.(any 3 x 2 = 6 marks)(d) (i) Apart from purse seive method, name three modern methods of fishing.(3 marks)? Trawling method ? Drifting ? Haul / beach seine ? Hand lines / long lines / trolling (ii) Describe how purse seine method is used to catch fish.(5 marks)? The purse seine net is laid in a circle to enclose a shoal of fish ? At the bottom of the net are rings through which passes a rope act as weights while on top are floats ? One end of the rope is attached to a boat and the other part is pulled by another boat around a shoal of fish ? When the circle is completed the rope is pulled to close the net forming a bowl-like shape hence trapping fish. ? The net is then hauled to the shore and the fish is removed. 8.(a)(i) What is geothermal power?(2 marks)The electrical energy / power generated from steam tapped from the super heated water from the underground. (ii) Mention three locational sites of geothermal power production in Kenya.(3 marks)? Ol Karia ? Mount Menegai ? Eburru (iii) State four problems facing geothermal power development in Kenya.(4 marks)? Inadequate capital to develop more plants ? Low level of technology in exploitation of geothermal ? Few potential areas which are scattered ? Danger of the ground sinking ? High cost of developing geothermal power plant (b) (i) Give three reasons why Kenya must develop wind energy.(3 marks)? Cheapest source of energy ? Less pollution to the environment ? An inexhaustible source of energy ? Can be produced in small scale (ii) Name three areas in Kenya where wind mills have been installed.(3 marks)? Ngong hills ? Marsabit ? Turkana - Loyangalani (c) (i) What is management of energy.(2 marks)The effective planning and control of the available energy resources. (ii) Explain four measures taken by the Kenya government to manage and conserve energy.(8 marks)? Encouraging the usage of alternative sources o energy like biogas, solar and wind energy that are renewable hence saving the non-renewable sources of energy. ? Development of energy saving technology in order to reduce the high consumption of energy ? Enforcing legislation against indiscriminate cutting down of trees for fuels so as to conserve existing resources. ? Encouraging afforestation and reaforestation programmes for continuous supply of wood fuel. 9.(a) Define the term cottage industry.(2 marks)This is a small scale industry, usually in the urban areas and which uses local raw-materials and required little capital to start and operate. (b) Outline four reasons why the county government of Nakuru should encourage foreign investors to establish jua-kali industries in the county.(4 marks)? It required little capital investment ? It enhances growth of industries in rural areas, reducing rural-urban migration ? Required little skills ? Encourages innovations ? To diversify export goods ? To cater for local needs / save on foreign exchange by reducing importation of goods ? To produce cheap consumer goods ? To make use of locally available raw-materials ? To create employment opportunities (d) Explain three factors which may lead to industrial inertia.(6 marks)? Availability of pool of experienced skilled workers that the industry wants to utilize.Page | 184Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Availability of good roads / railways / water ways / infrastructure which are necessary to transport raw-materials / finished goods / workers ? Availability of large reliable market from the high population (d) Ruhr - industrial Region and Transportation Lines (ii) Name the rivers marked X and Y.(2 marks)X - River Wupper Y - River Lipper (iii) Identify the towns labeled T and U.(2 marks)T - Dortmund U - Duisburg (iv) Name the canal labeled V.(1 mark)V - Rheine Herne canal (v) Name any two forms of power used in the Ruhr region apart from coal.(2 marks)? Crude oil ? Hydro electric power ? Nuclear power ? Natural gas (vi) Explain three factors that led to the growth of industries in the Ruhr region.(6 marks)? Availability of cool, iron ore, limestones from the Rhine valley which provided raw materials needed in the industry ? The Rhine river and its tributaries (Ruhr, Wupper, Lippe Emcher) provided water fro cooling machine in industries ? The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. River Rhine, Ruhr, Lippe and Canals e.g. Lippersite canal which provided cheap transport for the bulky raw materials and finished products. ? The large local population had acquired skills in iron working / availability of local skilled labour formed the foundation of iron and steel industry. ? Presence of rich companies / Krupp families provided capital for the development of the industries ? Availability of coal from Ruhr region and imported petroleum provided power required in the industry. ? The dense / affluent population in Central and Western Europe / Germany provided ready market for iron and steel. 10.(a) (i) What is urbanization?(2 marks)?This is the process whereby an increasing number of the total population in a country settles in town.?It is the growth / expansion of towns?The process through which a population is transformed from a rural-based agricultural life style to urban-based non-agricultural life style.(ii)State three physical factors which influence the location of settlement.(3 marks)?Availability of water supply?Availability of space / land?Nature of relief?Suitability of climate?Absence of pests and diseases(b)Give three social problems experienced in Kisumu city.(3 marks)?High crime rate?Poor housing / growth of slums?Shortage of medical services?Shortage of water shortage?Shortage of schools for the large number of children(c)The diagram below represents the functional zones of an urban centre. Use it to answer questions (i) and (ii).(i)Name the zone marked B.(1 mark)B - Industrial zone(ii)Give four characteristics of the zone A.(4 marks)?Has tall buildings / sky crappers?Has very high rental value?Has very limited space?Has vertical extension of buildings to maximize on land use?It is the centre of traffic focus?Has limited surface parking space?Has traffic jams during rush hours?Underground parking space is common?Traffic flow is constant and slow?Has high population density during the day and low at night(d) Explain three factors that led to the growth of growth of Eldoret Town. ? Eldoret started as a railway station on the Kenya Uganda railway and thus attracted settlement around. ? Eldoret has rich agricultural hinterland which has led to its growth as an agricultural collecting centre. ? Establishment of many educational institutions has attracted settlement Page | 185Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Undulating / rolling / gentle landscape allows room for expansion of settlement\ ? Modern infrastructure such as international airport has encouraged trade ? Investment by local entrepreneurs / athletes has led to the expansion of the town. ? High population in the surrounding regions provides market for agricultural / manufactured goods / provide labour for industries ? The government policy of decentralization of industries led to the setting up of some industries in the town. ? Eldoret is a county headquarters for Uasin Gishu County thus has attracted administrative services in the town. Page | 18600Geography 312/1,312/2 LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY PAPER I SECTION A 1.a) What is the relationship between Geography and Physics?(2 marks)b) State three characteristics of planet Earth.(3 marks)2.a) What is an ice sheet?(2marks)b) Name three glacial lakes on Mt Kenya.(3marks)3.a) What is a lake?(2marks)b) Give reasons why Lake Naivasha is a fresh water lake.(2marks)4.a) Name two types of physical weathering due to temperature changes(2marks)b) State three factors influencing mass wasting.(3marks)5.a) The diagram below represents features in a limestone cavern. Name the features marked P, Q and R.(3 marks)b) State three factors that lead to the development of karst features.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions in this section6.Study the map of Kitale (1:50,000) sheet 75/3 provided and answer the following questions:a)i)Name the relief feature found in grid square 2823.(1 mark)ii) Determine the distance of road B 10/2 from Knight's corner junction with Road C637 to Kitale.(2marks)iii) Find the area of Kiptaberr Forest.(2marks)iv) Give the approximate position of Morkwijit village North of Dalgany Farm by latitude and longitude.(2marks)b) i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 50m draw a cross section from 310210 to380210 and on the cross section mark and label: (5marks) i)The swampRoadii)S ettlement(3marks)ii) Giving evidence, state three factors which have influenced dense settlement in the area East of Easting 40. (3marks)c) Citing evidence from the map; identify three factors which have influenced the growth of forests in Kitale area.(3marks)d) State four functions of Kitale town.(4marks)7.a) Differentiate between weather and climate.(2 marks)b) State five characteristics of the I.T.C.Z(5 marks)c) The diagram below shows climatic regions of kenyai) Name the climatic regions marked 1, 2,5and 7(4marks)ii)D escribe climatic characteristics of the region marked 3 (6mks)d) Students from Mukameni mixed sec .school carried out a field study on a weather station near their school.i) Name three instruments that they are likely to identify in a weather station.(3 marks)ii) State two reasons why they need to seek permission before they set out for the study(2marks)iii) Name any three methods that they used to collect data during the study.(3 marks)8.a) i) What is folding?(2marks)ii) A part from Fold Mountains name three other features resulting from folding ofcrustal rocks.(3marks)b) i)With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe how fold mountains are formed(7marks)Page | 187Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Explain four ways in which features formed as a result of folding influence human activities.(8marks)c) You are required to carry out a field study in features that have resulted from internal land forming process in an areaaround your schooli) Name two features you are likely to study(2marks)ii)W hat secondary sources of information would you use to prepare for the study.(3marks)9.a) Describe how a river erodes its channels by the following process.(i) Hydraulic action(2marks)(ii) Abrasion(2marks)b) i) Explain three factors that lead to rejuvenation of a river(6marks)ii) Describe the process of a river capture.(6marks)c) Some students carried out a field study on the feature found on a long profile of a river,i) List three features formed as a result of river erosion.(3marks)ii)S tate two methods that students may have used to record their data(2marks)iii) Explain two ways in which features resulting from river deposition are of significance to human activities.(4marks)10.a) i)Differentiate between soil profile and soil catena(2 marks)ii) Draw a well labeled diagram to illustrate a mature soil profile(4 marks)iii) Outline the processes involved in soil formation(3 marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soili) Climate(6marks)ii) Topography(4marks)iii) Time(2marks)c) Why is humus significant in soil?(4marks)Page | 18800Geography 312/1,312/2 LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer all questions from this section in the answer booklet provided 1.a) Name two international airports in Kenya.(2marks)b) Give three advantages of using mobile phones.(3marks)2.a) Name two middle East countries which produce large quantities of petroleum(2marks)b) State three problems facing petroleum exploitation in the Middle East countries(3marks)3.a) What is energy crisis?(2marks)b) State three benefits of rural electrification in Kenya(3marks)4.a) Apart from flooding name two climatic hazards that occur inKenya.(2marks)b) State three measures used to control floods in Kenya.(3marks)5.a) State three physical factors favouring coffee growing in Kenya(3marks)b) List any two roles of coffee in the economies of Kenya and Brazil(2marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.The table below shows Argentina Beef exports (metric tons) in the year 2011. Use it to answer question (a) and (b)DestinationQuantity in tonnesChile42,500European Union22,600Brazil20,300Others15,400(a) i) Draw a divide rectangle measuring 15 cm Long, to represent the beef exports in the year 2011.(8marks)ii) Calculate the range of the above data.(2marks)iii) What is the percentage of the Beef export with the highest tonnage?(2 marks)(b) State two disadvantages of using a divided rectangle(2marks)(c) Name three breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya.(3marks)(d) Explain four physical factors favouring beef farming in Argentina.(8marks)7.a) i) Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests.(2marks)ii) The Map below shows Kenya‘s forest Zones. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.Identify forest marked M and R(2 marks)iii) State three factors that may lead to depletion of forests in Kenya.(3 marks)b) State three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya(6 marks)c) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following headings:i) Distribution of forests(2 marks)ii) Mode of exploitation(2 marks)iii) Transport(2 marks)d) i) State three factors favouring the development of softwood forests in Canada(3 marks)ii) Explain three factors that led to the growth of Kisumu town.(6marks)8.a) i) Define the term tradeii) State three reasons why Kenya experiences an unfavourable balance of trade(3 marks)b) Explain four factors that influence internal trade in Kenya(8 marks)c) i) List three major imports to Kenya from Japan(3 marks)Page | 189Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) List three aids to trade available in Kenya(3 marks)d) Explain three bebefits which member states of COMESA derive from the formation of trading block(6 marks)9.a) i) What is settlement?ii) State three characteristics of rural settlement(3 marks)b) Explain Three factors that led to growth of Kisumu town(6 marks)c) Explain how the following problems facing Kisumu canbe solved.i) Pollution(2 marks)ii)C rime(2 marks)iii) Unemployment(2 marks)d) Explain how the port of Rotterdam differs from the port of Mombasa.(8 marks)10.a) i)Name three agricultural non- food processing industries in Kenya(3 marks)ii) State four ways in which Kenya has benefited from the motor- vehicle Assembly industry(4 marks)b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenya(6 marks)c) Explain three factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in the Ruhr Region of Germany in the 19th century(6 marks)d) You intend to carry out a field study of furniture - making industry in the local market centrei) State two reasons why the industry is located in the market centre(2 marks)ii) For your field study you have prepared a work schedule. State two items you would include in the schedule(2 marks)iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture making through fieldwork.(2marks)Page | 190Geography 312/1,312/2 LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 SECTION A l.a) Give the relationship between Geography and Physics(2 marks)-Physics deals with matter, energy, light, heat, sound, gravity and magnetism. -While studying the atmosphere, Geography focuses on heat from the sun as it is responsible for the movement of air, evaporation of water and distribution of moisture in the atmosphere.(2 marks)Or -Physics is a branch of science concerned with study of matter and it‘s properties, Physics is important in Geography as it is used to explain how important processes such as faulting, folding and volcanicity happen N.B. Mark as a whole(2 marks)b) State three characteristics of planet earth(3mks) -has one moon -third position from the sun -geoid in shape -rotates/revolves 2.(a) What is an ice sheet(2marks)An ice sheet is a large expansion of ice covering large areas of land completely and permanently(2marks)(b) Name three glacial lakes in Mt.Kenya(3marks)? Teleki? Hidden? Nanyuki(3marks)3.(a)What is a lake ?(2marks)A lake is a large water body in a depression on the earth's surface.(b) Give reasons why Lake Naivasha is a fresh water lake(2marks)? The lake has underground drainage? Late eruption of volcanic lava covered the alkaline layers within the bed? It has fresh water inlets(2marks)4.(a) Name two types of physical weathering due to temperature changes? Block disintegration? Exfoliation? Granular disintegration(2marks)b) State three factors influencing mass wasting.(3marks)? Nature and weight of the materials thus heavy and large rocks move faster due to gravity then thin and light rocks ? Amount of water such that the more saturated the material the more easily it moves and vice versa ? The steeper the slope, the faster the movement and the gentler the slope the slower the movement ? Areas receiving a lot of rainfall experience massive movement and that which receive little rainfall experience little or no movement ? Areas with vegetation cover experience little or no movement while areas without vegetation over experience massive movement. ? Human activities like cultivation, grazing, mining, road construction etc enhance landslides ? Tectonic movement such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions causes vibrations of earth hence mass movement (3marks) 5.a)name the features marked P.Q &RP-StaiactitesQ- Limestone pillar R- Stalagmite(3 marks)b) Factors for development of Karst features ? Presence of limestone or dolomite / chalk ? Hard and well jointed rocks ? Hot and Humid climate ? Deep water table to allow rocks above to form striking features(Any3x1 = 3 marks )SECTION B6.a) i) Hill(1x1 =1mark)ii) 9.8 +0.1km(1x2 =2marks)iii) No of full squares + Vi(incomplete square) = 47km2(1x2 =2marks)iv) Latitude l0101 NorthLongitude 350051 East or (l0101N, 350051)b) (i) Cross-section from 310210 to 380210(1x2 =2marks)Vertical scale: 1cm rep. 50mPage | 191Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) - Gentle terrain - relatively spaced contours. -High rainfall - forest / permanent rivers. -Good transport network - several roads are present. -Small farms - few estates, plantations. -Social amenities - many build up areas, schools.(3marks)b) - Heavy rainfall - presence of rivers.-Fertile soils - presence of plantation and fertile slopes.-High altitude - Between (1820 - 2362)m A.S.L.-Steep slopes - closely packed contours, shows the area is not suitable for agricultural activities.(Any 3x1 = 3marks)c) - Administrative centre - presence of DC office.-Recreational centre - presence of sports clubs.-Social & Religious centre - presence of church.-Commercial centre - presence of shops and markets.(4marks)7.a) Difference between weather and climate.(2 marks)? Weather is the condition of the atmosphere for a short period of time usually a day while climate in the average weather conditions of a given place over a long period of time usually 30-35 years(2 marks)b) State five characteristics of the I.T.C.Z ? A region of low pressure belt ? It is associated with high temperatures ? The zone migrates within the equatorial region depending on the movement of the sun ? It‘s a zone of convergence where winds meet ie.N.E and S.E winds ? It receives high rainfall; ? It influences climate in the tropics. ? A joint with local wind systems due to low pressure belts.Any 5@1(5 marks)c) The diagram below shows climatic regions of Kenya i) Name the climatic regions marked 1.2,Sand 7(4marks)? 1-modified Equatorial climate of the coast ? 2-modified Tropical climate of the Highlands ? 5-tropieai climate-Narok/Kwaie ? 7-desert climate ii) Describe climatic characteristics of the region marked S(6marks)? No real dry month but rainfall is low than Equatorial ? Rainfall is heavy 1600-1800mm/year ? Temperature ranges between 209C to 262C ? Has double maxima rainfall, mostly afternoon ? Relative humidity is high ? Convectional type of rainfall. d) (i) Instruments that they are likely to identify in a weather station.(3 marks)? Thermometer (min & max) ? Rain gauge ? Hygrometer ? Barometer ? Anenometer ? Sunshine recorderAny 3@ l (3marks)(ii) Reasons why they need to seek permission before they set out for the study(2 marks)? They need to seek permission from the school principal to be allowed to travel and also make arrangements for lunch.? They also need permission from the office in charge of the station to be allowed to conduct study and also for the officer tomake any necessary arrangements concerning the study.Any 2@1 {/marks}iii) Methods that they used to collect data during the study.(3 marks)? Observation? Oral interview? Extracting /reading from secondary sourcesAny 3 @1 (3mark$)8.a) (i) what is folding?-Folding is the bending of crustal rocks due to tectonic forces.(2marks)ii) features resulting from folding(3marks)-synclinal valleys/depressions -inter-montane plateaus -ridges -Escarpments/cuesta b) ii) Formation of fold mountains(7marks)? Surrounding higher grounds are greatly eroded .? Accumulation of sediments in the geosynclines forming thick layersPage | 19200Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Weights of sediments causes the lower layers to compress into rock ? Compressional forces draw the tectonic plates towards each other ? Geosyncline becomes narrower as the oceanic plateau would be worth the continental plate ? -Sediment in the geosynchine are folded to form mountains in the edge of the continental plate River flowing into geosycline (ii) Influence of folding to human activities(8 marks)- Features formed in the landscape as a result of folding attract tourist. - Heavy rainfall received due to formation such as Fold Mountains facilitate agriculture - Minerals are exposed on the earth‘s surface due to folding. This geosyncline encourages mining activities. - Features from folding are a barrier to transportation. c) i) Features likely to study(2marks)- Mountains / hills - Escarpments - Valleys (ii) Secondary sources of Data(3marks)- Textbooks - Maps - Photographs - Internet 9.a) Hydraulic action(2marks)? Water is forced into cracks on the river banks/water hit banks ? Air in the crack is compressed. ? As water retreats, pressure in the cracks is suddenly released. ? The compression and widening of the cracks repeatedly ? The retreating water carries away the loose particles ? The force of the water and the eddying effect ? Sweep away loose materials in the river channel. ? The compression and widening of the cracks repeatedly ? The retreating water carries away the loose particles ? The force of the moving water and the eddying effect ? Sweep away loose materials in the river channel ii) abrasion(2marks)? River carries sand ,gravel and boulders ? The load is used as a tool for scoring /the load is hurled by the water against the banks and dragged along the river bed. ? The load chips off rock on the bank and the floor { t h e size of the load determines the rate of erosion) ? The load being dragged smoothens the river bend ? Eddy currents rotate rock particles in hollow and widen them into potholes b).i) Local uplift of land (dynamic rejuvenation) lead to a change in the base level hence the river revives its erosive activities(6marks)? Lowering the sea level (eustactic rejuvenation) creates sharp breaks /knick points at the river mouth. This leads to revivederosion.? increase in discharge raise the volume of s river thus increasing its erosive power ? Presence of a hard rock out crop along the river causes breaks over which a river drops in falls and renews its erosive work ii) River Capture may occur by headward extension of the long profile(6marks)? This happens when rivers are sharing a watershed ? The actively eroding river gradually cuts back its slope head until it encroaches upon the divide or water shed of the other river ? Eventually the power reaches the source of the weaker river and diverts its water into its channel ? River rapture may also occur where there are two adjacent rivers ? One of the rivers has more erosive power than the other ? The more powerful! river erodes away the ridge that separates the two by head ward Page | 19300Geography 312/1,312/2 ? erosion ? Eventually it encroaches into the valley of the weaker river diverting its waters into its valleys c) Some student carried out a field study on the features along the a river i) List three features formed as a result of river erosion(3marks)? V-shaped valley/canyons ? Pothole ? Interlocking spurs ? Waterfall rapids (ii) state two methods that student may have used to record their data(2marks)? Taking photographs ? Note making ? Filling in questionnaires ? Making sketch diagrams iiii) Significance of features resulting from deposition to human activities(4marks)? Flood plains formed by finer deposition from fertile soil for agriculture? Raised river beds /deformed streams caused flooding which lead to loss of life and destruction of properties? Ox- bow fakes etc attracts tourists? Sand deposits are extracted - provide sand for building(Any firs 2x2 = 4 marks10. a) i) Differentiate between soil profile and soli catena(2marks)Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of various soils in layers (horizons) from the earth surface to the patent rock while soilcatena is the horizontal arrangement of soil along a slope from the top of a hill to the bottom of the valleyii) Draw a well labeled diagram to illustrate a mature soil profile(4marks)iii) Outline the process involved in soil formation(3 marks)? Weathering of rocks by chemical, physical & biological process Leaching of soluble chemical components within the soil profile. ? Decomposition of \organic matter by micro-organism ? Transformation of old minerals into new ones. ? Organize sorting of minerals and organic matter into horizons.( 3 x 1 marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil Climate(6marks)? Influences the rate and processes of soil formation ? Rain provides water / solution for chemical weathering and leaching processes that disintegrate the soils. ? Rain erodes the loose soil and deposits it in valleys hence transported soil Rain soaks rocks causing them to disintegrate ? High temperature accelerates bacterial activity that decomposes the organic matter / while low temperature slows down bacterial activity ? Variation in temperature results into physical disintegration of rocks into regolith. ? High rainfall and temperature facilitate the growth of dense vegetation which enhance biological weathering and provision of organic matters.( 6 x 1 marks)ii) Topography(4marks)? Hill tops experience heavy leaching hence laterites Plateaus usually have deep / thick soils due to eluviations Steep slopes undergo rapid soil formation due to surface runoff. ? Steep slopes have thin soils due to surface runoff ? Flood plains are usually flooded - this slows down soil formation and result into peat soils. ? Slopes influence soil catena and drainage ? Slopes exposed to the sun have a faster rate of weathering ? Valley bottoms have thick fertile soils due to deposition.( 4 x 1 marks)iii) Time(2marks)? Soils need time to develop for all the factors to interplay.? The longer the time the soil takes, the deeper the profile, the mature the soil.( 2 x 1 - marks)c) Why is humus significant in soil?(4marks)? Supplies plants with essential nutrients for their growth.? Provides food for the micro-organisms in the soil that facilitate decomposition processes. Enhances water retention thusreducing leaching? Facilitates the development of soil structure that allows aeration and drainage.( 4 x 1 marks)Page | 194Geography 312/1,312/2 LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION JULY /AUGUST 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 1. a) Jomo Kenyatta International airport ? Moi International Airport ? Kisumu International Airport(any 2x1 = 2marks)b) Advantages ? Mobile phones are portable ? They are cheap ? They are fast in communication ? One can get immediate feedback ? Messages can be stored for future reference/use. ? Can be put to many uses.(any 3x1 = 3marks)2.a) Two middle East countries which produce large quantities of petroleum? Iraq ? Saudi Arabia ? Kuwait ? Qatar(any 2 x 1=2 marks)b) Three problems facing oil exploitation in the middle East countries ? Domination of oil exploitation by foreign based companies reduces profit margin ? The Arab Israel political crisis since 1948 hinder exploitation ? Disputes on territorial boundaries between certain middle East countries, limits expoitation e.g Iraq and Kuwait ? High level of privacy / terrorist attacks especially while oil is being transported to the external market lowers the profit margin ? High temperature conditions scares foreign investors(Any 3x1=3marks)3.a) Explain the term energy crisisIt is a situation whereby the demand for oil is higher than the amount that is being supplied leading to high oil prices.(2marks) b) Three benefits of rural electrification in Kenya ? Encourage setting of industries in rural areas hence curbing rural urban migration ? Reduces de-forestation in rural areas as people may rely on it for energy at home. over reliance on wood fuel ? Attract social amenities in rural areas avoid rural - urban migration ? Attract investments of horticulture farming as well make it ideal for storage of perishable products(Any 3x1=3marks)4.a) Lightining? Drought ? Windstorm(any 2x1 = 2marks)b) Constructing ditches/channels/furrows to drain off the water. ? Constructing dykes/leaves along the river banks. ? Dredging/widening of rivers channels. ? Building dams across rivers/earth dams. ? Draining/re-directing/straightening of rivers. ? Planting trees in the catchment areas. 5. a) Three physical factors favoring coffee growing in Kenya ? High rainfall of between 1000mm to 2030 mrrW ? Temperature of 14 to 26° / Arabica coffee up to 30° ? Growth in high altitude range between 910-2100mV ? Red volcanic soil of medium loams which are deep well drained(any 3x1 = 3marks)b) Role of coffee in the economics of Kenya and Brazil. ? Coffee is exported to other countries hence earns foreign exchanged improve other sectors of the economy ? The export earning helps in the balance of trade in both countries ? Individual farmers have used their earnings from coffee to educate their children^ / improve the general welfare ? Offer employment opportunities in the coffee industries hence raising the living standard(Any2 x 1=2marks)Page | 19500Geography 312/1,312/2SECTION B (75 MARKS)6.The table below shows Argentina‘s beef exports (Metric tones) in the year 2000(a) I)the length of the rectangle is 15cm therefore ,15 cm represents 10,800tones at beef experts Chile42.500 x 15 = 6.324cm100,800 European union22,600 x 15= 3.363cm100,800 Brazil120300 x15=3.02cm100800 Others15,400 x 15 = 2.29cm100800 A divided rectangle showing Argentina beef experts (metric tones) in the year 2000 ii) Calculate the range of the above data 42,500-15,400 = 27,100 iii) What is the percentage of the beef expert with the highest tonnage? 42.500 x 100= 42.163% 100,800 (b) i)State three advantages of using divided rectangles to represent geographical data(3 marks)? its easy to draw or construct ? its easy to compare the components ? give a clear visual impression ? each components proportion to the total can easily be seen at a glance ii) State two disadvantages of using a divided rectangle(2marks)? Only one measurement can be used ? It is difficult to read the exact values of the individual components (c) Explain four physical factors favouring beef farming in Argentina(8marks)? The pampas are fairly flat and rise gently westwards, from the coast to the foot of Andes Mountain This provides good natural grazing land. ? Availability of fertile soils (loess) which support the growth of good quality pasture ? Adequate and well distributed rainfall of about 1000mm per year ensures a constant supply of pasture for the animals ? Average temperatures in the region form the breeding of beef animals ? Availability of natural grass, the pampas throughout the year encourages beef cattle rearing 7.a)(i) Difference between indigenous and exotic forests. ? Indigenous forests is a forest that is made up of trees which are nature/natural to a country/region while exotic forest is a forest that is composed of trees that are alien to a country.(2marks)(ii) Forests marked M - Equatorial R- Montane (iii) Factors that lead to depletion of forests in Kenya. ? The government policy of degazettement has allowed illegal/cultivation and settlement in forests. Increased population of elephants that destroy trees. ? Prolonged droughts have caused drying up of some trees. ? Plant disease and pests eg. Aphids destroy parts of forests. ? Over-exploitation of certain species of trees.(any 3x1=3 marks)(b) Factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya.? The area receives high rainfall/'1000mm-2200mm throughout the year which encourages continuous growth of trees.Page | 196Geography 312/1,312/2 ? The area has deep fertile volcanic soils that allow the roots to penetrate deep into the ground for proper anchorage. ? The area is a gazette reserve prohibiting cultivation and settlement hence allowing growth of trees. ? The steep slope discourages settlements thus forests thrive.(any 3x2 =6marks)c) Comparison between forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings. i) Distribution of forests. ? In Kenya forests are mainly established in the highland regions while in Canada the distribution involves both highlands and lowlands. ii)M odes of exportation ? In Kenya workers are transported to the logging sites daily while in Canada logging involves setting up a settlement for workers within a region to be harvested. iii) Transport ? Kenya transportation is mainly by road transport while in Canada transport is mainly by water transport d) i) Factors favouring the development of softwood forests in Canada. ? Cool to cold climate favours the growth of coniferous trees. ? Rugged landscape and steep slopes discourages agriculture and settlement hence forests establish themselves naturally. ? Canada has a low population density hence a lot of land for forestry, ? Presence of heavy rainfall on the windward slopes of mountain ranges supports tree growth.(any 3x1 =3marks)ii) Measures used to conserve forests in Kenya.? Mature trees felled are replaced immediately (re-aforestation) ? Tree farming is practiced in many parts with the aim of raising trees for future use. ? Regions which previously were devoid of trees are being planted with trees (afforestation) ? People are now being encouraged to plant trees and food crops in the same farms/agroforestry. ? The reduction of wastage eg. The use of waste paper to produce newsprint ? People are required to seek permits if they have to cut trees. This reduces the rate of trees felling/unlicensed people do not cut down trees. ? Forest reserves have been set aside to conserve indigenous species. ? Forestry dept, of the ministry of natural resource carry out research to produce and distribute seedlings $ ensure the extension of forests. ? People are being educated through mass media on the importance of trees.(any 3x2= 3marks)8.a) Define the term trade.(2 marks)? Trade is the buying and selling of goods and services(1x2=2marks) ii) State three reasons why Kenya experiences an unfavourable balance of trade. (3 marks) ? Kenya export agricultural products which fetch low prices ? Kenya imports manufactured goods such as heavy machinery, pharmaceuticals etc which are expensive ? Goods exported from Kenya face stiff competition in the world market leading to low earnings ? Quotas imposed on Kenyan goods by some countries limits the amount of products that can be exported. ? Some goods exported from Kenya are of low quality(3x1=3marks) b) Factors that influence internal trade in Kenya.(8 marks)? Demand for a variety of domestically produced goods leads to expansion of trade between people of different areas ? Cultural differences leads to distinctive specialization in production of goods for exchange. ? Production of similar goods/products by different regions limits the market potential. Different goods enhance trade among different regions. ? Low purchasing power by majority of Kenyans limits the market for goods produced. ? Level of development of transport networks between different areas. Good transport network enhance trade as ? certain commodities may be carried over long distances hence expanded market .Poor development limits track ? Security encourages expansion of trade while insecurity discourages trade.(4x2=8marks) c) i) Major imports to Kenya from Japan.(3 marks)? Automobiles/motor vehicles parts ? Textiles ? Machinery/electronic appliances ? Watches/precision instruments(3x1=3marks) ii) Aids to trade available in Kenya(3 marks)? Banking ? Insurance ? Warehousing services(3x1=3marks)d) Benefits derived from the formation of COMESA.(6marks)? Led to expansion of trade through reduction of tariff barriers like import and export quotas. This has led to economicPage | 197Geography 312/1,312/2 growth among member states. ? It has enhanced co-operation in transport which has led to low transport and communication costs. ? Clearance of goods across borders has been made faster leading to improved efficiency. This has enhanced revenues for member states. ? Bilateral agreements and export drives and exhibitions by member states has promoted investment. ? The body has established financial institutions e.g. P.T.A. Trade Development Bank and the COMESA clearing house which have financed many member states.(3x2=6 marks) 9.a) i) What is settlement?(2 marks)? Refers to human dwellings/habitat in a given area. ii) State three characteristics of rural settlements.(3 marks)? Consist of homestead and villages. ? Dormant activities are extractive/primary activities. ? Found mainly in the country sides. ? Agriculture is their main source of occupation. b) Explain three factors that led to the growth of Kisumu town(6 marks)? Its location at the shores of Lake Victoria led to its growth as a lake port handling trade among the three East African countries. ? In 1901 Kisumu became a terminus for the Kenya- Uganda railway allowing the influx and settlement of early Asian traders. This led to commercial development of the town. ? Kisumu was a regional administrative centre during the colonial period. This led to setting up of administrative offices and other infrastructural facilities. ? The rich hinterland with mineral/agricultural resources provided raw materials for the development of industries/food supply for the town residents. ? The high population in the surrounding areas provided the required labour force for the development of industries. ? The nearby rivers and Lake Victoria providedfresh water for industrial/domestic use. ? The well developed means of transport/road/ railway/ airport made the town easily accessible from other parts of the country. c) Explain how the following problems facing Kisumu can be solved. i) Pollution(2marks)? Disposal of garbage can be improved by providing proper materials for collection ? Regular collection of garbage to avoid heaping wastes. ? Regular dredging of sewerage and drainage system to avoid stagnant water. ? Enacting/enforcing laws on environmental management/charging ' those found contravening the laws. ? Treatment of effluents from industries before disposal Educating the members of the public on dangers of pollution/ on the appropriate ways of refuse disposal to avoid polluting the environment ? Recycling of waste materials to minimize waste on the environment. ii) Crime(2marks)? Encouraging community policing to complement the effort of the police force. ? Controlling the influx of illegal arms in order to reduce the incidents of thuggery. ? Enforcing laws without favour to provide protection to the law abiding citizens. ? Getting rid of street families to reduce the number of idlers in the towns. ? Creation of more job opportunities to reduce the number of idlers. iii)Unemployment(2marks)? Expanding and establishing more industries Encouraging and enabling people to be self-employed. ? Reviving the collapsed industries to offer more employment opportunities. d)Explain how Rotterdam port differs from Mombasa port(8marks)? Rotterdam has expanded to a new port hence handle large amount of cargo while Mombasa has had little expansion thus handle less cargo. ? Rotterdam uses advanced technology to provide services while Mombasa has limited expansion in technology hence provision of services are slow. ? Rotterdam is connected to the hinterland by railway road, pipeline, air and rivers and canals while Mombasa is connected by road, railway, air and pipeline only. ? Imports passing through Rotterdam are fuels, minerals, agricultural products while Mombasa imports are manufactured goods, petroleum and chemicals. ? Main exports in Rotterdam are manufacture goods and chemicals while at Mombasa exports are minerals and agricultural products. ? Rotterdam serves rich developed and industrialized hinterland while Mombasa serves developing and agricultural hinterland. (4x2 = 8 marks) 10. a) i) Name three agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya. ? Tobacco processing ? Footwear making Page | 198Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Leather training ? Beeswax processing ? Sisal processing ? Pyrethrum processing(Any 3 x 1 (3 marks)ii) State four ways In which Kenya has benefited from the mot-vehicle industry. ? Kenya saves foreign exchange ? Kenya earns foreign exchange through motor-vehicles export The industry has created employment opportunities The industry has created employment opportunities ? The industry has promoted transport sector by availing buses/lorries/vans/cars b) Explain three problems arising from industrialization in Kenyan. ? Industrialization has led to rural-urban migration which has increased the urban population leading to ? congestion/shortages of houses/ increase in crime ? Some industries emit toxic gases which are harmful to people/ wildlife ? Industrial effluent pollutes water sources making the water unfit for human/animal use. ? Fumes from chemical industries corrode metallic roofs of buildings hence destroying them. Congestion of infrastructure and social services in the industrial waste has led to the degradation of land ? Some industries have led to the displacement of people thus disrupting their social and economic life. (Any 3x2 6 marks) c) Explain three factors which influenced the location of iron and steel industry in Ruhr region of Germany in the 19 th Century. ? Availability of coal- iron ore as well as limestone from the Rhine valley provided raw materials needed in the industry. ? River Rhine/Ruhr/lippe/wupper/Escher provided water required for cooling machines in the industry/industrial use. ? The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. R. Rhine/ruhr/ port manual ems, cheap transport for the bulky raw materials and finished products. ? The region is served by navigable rivers e.g. r. Rhine canals e.g. which provides water Cheap transport for the bulky raw materials and required for cooling machines in the industry/ industrial use. ? Coal from the Ruhr region/imported petroleum provided power required in the industry ? The local population had acquired skills on iron working/availability of local skilled labour and this formed the foundation of iron and steel industry. ? Presence of rich companies e.g. Ruhr Khlet Kmpp provided capital for the development of the industry ? The dense and affluent population in (central and Western) Europe /Germany provided ready market for iron and steel. (any 3x2 6 marks) d) i) State two reasons why the industry is located in the market centre. ? Availability of market. ? To reduce transport cost of finished products. ? Accessibility to wider market(Any other relevant point is accepted)ii) For your field study, you have prepared a work schedule. State two items you would include in the schedule. ? Time for departure ? Time to spend in the study ? Time for lunch ? Time to end the study OR Time and Activity are awarded marks.(Any 2x1= 2marks)iii) Give two advantages of studying about furniture-making through field work ? It enables one to get firsthand information ? It makes learning real ? It enables one to share information ? It enables one to retain information learned ? It enables one to apply skills learned/acquired skills. Page | 19900Geography 312/1,312/2 KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 SECTION A: Answer all the questions in this section 1.a) List two features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity.(2 marks)b) State three ways in which volcanicity has influenced human activities in Kenya(3marks)2.a) Name three types of coral reefs(3 marks)b) What are the benefits of coral reefs in the areas they have developed(2 marks)3.The diagram below show the formation of some type of rainfall Use it to answer question (a) and (b).i.Name the type of rainfall shown by this diagram.(1 mark)ii. Name the type of cloud marked (A)(1 mark)b) List three weather conditions associated with the above named type of rainfall(3 marks)4.a) Differentiate between river rejuvenation and river capture(2 marks)b) Highlight any three conditions necessary for river capture to occur.(3 marks)5.a) Give three examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks(3 marks)b) State two changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure(2 marks)SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section 6. Study the map of Busia 1:50,000(sheet 101/1/) provided and answer the following questions a) i. What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map (2 marks) ii. Identify three types of natural vegetation in the area covered by the map extract (3 marks) b) i. What is the bearing of the school at grid reference 271377 from trigonometrical station at grid reference 290333 (2 marks) (i) Measure the distance of the regional boundary from grid square 257276 to grid square 257 276 to grid reference 290 330 (2 marks) (ii)D escribe the drainage of the area covered by the map(2 marks)c) i) Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 20 metres draw a cross-section from grid reference 290338 to 350 338(4 marks)ii) On the cross-section, mark and name the following-Hill( l m a r k )-Loose surface road(1 mark)iii) Calculate the vertical fexaggeration (VE) of the section(2 marks)d) Citing evidence from the map state two social services offered in the area covered by the map(4marks)7.a) i. Describe how a tarn is formed(4 marks)ii. Name two areas in East Africa where tarns are found(2 marks)b) State five external land forming processes that lead to formation of lakes(5 marks)c) Explain the effects of each of the following on lakes in Kenya:i) Deforestation(2 marks)ii) Industrialization(2 marks)iii) Waterweeds(2 marks)d) Explain four ways by which human activities threaten the existence of lakes in Kenya(8 marks)8.a) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetationi) Climate(2 marks)ii) Human beings(2 marks)Page | 20000Geography 312/1,312/2 b) The map below shows some vegetation zones of Kenya, use it to answer question (i) i) Name the vegetation zone marked X and Y(2 marks)ii) Give two uses of Savannah vegetation(2 marks)iii) Describe the characteristics of Mediterranean type of vegetation(5 marks)c) Explain three ways in which desert vegetation adapts to climatic conditions(6 marks)d) You are planning to carry out a field study of the vegetation within local environmenti) State three preparations you will make for the field study(3 marks)ii) How will you identify the different types of vegetation?(3 marks)9.a) i) The diagram below shows an extrusive volcanic landformName the parts marked F and Gii) Describe how the above volcanic landform if formed(2 marks)b) Explain five negative effects of volcanic activity in Kenya(2 marks)c) You are planning to carry out filed study in an area affected by volcanicityi) State three objectives for your study(3 marks)ii)M ention four reasons why reconnaissance should be carried out(4marks)iii) State four ways in which a time schedule could be important for your fieldwork.(4 marks)10. a) i) Give two types of movement shown by ocean water(2 marks)ii) State any three factors influencing the speed of the water movement in oceans(3 marks)b) The diagram below represents a coastal landformi) Name the features marked K, L and M(3marks)ii) State three conditions necessary for the formation of a beach(3marks)iii) Explain how the following factors influence wave deposition.-Gradient of the shore(4 marks)-Depth of the sea(4marks)c) With the aid of well labelled diagram describe how a bay bar is formed(6 marks)Page | 20100Geography 312/1,312/2 KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION GEOGRAPHY Paper 2 SECTION A Answer all the questions from this section 1. a) Name two minerals mined in South Africa(2marks)b) Give three problems facing the mining industry in South Africa(3marks)2.a) State three factors necessary for a land to be reclaimed(3marks)b) Give three uses of polder land in Netherlands(3marks)3.Give four ways in which Kenya will benefit as a result of oil discovery in Turkana county(4 marks)4.a) Define settlement(2marks)b) State three factors influencing rural settlement(3 marks)5.a) State three problems facing the cottage industry in Kenya b) Give two cottage industries in India(2 marks)SECTION BAnswer question a and any other two questions from this section6.Use the photograph below to answer the questions that followa.i. What type of photograph is this?(1mark)ii. What type of farming is shown in the photograph(2 marks)iii.Identify the type of animals kept in this type of fanning in Kenya(2 marks)b. i. State three characteristics of the type of farming shown above(3 marks)ii. Draw a frame 15 cm by 10 cm to represent the area covered by the photograph on it sketch and name four main featuresyou can identify in the photograph.(5 marks)iii. Explain three factors that favour the type of framing shown in the photograph(6 marks)c. i. Explain three ways in which the government of Kenya assists nomadic pastoralists to improve the quality of theirlivestock(6 marks)7. a) What is wildlife?(2marks)b) Use the map below to answer questions (b) (i) and (ii)Page | 20200Geography 312/1,312/2 i) Give five factors that favoured the establishment of a national park at C(5marks)ii) Name the national parks marked X, Y and Z(3 marks)c) Explain four significance of wildlife to the economy of Kenya(8marks)d) i) State three problems associated with wildlife(3 marks)ii) Explain two measures that the government of Kenya has taken to conserve wildlife(4marks)8. a) i. Name three tree species found in the softwood forests of Canada(3marks)ii. State three physical factors that favour the growth of softwood forests in Canada(3marks)b) Explain four measures being taken by the government of Kenya to control human encroachment on forest area on forestarea.(8marks)c) Compare softwoods in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-headings :i) Transportation(2marks)ii)H arvesting(2marks)iii) Marketing of products(2marks)d) State five significance of forests to the economy of Kenya(5 marks)9. a) i) Name two varieties of coffee grown in western parts of Kenya.(2marks)ii) Apart from being a beverage, state two other uses of coffee.(2 marks)b) State three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in the central highlands(3marks)c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing.(8marks)d) Explain three significance of coffee farming in Brazil.(6 marks)e) Your class intends to conduct a field study on coffee farming(2marks)i. State two preparations your class will make before the field study.(2marks)ii. Give two problems facing coffee farming that the class will identify.(2marks)10. a) Use the diagram of urban functional zoning below to answer question (a)(i).i. Name the zones marked 2 and 5.(2 marks)ii. State three functions of central business district (CBD) in a town.(3marks)d) (i) Explain four factors influenced the growth of Kisumu as an urban centre(8marks)(ii) State four problems facing the city of Nairobi.(4marks)e) Explain four negative effects of urbanization(8marks)Page | 203Geography 312/1,312/2 KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 SECTION A MARKING SCHEME 1. a) Two features resulting from extrusive volcanic activity - Composite volcano lava plateau/lava plains/tuff plateau - Calder I crater Ash and cinder cones - Spine/volcanic plugs Hot spring(any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)b) Four ways in which volcanicity has influenced human activities in Kenya (i) The Volcanic rocks of the Kenya highlands have been weathered to produce fertile soil for agriculture (ii) Landforms resulting from activity are tourist attraction/scenic beauty e.g. Mt Kenya (iii) Trachyte and phonolites/volcanic rocks are used for building (iv) Steams jets/gerious at Olkaria are used for generating geothermal power (v) Gases associated with volcanic activities are mined in Kenya e.g. C02 at Kereita and at Esageri in Baringo(vi) Steep slopes/ formed through volcanic activity discourages settlement/farming/ development of transport.(4 marks)2,a) Three types of coral reefs- Barrier reefs - Fringing reef - Atoll reef( 3 x 1 = 3 marks)b) Benefits of reefs in the areas they have developed - Sheltered water encourages growth of planktons/fish food - Shallow corals are a tourist attraction earning a country foreign exchange - Corals from a base of mining of limestone used in cement manufacture. iii) a) i)Type of rainfall shown on the diagram - Convectional(1 x 1 = 1 mark)ii) Type of cloud marked (a) - Cumulonimbus clouds( 1 x 1 = 1 mark)b) Two weather conditions associated with the above (a) rainfall - Thunderstorm and lightening - Hailstones Warm air near surface in the afternoon hours(1 x 1 = 1 mark)iv) a) Differentiate between River Rejuvenation and River capture - River Rejuvenation is the rebirth erosive power - The revival/renewal of the rivers erosive activity - River capture - This is the diversion of the head waters of a weaker river into the system of adjacent more powerful river (2 marks) b) Three conditions for the river capture to occur (iii) The two rivers( pivate river and misfit river) flow in adjacent valley (iv) Pirate river must be flowing in a wider valley/through areas of soft rocks (v) The pirate river must have more active head ward erosion than the weaker river (vi) The pirate river should be flowing at a lower level or lower slope than the weaker one(3 marks)v) a) Three examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks - Sandstone - Clay stone - Siltstone - Shale - Mudstone( 2 x 1 = 2 marks)b) Changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure - New minerals are formed - Minerals recrystallize further - Rock particles become compacted - The physical appearance of the rock changes - Metamorphism without any details(any 2 x 1/2 marks)vi) a) i. 1568m ii. - Reverine trees - Scattered trees - Thicket - Papyrus swamp (marsh bog) - Scrub Page | 20400Geography 312/1,312/2 b) i. 335 ii.6.5 - 0.1 iii.The main river is R. , io - Rivers and their tributaries form dentritic drainage pattern - There are swamps in the area covered by the map. - Some rivers are disappearing - Most rivers flows towards the western part of the map VE= Vertical scale Horizontal scale = 1:2000l x 50000 = 251:5000020001d) Educational-SchoolReligious-ChurchHealth-DispensaryAdministration-Chief camp, police postvii) a.i) How a tarn if formed - Slow accumulates in a shallow preexisting depression on a mountain side and gets compacted into ice to form a cirque glacier - Ice erodes the bottom of the hollow by abrasion, making it deeper - Frost action and the plucking process operate on the sides of the hollow making lit wider and on the back wall making it deeper - Eventually a deep armchair-shaped depression is formed called a cirque. The depression is later filled with rainwater or both forming a lake called a tarn.( 4 x 1 = 4 marks)ii) Areas in East Africa where tarns are found - Mt Kenya - Ruwenzori( 2 x 1 = 2 marks)(vii) External land forming processes that lead to formation of lakes - Weathering by solution in limestone areas - Erosion by wind, ice and river - Deposition by water or ice - Mass movement - Failing of meteorites - Glaciations - through glacial erosion - Human activities through damming of rivers and blowing up of land with explosives( 5 x 1 = 5 marks)c ) Effects of the following on lakes in Kenya (i) Deforestation - Expose the land to agents of erosion. The eroded soil is carried into lakes where it causes siltation. This reduces the depth of the lakes. - Deforestation in the water catchment areas, interferes with the hydrological cycle which leads to lower rainfall and less water in the feeder rivers. Eventually the lakes may dry up.( 2 x 1 = 2 marks)(ii) Industrialization- Increased industrialization and disposal of industrial waste into the lakes leads to pollution of lake water- Accumulation of agro-chemicals and industrial effluent which are washed into the lakes promotes weeds, blooms. As aresult, the lakes are colonized by weeds.( 2 x 1 = 2 marks)iii) Water weeds? Waterweeds such as water hyacinth choke the lakes thus hindering effective exploitation of the resources in them.Page | 205Geography 312/1,312/2 ? They also hinder transportation on the lakes( 2 x 1 = 2 marks)d) Four wavs by which human activities threaten the existence of lakes in Kenya ? Massive drawing of water for irrigation reduces the volume of water in some lake which may led to their drying up e.g. L Naivasha ? Disposal of industrial and domestic waste and effluent contaminates some lakes and this may cause extinction of some aquatics life e.g. in L. Nakuru and L. Victoria ? Introduction of weeds on land for scientific research may lead to some of these weeds finding their way to the lakes. They colonize the lakes and turn them into swamps e.g. L. Victoria and L. Naivasha. The Nairobi. Dam is now a swamp ? Soil erosion on land caused by increased human activities has led to the silting up of some lakes e.g. Masinga and Kindaruma dams ? Deforestation/destruction of vegetation in the water catchment, areas interferes with the hydrological cycle which eventually leads to drying up of lakes ? Damming of Feeder Rivers for irrigation and hydro-electric power production reduces the water reaching the lakes hence causing lakes to shrink.( 4 x 2 = 8 marks)3.a) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation(2 marks)i.Climate ? Areas which have low temperatures have low temperatures have scarity/ no vegetation/areas which have moderate temperature have dense vegetation. ? Regions which receive high rainfall have dense vegetation growth/areas which have low rainfall have scanty/scrub vegetation. ? Hot dry winds cause drought conditions which is responsible for scanty/scrub ? vegetation/moist winds lead to increased precipitation when they blow over a region hence dense vegetation. ? Places which receive long hours of sunlight have many varieties of lants/areas which receive less/short hours amounts of sunlight have few little variety of plants ii) Human beings(2 marks)iii) Some human activities have led to clearing of natural vegetation causing the establishment of deserts/semi natural vegetation iv) Conservation measures geared towards protecting the existing vegetation have led to establishment of forest/natural reserves b) (i) Name the vegetation zone marked X and(2marks)X - Woodland and grassland Y - Swamp vegetation ii) Give two uses of Savannah vegetation(2 marks)? Commercial ranching/grazing is practiced in some parts of the grassland ? Are home to wild animals ? The trees are habitats for bees which provide honey ? Some of the shrubs/herbs are used for medicinal purposes ? Some of the wild fruits/berries are consumed as food iii)Describe the characteristics of Mediterrean type of vegetation(5marks)? Some plants have small/thick-skinned/ ? leathery/spiny leaves ? Some plants have long roots ? Some plants have thick barks ? Some plants have large fleshy bulbous roots ? Some plants have shiny/waxy leaves ? Some trees are deciduous ? Some plants are evergreen ? The vegetation is adapted to the long hot and dry summers ? Some plants have fleshy leaves ? Grasses dry off during summer and germinate during winter ? Shrubs/thicklets/bush/marquise/machia/ chaparral/malle are common ? Wood scrub is common in very dry areas. 4. Explain three ways in which desert vegetation adapts to climatic conditions (6marks) ? Some plants have thick/fleshy/succulent leaves/barks to enable them to store water ? Some plants have long roots to tap the underground water ? Some have no leaves/have thin/'spiky/ waxy/needle like leaves to reduce transpiration. ? Some plant seeds remain dormant awaiting the short rains ? Some plants have thick/hard barks to reduce transpiration ? Some plants with in the absence of moisture but have quick recovery ability ? Some plants have thorns to protect themselves from browsing animals Page | 206Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Some plants have underground bulbs to store water. ? Most plants are stanted/dwarf like due to the harsh conditions. ? Some plants arc quick sprouting to take advantages of the short-lived desert rains. 5. You are planning to carry out a field study of the vegetation within the local environment i)State three preparations you will make for the field study(3 marks)? Formulate objectives/hypotheses for the study ? Carry out reconnaissance of the area of study ? Seek permission from the relevant authorities ? Acquire appropriate stationery/tools/ equipment. ? Prepare a working schedule ? Read more information about vegetation from secondary sources ? Divide students into groups and assign work to each group v) How will you identify the different types of vegetation'?(3 marks)- By their appearance - Their colour - By their age - By their leave size/pattern type - By the nature of their barks - By the texture of their leaves - By their system of the roots 9.a.i) Parts labelled F-lava layers, G-vent/pipe(2 marks)ii) Formation of a shield volcano - Lava that is basic reaches the earth surface through a single vent or vent eruption - Basic lava flows over a greater distance before cooling and solidifying - Successive eruption leads to piling of more lava forming layers - A low lying mount of lava layers is formed, this is known as shield volcanoes(6 marks)(ii) Explain five negative effects of volcanic activity in Kenya(10 marks)- Volcanic mountains create rain-shadow effects resulting into aridity on lee ward side - Volcanic eruptions associated with geysers pose danger to human being - Recent lava flows have poor developed soils - Volcanic mountains create barrier to construction of transport network - Rugged landscape created had inhibited human settlement and farming( 5x 2= 1 0 marks)c) i) Objectives for the study - To find out features formed from volcanic activities - To study the effect of volcanic activities - To study the soil types in the area(3 x 1 =3 marks)ii) Why carry out reconnaissance - Determine suitable data collection and recoding method - To collect tools required - Prepare a work schedule - To write the objectives and hypothesis - Estimated cost and time 10. a) Give two types of movement shown bv ocean water(2marks)ii) State any three factors influencing the speed of the water movement in oceans(3 marks)i. Features marked K - Cave L - Blow Hole M - Cliff ii. State three conditions necessary for the formation of a beach - A gently sloping land at the sea shore - The shore swash/constructive backwash/ wave deposition should exceed erosion - Waves should carry a lot of materials to be depositedany 3 x 1 = 3 marksb) Explain how the following factors influence wave deposition Gradient of the shore - A shore with a gentle slope reduces the velocity/speed of the flow of the backwash causing the waves to deposit the load on the shore - Where the shore is steep, the velocity/ speed of flow of the backwash will be moved from the shore back into theses. There will be little or no deposition at the shore. Gentle gradient -2 marksSteep gradient -2 marksPage | 20700Geography 312/1,312/2 Depth of the sea - Shallow water cause waves to break thus encouraging deposition because the swash is stronger than backwash where the sea is not in contact with the waves carrying deposits. Shallow water (s) -2 marksDeep water (s) -2 marksc) The aid of well diagram describe how a bay is formed.Page | 208Geography 312/1,312/2 KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION GEOGRAPHY 312/2 Paper 2 MARKING SCHEME l.a) Name the minerals mined in South Africa- Gold- Diamond - Coal - Silver - Iron ore - Uranium - Copper b) Give three problems facing mining in South Africa - Deep mines thus expensive to mine - Competition for skilled labour from other countries and sector of economy - Inadequate water supply for processing minerals - Collapse of mines causes by heavy fall of lives - Respiratory diseases caused by inhaling of dust by miners 2. a) State three factors necessary for land to be reclaimed - It should be large and intensive - It should be accessible for easy transport - Availability of capital to initiate the project - The climate should be suitable for the intended activity - Skilled man power to make the project viable b) Give three uses of the bolder land in the Netherland - Cultivation of crops - For settlement - For establishment of transport network - Setting up industries - For pasture / dairy animals 3.Benefits of oil discovery- Open up the area - by road construction - Earn foreign exchange through export - Development of social amenities - Employment of people hence improving their living standards - It will lead to rise and expansion of towns(4 marks)4.a) Define settlement(2 marks)- A community of people living together as village/town/city - Any form of human habitation/dwelling b) Characteristics of rural settlement - Few people per unit area low density - Dwellings are sparsely distributed - Agricultural production - Scattered homes 5.a) State three problems facing cottage industry in Kenya- Insufficient training- Lack of capital - Stiff competition from factories and exports - High prices complaints - Low quality products b) Give cottage industries in India - Brassware/brass molding - Metal engravings - Electrical polishing and enomaling of materials - Iron works/meta! works - Textile - weaving & spinning - Leather works - Food industry/bakery/confectionary - Furniture/wood industries Page | 209Geography 312/1,312/2- Brick making/pottery- Paper and printing- Soap making- Indigenous medicines6.Use the photograph below to answer the questions that followa) i) What type of photograph is this ?(1 mark)- Ground general view ii) What type of farming is shown in the photograph(2 marks)-Ranching / beef farming iii) Identify two types of animals kept in this type of farming in Kenya(2 marks)Zebu/Boran, Aberdeen Angus, Galloway, shorthorn, Charolais, Hereford. (The first two are marked. Max2marks) b) i) State three characteristics of the type of framing shown in the photograph above (3 marks) ? Mainly practiced on extensive gently- sloping land. ? Involves the rearing of beef cattle mainly for the production of meat ? The animals are kept for commercial purposes ? Modern methods of livestock farming e.g. artificial insemination and cross-breeding are applied ? To know importance of keeping small herds of animals ranches have all the requirements such as cattle dips and water supply ? The ranches are scientifically managed and the movement of livestock is restricted within the ranches. (The first three are marked.Max 3 marks)(ii) (Frame - 16 1/2 cm by 11 cm. see the graph)(iii) Explain three factors in Kenya that favour the type of framing shown in the photograph(6 marks)? The extensive flat lands especially within the Nyika Plateau and the Rift valley region provide natural grasses for the livestock ? Moderate rainfall of about 750mm. or more ensures there is enough pasture for the animals ? Availability of watering sites that include Lori an Swamp, Lotikipi Swamp and Saiwa swamp and a number of permanent rivers flowing through these areas ensure constant water supply for the livestock. ? Availability of ranching schemes help to control overgrazing and the spread of pests such as tsetse flies and ticks. ? Cultural practices of the local people who carry out livestock-keeping as their occupation has enabled ranching to take root easily (iii) Explain three ways in which the government of Kenya assists nomadic pastoralists to improve the quality of their livestock(6 marks)? Introduction of pedigree British cattle in some districts to improve the existing stock/cross-breeding to improve the quality of animals ? Education farmers to adopt moderns methods of rearing cattle/to know importance of keeping small herds of animals. ? Providing water by building dams as reservoirs to reduce movement of framers and their animals ? Ploughing land and replanting pasture land with special drought - resistant grass to provide feeds reliably. ? Funding research in animal diseases in order to develop treatment of the same. ? Providing extension officers to educate the farmers on the best ways if keeping their livestock ? Providing dipping facilities in order control tick-borne diseases. ? Cross-breeding to improve the quality of animals 6.a) WildlifeAnimals (funna) and plants (flora) existing in their natural habitat i. Factors that favoured the establishment of a national park ? Availability of large tracts of land/species populated land ? Availability of wide variety of vegetation which provide food for wildlife animals ? The harsh climatic condition that discourage farming/settlement in wildlife conservation is the best alternative ? Vegetation found in the area provide habitat for the wild animals ? The permanent rivers found in the area provide drinking water for animals i.e. Tsavo river and Voi river ii) Name the national parks X - Marsabit National Park Y - Sibiioi National Park Z - Maasai Mara National Park c) Four significance of wildlife to the economy of Kenya ? Tourism attract tourists therefore earning the country foreign exchange ? Creates employment e.g. game waders to protect the wildlife thus improving living standards ? Establishment of national parks and game reserves has led to opening up the remote areas by construction of access roads. ? Provide natural beauty/ posterity ? Some plants are medicinal ? Wildlife can be source of knowledge about the environment d)i) Problems associated ? Occupy a lot of land which could otherwise be used for settling the landless Page | 210Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Overpopulation of some animals in the park causes soil erosion ? Wildlife animals causes damage to property (agricultural crops) (animal human conflict) ? Wild animals causes threat to human life and domestic animals ? Wild animals spread diseases to human beings and domestic animals e.g. Nagan and sleeping sickness respectively ? Poaching has led to ii) Measures taken by the government of Kenya to conserve wildlife ? Establishment of uni-poaching units ? Creation of national parks ? Teaching the public - creating awareness on their importance ? Creating sanctuaries to protect the endangered species ? Establishing fire extinguisher in the national parks to preserve fire destruction. ? Supplying water to the national park during drought ? Encouraging international co-operation to help enforce existing lawsSpecies found in Canadaf softwoods') 7.a) i) West hemlock? Birch ? Pine ? Ceder ? Spruce ? Douglas fir ? Cypress ii) Factors that have favoured growth of soft wood forests in Canada ? High rainfall throughout the year ? Rugged landscape ? Soil that are fertile ? High attitude b) Measures taken to control encroachment ? Gazzettement of forest areas to reduce encroachment by public ? Eviction of people to rehabilitate ? Educating the public ? Enforcing laws to prohibit cutting down of trees ? Employing forest guards to protect forest from illegal deforestration ? Encouraging people to use other sources of energy other than wood fuel in order to reduce their demand b. Differences between softwood forest in Kenya and Canada CanadaKenyaHarvesting i)Winterthroughout the yearii) IndiscriminateSelectivelyMarketing - Exportedsold locallyTransportation- Flotation in riversLorriesSliding in iceTracksd) Significance of forests to the economy of Kenya ? Protect water catchment areas which are sources of rivers that are used to generate HEP ? Hold soil roots together - prevent erosion ? Create beauty which attract tourist - earning foreign exchange for wildlife tourism ? Continuous supply of wood ? Supply of raw materials to industries e.g. paper ? Export 9a)i) Name two varieties of coffee grown in western parts of Kenya(2 marks)- Arabic coffee - Robusta coffee ii) Apart from being as a beverage, state two other uses of coffee(2 marks)- Coffee husks are used as fuel- Coffee husks are used as manure on the farm- Coffee rounds are used as insect repeliantb) State three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in the central highlands of Kenya(3 marks)- High rainfall/1000 - 2030mm per year- Cool to hot temperature /14 c - 30 c- High attitude areas/910m to 2100m a.s.l.- Deep well drained slightly acidic volcanic soilsPage | 211Geography 312/1,312/2 c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing(8 marks)- Ripe red berries are picked by hand - The berries are transported - In the factory, the outer covering of the berries is removed to extract beans - Beans are fermented to remove green skin - Curing is done by drying beans for 1 week - Beans are roasted and ground into powder - Coffee powder is then packed ready for marketing d) Explain three significance of coffee farming in Brazil(6 marks)- Coffee is exported to earn Brazil foreign exchange used to develop other sectors of economy like transport - Coffee is raw material to industries which process coffee - It provides employment hence people earn income - May lead to improvement of infrastructure in the country e) Your class intends to conduct a field study on coffee farming i) State two preparations your class will make before the field study(2 marks)- Make a reconnaissance study - Prepare a working schedule - Prepare the necessary material - Group into various groups - Seek permission from relevant authorities ii) Give two problems facing coffee farming the class will find out(2 marks)- Shortage of labour during harvesting - Delayed and or poor payments which lower farmers‘ morale - Occasional droughts which destroys the coffee trees - Competition from other producers which limits market/competition form other beverages - Corruption and mismanagement of coffee cooperatives societies - Pests like leaf rust and diseases like coffee berry diseases which lower production - Fluctuation of market prices due to overproduction (The first two are marked) 10.a) i) The zones marked 2 and 5 are:ii) State three functions of Central Business district in a town(3 marks)- It is business/trade centre - Offers entertainment - It is a commercial/banking/insurance centre - It is a communication centre - It is an administrative centre - It is a social and cultural centre(the first three -max.6 marks)b)i) Explain four factors that influenced the growth of Kisumu as an urban centre (8 marks) - The Asian business community that settled in Kisumu carried out trade, leading to increase in population and hence the growth of the town - This town was the regional headquarters for the colonial administration and later served as the provincial headquarters of Nyanza province for a long time. - Kisumu‘s location on the shores of lake Victoria ensured adequate supply of water for domestic and industrial use. - Kisumu is a port that handles many goods from and to Uganda and Tanzania as well as the surrounding areas, this has enhanced trade and expansion of the town - The fishing activities and the processing of fish have contributed to the growth of Kisumu, since these activities attract many people. - Kisumu is surrounded by agriculturally productive areas that produce raw materials for industries that have come up in this town, boosting its growth(The first four - max. 8 marks)- The surrounding are densely populated, thus acting as a pool of labour for various industrial plants plants in the city - The availability of electricity from Uganda has enabled industries to grow and expand, causing the town to grow. ii) State four problems facing the city of Nairobi(4 marks)- High level of unemployment - Traffic congestion, especially during rush hours - Inadequate housing leading to development of slums - High level of pollution - air, water noise - Inadequate social amenities - High rate of crime and other social evils(The first four max 4 marks)(iii) Explain four negative effects urbanization(8 marks)- Environmental degradation resulting from pollution from many industries, fumes from the large number of vehicles e.t.c.- Crime and general insecurity due to a high level of unemploymentPage | 212Geography 312/1,312/2 - Inadequate housing facilities has made many people to live in congested houses and in slums - Strain on social amenities resulting from the rapid increase in the population - Traffic congestion due to many motor vehicles, causing traffic jams - Shortage of water. Some urban centres do not have reliable sources of water, which poses a health hazard - Unemployment. Many people flock to urban areas to look for jobs which hard to come by. - Immorality. Unemployment has made many youth to engage in immorality, leading to high incidences of diseases including HIV and AIDS in urban areas. Poor urban planning has resulted in the mushrooming of poor structures that often collapse, causing death of their occupants. Street families made up of unemployed men and women with children are a common site in many towns, these people often harass passer-by.(The first four - max. 8 marks)Page | 21300Geography 312/1,312/2 KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST - 2016 KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDAY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 SECTION A Answer all questions in this section 1.a) The diagram below shows the sun, the earth and the orbit of the moon round the earth. Study it and answer the questionsthat followAt what position is the moon likely to be for a solar eclipse to occur ?(1mark)b) State four proofs that the shape of the earth is spherical.(4mark)2.a) Distinguish between aridity and desertification.(2marks)b) Statethree human activities that lead to aridity and desertification.(3marks)3.a) State two factors that determine the amount of surface run-off.(2marks)b) Use the diagram below to answer questions (i) and (ii)J(1mark)L(1mark)ii) The drainage pattern shown in the diagram above.(1mark)4.a) Define solifatara(2marks)b) Statethree ways in which calderas can form(3marks)5.The diagram below shows underground features in a limestone area use it to answer the question below.(a) Name the features marked G and F.(2 marks)(b) Describe how the feature marked T is formed.(3 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and ANY OTHER TWO questions in this section6.Study the map of Migwani (1 : 50,000) sheet 151/1 provided and answer the following questions.(a) i) What is the title of the map extract.(1 mark)ii) Give the highest altitude of Migwani area.(2 marks)iii) Measure the distance of the dry weather road between the bridge at grid square 7069 and junction at Mutitu Ndooa shops in Kilometres.(2 marks)(b) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40mi)Draw a cross-section from Easting 04 to Easting 13 along Northing 79(4 marks)ii) On the cross section mark and name the following? River Munyuni? Steep slopePage | 21400Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Dry weather road.(4marks)iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section.(2marks)(c) Describe the drainage of Migwani area.(5marks)(d) With evidence from the map give five functions of Mutitu Ndooa town.(5marks)7.a) i) Differentiate between minerals and rocks.(2marks)ii) Givethreeways in which rocks can be classified.(3marks)b) i) Name one example of each of the following types of sedimentary rocks.? Chlorides(1mark)? Arenaceous(1mark)? Carbonaceous(1mark)ii) Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed through physical processes.(4marks)c) i) State three changes that occur in rocks during metamorphism(3mark)ii) Give two reasons why sedimentary rocks are dominant along the Kenyan coast.(2 marks)d) You are planning to carry out a field study on rocks in your county.i)State three reasons why it would be necessary for you to conduct a reconnaissance of the study area.(3marks)ii) Give two methods you would use to record data.(2marks)iii) Statethree importance of rocks you will identify(3marks)8.a) i) Define folding.(2marks)ii) Name one fold mountain in? Asia(1mark)? South America(1mark)? Europe(1mark)? North America(1markb) i) Apart from fold mountains name three other features resulting from folding(3marks)ii) With the aid of labelled diagrams, describe the formation of Fold Mountain.(8marks)c) Explain four effects of folding on human activities.(8marks)9.a) The diagram below represents zone of natural vegetation on a mountain within tropical regions.Use it to answer questions (a) and (b)i)Name the vegetation zones marked X, Y and Z(3marks)ii) Give two reasons why the mountain top has no vegetation.(2marks)b) Describe the characteristics of Savanna grasslands.(4marks)c) Explain four factors that have led to the decline of natural grasslands in Kenya.(8marks)d) You carried out a field study of different type of vegetation and their uses within your school vicinity.i)Identifythree activities you would carry out during the fieldstudy.(3marks)ii) How would you identify the different tree species?(3marks)iii) Describe two methods you would use to determine the height of the trees.(2marks)10. a) i)Name two components of soil.(2marks)ii) Give two ways in which soils are formed.(2marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation .i)Climate(4marks)ii) Topography(4marks)c) i) Other than soil erosion, state two other ways in which soils may be degenerated.(2 marks)ii) Briefly explain two effects of soil erosion to human activities.(4marks)iii) Draw a well labelled diagram of soil catena.(2marks)d) Your class intends to conduct a field study on an area under soil erosion within your district.e) i) Name two types of soil erosion they are likely to identify during the study.(2 marks)ii) State three conservation measures you are likely to recommend to the residents in the area of study.(3marks)Page | 21500Geography 312/1,312/2 KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST - 2016 KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDAY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E) GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) Give the relationship between Geography and Agriculture(2marks)b) State three significance of learning Geography(3marks)2.a) State two causes of floods.(2marks)b) Describe three measures which can be taken to reduce the destruction cause by floods(3marks)3.a) Name three horticultural crops grown in Kenya.(3marks)b) State three horticultural farming in the Netherland(2marks)4.a) Differentiate between balance of payments(2marks)b) State three benefits of regional trading blocks to member countries(3marks)5.a) Name two international airports in Kenya(2marks)b) Give three advantages of using mobile phones(3marks)SECTION BAnswer 6 and any OTHER TWO questions in this section6.The table below shows Kenya's milk production in '00(3 litres i ?orm 2007 to 2009. Use it to answer question (a)Cattle breed/ year200720082009Friesian30,00042,00050,000Ayrshire20,00033,00035,000Jersey16,00020,00025,000Guernsey12,00013,00020,000a)i) Using a scale of 1cm to represents 5000 litres, draw a comparative bar graph for the above data.(6 marks)ii) Calculate the percentage increase in milk production of the Ayrshire between 2008 and 2009.(2 marks)iii) Give two alternative methods that can be used torepresent the above data.(2marks)b)i)Apart from fresh milk, name two dairy products.(2marks)ii) State four human factors favouring dairy farming in the Kenya Highlands.(4marks)c)i) State three characteristics of dairy farming.(3marks)ii)Compare diary faming in Kenya and in Denmark.(6marks)7.a)i) Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests(2 marks)ii) The map below shows Kenya's forest zones. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.Identify the forests marked M and R.(2marks)iii) State three factors that lead to depletion of forests in Kenya(3marks)b) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya(6 marks)c) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following headings:i) Tree species(2marks)ii)M ode of exploitation(2marks)iii) Transport(2marks)d)i) State three factors favouring the development of softwood forests in Canada.(3marks)ii) Give three measures used to conserve forests in Kenya(3marks)8.a)i)Name two mining methods used to mine diatomite in Kariandusi in Kenya(2marks)ii) State three formations in which mineral ores occur.(3marks)b) State four factors influencing exploitation of minerals in Kenya.(4marks)c) Explain three negative effects of mining on the environment.(6marks)Page | 21600Geography 312/1,312/2 d)The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth's crust. i) Name the substances in the area labelled L, M and N.(3marks)ii)G ive two by-products obtained when refining crude oil.(2 marks)e) State five significance of mining in Kenya.(5marks)9.a) i)Distinguish between a fishery and fish farming.(2marks)ii) Apart from Lake Victoria, name three other inland fishing grounds in Kenya.(3marks)iii) State four problems experienced by Kenyan fishermen on the Lake Victoria fishing ground.(4 marks)b) The map below shows the North-West Atlantic fishing ground.Study it and answer the questions that follow.i) Give three major fish species found in the North - West Atlantic fishing ground(3 marks)ii) Identify the ocean currents labelled T and S.(2 marks)iii) Name the country labelled Q.(1mark)c) State four factors that influence large scale fishing in the North-West Atlantic coast.(4 marks)d) Explain three significance of fishing to the economy of Kenya.(6 marks)10. a) i)Name two types of rural settlement patterns.(2 marks)ii) Apart from urban-rural migration name two other types of migration.(2 marks)iii) State three factors that may lead to urban-rural migration.(3 marks)b) Apart from pollution, explain four problems experienced in urban centres.(8 marks)i) Name two non-food agricultural industries in Thika.(2 marks)ii) Explain four factors that have led to the growth of Thika as an industrial town.(8 marks)Page | 217Geography 312/1,312/2 KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST - 2016 GEOGRAPHY Paper 1 MARKING SCHEME 1.a) Position of the moon for a solar eclipse position A.(1 mark)b) Proofs that the shape of the earth is spherical i) Circumnavigation - If one travels from one point to a straight line, he /s he would come back to the same place. ii) Satellite photograph taken from space show the earth is spherical iii) A ship approaching a port is seen at the top first as the rest of the body seems to emerge as it gets nearer, iv) During a lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth on the moon is round. v) All planets are round. The earth is one of them. vi) Sun rises in the east and sets to the West. vii) The earth's horizon is curved.4 x 1 - 4 marks2.a) Distinguish between aridity and desertification.i) Aridity is a state of insufficient moisture in the atmosphere leading to scarcity of rainfall, high temperatures and scanty vegetation where as desertification is a slow and steady encroachment of desert-like conditions into areas previously cultivable.2 marksb) Three human activities that lead to aridity and desertification. ? Deforestation, hence reducing area under vegetation. ? Poor agricultural practices e.g. shifting cultivation. ? Bush fires and global warming from industrialization. ? Population pressure, hence encroachment into virgin land of forest.3 marks3.a) Factors that determine the amount of surface run-off? High intensity of rainfall. ? Low rate of evaporation increases surface runoff ? Slope of land /steep slopes encourage surface run-off. ? Presence of vegetation / bare surfaces increase's surface run-off. ? Saturated soil surfaces.any 2 x 1- 2 marksb) Use the diagram above to answer question bi) Name part labelledJ - Confluence1 markC - river mouth1 markii) The drainage pattern is dendritic. 1 mark 4.a) Define solfa tara.? Solfatara is a fumarole / subsidiary vent that emits sulphurous gas compounds. 2 marks b) State three ways in which caldera's are formed. ? By violent explosion ? By coudron / block subsidence. ? By outward collapsing.3 x 1 = 3marks5.a) The part labelled G and F.F - Limestone pillar G - stalactite b) How the feature labelled T is formed. ? Limestone solution (CaHC03) drips on the floor of a cave. ? Water evaporates leaving a column from the floor called stalagmite.3 marks6. a) Title East Africa 1 : 50,000 (Kenya)1 markii) Highest altitude of Migwani is 1530 metres.2 marksiii) 5.8 km ± 0.1km 2marks b) V.E = V.E = x =times=6. 25 times c) -Many permanent rivers. -River Ikoo is the main river. -It flows from NW to S.E -Most rivers form dendritic pattern. -Some rivers are in their old stage. -There are dams/ waterfalls on Munyini river i.e. Kisini, mboni.5 marksPage | 218Geography 312/1,312/2 d) - Trading - shops -Medical - health centres. -Piped water - water pipeline. -Transport - pipeline, dry weather road. -Administration chiefs office. -Religious - church. -Educational - schools. -Construction mow.5 marks7. a)i) Differentiate between minerals and rocks. Rocks are hard substances made up of mineral particles forming the earth's crust while minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substance with definite chemical composition and physical properties. 2 marks ii) Give three ways in which rocks can be classified ? By mode of formation. ? By physical and chemical characteristics. ? By age.3 x 1 mark - 3 marksb) i) One example of each of the following types of sedimentary rocks Chlorides - rocks salt / sodium chloride. 1mark Areneceous - sandstone / grit 1 mark Carbonaceous - coal 1 mark ii) Describe hoav- sedijtgentarv rocks are formed through physical processes ? Pre-existing rocks of metamorphic and igneous types undergo weathering and erosion. ? The weathered and eroded rock materials are' then transported and deposited over the land or in the sea / ocean by wind, water or ice. ? The deposited weathered materials accumulate over time, become compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks. any 4x1 = 4 marks c. i) Three changes that occur in rocks during metamorphism ? New minerals are formed. ? Rocks are hardened / become more resistant. ? Rock minerals may recrystalize ? Chemical composition of the rocks change. ? Physical appearance of the rock changes / altered3 marksii)T wo reasons why sedimentary rocks are dominant along the Kenyan Coasts. ? Some parts of the coastal plain emerged from the sea where sedimentation occurred. ? The coastal plain is a lowland which has facilitated deposition of weathered rock materials. ? The shallow continental shelf provides favourable environment for the coral polyps whose skeleton are deposited and accumulate to form rocks.any 2 x 1 = 2 marksd) i) Three reasons why it would be necessary to conduct a reconnaissance for the study ? To seek permission from relevant authority. ? Estimate the cost of study. ? Help in designing work schedule. ? Determine suitability of area of study. ? Identify likely problems to be encountered during the study / suggest possible ways of coping with them. ? Help to decide on method of data collection.3marksii) Two methods used to record data ? Taking photographs. ? Video / tape recording. ? Taking notes. ? Labelling samples. ? Filling in questionnaire.any 2x1 mark - 2 marksiii) Three importance of rocks identified ? Weathered rocks form rich agricultural soils for crop cultivation. ? Granitic tors form spectacular / beautiful scenery that attract tourists hence earn foreign exchange. ? Rocks are used in building and road construction. ? Some rocks store water exploited for domestic use. ? Rocks mined in quarries provide income and improve living standard. ? Some valuable rocks are mined for exportany 3 x / = 3 marks8.a)i) Define foldingFolding is the bending of crustal / rocks due to composition forces.2 marksii)F old mountains inAsia-Himalayas / UralsSouth America-AndesPage | 21900Geography 312/1,312/2 Europe-AlpsNorth America-Appalachians(4 marks)b) i) Other features of folding apart from fold mountain. ? Synclinal valleys / depressions. ? Rolling plains ? Ridges ? Interrnontane basins ? Interrnontane plateaus,any 3 x 1 ~ 3 marksii) Formation of Fold Mountains diagrams ? Extensive shallow depressions called geosynclines develop on the earth's surface. ? Prolonged and extensive erosion occurrence on the surrounding higher grounds. ? Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers. ? The weight of the sediments causes subsidence of the geosyncline leading to accumulation of more sediments to great thickness. ? Further subsidence of the geosyncline triggers off compressional forces which cause the sediments to fold. ? Folded layers of sediments in the geosyncline are thrust upwards which cause the sediments to fold. ? Folded layers of sediments in the geosyncline are thrust upwards to form Fold Mountains, along the edges of the geosyncline. diagram - 4Text -4 -8 marksc) Explain four effects of folding on human activities.(8 marks)? Features formed as a result of folding are tourist attractions. ? The windward side of fold mountains receive high rainfall which encourage agriculture/ settlement. ? High rainfall on the wind ward side of fold nits give rise to rivers which provide water for irrigation / domestic / industrial uses. ? Folding expose some minerals to the surface for easy mining / can bury other minerals deep making exploitation of the minerals difficult. ? Leeward side of fold Mts receives little rainfall encouraging livestock farming. ? Rugged landscape created by folding obstracts development of transport lines/ settlements / agriculture. 4x2 = 8 marks 9. i) Vegetation zones marked X, Y and Z X - Heath and moorland. Y - Bamboo forest Z - Rainforest.3 marksii) Why mountain top has no vegetation. Surface is mainly bare rocks hence no soii to support any vegetation. Very low temperatures to support any vegetation. Water is in snow form hence not available for plants. b) Characteristics of Savanna grassland ? Has a mixture of grass and trees. ? Grass dries up completely during the prolonged dry season. ? Vegetation is dominated by tall grass e.g. elephant grass towards wetter areas. ? Grass is short and tuff towards drier areas. ? Trees are scattered and stunted.any 4 x 1 - 4 marksc) Factors that have led to decline of natural grasslands in Kenya ? Frequent outbreak of fires that destroys grass, ? Pests and diseases, which destroy grass and reduce the rate of growth and regeneration. ? Domestic and wild animals overgraze clearing vegetations and causing stunied growth of grasses. ? Increase in human population encroaching into the grasslands replacing them with settlements and farms. 4 x 2 - 8 marks d) Activities you would carry out during the field study. ? Measuring and estimating the height of the plants. ? Taking photographs of the area and the plants. ! ? Collecting samples of plants. ? Counting the plants. Page | 22000Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Drawing sketches to show, vegetation distribution.? Identifying the different tree species,i) How to identify the different tree species? Observing the colours.? Examining leaf sizes, patterns and types of leaves.? Look at the nature of their bark.? Examining appearance of the plants? Examine the root system of the plants.ii) Describe two methods; you would use to determine the height of the trees. ? By measuring the exact height of a sample of the tree and then generalize. ? Reading through available records on the vegetation of the area.? By estimating the height,10.i) Two components of soil.? Soil water.? Soil air? Soil organic matter / humus.? Living organisms.? Mineral matter,ii) Two ways in which soils are formed.? Weathering.? Decomposition of organic matter.? Leaching.b) Factors which influence soil formationi) Climate.any 3 x 1 = 3 marksany 3x1 =3 marksany 2 x 1 = 2 marksany 1st 2 x 1 = 2 marksany 1st 2 x 1 = 2 marks ? Affects rate of weathering on a given rock through seasonal variation in rainfall and temperative. ? Areas of high precipitation are heavily leached and weathered. ? High temp, promote rapid weathering and chemical changes in the soil. ? Rainfall and temp, determine vegetation cover that determines organic matter. ? Running water and winds act as agents of soil erosion - depositing them to form fertile soils,2 x 2 = 4 marksii) Topography? Soils on mountains are heavily eroded hence are thin.? Soils on plateau gentle slopes are deep and well developed.? Plain and valley bottoms have deep soils due to deposition of weathered and eroded soils.2 x 2 - 4 marksc. i) Two other ways in which soils may be degenerated.? Soil water logging. ? Burning and land /shifting cultivation or bum. ? Deforestation. ? Overcropping. ? Overgrazing. ? Monoculture.? Wrong fertilizer application.ii) Briefly explain two effects of soil erosion to human activities.? Deposited sand on river beds, can be harvested for building construction. ? Soil erosion loosens productive top soil lowering agriculture potential of land. ? Rich alluvium soils deposited support agriculture.? Destruction of vegetation cover may lead to aridity and desertification. ? Eroded sediments from farmlands and damp sites can be pollutants. ? Sediments may fill water reservoirs.? Soil - erosion may destroy structures.d)any 1st 2x 1 = 2 marksany 1st 2x 2 = 4 marks1 mark Page | 221Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Two types of soil erosion ? Gulley ? Sheet ? Splash ? Rill ? Windany 1st 2 x 1 = 42marksiii) Four conservation measures. ? Crop rotation to prevent soil exhaustion. Mixed farming to improve soil fertility. ? Cover cropping to reduce impact of raindrops. Mulching to prevent loss of moisture Contour ploughing to check surface run off. Strip cropping to reduce speed of surface runoff. ? Afforestation to create soil covers. ? Regulate livestock numbers to reduce ? Overgrazingany 4 x 1 = 4 marksPage | 222Geography 312/1,312/2 KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST - 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 312/2 MARKING SCHEME 1. a) Relationship between Geography and Agriculture Agriculture is the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals, Geography studies fanning systems, their distribution and the factors affecting farming activities. 2 marks b) Three significance of learning Geography ? It helps learners to develop skills which are used to study the environment. ? It teachers methods of collecting and representing geographical information. ? It enables learners to understand and appreciate different environmental influences of societies. ? Encourages international awareness and cooperation. ? Geography teaches how to manage time properly. ? Geography is a tool of better citizenship, ? Geography is a career subject. ? Geography helps us to acquire positive attitudes and values in society.(3 x1=3marks)2.a) Causes of floods? When the level of water in the lake / sea rises due to increased rainfall water will flood the surrounding low land. ? When a river contains excess water which it fails to hold into its channel, the excess water overflows. b) Measures of reducing the destruction caused by floods. ? Dams can be built across rivers to control the speed and amount of water flowing down stream. ? Reaforestation would improve water retention on land and would reduce the amount of water and silt getting into the rivers. ? Improving the river channel by dredging would increase the channel's capacity to hold more water and prevent the excess water from spilling over. 3. a)Three horticultural corps grown in Kenya ? Fruits - oranges / mangoes / lemons. ? Flowers - gladio / lavenda / orchids. ? Vegetables - cabbages / kales / tomatoes.(3marks)b) State two significance of horticultural fanningin the Netherlands.? Products are exported to earn the country foreign exchange. ? Products are raw materials for industries: fruit canning, vegetable oils. ? Source of employment. ? Source of income to farmers hence raise their standard of living. ? Has ensured effective use of reclaimed land / polders. ? Provides food and flowers to the population. 4.a) Balance of trade is the difference in value between visible imports and exports while balance of payments is the differencein value between both the visible and invisible imports and exports of a country.(2 marks)b) Benefits of regional trading blocs to member countries. ? Creation of harmony and co-operation among member state / interaction. ? Creation of a large market for goods to be bought and sold. ? Reduction of tariffs making goods cheaper. ? Industrial development due to expanded market for goods. ? Higher living standards among people due to availability of goods. ? Creation of employment opportunities through expansion of agriculture and industries. ? Development of transport and communication encouraged by interstate trade. ? Investment in joint development projects. ? Goods are readily available(3 marks)5.a)Two international airports in Kenya.? Jomo Kenyatta international airport. ? Moi international Airport. ? Kisumu international airport.(2x1 =2marks)b) Give three advantages of using mobile phones. ? Mobile phones are portable. ? They are cheap. ? They are fast in communication. ? One get immediate feedback.(3 x 1 = 3marks)SECTION B6.The table below shows Kenya‘s milk production in '000 litres from 2007 to 2009. Use it to answer question (a)(a) ii) Calculate the percentage increase in production of the Ayrshire between 2008 and 2009.(2marks)35,000-33,000 x 100 = 6.061(2 x 1=2marks)Page | 223Geography 312/1,312/2 33,000 iii) Give two alternative methods that can be used to represent the above data.(2 marks)? Compound bar graph.? Proportional divided circles.? Comparative line graphs(2x1 = 2 marks)b)i Apart from fresh milk, name two other dairy products(2 marks)? Cheese ? Butter ? Yoghurt ? Ghee ? Powder milk. (2x1=2marks) ii)S tate four human factors favouring, dairy farming in the Kenya Highlands (4 marks) ? Cool temp of about 1 o°C ideal for survival of exotic cattle. ? Plenty of nutritious grass in the highlands. ? Fertile volcanic soils which ensure high qualify grass all through. ? High rainfall of about 1000mm to ensure growth of pasture / drinking water. ? High population that provides ready market. ? Many permanent rivers which are sources of water for dairy cattle. ? Passable roads for quick transport of milk to the market.(4x1=4marks)c)i)Give three characteristics of dairy farming(3 marks)? Dairy cattle are reared in both temperate and tropical lands where suitable climatic conditions exist / cool areas / high rainfall. ? Mainly practiced in areas which enjoy good economy / developed infrastructure / high standards of living / where there is good market. ? Dairy farming is associated with high modem technologies which process and hygienically pack the products for domestic and international markets. ? Specific breeds of cattle with high milk yield capacity are reared e.g. Friesian, Jersey. (3x1=3marks) ii) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and in Denmark. ? In Denmark the cattle mainly depend on fodder crops and commercial feeds while in Kenya the cattle depend on natural grass/ fodder and commercial feeds are limited. ? In Denmark mechanization is widely used while in Kenya mechanisation is limited especially on small scale dairy farms In Denmark there are constant dairy yields throughout the year due to high quality feeds and care while in Kenya yields fluctuate highly due to climatic changes/ drought. ? In Denmark extension services and artificial insemination are widely used while in Kenya use of A.l and extension sendees is limited to only a few areas due to shortage of capital. ? In Denmark dairy cooperatives are well managed and developed while in Kenya most of the dairy cooperatives have suffered mismanagement / have inadequate capital. (3x2=6marks) 7.Differentiate between indigenous and exotic forests.(i) Indigenous forest is a forest that is made up of trees which are native / natural to country / region while exotic forest is aforest that is composed of trees that are alien to a country(2marks)(ii) identify forest marked M and R(2 marks)M - Equatorial.R - Montane forest(2 marks)iii) State three factors that lead to depletion of forests in Kenya.(3 marks)? The government policy of degazettement has allowed illegal cultivation and settlement in forest areas. ? Increased population of elephants that destroy trees, ? Prolonged droughts have caused drying of some trees. ? Plant diseases and pest destroy part of forests. ? Over exploitation of certain species of trees. (3x1=3marks) b ) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the slopes of Mt. Kenya. ? The area receives high rainfall / 1000 mm - 2200 mm throughout the year which encourages continuous growth of trees. ? The area has deep fertile volcanic soil that allow the roots for penetration deep into the ground support trees. ? The area is gazetted reserve prohibiting cultivation and settlement hence allowing growth of trees. ? The steep slopes discourage settlement thus forests thrive (3x2=6marks) c) Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following headings; (i) Trees species Page | 224Geography 312/1,312/2 KenyaCanadaBoth exotic andTree species areIndigenous tree speciesgenerally coniferousare grown, e.g. pinewhich are soft woodsCypress, fir tree, watlee.g. pine, fir, spruce, etc(2marks)and podo and African pencil (ii) Mode of exploitation.2 marks ? In Kenya workers are transported to the logging sites daily while in Canada logging involves setting up a settlement for workers within a region to be harvested.(2 marks)(iii) Transport Kenya transportation is mainly by road transport while in Canada transport is mainly by water transport. (2marks) d)i)State three factors favouring the development of softwood forest in Canada. ? Cool to cold climate favours the growth of coniferous trees. ? Rugged landscape and steep slopes discourages agriculture and settlement hence forest establish themselves naturally. ? Canada has a lo w population density hence a lot of land for forestry. ? Presence of heavy rainfall on the windward slopes of mountain ranges supports trees growth.( 3xI=3marks) ii) Give three measures used to conserve forests in Kenya.(3 marks)? Mature trees felled are replaced immediately. ? Tree farming is practiced in many parts with the aim of raising trees for future use. ? Regions which previously were devoid of trees are being planted with trees. ? People are now being encouraged to plant trees and food crops in the same farms. ? The reduction of wastage e.g. the use of waste paper to produce newsprint ? People are required to seek permits if they have to cut trees. This reduces the rate of trees felling /' unlicensed people do not cut down trees. ? Forest reserves have been set aside to conserve indigenous species. ? Forestry department of the ministry of natural resources carry out research to produce arid distribute seedlings to ensure the extension of forest. ? People are being educated through mass media on the importance of trees. (3x1=3marks) 8.a)i)Name two mining methods used to mine diatomite in Kariandusi in Kenya(2marks)? Open cast ? Adit mining ii) State three formations in which minerals ores occur. ? Veins and lodes ? Seams or layers ? weathering products(3x1= 3 marks)b) State four factors influencing exploitation of minerals in Kenya ? Value of the mineral ? Size of the mineral deposit ? Quality of the ore ? Transport cost ? Availability of labour ? Method of extraction ? Political influences / border disagreement. Civil wars. ? Demand for the mineral ? Availability of capital (4x1=4marks) c) Explain three negative effects of mining on the environment. ? Mining causes land dereliction / ugly lands /badlands. ? Mining cause pollution of environment ?? air, noise, water soil ? It causes loss of biodiversity - animals migrate, vegetation cleared. ? Leads to soil erosion since land remains bare ? Mining may lead to landslides ? Mining may lower the water table of a given place(6marks)d) i)Name the substances in the areas labeled L. M and NL - Petroleum / oilM - waterN - Gas(3 marks)ii) Give two by-products obtained when refining crude oil? TarPage | 225Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Wax ? Bitumen/pitch/asphalt ? Grease lubricants ? Resin/petro-chemicals(2marks)e) State five significance of mining in Kenya ? Minerals provide raw materials for industries. ? Mining leads to development of transport and communication - road, railways, telephone. ? Mining creates employment. ? Mining leads to development of settlements / towns - e.g. Magadi town ? Minerals are exported to earn foreign exchange. ? Mining leads to development of social amenities e.g. hospitals, schools.(5 marks)9.a)i)Distinguish between a fishery and fish farming.? A fishery is an area where fish are reared or caught in numbers while fish farming refers to the rearing of fish in ponds.(2marks)iii) Apart from Lake Victoria, name three other inland fishing grounds in Kenya(3 marks)? Lakes e.g. L. Turkana? Rivers e.g. R. Tana? Reservoirs e.g. Masinga.(3 marks)iii) State four problems experienced by Kenyan fishermen on the Lake Victoria fisning ground .(4 marks)? The occurrence of strong winds leads to high waves causing accidental drowning / destruction of fishing vessels and nets. ? Most fishermen lack appropriate storage / preservation facilities which cause heavy losses of catch / low catch. ? Presences of floating vegetation / water hyacinth which entangle and tear the fishing nets which is a loss to the fishermen. ? Parts of the lake shores are swampy / marshy which makes the landing of the catch difficult. ? Insecurity / theft of fish and fishing equipment discourages the fishermen. b)i)Give three major fish species found in the North - West Atlantic fishing ground(3 marks)? Cod ? Halibut ? Haddock ? Flounder ? Hake ? Herring ? Mackerels ii)Identify the ocean currents labelled T and S, ? T - Cold Labrador current ? S - Warm Gulf stream current(2 marks)iii) Name the country labelled Q.(1 mark)? Canada c) State four factors that influence large scale fishing in the North-West Atlantic coast. (4 marks) ? Broad shallow continental shelf which provides favourable conditions for growth of planktons on which fish feeds ? Cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream converge resulting in cool temp which favour the growth of planktons. ? Rugged Landscape has hampered agriculture forcing many people to concentrate on fishing. ? Availability of advanced technology enables them to have large ships with refrigerated facilities. ? Large population provides ready market for fish / labour required. d) Explain three significance of fishing to the economy of Kenya(6 marks)? Source of employment. ? Tourists attraction - sport fishing. ? Facilitate development of industries. ? Medical value. / Sources of protein in food ? Income generation. ? Source of foreign exchange. ? Development of settlement. ? Improvement of infrastructure. 10.a)i)Two types of rural settlement patterns? Nucleated / clustered.? Scattered / dispersed.? Linear.(any 1st 2 x 1 = 2 marks)ii) Two other types of migration apart form Urban - Rural.? Urban - urban? Rural - rural.Page | 226Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Rural - urban(any 1st 2 x 1=2marks)iii) State three factors that may lead to urban-rural migration. ? Retirement from formal employment in urban areas. ? In availability of jobs in urban centres. ? Insecurity in urban centres / high crime rates. ? The strategy of District Focus you Rural Development / government policy. ? Provision of infrastructural facilities in rural areas. ? Setting up of industries in rural areas. ? Devolution of resources/services to rural (counties)(3marks)b) Apart from pollution, explain four problems experienced in Urban centres. ? Insecurity due to high rate of criminal activities. ? In availability of jobs in urban centres due to many job seekers. ? Inadequate bousing facilities due to inadequate resources for building houses. ? Limited land for expansion due to rapid population growth. ? Traffic congestion due to increased concentration of activities in the CBD ? Inadequate transport facilities due to increase in urban population. ? Inadequate social amenities e.g. schools, hospitals to cater for the rapid population growth in urban centres.(any 1st 4x2 =8marks) c)i)Two non-food agricultural industries in Thika. ? Leather tanning. ? Tobacco treatment / processing. ? Textiles. ? Cotton spinning.(any 1st 2x1=2marks) ii) Four factors that have led to the growth of Thika town as an industrial centre ? Abundant water supply from River Chania for industrial uses. ? Roads / railway links / accessibility have made it easy to receive raw materials/sell industrial products. ? High population around Thika provide ready marker for industrials products. ? The rich agricultural hinterland has provided raw materials for the industries. ? Nearness to Nairobi has lead to industrial i interdependence. ? Government policy of decentralization of industries has encouraged its growth.(any 1st 4x2 =8marks)Page | 22700Geography 312/1,312/2 KAMDARA JET 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY TIME: 2? Hours SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1 a) Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather station(2 marks)b) The diagram below represents a weather measuring instrument. Use it to answer the questions that follow.(i) Which element of weather is measured using the instrument shown above(1 mark)(ii) Describe how the above instrument is used(2 marks)2 Explain how an overthrust fold is formed(4 marks)3 a) What is latitude?(2 mark)b) What is the time at Hola on 400E when the time at Tema on 00 longitude is 12:00 noon(2 marks)4 a) Statetwo causes of submergence of coasts(2 marks)b) Name two features resulting from submergence of highland coasts(2 marks)c) Explain how waves transport material by the longshore drift process(3 marks)5 a) State two factors which influence occurrence of surface run-off(2 marks)b) The diagram below shows a waterfall. Name the features marked X, Y and Z(3 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from this section6.Study the map of Busia 1:50,000(sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.a i) Give the six figure grid reference of the reservoir to the North West of the area covered by the map(1mark)ii) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area represented by the map(1mark)iii) Name the type of map being used in this question(1mark)iv) Give the two ways which this map has been identified(2 marks)v) Measure the distance of the loose surface road (B 8/3) from Northing 41 to the Northern edge of the map(2marks)b) i) Calculate the area to the west of the international boundary shown in the area covered by the map(2 marks)ii) Name two man made features found in Grid square 2928(2 marks)c) i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 40 metres, draw a cross section from Easting 30 Eastwards to Easting 36 alongNorthing 35.ii) On it mark and name the following? a river(1 mark)? Loose surface road(1 mark)? Riverine vegetation(1 mark)iii) Calculate the Vertical exaggeration (VE) of the section(2 marks)d) i) Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map(4 marks)ii) Citing evidence from the map, explain two factors that favour trading in the area(4 marks)7 a) What is climate?(2 marks)Page | 22800Geography 312/1,312/2 The map below shows both climatic regions and vegetation types of the world. Use it to answer question b. b i) Name the climatic regions marked E, F and G(3 marks)ii) Describe five characteristics of the Mediterranean climate(5 marks)iii) Identify the temperate grasslands found in? Canada(1 mark)? Australia(1mark)c) Explain four ways in which the desert vegetation has adopted to the harsh Climatic conditions.(8marks)d) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation(a) Relief(2 marks)(b) Soils(3 marks)8 a) i) What is an ice sheet?(2 marks)ii) Give two reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya(2 marks)iii) Explain three factors influencing the movements of ice from the place of accumulation(6 marks)b) The diagram below shows types of moraines in a valley glacier. Use it to answer belowIdentify the moraines marked S,T and V(3 marks)c) i) Describe the formation of Lake Victoria(4 marks)ii) Explain how Lake Victoria has modified the climate in the area(4 marks)iii) State why some Lakes in the Rift valley have fresh water(4 marks)9 a i) Name two features resulting from wind erosion(2 marks)ii) Describe the following processes of wind erosion? Deflation(3 marks)? Attrition(2marks)b) Explain three factors influencing wind deposition(6 marks)c) The diagram below shows features resulting from formation of water in an arid area. Use it to answer (i) and (ii)iIdentify the features marked E F and G(3marks)Page | 229Geography 312/1,312/2 iiDescribe how the above features are formed(5 marks)d) Name four features formed in inland drainage basins in arid areas(4 marks)10 a i) Name three components of soil(3 marks)ii) Differentiate between Zonal soils and intra zonal soils(2 marks)b i) Explain how the following processes of leaching occur? Elluviation(3 marks)? Salinisation(3 marks)? Ferralization(3marks)ii) Explain three factors that cause soil erosion(6marksc) You are supposed to carry out a field study on an eroded areaiWhat information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is severely eroded(2marks)iiState three recommendations you would give to control soil erosion(3 marks)Page | 23000Geography 312/1,312/2 KAMDARA JET - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY TIME: 23/4 HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in the section . 1) a) Distinguish between land reclamation and land rehabilitation(2 Marks)b) State three significance of irrigation farming in Kenya(3 Marks)2) a) Name two types of human settlement(2 Marks)b) Give three functional zones of an urban center(3 Marks)3) a)(i) What is geothermal power?(2 Marks)(ii) Name two sites of geothermal power potential in Kenya.(2 marks)b) State two reasons why geothermal power is not well developed in Kenya.(2 Marks)4) a) Name two environmental hazard associated with climatic conditions(2 Marks)b) State three negative effects of uncollected garbage on the environment(3 Marks)5) a) What is mining?(1 Marks)b) State three negative effects of mining on the physical environment(3 Marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questionsStudy the photograph below and answer questions (a) and (b)a)(i) Name the type of photograph shown above(1 Mark)(ii) Identify the activity being carried out in the photograph(1 mark)b)(i) Draw a rectangle measuring 12cm by 8cm to represent the area of the photograph(1 Mark)(ii) On the rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph(4 Marks)c)(i) Give five methods used to preserve fish in Kenya(5 Marks)(ii) State five problems experienced by fishermen in Lake Victoria(5 Marks)d) Outline four differences between fishing in Kenya and Japan(8 Marks)7) a)(i) Name two species of coffee grown in Kenya(2 Marks)(ii) State three physical conditions necessary for the growth of coffee(3 Marks)(iii) Identify three counties in Kenya where coffee farming is practiced(3 Marks)b) Highlight five problems facing coffee farming in Kenya(5 Marks)c) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing(7 Marks)d) Your class intends to carry out a field study on coffee harvesting in a farm(i) State two ways in which your class members will prepare for the study(2 Marks)(ii) Identify three activities the students will engage in during the actual fields study(3 Marks)8)(a)(i) Define the term industry.(2 marks)(ii) Name three Agricultural non-food processing industries in Kenya.(3 marks)(b) Explain three main factors that influence the location and development of industries.(6 marks)(c) Explain the measures that should be taken to control the following effects of industrialization.(i) Rural urban migration(4 marks)(ii) Water pollution(2 marks)(d) Account for the growth of Iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of Germany.(8 marks)9)(a) Name three types of dairy cattle kept in Kenya(3 marks)(b)(i) State four condition that favour dairy farming in the Kenyan highlands.(4 marks)(ii) Explain three problems facing dairy farmers in Kenya.(6 marks)(c)(i) State three measurers the government of Kenya is taking to improve dairy farming.(3 marks)(ii) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark.(4 marks)Page | 231Geography 312/1,312/2 (d) You intend to carry out a field study in a dairy farm. (i) Give three methods you would use to collect information.(3 marks)(ii) State two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study.(2 marks)10) a)(i) Define re-afforestation(2 Marks)(ii) State four reasons why afforestation should be encouraged in Kenya(4 Marks)(iii) Name three provinces in Canada where forestry is practiced on large scale(3 Marks)b) Explain three problems which hinder the Kenya government efforts to manage and Conserve forest(6 Marks)c) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forest on the slopes of Mount Kenya(6 Marks)d) Identify four factors that favour exploitation of forest in Canada(4 Marks)Page | 232Geography 312/1,312/2 KAMDARA JET - 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section 1 a) Name two elements of weather that can be recorded at a school weather station(2 marks)?Sunshine?Temperature?Humidity?Wind?Precipitation?Atmosphere( 2x1= 2mks)b)(i)Which element of weather is measured using the instrument shown above(1 mark)?duration and intensity of sunshine(ii) Describe how the above instrument is used(2 marks)?When the sun shines, the glass ball focuses the sun‘s rays on the sensitized card/paper.?The focused rays burn the sensitive paper.?Continuous sunshine produces a continuous burnt line on the card.?Intermittent sunshine show gaps of unburnt parts on the sensitized card.?The card is long to register recordings from sunrise to sunset in hours.?The length of all the burnt sections is added to obtain total hours of sunshine for the day.?The readings are taken and recorded daily after which the sensitized paper is changed for the next day.2Explain how an overthrust fold is formed(4 marks)?Layers of crystal rocks are subjected to compressional forces.?Intense folding results in the formation of over fold.?Continued compressional cause the over fold to fold further into recumbent fold due to intense pressure.?Great pressure causes a fracture to occur on one limb along the thrust plane?The upper part of the recumbent fold is thrust over the lower part along the thrust plane.Explanation 3 marks: Diagram 1 mark 3a) What is latitude?(2 mark)? Latitude is an imaginary line running from west to east and shows how far a place is North or South from the Equator. b) What is the time at Hola on 400E when the time at Tema on 00 longitude is 12:00 noon (2 marks) Difference in degrees =400 10_4 min 400_? (40*4)=160 min 1 hour_60 min ?_160 min =2 hrs 40 mins(Show calculations)4a) State two causes of submergence of coasts(2 marks)?Rise in the sea level?Regional subsidence of the coast land?Increased rainfall leading toFlooding along the coast( 2x1= 2mks)b)Name two features resulting from submergence of highland coasts(2 marks)?Fjords?Rias or Greeks?Islanda?Estuaries?Sounds?Broad continental shelf( 2x1= 2mks)c)Explain how waves transport material by the longshore drift process(3 marks)?Waves approach the shore obliquely?On breaking, the swash sends particles up the beach in a straight line/continuation of the path of the breaking waves.?When the water retreats the particles are rolled back to the water front by the backwash at right angles to the shore due togravity?Next swash pushes the particles up the beach obliquely and are brought back to water front at right angles by backwash?The particles change position along the shore.( 3x1= 3mks)5a) State two factors which influence occurrence of surface run-off(2 marks)?Heavy rainfall increases surface run-off?Low rate of evaporation?Slopping ground or steep slopesPage | 233Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Presences of impervious rocks or soil surface ? Bare surfaces or absence of vegetation ( 2x1= 2mks) b) X-Resultant rock or Cap rock Y- Water fall Z-Rock boulder SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other twoquestions from this section 6 a i) Give the six figure grid reference of the reservoir to the North West of the area covered by the Map ?204471(1mark)ii) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area represented by the map(1mark)?1568Miii) Name the type of map being used in this question(1mark)? Topographical map iv) Give the two ways which this map has been identified(2 marks)? Map series Y731 ? Sheet Number 101/1 ? Map edition 5-D.O.S 1970( 2x1= 2mks)v) Measure the distance of the loose surface road (B 8/3) from Northing 41 to the Northern edge of the map?10.5 +/- 1(9.5-11(2mks)b) i) Calculate the area to the west of the international boundary shown in the area covered by the map(30.5 + or -0.5 (30-31km2)(2 marks)ii) Name two man made features found in Grid square 2928(2 marks)settlementBridgeAll weather: loose surface road(2x1= 2mks)c) i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 40 metres, draw a cross section from Easting 30Eastwards to Easting 36 along Northing 35.ii) On it mark and name the following? a river(1 mark)? Loose surface road(1 mark)? Riverine vegetation(1 mark)iii) Calculate the Vertical exaggeration (VE) of the section(2 marks)V.E =V.S/H.S=1/40,000÷ 1/50,000=12.5d) i) Describe the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map(4 marks)? There is dense settlement all over because the land is gently sloping? Steep areas have been avoided because they are prone to erosion and construction of houses is difficult? Swampy areas have also been avoided because they are prone to flooding and are habitats for disease vectors? The area is also highly accessible by road leading to dense settlement( 4x1= 4mks)ii) Citing evidence from the map, explain two factors that favour trading in the area(4 marks)? There are dense settlements which suggests availability of market for the variety of goods and services ? The area has a well-developed transport like All-weather road Loose surface road for delivery of goods and services (2x2 = 4marks) 7 a) What is climate(2 marks)? Average weather conditions of a day recorded over along period of time ie.30-35 yearsb i) Name the climatic regions marked E, F and G(3 marks)? E-Cool temperate continental? F-Cool temperate Eastern Margin/Laurentian type? G-Coo temperate Western Margin( 3x1= 3mks)ii) Describe five characteristics of the Mediterranean climate(5 marks)? Moderate temperatures ranging between 10?c in winter to 21?c in summer ? Summer skies are clear ? Rain falls in mainly in winter when the Westerlies are on shore ? Cyclonic rainfall is received ? Moderate rainfall amounts vary from 500mm-900mm.( 5x1= 5mks)iii) Identify the temperate grasslands found in? Canada---Prairies(1mark)? Australia—Downs(1mark)c) Explain four ways in which the desert vegetation has adopted to the harsh climatic conditions. (8marks)Page | 234Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Some plants have thick succulent Leaves or backs to store water ? Some have long roots to tap water from underground ? Some plants have thin spiky or needle like leaves or waxy leaves to reduce rate of transpiration. ? Some seeds remain dormantfor long. ? Some plants have thick or hard barks to reduce transpiration. ? Some plants are quick sprouting to take advantage of the short-lived desert rains. ? Some plants have thorns to protect themselves against browsing animals. N/B word some must be used(4×2= 8 marks)d) Explain how the following factors influence the distribution of vegetation(a)Relief(2 marks)? High altitude areas have low temperature which encourage scanty vegetation/low altitude areas have moderate temperaturewhich encourage dense vegetation? Gently sloping areas are all drained hence encouraging dense vegetation growth /steep slopes experience? Flat areas tend to be waterlogged( 2x1= 2mks)(b) Soils(3 marks)? Fertile soils have a variety of nutrients which encourage the growth vegetation/infertile soils have insufficient nutrients leading to scanty vegetation ? Medium textured soils are well drained thus support a variety of plants/fine textured soils are poorly drained leading to scanty vegetation ? Deep soils enable the penetration of long roots thereby support soils support vegetation with shallow roots hence cannot support grass vegetation( 3x1= 3mks)8 a) i) What is an ice sheet(2 marks)? An ice sheet is a continuous mass of ice covering a large area of land ii) Give two reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya(2 marks)? Kenya experiences high temperatures under which ice sheet cannot form ? Most parts of Kenya has low altitude ? Kenya is found at low latitudes ( 2x1= 2mks) iii) Explain three factors influencing the movements of ice from the place of accumulation (6 marks) ? Gradient of the land-Ice moves faster when the slope is steep than gentle ? Temperatures or seasonal changes-High temperatures result into thawing leading to faster movement of ice ? Nature of the surface-when the surface on which ice is moving is rough, it causes friction thus lowering the speed of the movement of ice ? Size or thickness of glacier-large masses of ice exert pressure which lead to melting of ice underneath ( 3x2= 6mks) b) i)Identify the moraines marked S,T and V(3 marks)S-Medial MoraineT-Lateral MoraineV-Terminal Moraine( 3x1= 3mks)c) i) Describe the formation of Lake Victoria(4 marks)? Earth movements occurred in the region ,they caused crustal down warping of the plateau ? This resulted in the formation of a basin like depression on the plateau ? The landmass around the basin especially to the west and south was uplifted ? The rivers which were flowing westwards across the plateau started flowing Eastwards due to back tilting of the plateau ? This reversal of drainage caused riverwaters to flood their valleys and fill the depression to form a lake( 4x1= 4mks)ii) Explain how Lake Victoria has modified the climate in the area(4 marks)? Moisture resulting from evaporation of lake water has increased the relative humidity in the area ? The regular land and lake breezes have moderated the temperatures. This lowers the diurnal range of temperatures and keep temperatures warm all year round ? The high rate of evaporation from the lake leads to formation of convectional rainfall in the area ? The moisture from the lake has led to an increase in the amount of rainfall received in the area. The lake breezes may strengthen, divert or completely reverse the prevailing winds( 4x1= 4mks)iii) State why some Lakes in the Rift valley have fresh water(4 marks)? They have surface outlets through which excess salt deposition are carried away. Some have subterranean /underground outlets that drain salts that may accumulate in the lake beds ? The lakes have regular inflow of fresh water from rivers, which dilutes the salts keeping the water fresh ? Some are situated in areas of low temperatures resulting in less rate of evaporation 9 a i) Name two features resulting from wind erosion(2 marks)? Rock pedestalVentifacts? ZeugenYardang? Mushroom blockDeflation hollow and Oasis( 2x1= 2mks)Page | 235Geography 312/1,312/2 ii)Describe the following processes of wind erosionDeflation(3 marks)?Blowing away of any dry unconsolidated materials like dust and fine sand particles?Materials are rolled and lifted up in the air?Deflation is mainly influenced by nature of the desert landscape and the energy and velocity of the wind currents.( 3x1= 3mks)Attrition(2marks)?Is the wearing away of the wind-borne materials since they are in constant movement from one region to another?As the materials are being moved, they rub against rock surface as they collide against each other?Materials are worn out and reduce in smaller fragments( 2x1= 2mks)b)Explain three factors influencing wind deposition(6 marks)?Nature of the desert surface-bare surface has a different effect on deposition than where there is a water massA water surface or a moist ground impedes transportation of materials on ground leading to deposition?Obstacles-presences of obstacles create friction trapping the load.?Strength and direction of wind-when wind slackens deposition starts to take place.?Variation in weather conditions-sudden showers cause the wind to deposit materials?Amount of load carried-when wind is carrying too many particles ,some drop due to constant collision(3×2= 6mks)c)i)Identify the features marked E,F and G(3marks)?E-Cap rock?F-Buttes?G-Mesa( 3x1= 3mks)ii)Describe how the above features are formed(5 marks)?Form where sedimentary rocks are capped with resistant layer of rock?Features formed through weathering and erosion of plateau surfaces?Less-resistant surface stratum undergoes physical weathering and is later removed by sheet floods until a horizontal stratumis reached.?Continued erosion leads to the resistant rock protecting the other layer beneath from erosion. This results in residual hills thathave a tabular shape?With continued erosion the mesas are reduced to Buttes( 5x1= 5mks)d)Name four features formed in inland drainage basins in arid areas(4 marks)?Alluvial fans and bajadasPediments? Pediplains? Playas/sebka( 4x1= 4mks)10 a i) Name three components of soil(3 marks)? Inorganic matter? Organic matter? Water? Air( 3x1= 3mks)ii) Differentiate between Zonal soils and intra zonal soils(2 marks)? Zonal soils are mature soils with a well developed profile that reflects the influence of climate and biological organisms while intra-Zonal soils are soils formed under poor drainage conditions b i) Explain how the following processes of leaching occur Elluviation(3 marks)Is the mechanical wearing a way of fine mineral particles like those of clay from the upper layer into the middle or lower layer? Materials are transported in suspension by water Salinisation(3 marks)? Occurs when there is increasing dryness of the soil ? Salts in solution are drawn upwards by capillary action ? On reaching the surface, water evaporates ? The dissolved salts are then deposited on the soil surface ? This results in the accumulation of salts on and near the surface Ferralization(3marks)? Also called laterization ? Process leads to formation of lateritic soil ? Common in warm to hot ,humid regions especially in equatorial regions and tropical climates ? Formed in regions with low relief, periodic wet and dry seasons and open vegetation ? Areas experience rapid leaching and accumulation of hard pans of iron and aluminium ? oxides Page | 236Geography 312/1,312/2 ? occurs as a result of silica with the bases being leached from the soil ? silica is leached from the soil while oxides accumulate resulting in the hardening of the top layer. ii) Explain three factors that cause soil erosion(6marks)? Clearance of vegetation covers through deforestation, burning or overgrazing ? Excavation works like quarrying, mining and road construction. ? Poor cultivation methods -ploughing up and down the s ? Shifting cultivation leads to soil exhaustion hence soil erosion ? Monoculture deprives the soil of some nutrients making it prone to soil erosion ? Overgrazing exposes the soil to agents of erosion ? Cultivation on steep slopes leads to soil erosion (Well explained Farming practices to score(3×2 = 6mks)c) You are supposed to carry out a field study on an eroded areai)What information would you collect through observation that would indicate that the area is severely eroded(2marks)? Presence of gullies? Bare ground? Absence of vegetation cover( 2x1= 2mks)ii) State three recommendations you would give to control soil erosion(3 marks)? build gabions\ ? terracing ? Planting cover crops ? Afforestation and reforestation ? environmental awareness( 3x1= 3mks)Page | 237Geography 312/1,312/2 KAMDARA JET - 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 6) a) Distinguish between land reclamation and land rehabilitation ? Land reclamation is the process of converting formerly marginal/waste/unproductive land into productive land for growing crops and keeping livestock while land rehabilitationis the process of restoring land to its former productive state. (2x1 = 2 mks) b) State three significance of irrigation farming in Kenya ? Irrigation farming earns farmers income when they sell produce ? Creates employment to people ? Leads to reclamation of unproductive land ? Earns foreign exchange when crops are exported e.g. horticultural crops ? Leads to development of social amenities/ open up remote area ? Leads to food production in the country ? Leads to industrialization/some crops are raw materials to some industries(3 X 1 = 3mks)7) a) Name two types of human settlement ? Rural settlement ? Urban settlement(2x1 = 2 mks)b) Give three functional zones of an urban center ? Central Business District ? Transitional Zone ? Industrial Zone ? Residential Zone ? Commuter Zone(3 X 1 = 3mks)3)(a)(i)What is Geothermal power??-It is power derived from the super-heated water/ steam within the earth‘s crust.1x2 = 2marks(ii) Name two sites of Geothermal power potential in Kenya.? Olkaria near Naivasha.? Bogoria? Menengai crater(2x1 = 2 mks)(b) Two reasons why Geothermal power is not well developed in Kenya?Inadequate funds.?Low level of technical know-how.?Limited potential sites.?Low level of development in the country.2x1 = marks4.a) Name two environmental hazard associated with climatic conditions?Lightening?Floods?Hailstorms?Landslides?Strong Winds?Pollution Garbage?Soil erosion?Fire?Dust storms?Pest/diseasesb) State three negative effects of uncollected garbage on the environment?Garbage heaps are unattractive?Garbage produces foul smell?Garbage washed into water surfaces cause water pollution?Organisms that thrive in garbage may transmit diseases?Some matter may cause injuries5.a) What is mining?Mining refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals from the earth‘s crust (1x1)b )State three negative effects of mining on the physical environment?Land dereliction which leads to wastage of agricultural land?Less of biodiversity?Soil erosion due to vegetation clearing?Landslides and mass wasting which are triggered by machines used in miningPage | 238Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Pollution of environment SECTION B 6.) a) (i) Name the type of photograph shown above ? Ground general view (1x1) (iii) Identify the activity being carried out in the photograph ? Fishing/Catching of fish (1x1) b) (i) Draw a rectangle measuring 12cm by 8cm to represent the area of the photograph(1 Mark)(ii) On the rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph(4 Marks)c)(i)Give five method used to preserve fish in Kenya(5 Marks)? Smoking ? Sun drying ? Salting ? Freezing ? Canning (ii) State five problems experienced by fishermen in Lake Victoria(5 Marks)?Occurrence of string winds/thunderstorms causing drowning or destruction of fishing vessels or nets?Insecurity/theft of fish and fishing equipment?Swampy/marsh shores making landing of catch difficult?Poor fishing equipment leading to law catch?Inappropriate storage of fish or poor preservation facilities?Tearing of nets by floating vegetation or water hyacinthd)Outline four differences between fishing in Kenya and Japan?In Japan there is a large market within the country and abroad while in Kenya there is a small market within the country andabroad?In Japan fishing is done on large scale for both subsistence and commercial while in Kenya fishing is done on small scale forsubsistence & sale?In Japan Inland fishing is seasonal while in Kenya Inland fishing is full time in some areas?In Japan fishermen use large ship while in Kenya most fishermen use small boats?Japan has well developed technology leading to high catch while Kenya has low fishing technology leading to low catch?Japan has extensive fishing waters while Kenya has limited fishing waters?In Japan both marine and inland fishing are well developed while in Kenya marine fishing is notwell developed?In Japan most fishing vessels are owned by co-operatives while in Kenya fishing vessels are owned by individual7)a) (i) Name two species of coffee grown in Kenya(2x1)?Robusta Coffee?Arabica Coffee?Ruiru II(ii)State three physical conditions necessary for the growth of coffee?High rainfall of between 1000-2000mm per year?Cool to hot temperatures between 150 C-300 C?High altitude areas 1000-2300m above sea level?Deep well drained fertile soils?Moderate sunshine since too much sun causes too much water loss(iii)Identify three counties in Kenya where coffee farming is practiced?Kiambu?Machakos?Meru?Kisiib)Highlight five problems facing coffee farming in Kenya?Low prices of coffee in the market makes framers operate at a loss in some cases?Poor management in the Co-operatives?Climatic factors/risks leads to output fluctuations?Diseases i.e. coffee berry disease & leaf rust affect coffee plants?Soil exhaustion since coffee is grown on monoculture basis?Land shortage/pressure on available land has led to clearing of coffee estates to create room for viable projectsc)Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing?Ripe red berries are picked by hand?The berries are transported to the factory?In the factory, the outer covering of the berries is removed to extract beans?Beans are fermented to remove green skin?Curing is done by drying the beans for 1 weekPage | 239Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Beans are roasted and ground into powder ? Coffee powder is then packed ready for marketin d) Your class intends to carry out a field study on coffee harvesting in a farm (i) State two ways in which your class members will prepare for the study prepare a work Schedule ? Make a pre-visit/reconnaissance survey ? Prepare the necessary material/equipment ? Divide into various groups ? Seek permission from the relevant authorities ? Prepare a route map ? Prepare a work schedule ?(ii)Identify three activities the students will engage in during the actual fields study? Interviewing the coffee farmers? Observation of the harvesting process/harvesting of coffee ? Taking photographs of cherries/farmers/coffee plants ? Drawing sketches of coffee plants ? Taking notes on coffee harvesting and marketing processes ? Video taking activities taking place in the coffee farm 8) (a) (i) The term industry refers to an economic activity or enterprise through which people produce goods and services for their won consumption or for sale (ii) Three Agricultural non-food processing industry in Kenya. ? Footwear production ? Soap manufacturing ? Tobacco processing ? Sisal processing ? Leather tanning ? Textile manufacturing ? Bee wax processing ? Saw milling (b) Three Factors to consider when locating and developing industries. ? Raw materials supply to maintain steadily and continuous production of items. ? Steadily supply of cheap power to reduce the coast of production in order to get higher profits. ? There should be availability of capital to aid in the proper establishment and running of industries. ? There should be well developed transport a communication system to bring in the raw materials and take away the finished goods. ? There should be ready market to receive the finished products to ensure continuous production. ? There should be different levels of manpower to provide both skilled and non-skilled labour. ? The cost of land where to establish the industry should be considered in order to get better returns. ? Availability of water- some industries like coffee processing requires large amount of water for successful operations. (c) Measures that should be taken to control the following effects of Industrialization. (iii) Rural urban migration ? Improve agriculture to create employment in rural areas. ? Decentralization industries so as to control the number of people moving to urban centres in search of employment. ? Encourage the growth of Jua Kali industry in rural areas to promote self employment. ? Improve social amenities in the rural areas to make the area more attractive (iv) Water pollution ? Treating the industrial waste to reduce the negative impact on the environment. ? Enforcing environmental laws on the use of improved technology for industrial efficiency. ? Recycle waste in order to reduce the industrial waste turnover. ? Creating awareness among the industrial lists on the importance of a clean environment. (d) Accounting for the Growth of Iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region of German. ? Availability of coal and iron ore which are raw material in the iron and steel industry. ? Availability of water from river Rhine upper and Ruhr cooling, cleaning and production and steam in the boilers. ? Availability of cheap water transport on River Rhine for raw materials from other areas and finished products. ? Ruhr region centrally located in Europe and connected to all parts of the world through air and water hence easy access to raw materials and market. ? Availability of market within the locality and other areas of the world/products exported to Africa, Asia and Latin. ? Availability of skilled labour from locals who are skilled in iron making. 9).(a) Name three types of dairy cattle kept in Kenya? Friesians? Aryshire? JerseysPage | 240Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Guensey (b) (i) State four condition that favour dairy farming in the Kenyan highlands. ? Warm temperature/cool temperature averaging above 180C ? High rainfall of over 1000mm p.a. evenly distributed throughout the year. ? Well drained soils which enable the growth of quality grass. ? Ready market available due to high population in the highlands and nearby towns. ? Good transport network in dairy farming areas to enable quick transport of milk to processing plants and markets. (ii) Explain three problems facing dairy farmers in Kenya. ? Insufficient feeds especially during dry seasons because our dairy farming is rain fed. ? Mismanagement of dairy cooperatives that have led to delay of payment to famers hence affecting their morale. ? Expensive farm inputs have lowered farmers‘ profit margins. ? Impassable roads during rainy season which hinders delivery of milk to the factories. ? Shortage of proper storage facilities at collection centres results in milk going bad before getting to factories. ? Diseases such as East Coast Fever and pests such as ticks results in death of animals. (c) (i) State three measurers the government of Kenya is taking to improve dairy farming. ? Encouraging the farmers on the use of artificial insemination in order to improve quality of breeds kept. ? Encouraging the farmers to grow fodder crop than depend on natural pasture. ? Revamping New KCC as a market and improving milk prices in motivator. ? Training farmers through seminars and workshops on scientific methods of doing farming such as zero grazing. ? Constructing new roads and improving existing ones to facilitate transport of milk to the market. (.Any other relevant answer) (ii) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark. ? In Kenya it is carried out mainly in the highlands while in Denmark, it is carried out throughout the country. ? In Kenya farmers mainly depend on natural grass while in Denmark, farmers depend on fodder and commercial feed. ? In Kenya, mechanization is used on large-scale farms and manual on small scale while in Demark, mechanization is widely used. ? In Kenya, farmers practice mixed farming while in Denmark, farmers are specialized. ? In Kenya, most dairy cooperatives have suffered mismanagement and do not have enough funds to assist the farmers while in Denmark, dairy cooperatives are highly managed and developed to provided services to farmers. di) Three methods used to collect information ? interviews ? observation ? administering questionnaires ? Taking photographs/videos dii) State two follow up activities you would carry out after the field study ? Analyzing data ? Presentation of data ? Drawing maps ? Writing reports ? Displaying photographs/samples ? Interviews 10) a)(i) Define re-afforestation ? This is the planting of trees in areas where trees have been cut down/forest have been cleared/deforestation has taken place (ii) State four reasons why afforestation should be encouraged in Kenya ? To ensure continuous supply of wood fuel/timber/herbal medicine/raw materials for paper making ? To protect water catchment areas/create micro-climate to maintain hydrological cycle ? To create scenic beauty/for Aesthetic value ? To expand the habitat for wildlife/conservation of wildlife ? To create employment opportunities ? To reduce importation of forest products/foreign exchang (iii) Name three provinces in Canada where forestry is practiced on large scale ? British Columbia ? Quebec ? New Brunswick ? Ontario ? Edward Island ? Newfound land b) Explain three problems which hinder the Kenya government efforts to manage and Conserve forest ? Prolonged drought leads to drying up of some trees ? Some wild animals damage trees through uprooting/trampling Page | 241Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Rapid increase in population has led to encroachment into forest land hence destruction of trees/ high demand for fuel ? Occurrence of forest fires which have led to destruction of large areas under forest ? Illegal logging/Indiscriminate cutting of trees thereby reducing/depleting indigenous species ? Attacks by pest/diseases lead to destruction of trees c) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forest on the slopes of Mount Kenya ? Cool climates in the Kenya highlands favour the growth of trees ? High rainfall ranging between 1000-2000mm favour the growth of trees ? Rugged landscape in some areas which discourage settlements and agriculture leaving growing of trees as the only alternative ? Varied altitude which favours the growth of different types of trees due to varied temperatures and rainfall ? Creation of forest reserves which enables the forest to develop without interference from humans ? Fertile volcanic soils within the Kenan highlands favour growth of trees d) Identify four factors that favour exploitation of forest in Canada ? Mild winters which facilitate transportation of logs throughout the year ? Availability of water from rivers i.e. river Ottawa for pulp and paper industries ? Availability of cheap and efficient transport system of ferrying logs to factories e.g.rivers/floating on ice ? Availability of ready market in Canada & U.S.A for the forest products ? Availability of a lot of HEP harnessed from many rivers with waterfalls i.e. River Ottawaprovide power for paper industries ? Valley bottoms along the coast provide good sites for the paper mills and there is clay which is used in smoothening the paper Page | 242Geography 312/1,312/2 GUTHUNGURI SUB COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PP1 SECTION A ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS. 1.a) Name two heavenly bodies.(2mks)b) Give three reasons why the interior the earth is believed to be very hot.(3mks)2a) State the four layers that makes the atmosphere.(4mks)b) Explain any four proofs that the earth is spherical.(4mks)c) Name the forces that are responsible for:(i) flattered shape of the earth at the poles.(1mk)(ii) For the bulging shape around the earth.(1mk)3.a) Differentiate between natural vegetation and derived vegetation.(2mks)b) Give three uses of Savanah vegetation.(3mks)4.a) Give two ways in which wind transports its load.(2mks)b) State three reasons why the action of wind is more effective in the deserts.(3mks)SECTION B (ANSWER Q6 AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS)Study the map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.6a) i) Give the six figure grid reference of the loose surface road junction at Bumala market to the South East.(2mks)ii) Identify one type of crop grown in the area covered by the map giving evidence.(1mk)b) i) State two methods used to represent relief on the map.(2mks)ii) Measure the distance of loose surface road from the junction at Bumala market to the edge of the map.(2mks)iii) Identify any two types of vegetation found along northings 42.(2mks)c) Calculate the area foundi) To the West of the international boundary at the western side of the map.(2mks)ii) Measure the bearing of Odiado market from Odiado hill trigonometrical station.(2mks)d) i) Draw a square 10cm by 10cm to represent the area North of Northing 40 and East of Easting 30 and on it mark and name the following features. i) River Sio. ii) River rine trees. iii) Main tracks (motorable) iv) Loose surface road. v) Papyrus swamp.(6mks)ii) Citing evidence from the map identify two economic activities carried in the area covered by the map.(2mks)e. Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(5mks)7.i)Define the term rock.(2mks)ii) Describe the following characteristics of minerals.Colour(2mks)Hardness(2mks)Steak(2mks)iii) Give two examples of fuel minerals.(2mks)b) i) State any four characteristics of sedimentary rocks.(4mks)ii) Give the two types of igneous rocks.(2mks)iii) Identify any four uses of rocks.(4mks)c) You are planning carry field study on rocks within your school environment.i) Give two secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the field work.(2mks)ii) State the reasons why you would need the following items during the field study.Magnifying glass.(1mk)A geological hammer.(1mk)A polythelene bag(1mk)8.a) i) Define the term catchment area.(2mks)ii) Differentiate between river rejuvenation and river capture.(2mks)b) i) Give three features resulting from river rejuvenation.(3mks)Page | 24300Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Study the diagram of the river capture and answer the following questions. Name the features marked(3mks)c) Explain four ways through which a river transports its load.(8mks)d) You are planning to carry field work on the old stage of the river.i)Give three reasons why you would divide the class into groups.(3mks)ii) State any two features that they would identify at the old stage.(2mks)iii) Give two negative effects brought about by rivers that they would learn.(2mks)9.a) i) Name the major components of the soil.(2mks)ii) Differentiate between soil profile and soil catena.(2mks)iii) Draw a labeled diagram to show a well developed soil profile.(5mks)b) i) State the main characteristics of desert soils.(3mks)ii) Explain how the following factors influence soil formationi) Time(2mks)ii) Topography(2mks)iii) Living organism/Biotic factor.(2mks)c). A group of students carried filed work n an area affected by soil erosion. i) Give two objectives that they went out with.(2mks)ii) State any three recommendations that they would advise the local community to adopt to check soil erosion. (3mks) iii) Give two follow up activities that they would be involved in after the field study. 10. Study the world map on distribution of Fold Mountains and answer the questions that follow. a) Name the mountain ranges marked P,Q,R and S.(4mks)b) i) Name any two types of folds.(2mks)ii) Apart from fold mountains name other three features formed as a result of folding.(3mks)iii) With the help of a diagram, explain how Fold Mountains were formed.(8mks)c. Explain the significance of Fold Mountains to human activities.(8mks)Page | 24400Geography 312/1,312/2 GUTHUNGURI SUB COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PP2 SECTION A ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS. 1.a) Apart from tsetse fry control,mention two other methods that are used to reclaim land in Kenya.(2mks)b) State three control measures applied to eliminate the tsetse flies in Kenya.(3mks)2.a) State four characteristics of shifting cultivation.(4mks)b) Define the term horticulture farming .(2mks)3.a) Apart from floods name two other environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions.(2mks)b) State three problems cause by floods in Kenya.(3mks)4.a) Name two agricultural food processing industries in Kenya.(2mks)b) State two reasons why industries are located near sources of water.(2mks)5 a) Name two methods of fish preservation.(2mks)b) State any two problems facing fishermen in L.Victoria.(2mks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questionsThe photography shows cattle rearing in Kenya. Use it to answer the question that follows.a) i) Identify the type of photograph.(1mk)ii) Describe the features shown in the photograph.(3mks)iii) Name three counties where the photograph could have been taken.(3mks)b) i) State two evidences that shows that the area was experiencing drought when the photograph was taken.(2mks)ii) Give four reasons why nomadic pastoralists keep large heads(4mks)c) i) Explain any three problems faced by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya.(3mks)ii) Name three types of animals kept by nomadic pastoralists in Kenya.(3mks)d) Explain three measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef cattle farming.(6mks)7. a) i) Define the term forestry.(2mks)ii) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya.(2mks)iii) State any three characterisitcs of plated forests.3mks)Page | 245Geography 312/1,312/2 b) i) On the map of the world provided identify three types of natural forests labeled A,B,C.(3mks)ii) State any four characteristics of the forest marked A.(4mks)c) Explain four measures the government of Kenya has taken to realise effective management of forests.(4mks)d) Explain two problems facing forests exploitation in Canada.(4mks)e) Give three reasons why a country should conserve her forests.(3mks)8.a)(i) Name three countries where maize is grown in large scale.(3mks)ii) State four physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in the above counties.(4mks)iii) Outline the main stages in maize production from planting to harvesting.(4mks)b)(i) Explain the four problems faced by maize farmers in Kenya.(8mks)ii) Explain any three ways in which maize is significant to the economy of Kenya.(6mks)9.Name three non-food industires found in Kenya.(3mks)ii) Give two examples of Jua kali industries found in Kenya.(2mks)iii) Explain any three reasons why Jua kali industries should be encouraged.(6mks)b i) Outline any three benefits of decentralizing industries.(6mks)ii) Explain the factors that have favoured the development of car manufacturing in Japan.(8mks)10. a) Define the term fisheries.(2mks)i)What is fish farming.(2mks)ii) Give any three reasons why Uganda has a large fish catch than Kenya.(3mks)iii) Identify three reasons why Fresh water fishing is more developed tthan marine fishing in E.Africa.(3mks)b. Explain any three reasosn favouringi)Fishing in North west Antlantic fishing Ogrounds.(3mks)ii) A group of students carried field work on fish farming at sagana fisheries.ii) Give two reasons why they needed to conduct a previsit.(2mks)iii) State any two problems they face in the study.(2mks)c.i) Explain any three ways in which the Kenya government is promoting fishing industry in the country.(3mks)ii) Expalin any five significance of fishing industry in Kenya.(5mks)Page | 246Geography 312/1,312/2 GUTHUNGURI SUB COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 2016 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PP1 MARKING SCHEME 1.a) Two heavenly etsAsteroidsMeteorsMeteoritesSatellites(any 2x1)(2mks)b) Three reasons why the interior of the earth is believed to be very hoti)The original heat is still retainedAfter the materials broke away from the sun, the interior of the earth cooled slower than the outside the interior has retained much of he original heat/temperatures. ii) Radio Activity Radio activity materials explodes periodically within the interior due to nuclear fusion. In the process a lot of heat is released and it is retained there. iii) The height of the crustal rocks. The heavy rocks on the earth crust exert a lot of pressure which generates a lot of heat making the interior very hot. (3mks) 2.a) The four layers that makes the atmosphere are:i)Troposphereii) Stratosphere iii) Mesosphere iv) Thermosphere/ionosphere(4 mks)b) proofs that the earth is spherical. ? Photographs of the earth taken from the satellite shows the ---------------------------of the earth as spherical. ? During the eclipse of the moon (Lunar eclipse) The earth cast spherical shaped shadow on the moon. Only spherical bodies have round shapes. ? The earth horizon is curved as evidenced by the an approaching ship. One standing on a cliff would see the smoke, then the most and gradually other parts would appear. If the earth was flat, one would see the whole ship at once. ? Circum navigation of the earth along a straight path leads one to the starting point from the opposite direction. ? The different times during the sun rises and set in different parts of the world. The sun appears earlier in the East than in the West. If the earth was flat it would be receiving sunlight at the same time. ? The earths horizon is curved /circular while standing on a very high tower or while in aeroplanes,the earth horizon appears curved. ? All the other planets are spherical including the moon and the sun viewed throught a telescope the earth as one of the planers is therefore spherical. ?8. Surveying with three poles The middle pole is relatively higher than the other two. This shows the surface of theearth is curved.(4mks)c)Name the forces that are responsible forcesThe force responsible for flattered shape of earth centripetal force.(1mk)The force responsible for the bulge shape along the equator centrifugal force.(1mk)3a) Differentiate between natural vegetation due derived vegetation.(2mks)Natural vegetation is the plant cover that exists naturally in an area . It grows without mans interference. Derived vegetation is the type that grow after the natural vegetation has been cut down. (2mks) 3b. Three uses of savanna vegetation(3mks)? Savanah vegetation is used to provide pastures for the pastoral communities animals. ? Provide habitats for wildlife. ? Provides herbs for medicinal value. ? Provides beauty for the country/aesthetic value. ? Provides suitable land for agricultural activities e.g ranching. ? Used as centres for scientific /educational research. 4.a) Two ways in which wind transport its load.(2mks)By suspensionBy saltationBy surface creep/rolling/traction/flogging.b) Reasons why the action of wind is more effective in the deserts.(3mks)? Presence of loose unconsolidated dry masses of mud,sand and gravel that is easily acted upon by wind/that easily eroded.? Occurrence of strong tropical winds/storms within the hot deserts which erodes the materials.? Absence of vegetation cover which exposes the land to erosion.Page | 247Geography 312/1,312/2 SECTION B MAPWORK BUSIA (i)The six figure grid reference of the loose surface road junction at Bumala market is336338(2mks)(ii) Crop grown in the area covered by the map cotton evidence cotton store. (1mk)2(i) Two methods used to represent relief in the are covered by the map are-Trignometrical stations-Contours(2mks)(ii) The distance of the loose surface road from the junction at Bumala marked to the side of the map is 6.4km(2mks)(iii) Any two types of vegetation found along northings(i) Riverine trees. (ii) Scrubs (iii) Scattered trees. (iv) Papyrus swamp (v) Seasonal swamp(2mks)3(i) The area to the west of international boundary is 30kkm2 or 30squaremeteres(2mrks)(ii) The bearing of odiado market from idado hill trigonomtrical station is 1300 (2mks)4 b Citing evidence from the map, the two economic activities carried on in the are covered by the map are:Economic activityEvidence1.Trade / CommerceMarkets2.TransportLoose surface roads/motorable tracks3.Cotton growingCotton stores(2mks)(5) Drainage of the area covered by the MapThe main river is sio-River sio is permanent-There are seasonal rivers.-The rivers to the east forms dendritic pattern.-The area to the north is poorly drained.-There are many seasonal swamps-There are tree swamps-There are papyrus swamp along river sio(5mks)7(a) The term rock refers to aggregate of mineral particles that forms the solid part of the earth crust.-It is the hard solid and compact mass that forms the earth crust.-Naturally formed (solids) mineral aggregate consisting of once or more minerals. (2mks)(ii) Characteristics of mineral Colour- Different materials have iron are dark in colour. (2mks) Hardness: Different minerals have got different degree of hardness. Some are very hard while some are very soft. (2mks) Steak - Different minerals have got different steak. This is the colour that a mineral leaves when it rubbed against a hard surface. (iv) Two examples of fuel minerals are ? Uranium, ? coal, ? petroleum( 2mks)B(i) Four characteristics of sedimentary rocks.1.They are derived from pre-existing rocks.2.They contain fossils ( faura and flora)/ organic matter.3.Sedimentary rocks have cleavage/ are foliated. They have bedding plans.4.They are found in layers/ have bedding plains/ are stratified /laid in layers called strata.5.They are non-crystalline. (4mks)(i)Two types of ingenious rocks are-Intrusive rocks/ Plytonic-Extrusive rocks/ Volcanic(2mks)(ii) Uses of rocks-Rocks weather down to form soils which supports agriculture.-Some rocks acts as resoiver for water/water storage.-Rocks provides materials for building and construction industry.-Rocks are sources of minerals.-Some rocks are important tourist attraction.-Some rocks are used for sculpture in carving industry to make ornaments.-Study of rocks provides historical information about the past.-Some rocks are used as food e.g rock salt.-Some rocks provides raw materials for cement manufacturing e.g limestone.(term some must be there)4mks)A(i) Two secondary sources of information you would use to prepare for the filed study are:-Text booksPage | 24800Geography 312/1,312/2 -Magazines / Journals/Pamphlets/Newspapers/ Class notes/handouts.-Internet-Photography/Pictures/films/slides-Maps/geological maps-Tape recorded information.(2mks)(iii) The following items would be used for:-Magnifying glass.- To enlarge the rock samples/particles.-Geological hammer- To hit the rocks to its hardness.-To break the rock into small samples.-A polythene bag- To store the rock sample-To carry the rock samples.(1mk)8(a) (i) The term catchment are refersThis is the entire area drained by a river and its tributaries.(2mks)(ii) River rejuvenation is the renewal of the rivers erosive activity while river capture is the diversion of the headwaters /beheading of one river into the system of adjacent more powerful river.(2mks)(i)Three features resulting from river rejuvenation are-Knick point/waterfall-River terraces-Incised meanders / entrenched ingrown meander.(3mks)(ii) The feature marked(a) Elbow of capture/knick point(b) Pirate stream(c) Misfit stream(3mks)C ) Four ways through which a river transport its load are:-(i)Suspension- Fine particles such as slit which are light are transported being maintained within the turbulence of the water.(ii) Solution- This is the process in which materials that are soluble in water like soil re transported downstream chalk inlimestone areas.(iii) Traction- Process of transportation where a large and heavier materials are rolled / dragged along the river bed. E.g logsand rocks.(iv) Saltation/process where materials / particles hydraulic lifts such as small stones are transported downstream through a seriesof short lops and jumps.-Materials that are not too heavy but cannot remain suspended in water are momentarily lifted by water turbulence and attimes dropped into the river bed.(Process explanation(2 x 4 = 8mks)D(i) Three reasons why I would divide the class into groups are:--It helps in encouraging co-operation.-It would help the weak learners.-It would help all students to participate.-It would help to cover the entire area of the field study.-It helps to develop leadership abilities.(3mks)(ii.) Two features that the students would identify at the old stage of the river are:-Delta- oxbow lakes-Distributaries- braided chaness-Levees- River terraces.-Meanders- bluffs-Flood plains(3 mks)9(a) The major compopnents of the soils are.-Humus-Air/ soil air-Micro organisms/bacteria-Mineral particles/rock particles.(4mks)(ii.) Soil catena is the horizontal arrangement of the soil across the slope.-Soil profile is the vertical arrangement of thesoil from top vertical to the bottom arrangement .(2mks)(iii) A soil profile(5mks)Page | 249Geography 312/1,312/2 B(ii) The main characteristics of desert soil are -They contain little or no humus-They are sandy/Stoney texture-The soils are porous.-The soils contains a lot of salt/they have high lime content.-The soils lacks moisture.-The soils are light in colour.-The soils are thin/shallow(3mks)How time influence soil formation-Where the soil formation process takes short duration the soils are generally immature where the process has taken longperiod of time the soils are generally well developed/ mature.-Where the soil formation has taken longer time, the soils are generally deep and well developed.-It takes long time for a soil to develop district horizons and definite structure.(2mks)TOPOGRAPHY(ii.) Topography determines the rate of weathering/steep slopes encourages rapid weathering.-It influences soil depth, gentle slopes have deep soils while slopes have the soils.-It influences the soil drainage / where the land is flat, soils are poorly drained.(2mks)(iv) Living organisms-They assist in breaking down the rocks through barrowing/penetrating roots/digging/ploughing.-The micro-organisms aerate the soils through barrowing / digging-Ploughing/ Digging breaks up the rock structure into small particles.-Micro-organism in the soil assist the plant/animals decay to form humus.(C.)(i) The two objectives that they would formulate are.-To find out / establish the type of erosion affecting the area.-To give the reasons why the area is affected by soil erosion-To give recommendations how the area can be rehabilitated/conserved(2mks)(ii) Three recommendations that the local community can be given to control soil erosion are.-Construction of gabions-Construction of check dams-Afforestation-Re-afforestation-Contour ploughing-Planting of cover crops-Destaking(1x3=3mks)(iii.) The two follow up activities that the students would be involved in after the field study are.Reading more on the topic.-Displacing photographs items collected.-Asking / Answering question-Writing reports-Class discussion-Drawing sketches/diagramsThe fold mountains markedP- AndesQ- AppalationsR- AtlasS- Himalyas.b) Any two types of fold are (a) Simple asymmetrical fold Asymmetrical fold/mono clinal fold Over fold Isoclines fold Recumbent fold/overturned fold Napple (over thrust)fold Anticlinorium/synclinorium (ii) Other three features formed as a result of folding apart from Fold Mountains are Synclinal valleys Rolling plains Ridges Intermontane basins Intermontane plateru(3mks)Formation of Fold Mountains-Initially there was an extensive pre-existing depression called geosyncline on the earth surface.-Prolonged and extensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher grounds.Page | 250Geography 312/1,312/2 -Sediments are deposited in the geosyncline forming thick layers.-The weight of the sediments causes subsides of the geosyncline leading to accumulation of more sediments to greatthicknesses.-Further subsidence of the geosyncline triggers off compressional forces which cases the closeness of the sources of forces.-The folded layers of the sediments in the geosyncline are thrust upward to form fold mountains.Significance of fold mountains to human activities.-Fold mountains are sources of rivers that provides water for generation of HEP for irrigation for domestic / industrial use.-Fold mountains are always forested and provide timber which is used in building and construction industry/medicinal valueaesthetic value /wildlife habitat.-Some fold mountains have exposed valuable mineral deposits which are mined.-Fold mountains are tourist attraction/snow covered slopes encourage sporting activities, thus earning the country foreignexchange-The wind ward slopes of Fold Mountains receive heavy precipitation which enhances agricultural activities.-The leeward slopes of some fold mountains creates rain shadow effect which results into aridity discouraging crop farmingencouraging livestock farming.-Some fold mountains may act as carriers to transport and communicating and this makes the construction of transport andcommunication lines difficult / expensive.(8mks)Page | 251Geography 312/1,312/2 GUTHUNGURI SUB COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION 2016 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PP2 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 312/2 1(a) Apart from tsetse fly control, there other measures that are used to reclaim land in Kenya are:-Draining of swamps-Irrigation of dry lands-Growing of drought resistant crops-Controlling of soil erosion-Afforestation/Reafforestation(3mks)(b) Three control measures that are applied to eliminate tsetse fly are.-Bush clearing. It kills both the adult flies and pupae and destroy their bleeding grounds.-Spraying of insecticides using low flying aircraft.-Sterilization of the male in the insect population.-Use of traps i.e insecticide - impregnated traps with baits, they fly into the traps where they are killed by the insecticide(3mks)2(a) The four characteristics of shifting cultivation-Vegetation is cleared by slashing and burning.-There is the use of little or no manureThe yields decline after a certain to provide of continuous use . The land is abandoned when the yields decline.-Both the settlements and the plots are temporally.-Farmers depends mainly on farming labour.-Farmers use simple farming implements/traditional tools.-It is mainly subsistence.-Plots are small and scattered(4mks)(b) Define the term Horticulture(2mks)This is the practice of planting fruits., flowers and vegetables mainly for export.(2mks)3(a) A part from floods two other environmental hazards associated with climate conditions are.Lighting/thunderstorms Windstorms Drought/desertification Landslides Hot waves. (b) Three problems caused by flood in Kenya -Death- loss of human and animal life-Destruction of properties e.g buildings-Displacements of people.-Spreading of water borne diseases eg malaria-Destruction of crops-Siltation of dams/canals.4(a) Two agricultural food processing industries. Are-Milk processing-Tea processing-Confectionaries/bakeries.-Sugar refining-Fruit cunning-Brewing-Meat canning/meat processing-Grain milling-Vegetable canning-Oil processing/cooking fat(2mks)(b) Two reasons why industries are located near water sources.-To provide water for cleaning-Industries needs water for cooling machines.-The industries dispose off their waste materials through water.-Water provides cheap means of transport-Some industries are located near large rivers that may provide H.E.P-Some industries uses water as raw material e.g breweries.(2mks)5(a) Two methods of fish preservation are.-Canning-Refrigeration/Freezing-SaltingPage | 252Geography 312/1,312/2 -Sun drying-Frying(2mks)Two problems facing fishermen in l. Victoria are-Poor fishing equipment‘s leading to low catch.-The growth of water hyacinth which hiders breeding of fishing.-Inadequate refrigeration facilities / poor storage facilities.-Inadequate finances to buy modern fishing equipment‘s.-Poor weather conditions e.g strong storms that destroyed fishing boats.-Exploitation by middleman who buy the catch cheaply and fetch high prices.-Insecurity - theft of fish and fishing equipment‘s.(25mks)6(a) The type of photograph is ground general view(1mk)(ii) The features shown in the photograph are-On the foreground there is bare ground/short grass-In the middle ground there is a herdsman and some cattle on the move.-There is a road in the middle ground.-At the background there are some patches of grass/some trees/shrubs/thiekts.-Some parts of the background are bare surface.-There are bushes in the middle ground.(3mks)ii) Two countries where he photograph could have been taken from areTurkana, marsabit, mandera west, pokot, samburu, isiolo, wajir, elgeyo marakwet, baringo, laikipia, garisa, Narok, Kajiandob(i) Two evidences that shows that the area was experiencing drought when the photograph was taken are-Cloudless sky-Malnourished/thin animal-Dust raised by moving animals.-Bare ground/sparse vegetation / patches of vegetation(2mks)(ii) Four reasons why the nomadic pastoralists keep large heard of animals.-It is a form of insurance against any natural calamities/drought/diseases.-animals are kept for payment of dowry.-Animals are used as a source of food in turns of blood, milk & meat.-Animals are a source of income when sold.(4mks)Three problems faced by nomadic pastolasits in Kenya are. ? There is shortage of water and pastures during the day seasons leading to emancipation / death of animals. ? Diseases like Anthrax, East cost fever, foot and mouth, foot rot. ? Parasites like ticks, affect the animals leading to death. ?(Most of the animals fetches low prices due to their poor quality frustrating the farmers.? There is inadequate security/cattle rustling leading to loss of animals.? The animals are at times killed by wild animals which is a great loss to the pastoralists.? Overstocking that leads to overgrazing and lack of adequate pastures for the animals.(3mks)(C.)(ii) Three types of animals kept by normadic pastoralists are.- ZebuBoranSahiwal(3mks)(D) The three measures taken by the Kenya government to improve beef cattle farming are.-It has constructed cattle dips to control pests.-Has employed veterinary officers to treat animal diseases thereby improving the quality of the beef cattle.-It encourages research/cross breeding of traditional cattle breeds with exortic ones. This improves the quality of the animals/ cross breeds are more resistance to diseases than pour exotic breeds.-It has strengthened community education to teach beef cattle farmers better livestock management.-It set up demonstration ranches for farmers to learn new trends in livestock management.-It has constructed roads to make services accessible to farmers / to make transport of animals to the market easier.-It has encouraged the replacement of coarse grass with nutritious pastures to improve the quality of the animals.-It has constructed boreholes/ dug wells/ constructed dams to provide water for the animals.-It has revived the Kenya meat commission from the farmers for slaughter.-It has encouraged formation of group ranches for easier provision / accessibility to services.(explanation is important to score maximum 2 mks)(i) The term forestry refers to the science of planting are using trees / forests and their associated resources.The practice of managing and using forests and dtheir associated resourcfes.(2mks)(ii) Two species of exortic trees planted in Kenya arePineMangoCypressGraveliaBlue gum/ EucalyptusCederWattlfeCasulinaKei appleJacarada, baboo(2mks)Page | 253Geography 312/1,312/2 (iii) Three characteristics of planted forests. -They are fast maturing hence they are more profitable to plant and exploit-They are planted in raws hence easy to manage and exploit-They have got little or no undergrowth.-Trees of the single/same species are planted together.-Grows uniformly since they were planted at the same time.(3mks)B(i) The type of natural forests labeledA- Tropical rain forestB- Deciduous and mixed temperate forestC- Coniferous forest(3mks)B(ii) Any four characteristics of Tropical ran forest are.-The forests consist of mixed variety of trees species.-Trees shed their leaves at different times of the year/ forests are evergreen.-The trees are tall straight, with large trunks-The trees take long to mature-The trees species are mainly hardwood.-The trees have strong barks.-The forests has numerous lianas/climbing plants epiphytes.-Some of the trees have battles roots.-The forests have canopies.-The forests crowns form three distinct layers.(4mks)The four mesures that kenyan government has taken to realise effective managemtn of forests are:-Registering/ recognizing the efforts of NGOs like green belt movement which have mounted campaigns on planting of trees.-Gazette forested areas to reduce encroachment by the public-Creating public awareness through mass media / public baraza on the importance of conserving forest resources.-Enacting laws to prohibit the cutting of trees without license/protecting indigenous trees species.-Establishing NEMA/Ministry of natural resources to co-ordinate environmental management and conservation activities.-Setting aside national tree planting day to encourage people to plant more trees.-Advising people to practice agro-forestry so as to avoid cutting trees from the forests.-Employing forest guards to protect forests from fires/other illegal human activities.-Encouraging recycling of paper / wood based products so as to reduce demand on trees.-Carrying our research through KEFRI and JCKRAF in order to come up with ways to controlling disease-/ pests to develop species suitable for different ecological regions.( 4mks)D(i) Two Problems Facing Forest Exploitation In Cananda-Some areas especially ragged mousneous zones are inaccessible making the exploitation of the forests difficult.-The country has a very small local market for softwood products.-The extreme low temperatures and precipitation in form of snow growth of trees.-Large areas of Canada are covered by very poor soils which affect the size of the trees.-Trees are affected by pests and diseases lowering quality.-Sometimes trees are destroyed by wild fire.D(i) Rreasons Why A Country Should Conserve Her Forests.-Forests are used to control/curb desertification-Earn income / foreign exchange.-Forests maintain ecological balance.-Evaporation in forest attract rainfall.-Forests are used for educational research.-Forests provides shelter/habitat for wildlife.-Forests act and protect water catchment areas.-Forests holds the soil particles together reducing soil erosion.-Forests are source of food e.g fruits, honey.-Forests provides timber for building /raw materials for furniture and paper making.(3mks)Three counties where maize is grown in large scale are. ? Uashin Gishu ? Tranzoia ? Nakuru ? Nandi ? Narok ? Laikipia(3mks)ii The physical conditions that have favored maize cultivation in the above counties are-High temperatures/Existence of high temperatures ranging between 180C-270C modratae to high temperature/warm to hotconditions.-Rainfall ranging from 800mm to 2500mm moderate to high rain / fairly wet climate.-Deep fertile well drained soils / volcanic soils.Page | 254Geography 312/1,312/2 -Gently sloping/undulating land-sunny/dry season for ripening.(4mks)(iii) The main stages in maize production are-Land is ploughed manually or mechanically.-Sowing of seeds is done on onset of rains.-Two seeds are son in holes of 2-5cm in faws of 1meter apart.-Application of fertilizer or manure is done during planting.-Weeding and thinning is done to remove week seedlings.-Top dressing/nitrogenous fertilizers is applied after weeding when the crop is 30cm - 45cm high.-The crop is ready for harvesting in 4-8 months depending on the variety of the seed and altitude.-Harvesting is done manually. (Sequence must be observed ) maxi. 4mks)b(i) Four problems facing the maize farmers in Kenya are:-Low prices in the local markets which discourage farmers.-Lack of market during bamper harvest which lend to loses hence discouraging farmers.-Attacks of grains by pests such as weevils which destroys stored grains leading to losses.-Attack of crops by diseases such as maize streak resulting in low production.-Stiff competition from cheap imported maize which discourage farmers and leads to lack of market locally.-Inadequate capital to buy farm inputs leading to low yields.-Delayed payments by the cereals and produce board which discourage farmers.-Advance weather conditions which leads to reduced maize yields.-Inadequate storage facilities force famers to sell their maize at a throw away or risk the attack of maize grains by weevils.Any 4= ( 8mks)any three significance of maize to the economy-It is used as a stable food to many communities hence saving the purchasing of other food stuff.-Creation of employment opportunities in the farms infloor miling industries - raising the people standard of living.-It has led to establishment of manufacturing industries such as corn oil and other farm inputs.-Kenya saves foreign exchange because of being self sufficient in maize production.-Maize farmers earns income from the sale of maize therefore improving the standard of living .-Maize is used in production animal feds.-Maize stalks leaves, and cobs have used as cattle feed.(6mks)a(i) Three nonfood industries found in Kenya are:-Tobacco processing-Foot wear making-Leather making.-Bee wax processing-Sisal processing(ii) Examples of Jua Kali industries found in Kenya.-pottery making.-Wood carving-Stone carving.-Making of Jikos-Furniture making.-Weaving-Brick making.2mks)(iii) Any three importance of Jua kali industries. Jua kali industries uses the available or reconciled raw materials thus they help in conserving environment. They produce relatively cheap products that are affordable to many as the population cannot afford high quality goods. It has helped in decentralization of industries. It has helped to raise the standards of living for may Kenyans who relies on it for income. It successfully uses the raw materials that would otherwise be thrown away to make valuable items. Jua kali industries earns the county foreign exchange as some of the goods are exported. Jua kali industries, requires less skills and less capital to start..(6mks)9(b) Benefits of decentralization of industries.-It would encourage regional equality in development.-It would bring about development of infrusture and other social amenities in the rural areas.-It would create employment in the rural areas.-it would recue rural urban migration.-It would allow greater exploitation of local resources.-It would reduce risks during calamities.-It reduces strains on social amenities in urban centers.(6mks)-It would raise the standards of living for the people in the rural areas-It would help to recued congestion in the urban centers.(6mks)Page | 255Geography 312/1,312/2 (ii) The factors that have favored the development of car manufacturing in Japan. ? The county has adequate capital to invest in the industry. ? Advanced technology and research has led to efficient methods of production/ high quality cars which are competitive in the world market. ? Japan produces fuel saving vehicles leading to high demand for them in the world market. ? Japan has highly skilled and industrious workforce which enhances efficient in production. ? Japan has many se-ports which makes the importation of raw materials /exportation of cars possible. ? The government policy / peace and stability has led to rapid development of industries. ? Japan has a highly developed hydroelectric power projects which provides power needed for the industries. ? The presence of a large population/high purchasing power provides a large local markets for the cars. ? Japan terrain is unsuitable for development of agriculture and industries provided an alternative source of income to be used for buying food and other requirements. ? The strategic position of Japan in relation‘s to other countries encourages trade thus promoting production of vehicles/Japan is accessible from all of directions through the sea.(8mks)10. (a) (i) Define the term fisheries.-Fisheries are water bodies where exploitation of aquatic organisms is carried out.-An area or a place where fish are reared or caught in numbers for commercial purposes or for subsistence.(2mks)(ii) Fish farming is the artificial rearing or bleeding of fish in artificial ponds and man made lakes or dams.(2mks)(iii) The three reasons why Uganda has a large fish catch than in Kenya re:--Uganda has a longer history of fishing than in Kenya.-It has many large permanent rivers than in Kenya.-It has many fresh water lakes than in Kenya.-Uganda has a large market of fish than Kenya.-Some fish producing areas in Kenya are in remote areas e.g L. Turkana.-Uganda has a larger area of L. Victoria than Kenya.(3mks)(iv) The three reasons why water fishing is more developed that Marine fishing in East African.-There are numerous inland fishing grounds, such as lakes and rivers.-There is low demand for sea fish compared to fresh water fish making fresh water fish more preferable.The narrow continental shelf along the coast of East Africa limits the growth of planktons thus limiting the growth offore/limiting the variety of edicle fish.4.The stiff competition in the open sea fishing from industrialized countries‘ where the fishermen use modern fishingequipment discourages local fishermen.5.The limited technology/inadequate capital make it difficult to develop / marine fishing(3mks)B(i) Factors favoring fishing in North West Antlantic ground ? The area has abroad shallow continental shelf which provides suitable conditions for the growth of planktons needed by fish as food. ? The region experiences low temperatures that are favorable for survival of fish or for preservations/storage of fish. ? Due to ruggedness of the land many people concentrate in fishing as an alternative economic activity. ? The hinterland is densely populated this proves a large market for fish. ? Advanced technology has resulted in highly developed ship building of fishing vessels which are equipped with modern preservation facilities thus making it possible for the fishermen to carry out large scale fishing. ? The indented coastline provides ideal fish bleeding sites/isolated byes which are ideal for setting up fish villages. (any 3x1=(3mks) (ii) Any two reasons why they needed to conduct a pre-visit. -To get permission from the necessary authority-To be able to formulate the objective/hypothesis.-To familiarize with the area of study.-To assist in preparation of a working schedule-It would help to decide on the appropriate method of data collection.-To get in touch with the respondent /resource person.-to determine the equipment/materials/stationery to carry.-To determine the route to take.(2mks)(iii) Any two problems that they faced during the study are.-Unfavorable weather conditions. It was rainy/hot-Attach by wild animals e.g snakes.-Hostile respondents/interviewee.-Lack of a suitable resource person.-Language barrier.(2mks)(c.) Any three ways in which the Kenya government has promoted fishing industry.1.Fishermen are given loans.2.Fishermen are encouraged to form cooperatives.Page | 256Geography 312/1,312/2 3.Research is carried out / the overfished areas are stocked with fingerings.4.There is standardization of the size of the nets used in fishing.5.There is restriction of fishing from some specific parts of the sea where fish bleeds.6.Laws have been enacted against water pollution to protect fish.7.Clearing of water hyacinth from the fresh water fisheries.8.There is seasonal restriction in fishing from overseas fishermen.9. The government has encouraged fish farming by starting hatcheries to supply farmers with fingerings. 10. The government has introduced modern preservation methods to assist the people in developing the industry. 11. The government has started a campaign of encouraging people to eat fish so as to enlarge the domestic market. (3mks) C(ii) Any five significance of fishing industry in Kenya. 1.Source of income. Fishing is an income generating activity from catching processing and transporting fish.2.Source of employment - Fishing and supporting industries i.e boat-making, nfet making, canning e.t.c, fertilizer making,animal feeds, cosmetic and medical industries create employment.3.Diversification of the economy. Fishing has reduced over reliance of few economic activites.4.Source of foreign exchange - some of the fish is exported to earn foreign exchange.5.Created subsidiary industries e.g chemicals, fertilizers, which has led to industrial development.6.Development of infrsutruer - Roads have been connected to fishing grounds hence opening remote areas.7.Source of food. - Fish is rich in protein and oils. It is also rich in minerals like ;calcium, magnesium, needed for the growthof the body.8.Promotion of scientific research in bleeding . Fish species and living habits of fish has led to restocking of over fished areas.9.Control of mosquitos - fish feeds on mosquito lavas hence reducing the rate of mosquito bleeding.(5mks)Page | 25700Geography 312/1,312/2 KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY PRE- MOCK 312/1 PAPER 1 SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section: 1. a) Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow. i)What type of eclipse is represented in the diagram.(1 mark)ii) Name the features marked X and Y.(2 marks)b) What is the local time at Alexandria 300E when the local time in Malindi is 12:00 noon?(2 mark)2.a) What is natural vegetation.(2 marks)b) The diagram below represents zones of natural vegetation on a mountain .Use it to answer the questions that followName the zone marked X, Y and Z.(3 marks)3.a) Give two reasons why there are few settlements in karst landscapes.(2 marks)b) State three major characteristic feature of a karst scenery.(3 marks)4.a) Differentiate between a meteorite.(2 marks)b) State two forces responsible for the oblate shape of the earth.(2 marks)5.a) What is soil profile.(2 marks)b) State four measure that can be taken to control soil erosion.(4 marks)SECTION B:Answer questions 6 and any other questions from this sectionStudy the map of Busia 1:50,000 (sheet 101/1 provided and answer the following questions.6.a) i) Give the latitudinal and longitudinal position of the south east corner of the map extracted.(2 marks)ii) What is the altitude of the highest point in the area covered by the map.(2 marks)iii) Identify three types of natural vegetation found in the area covered by the map.(3 marks)iv) A part from administration give three other services that are provided at Kunyula town.(3 marks)b) i) Identify two boundaries present in the area covered by the map.(2 marks)ii) Explain how relief has influenced the distribution of settlement in the area covered by the map.(6 marks)c) State two human activities in Nambale to the North East part of the area covered by the map.(2 marks)d) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(5 marks)7.a) i) Name the three categories of sedimentary rocks.(3 marks)ii) State three characteristics of sedimentary rocks.(3 marks)iii) Describe the formation of organically formed sedimentary rocks.(4 marks)b) i) Name at least four areas in Kenya where volcanic rocks are likely to be found(4 marks)Page | 25800Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Against each of the rocks listed in the table below, fill in the gaps(5 marks)Name of the rockMetamorphic rockShaleQuartziteLimestoneMudstoneGneissc)Form four students in your school intend to conduct a field study on rocks in the area around your school.i)Name three tools they would use during the study.(3 marks)ii)State three advantages of studying geography through field work.(3 marks)8.a)i) Differentiate between a tributary and distributary.(2 marks)ii) State three factors that influence the rate of river deposition.(3 marks)b)i) Name two types of deltas.(2 marks)ii) Using a well labeled diagram explain how an oxbow lake is formed.(8 marks)c)i) Describe three physical effects at a river piracy.(3 marks)ii) Highlight three significance of river Tana to Kenya‘s economy.(6 marks)9.a)Give two constituents of soil.(2 marks)b)Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil.i)Parent rocks.(2 marks)ii)Living organisms.(2 marks)c)Explain how various climate influence the characteristics of soil.(10 marks)d)State five factors that show how soil fertility can be maintained.(5 marks)e)You are required to carry out a field study to determine the relationship between climate and soil type in yoursub- county.i)Give two reasons why you would need the map of the sub- county .(2 marks)ii)Give two reasons why sampling would be appropriate for this field study.(2 marks)10. a)Define the following terms:i)Coastline(2 marks)ii)Shore(2 marks)b)i) Label the diagram shown below.(4 marks)A, B, C and Dii) Explain three factors which affect horizontal movement of ocean waters.(6 marks)c) Explain three factors that affect wave deposition.(6 marks)d) Name two causes of Ocean tides.(2 marks)e) Your class visited the Kenyan Coast for a geographical field study on oceans. State three objectives of your study(3 marks) Page | 259Geography 312/1,312/2 KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATION 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 PRE-MOCK EXAM MARCH/APRIL 2016 TIME: 2 3/4 HOURS SECTION A Answer all questions in this section. 1. a) Outline three physical factors that favoured the development of the seven forks hydro-electric power schemes. (3 marks)b) State two problems facing hydro-electric power projects in Kenya(2 marks)2.a) Name three exotic types of dairy cattle reared in Kenya(3 marks)b) State two problems facing dairy farming in Kenya3. State Five problems facing wildlife in Kenya(5 marks)4.a) Name two methods used in deep sea fishing.(2 marks)b) State three ways in which the government of Kenya is promoting the fishing industry.(3 marks)5. Give five reasons why domestic tourism is being encouraged in Kenya(5 marks)SECTION BAnswer questions 6 and any other two questions from this section.6.The table below shows four principal crops produced in Kenya in the years 2000 and 2001. Use it to answer question (a) and(b).CROPAMOUNT IN METRIC TONS20002001Wheat70,000130,000Maize200,000370,000Coffee98,00055,000Tea240,000295,000Source: Central Bureau of statisticsa) i) Draw a pie chart of radius 5cmto represent the metric tons of four principal crops of the year 2000.Show yourcalculations.8mks.ii) State two advantages of using pie charts.(2 marks)b) Calculate the percentage increase in wheat production between the years 2000 and 2001.(2marks)c) State five physical conditions required for the growing of tea in Kenya(5marks)7.a) i) State four characteristics of nomadic pastoralism.(4 marks)ii) Name three beef cattle breeds kept in Kenya.(3 marks)b) Compare beef farming in Kenya and Argentina.(8 marks)c) Explain three problems facing beef farming in Kenya.(6 marks)d) State four measures that the government of Kenya has taken to improve beef farming.(4 marks)8. a) i) Differentiate between forestry and agro-forestry.(2marks)ii) Apart from agro-forestry, explain four measures being taken by the government of Kenya to control humanencroachment on forested areas.(8marks)b) i) Name two exotic species of trees planted in Kenya .(2marks)ii) Give the difference between softwood in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-headings.-Harvesting period(2marks)-Diversity of the softwood trees species.(2marks)c) i) Name three non- wood products from the natural forest of Kenya.(3marks)ii) Explain three human problems facing forest in Kenya, apart from human encroachment.(6marks)9(a)(i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation.(2 marks)(ii) State four methods used to reclaim land in Kenya apart from irrigation.(4 marks)Page | 26000Geography 312/1,312/2 (b) The map below shows Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kirinyaga District of Kenya. Use it to answer questions that follow. (i) Identify the rivers marked X and Y.(2 marks)(ii) Identify the sections marked A, C and E where rice in grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme.(3 marks)(iii) State three human factors which influenced the location of Mwea Irrigation Scheme.(3 marks)(c) Explain the problems facing Irrigation farming in Kenya under the following sub headings(6marks)-Human diseases-Siltation-Floods(d)(i) Name two projects in Netherlands which were aimed at reclaiming land from the Sea / estuaries.(2 marks)(ii) State three benefits of land reclamation in the Netherlands.(3 marks)10.(a)(i) Name two mining methods used to mine diatomite in Kariandusi in Kenya.(2 marks)(ii) State three formations in which minerals occur.(3 marks)(b) State four factors influencing exploitation of minerals in Kenya.(4 marks)(c) Explain three negative effects of mining on the environment.(6 marks)(d) The diagram below shows the occurrence of petroleum in the earth‘s crust.(i) Name the substances in the areas labeled L, M and N.(3 marks)(ii) Give two by-products obtained when refining crude oil.(2 marks)(e) State five significance of mining in Kenya.(5 marks)Page | 261Geography 312/1,312/2 KEIYO SOUTH FORM 4 PRE-MOCK 2016 GEOGRAPHY PRE - MOCK PP2 312/2 MARKING SCHEME 1 a) Outline three physical factors that favored the development of the Seven Forks hydro-electric power scheme. -Presence of hard basement rock-Presence of large volume of water from River Tana-Presence of waterfalls/rapids/steep gradient-Presence of narrow steep sided river valley/deep gorges-Presence of impervious rock-Regular flow/constant of R.Tanab) State two problems facing hydro-electric power projects in Kenya-Seasonal fluctuation of water levels in the rivers-Frequent silting of the reservoirs-High cost of maintenance of machines-High cost or transmission of power from remote sites-Inadequate capital to expand the projectsany 2x1 (2 mks)2.a) Three types of exotic dairy cattle reared in Kenya-Freisian/Hoisten/Swiss brown/Brown swiss,-Jersey,-Aryshire,-Guernsey,-Alderney,-Sahiwal,any 3x1 (3 mks)b) Two human factors that favor dairy farming in Kenya Highlands-High population in the area offer ready market for milk and other dairy products/provides labour-There are milk processing factories which help in milk processing/storage-Many parts of Kenya highlands are well served by road network which supports fast transport of milk to processing plants-Provision of extension officers to educate farmers on cattle rearing.any 2x1 (2 mks)3.Problems facing wildlife in Kenya-Poaching where animals are killed for meat, tusks, horns illegally leading to decline in animals species.-Human wildlife conflict due to population.-Encroachment of land reserved for wild animals.-Fires in the forest destroy both plants and animals.-Inadequate capital to maintain Maitland parcel and game reserves.-Overgrazing and soil erosion as a result of increase in animal population.-Environmental pollution e.g. sewage disposal.-Over-exploitation of wildlife-Overcrowding caused by tourist traffic leading to wildlife harassment and stress.4a) Methods used in deep sea fishingTrawling,-Drifting,-Seining/purse seining/haul seining,-Line fishing/long lineany 2x1 (2 mks)b)Ways in which the government of Kenya is promoting the fishing industry-Establishing feeder roads to fisheries-Encouraging fish farming /facilitates/finances establishinment of fish farm-Establishing research station-Dredging of silted lakes-Looking for external markets for fish/encouraging fish eating culture-Encouraging formation of fishing cooperatives-Restocking overfished areas-Banning indiscriminate fishing/enforcing the use of standardized nets/seasonal ban on fishing to allow breeding /licensingany 3x1 (3 mks)5.Give five reasons why domestic tourism is being encouraged in Kenya.-To expose Kenyans to the wide variety of recreational facilities-To make use of tourist facilities during the low tourist seasons-To ensure that Kenyans become familiar with the different parts of the Country-To make Kenyans appreciate the country‘s national heritage /artifacts/culture/wildlife.-To enable people from different communities to interact / to enhance national unit-To enhance circulation of money within the country/to promote domestic trade-To create employment in the country. any 5x1 (5 mks)6 a) i) Tea-240000/608000x3600 =142.10Maize-200000/608000x3600 =118.40Coffee-98000/608000x360 0=58.00Wheat-70000/608000x3600 =41.4oA pie chart showing four principal crops of the year 2000 1 Title 1mk Each segment 1mk ×4 =4 mks Calculation 1/ 2 ×4 = 2mks Page | 262Geography 312/1,312/2 Radius 5 cm=1mkNB The segment must be shade appropriately (ii) Advantages of using a pie chart Simple to construct. Easy to compare the production over period of time. Give visual impression of individual components. 2mks. b)130,000- 70,00060,000 x 100 = 85.7 / 852mks60,00070,000c) Cool / warm climate / condition. 10oc to 28oc throughout the year-High rainfall/ 1000 - 2000 mm per year.-Well distributed rainfall through the year.-Areas are frost - free-Deep light and well drained soils-Gently sloping / undulating land-Acidic / Volcanic soils / ph of 4 - 6-High altitude / 100 m - 2300m a.s.l(Any 5 x 1 (5mks)d)-Delayed payments / low payments that lowers the morale of the farmers mismanagement / Embezzlement of funds thusfarmers are discouraged-Poor feeder roads in the tea growing areas lead to delays in collection / delivery of the green leaf hence wastage.-Adverse weather conditions such as long droughts / hale storms lead to destruction of the crop / lower production.-Fluctuation of prices in the world market makes it difficult for the farmer to plan ahead/ lower morale/ discourages farmers-High production costs due to high prices of farm inputs leads to lower yields since most farmers cannot afford to buy them-Pests/ Fungal diseases destroy crops. Reduce yields (pests e.g. red spider-mites, weevils and beetles), termites, nematodes.-Inadequate/ unreliable transport facilities delays the collection/ delivery of green leaf reducing the quality.-Labour shortage/ expensive labour leads to low products/quality.any 4x2 (8 mks)7 .a) i) Characteristics of nomadic pastoralism-moving seasonally with animals in search of pasture and water-Uncontrolled breeding-Large herds of animals are involved-Traditional breeds are kept-Their products are mainly meat-Communal land ownership-Little / no scientific management involved-Production is low1 x 4 = 4mksii) Beef cattle breeds kept in Kenya-Zebu-Borana-Aberdare Angus-Hereford-Galloway-Shorthorn-Charolais1 x 3 = 3mksb) Compare beef farming in Kenya and Argentina-in both countries breeds kept are the same-in both countries cattle are kept in ranches-in Kenya beef farming is done in semi-arid areas while in Argentina it is kept all over the country-in both countries some of the products are meant for export2 x 4 = 8mksc) Explain three problems facing beef farming in Kenya-Shortage of water and pasture during dry season-pests and diseases such as tsetsefly and East coast fever which kill the animals-poor transport in the beef farming areas which affect the quality of products-keeping of large herds of cattle by most farmers lowers the quality of products-inadequate capital especially in remote areas-low purchasing power of the people in pastoral keeping areas2 x 3 = 6mksd) Measures that have been taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef farming-building cattle dips to control diseases ad pests-employing extension officers to teach farmers on best ways of beef farming-Construction of roads - in the areas to ease transportation of products-Establishment of KMC to market their products1 x 4 = 4mks8 a) i) Forestry is the science of planting, caring and using trees/forest and their associated resources, while agro forestry isthe deliberate growing of trees and crops/keeping of livestock on a piece of land.Page | 263Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) -Gazzetment of forested areas to delimit the areas and reduce encroachment by the public.?Evicting people who have encroached forested areas in order to rehabilitate the forests.?Educating the public/creating awareness on the importance of conserving forests to gain their support on conservation.?Enacting/enforcing laws to prohibit cutting of trees within the gazetted areas.?Employing forest guards to patrol forest reserves to ensure that illegal activities are reported.?Encouraging people to use other sources of energy in order to reduce the demand for wood fuel.?Fencing off forested areas/maintaining of buffer zones to keep away any intrudes into the forest.4x2 (8 mks)b)(i)?Pine?Cypress?Blue gum/eucalyptus?Wattle?Kei - apple?Jacaranda?Bombay?Granville?Cedar?Casuarinas?Silky oat2x1 (2 mks)ii) Tree harvesting?In Kenya harvesting of trees is done throughout the year while in Canada harvesting is done in winter and early spring.?In Kenya harvesting is done selectively in most cases while in Canada indiscriminate cutting of trees is done.2 marksDiversity of the softwood tree species.i)The various types of softwood tree species in Kenya are low while in Canada, a wide variety of such trees prevail.c(i) ResinsGums Tannin Mushroom Tubers Nuts Fibres Silk Vegetables Fruits Medicinal herbs Honey.3 marksc(ii) Explain three human problems facing forests in Kenya.?The degazettement of state forests which reduces the total acreage under forests in the country.?The outbreak of forest fires by hunters and honey harvesters which destroys the forests.?Over-exploitation to meet the high demand for forest products particularly timber which reduces the area under forest covergreatly.?High population growth which leads to encroachment of forests for purpose of farming and settlement causing cutting downof forests.?Illegal logging which destroys large forest lands.?Corruption by forest officers which results into massive cutting down of trees hence reducing the area under forest cover.?Remoteness/inaccessibility of forest areas which hampers regular forest patrols for security purposes. 3x2 (6 mks)9.a)(i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation.Land reclamation is the practice by which a less useful land is converted into more useful land while land rehabilitation is theprocess of recovery / restoration of land which has been misused and destroyed through human activities.(ii) State four methods used to reclaim land in Kenya apart from irrigation.-Drainage of swamps.-Tsetse fly control and clearing of jungles.-Afforestation.-Filling of quarries.-Control of floods.-Application of manure.-Planting of drought resistant crops.Any first four ( 4 x 1 = 4 marks )(b)(i) Identify the rivers marked X and YX - River ThibaY - River Muru BaraEach one mark ( 2 x 1 = 2 marks )(ii) Identify the sections marked A, C and E where rice is grown in Mwea Irrigation SchemePage | 264Geography 312/1,312/2 A - Tebere C - Wamumu E - MweaEach one mark ( 3 x 1 = 3 marks )(iii) State three human factors which influenced the location of Mwea Irrigation Scheme.-The area was uninhabited as it did not attract settlers due to its semi-arid conditions.-There was availability of labour due to the presence of former Mau Mau detainees.-Desire by the colonial government to start off a project that could offer employment to the political detainees during the 1952State of Emergency.-The area is located near major urban centres such as Nairobi, Embu, Thika, Nyeri and Kerugoya which provide immediatemarkets for rice. Any first three ( 3 x 1 = 3 marks )(c)Explain the problems facing irrigation farming in Kenya under the following subheadings.-Human DiseasesThe stagnant water in the plots and canals encourages the breeding of snails and mosquitoes which spread bilharzias and malaria respectively. -SiltationSilting in the canals is frequent. This reduces the amount of water required for irrigation.-FloodsSome irrigation schemes such as Bunyala in Busia and Hola in Tana River are affected by flood water during the rainyseasons which destroy the crops and infrastructure.(d)(i) Name two projects in Netherlands which were aimed at reclaiming land from the sea / estuaries.-Zuyder Zee Project-The Delta Plan Project(ii) State three benefits of land reclamation in the Netherlands.-Led to creation of fresh water lake for domestic and industrial use.-Led to availability of fertile land in the polder for agricultural activities.-Has led to increased agricultural raw materials leading to industrial development.-Has led to creation of more land for agriculture and settlements.-Has helped in keeping sea water away from the land reducing tidal flooding.-Has led to increased employment opportunities.-Has led to development of infrastructure such as roads.-The dams and dykes completely cut off movement of salty sea water inland controlling salination. This has improvedagricultural production.10.(a)(i) Name two mining methods used in Kariandusi in Kenya. (2mks)?Open cast?Adit mining(ii) State three formation in which minerals occur. (3mks)?Veins and lodes?Layers and seams?Weathering products.?Alluvial or placer deposits.(b)State four factors influencing exportation of minerals in Kenya.(4mks)?Value of the mineral.?Size of the mineral deposit.?Quality of the ore.?Transport cost.?Availability of labour.?Method of extraction.?Political interference / boarder disagreement?Civil wars.?Demand for the mineral.?Availability of capital(4 x 1 = 4 mks)(c)Explain three negative effects of mining on the environment. (6mks)?Mining causes land destruction / ugly land / badlands.?Mining causes pollution of environment air, water, soil and also noise.?Mining causes loss of bio-diversity - animals migrate, vegetation cleared.?Leads to soil erosion since land remains bare.?Mining may lead to landslides.?Mining may lower the water table of a given place.(d)(i) Name the substances in the area labelled L, M and N. (3mks)L - Petroleum oilM - WaterN - Gas(ii) Two by-products obtained when refining crude oil. (2mks)Page | 265Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Tar ? Wax ? Bitumen / pitch / asphalt ? Grease lubricants. ? Resin / petrol chemicals(2 x 1 = 2 mks)(e) State five significance of mining in Kenya. (5mks) ? Mineral provide raw materials for industries. ? Minerals lead to development of transport and communication e.g. road, railways, telephone. ? Mining creates employment. ? Mining leads to development of settlement / towns e.g. Magadi town. ? Minerals are exported to earn foreign exchange. ? Mining leads to development of social amenities e.g. hospitals, schools.(5 x 1 = 5 mks) Page | 26600Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST/TINDERET GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 TIME:2 ? HOURS PRE - MOCK SECTION A Answer ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THS SECTION. 1. The diagram below represents the structure of the atmosphere. Use it to answer question a) Name:i.The parts marked P and Q.(2 marks)ii.The layer of discontinuity marked R.(1 mark)b) State two characteristics of the weather conditions in the troposphere.(2 marks)2.(a) What is the longitude of place M whose local time is 11.00 am. If local time at longitude 300E is 2.00 pm?(3 marks)(b) State the effects of International Date Line on time(1 mark)3.Study the diagram below and answer the following questionsi)Name the part labeledA,B,C(3 marks)ii) State two factors that influence the rate at which ice moves(2 marks)iii) State one condition that leads to glacial deposition(1 marks)4.(a) Differentiate between aridity and desertification.(2 marks)(b) State three human causes of aridity and desertification.(3 marks)5.(a) Give three examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks.(3 marks)(b) State two changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure.(2 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions.Page | 267Geography 312/1,312/2 6.Study the Migwani map sheet 151/1 scale 1:50000 and use it to answer the questions.a)(i) Give the six figure grid references of Kauma dam to the South West of the map extract.(2 marks)(ii) Measure the approximate distance of all-weather loose surface road to the North Wes of the map.(2 marks)(iii) Identify two ways of relief representation on map.(2 marks)b)(i) Measure the bearing of Kyawea trigometrical station (922643) from Kagondi School 905701.(2 marks)(ii) Calculate the area enclosed by all-weather loose surface road to the North West of the map extract.(2 marks)(iii) Draw a square 15 cm by 15 cm to represent a section of the map enclosed by easting 00 and northing 70.On it mark and name the following features: a) Mboni dam b) Dry weather road c) Iko shops d) River iko e) Escarpment(5 marks)c)(i) citing evidence from the map, state any three services offered at Mbito Ndoa.(3 marks)(ii) Identify two types of vegetation found along northing 68.(2 marks)(iii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(5 marks)7.(a)(i) Name two components of soil.(2 marks)(ii) Give two ways in which soils are formed.(2 marks)(b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation(i) Climate(ii) Relief(c)(i)Other than soil erosion, state two other ways in which soils may be degenerated.(2 marks)(ii) Briefly explain two effects of soil erosion to human activities(4 marks)(d)Draw a well labeled diagram of the soil catena.(3 marks)(e)Your class members intend to conduct a field study on an area under the effect of soil erosion within their district.(i) Name two types of soil erosion they are likely to identify during the study.(2 marks)(ii) State four soil conservation measures you are likely to recommend to the residents of study area8.(a)(i) Give three sources of underground water.(3 marks)(ii) Identify three ways in which springs occur.(3 marks)(b)With the aid of a well-labeled diagram show the three zones of underground water.(6 marks)(c)Explain how the following factors influence the existence of underground water.i)Precipitation(2 marks)ii)Vegetation cover(2 marks)(d)(i) Name any three surface features of limestone areas.(3 marks)(ii) Describe how stalagmites are formed.(3 marks)(e)State three significance of underground water to human activities.(3 marks)9.(a)(i) Define the term drainage basin.(2 marks)(ii) Mention any three types of river erosion.(3 marks)(iii) Describe the process of abrasion in river erosion.(3 marks)(iv) State and explain the four processes in which the river transports its load.(8 marks)(b)Students of Kambi were to carry out a field study of a river in an area.i)State any three reasons why they needed a route map of the area.(3 marks)ii) Give two features that they may have observed and studied.(2 marks)iii) State any two problems that they may be have observed and studied.(2 marks)iv) Mention any two follow up activities that they could have taken.(2 marks)10.(a)(i) Define faulting.(1 mark)(ii) Identify three types of faults(3 marks)(b)Apart from compressional forces, explain two processes that they may cause faulting.(4 marks)(c)With the aid of diagrams describe how compressional forces may have led to the formation of the Great Rift Valley.(8 marks)(d)Apart from the rift valley name three other relief features that were formed by compressional forces.(3 marks)(e)Explain three significance of faulting to the physical and human environment.(6 marks)Page | 268Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI/TINDERET DISTRICTS JOINT EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 PRE- MOCK TIME: 2 ? HOURS SECTION A Answer ALL Questions. 1.(a) Give three social factors that influence Agriculture.(3 marks)(b) Name two provinces in Canada where wheat is grown in large scale.(2 marks)2.(a) Define the term domestic tourism.(2 marks)(b) Give three conditions that favour wildlife in Kenya.(3 marks)3.(a) Define photography.(2 marks)(b) Name three types of ground photographs.(3 marks)4.(a) Define statistics.(2 marks)(b) Give three importance of a reconnaissance.(3 marks)5.(a) Give two areas of study in human and economic geography.(2 marks)(b) State three economic importance of studying geography in our educational institutions.(3 marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section.6.(a) Give three main methods of mining.(3 marks)(b) The following data shows the value of minerals exported from Tanzania between 2000-2003.Use it to answer thefollowing questions.Value of mineral exports in millions KshsYear2000200120022003Gold680700500400Diamond1000800700900Mica400100400100i)Calculate the percentage decline in the values of diamond between 2000-2001.(2 marks)ii)Draw a compound bar graph to represent the date above.(8 marks)(Use scale Y axis 2 cm 100 million export).(c)Explain any four ways in which Trona contribute to the growth of the economy in Kenya.(8 marks)(d)Students from Matungu District went to study Gold mining in Kkakmega South Districti)State any two preparations made before the study.(2 marks)ii)Give any two follow up activities they engage after the study.(2 marks)7.(a)Different forestry and afforestation.(4marks)(b)(i) Give three soft woods trees which grow in the forest reserves of Canada.(3 marks)(ii) State four characteristics of planted forests in Kenya.(4 marks)(c)Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-topics-Growth(2 marks)-Harvesting(2 marks)-Marketing(2 marks)(d)State four measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve forest.(4 marks)(e)The students of Mawego mixed secondary school are planning to carry out a field study on forestry in Homa bay County.i)State two objectives for their study.(2 marks)ii)Formulae two hypothesis for their study.(2 marks)8.(a)(i) What is indiscriminate fishing?(2 marks)(ii) Differentiate between inland and marine fishing.(2 marks)(b)(i) Explain five physical factors influencing fishing.(5 marks)(ii) Explain four benefits of fishing to Kenya.(8 marks)(c)(i) Explain three problems facing the fishing industry in Japan.(6 marks)(ii) State two reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are underdeveloped.(2 marks)9.(a)(i) Name two methods that are used to reclaim land in Netherlands.(2 marks)(ii) Give the two projects that were undertaken to reclaim land in Netherlands.(8 marks)(b)Describe the procedure of reclaiming polder land in the Netherlands.(8 marks)(c)Highlight down six problems facing Mea irrigation scheme.(6 marks)(d)(i) What is the future of irrigation farming in Kenya.(4 marks)(ii) Name three crops grown in Perkerra irrigation scheme.(3marks)10.(a)(i) What is sedentary farming?(2 marks)(ii) Name three main types of Agriculture.(3 marks)(b)(i) Name four horticulture farms in Kenya.(4 marks)(ii) State five reasons for growing flowers under green houses.(5 marks)(c)Name three vegetable horticultural crops grown in Kenya.(3 marks)(d)Explain four reasons why horticulture farming is more developed in the Netherlands than in Kenya.(8 marks)Page | 269Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI EAST AND TINDERET EVALUATION TEST GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 PRE - MOCK MARKING SCHEME SECTION A 1.a)i)P- Mesosphereii) Q- thermosphere/ ionosphere iii) R- Tropopause b) ? Temperatures decrease with an increase in height/ normal lapse rate/ the rate decrease is 10C for 160 meters of height/0.650C per 100m/6.5 per 1000m ? Pressure falls with an increase in height ? The speed of wind increases with an increase in height ? It contains most of the atmospheric water vapour/ clouds 2.a)Difference in time; 2:00 pm to 11:00am= Difference in 3 hrs = 1 hr the earth rotates through 150(3hrs × 150)= 450 The time at M is behind that at 30E = 45-300 = 150 M is at Longitude 150 W b)Effects of International Date Line on timeA day is lost when the longitude is crossed to the west, while to the east; a day is gained3.i)ALateral MoraineBMedical MoraineCTerminal Moraineii)Factors influencing the rate at which ice movesGradient of the slope; Ice moves faster on steep slopes due to increased effects of gravity than on gentle slopes season, movement of ice is faster in summer when ice thaws than in winter Friction; Parts on the sides and out the bottom of a glacier move slowly because they experience a high resistance to movement due to friction. The Centre part of glacier moves faster due to minimum friction. Thickness and weight; Thick and heavy glacier move faster than light glacier. iii)A rise in temperature leads to melting of ice resulting to deposition of glacier;-Weight of moraine-Gradient/ relief-Seasonal melting of ice during the alternative warm and cold seasonal enables materials embedded in the ice to bedeposited by melt water.4.a)Aridity is a state of insufficient moisture leading to scanty or lack of vegetation and deficiency in soil fertility whiledesertification is the slow but steady reduction in the land due to encouragement of desert ice conditions(2 mks)b)-Uncontrolled clearance of vegetation that leads to severe soil erosion and interference with hydrological cycle.-Setting up irrigation schemes and reclamation of swampy areas which leads to lowering of water table-Poor irritation practices that leads to salinization in the top soil.-Industrialization has led to increased quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere leading to global warming.5.a)Three examples of mechanically formed sedimentary rocks-Sandstone - Clay stone, siltstone - Mudstoneb)Changes that occur in sedimentary rocks when they are subjected to intense heat and pressure.-New Minerals are formed-Mineral recrystallize further-Rock particles become compacted-The physical appearance of the rock changes-Metamorphism without any details(Any 2 ×1=2mks)6.Migwani Map6.They six figure grid reference ofi)Kauma dam.902624(2 mks)ii) The approximately distance of all weather roadLoose surface road to the north west of the map.11kms(2mks)iii) Two ways of representing relief on the map are:Page | 270Geography 312/1,312/2 -Trigonometrical station-Contoursb)i) The bearing of Kyawea trigonometrical station (9226430) from Kagondi school (905 701) is1650 (1640-1660) ±1ii) The area of the enclosed by all weather loose surface road to the north west of the map extract is 8km2(2 mks)c)i)Three social services offered at Mtito Ndoa are :-ServiceEvidence? Health/ medical- Health center Hospitals? Religious services- Church? Administration- Chiefs office? Water supply- Water pipe? Education- School? Transport- Dry weather roads? Communication- Post office(Any 3×1=3mks)ii) Identify two types of vegetation found along northing 68.-Scrub vegetation-Scattered trees-Papyrus swamp mash, bog(any 2mks)iii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.-There are many permanent rivers-The river rises from West to East-The river forms dendritic pattern-The main river is Ikoo-Some rivers are seasonal-There are dams-There is a borehole.-Rivers to the north west forms radial drainage pattern.-There is a spring-There is a water tank.(Any 5× 1=5mks)( Question total = 25mks)7.a)i)Name two components of soil?Soil water?Soil air?Soil organic matter/ humus?Living organisms?Soil organic/ mineral matter.ii)Give two ways in which soils are formed?Through weathering?Through decomposition of organic matter?Through leachingb)Explain how the following factors influence soil formationi)Climate;?Climate conditions affect the rate of weathering taking place on a given rock through seasonal variation in rainfall andtemperature?Areas with high perispitation ( rainfall) arte heavily leached and weathered compared to drier area , they therefore have deepsoils?High temperatures promote rapid or faster weathering and chemical changes in the soil (cold temperature slow theseprocesses)?Rainfall and temperature determine the vegetation cover which determines the organic matter content of the soil?Running water and winds act as agents of soil erosion, blowing fine sand and dust depositing them far away forming richfertile soils.(2×2=4mks)ii)Topography;?Soils on mountain slopes are heavily eroded hence have thin soils.?Plateau soils in areas of gentle slopes are deep and have well developed profiles?Plains and valley bottoms have deep soils due to deposition of weathered and eroded materials.c)i)Other than soil erosion, state two other ways in which soils may be degenerated.?Soil water logging?Burning of land/shifting cultivation/slash/burn?Deforestation?Over cropping?Overgrazing?MonoculturePage | 27100Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Wrong fertilizer application ? Excessive leaching due to over application of fertilizers. ? Overgrazing/overstocking.Any(2×1=2mks)ii) Briefly explain two effects of soil erosion to human activities ? Sand eroded from steep slopes is deposited on the river beds and can be harvested for building and construction. ? Soil erosion loosens productive top soils thus lowers agriculture potential of land. ? During soil erosion, rich soils may be deposited e.g alluvium agriculture production ? Destruction of vegetation cover during soil erosion may lead to aridity and desertification. ? Eroded sediments from farmlands and dumping sites may contain pollutants/agrochemicals that may kill aquatic life if it reaches oceans/seas/lakes and river. They may also make water unfit for human consumption. ? Eroded sediments may fill water reservoirs constructed for HEP generation/irrigation thus requiring dredging which is expensive. ? Also erode alluvial deposits on river beds make the river channel shallower resulting into frequent flooding. ? Soil erosion may destroy structures eg buildings,bridges,roads as it weakens their foundations.Any(2×2=4mks)d) Draw a labeled diagram of the soil catenae)Your class members intend to conduct a field study on an area under the effect of soil erosion within their districti)Name two types of soil erosion they are likely to identify during the field study?Gulley?Sheet?Splash?Rill?WindAny(2×1=2mksii)State four conservation measures you are likely to recommend to the residents of the study area.?Crop rotation involves alternate of different crops on a given piece of land to prevent /minimize soil exhaustion.?Mixed farming involves integrating animal and crop husbandry.It improves soil fertility as animal waste and plant remainsassist in retaining soil fertility.?Cover cropping forms a bumper that reduces the impact of raindrops: the roots bind the soil firmly?Mulching: Involves the use of plant remains are used to cover cultivated ground?Contour ploughing i.e. ploughing across the slopes helps to check surface runoff?Strip cropping involves planting of different crops in narrow alternate belts of land especially on slopes which are too steep tobe terraced.?Afforestation: planting trees where none existed before and reforestation-planting of trees to replace the cut ones.?Regulation of livestock numbers to reduce overgrazing.?Bush fallowing- cultivating land for period of time then allowing it to remain idle without cultivation for sometime to helpimprove soil quality.?Controllinng bush fires that exposes the agents of soil erosion?Intercropping/mixed cropping i.e. growing two or more crops concurrently on same piece of land to help improve the soilsnitrogen content.Any(4marks)8.a) i) Give three sources of underground water.?Rain water?Melt water?Lake and sea water( water bodies)?Magnetic water(3×1=3mks)ii)Identify three ways in which springs occur?When a dyke cuts across a layer of permeable rock?When limestone rocks over lie impermeable rocks?When permeable rock lies on top of an impermeable rock?Water enters a previous rock and comes out where the water table meets the surface(3×1=3mks)Page | 27200Geography 312/1,312/2 b) With the aid of a well labeled diagram show the three zones of underground water.(6mks)c) How the following factors influence the existence of underground water. i)Precipitation? Light rain falls over a longer period infiltrates more than heavy down pour which is short ? Heavy down pour saturates the surface thus blocking the passage that the water would use to infiltrate ? Too little rain does not get in to the rocks.(2mks)ii) Vegetation cover ? Vegetation breaks the speed of rain drops falling. This enables water to reach the ground gently hence increasing infiltration. ? Vegetation reduces the speed of the surface run-off hence the water is retained more and given time to infiltrate. ? Vegetation increases retention of ground water by providing shade hence less evaporation. This increases infiltration (2mks) d) i) Name any three surface features of limestone areas. ?Clints?Srikes?Swallow holes/ sink holes?Dolines?Uvalas?Poljes(3mks)ii)Formation of stalagmites?Water drips from end of a stalactite to the floor of a cave?The drops of calcium bicarbonate crystallize and grow slowly and steadily towards the roof of the cave?This results into a stumpy rock mass growing from the floor of the cave upwards and is known as the stalagmitee)State three significance of underground water to human activities(3mks)?Sources of river e.g. the spring?Sources of minerals as they are deposited at the mouths of springs?Sources of water through springs, wells, boreholes etc. which is used for industrial and domestic purposes?Hot springs attract tourists?Underground water can be used for irrigation?Springs attract human settlements(3mks)9)i)Drainage basin definition-Drainage basin is the entire area drained by a river and its tributaries.i)Three types of river erosion are:--Headward erosion - lengthens river course-Laterial erosion - widens the river bank-Vertical erosion - Deepens the river bed.ii) Describe the process of abrasion-The materials carried by the river (load) is used as a tool for scouring-The load is hurled by the river water against the banks and the floor-The load being dragged smothering the river bed-Eddy currents rotates rock particles in hollows and widen them into pothole-Abrasion is responsible for wearing down the river bed and widening the banks as the river flows down stream.(3mks)iii) Explain the four processes in which the river transport its load.-Solution - This is the process in which materials that are soluble in water like soil are transported down stream. Chalk inlimestone areas-Suspension - Process where light insoluble materials like silt and mud are carried and maintained withing the turbulence offlowing water-Traction - process of transportation where large and heavier materials are rolled/dragged along river bed eg logs and rocks.Page | 27300Geography 312/1,312/2 -Saltation/hydraulic rifts - Process whereby materials/particles such as small stones are transported downstream through a series of short hops and jumps. Particles that are not too heavy but cannot remain suspended in water are momentarily lifted by water turbulence and at times dropped into the river bed. b) i) The importance of the route map ? To help to identify the direction to follow ? To help to prepare a work schedule ? To identify the location of features for study ? To estimate the distance to be covered ? To estimate the time the field work is supposed to take(3mks)ii) Two features that they may have observed and studied are ? Interlocking spurs ? V- shaped valleys ? Gorges ? Rapids ? Water falls ? Pot holes(3×1=3mks)iii) Two problems that they may have encountered are: ? Harsh weather changes - rainy day ? Attack by wild animals eg crocodiles ? Accidents in the river ? Loss of direction(3×1=3mks)iv) Any two follow up activities are: ? Discussing the findings ? Drawing diagrams ? Displaying photographs ? Read more about the topic writing field report ? Sketching the features ? Analyzing collected data drawing conclusion Assessing the information collected against the hypothesis.(2×1=2mks)10. a) i) Define faulting Faulting is the cracking or fracturing of the rocks of the earth crust.(1mk)ii) Identify three types of faults. ? Normal fault ? Reversed fault ? Tear/shear fault ? Thrust fault ? Anticlinal fault(3×1=3mks)b) Apart from compressional forces, explain two other processes that may cause faulting.(4mks)? Faulting may be caused by forces acting horizontally away from each other which causes tension in the crustal rocks. Due to tensional forces the rocks stretch and fracture causing faults. ? Faulting may occur where horizontal forces act parallel to each other in the opposite direction resulting into shearing. ? Faulting may also occur due to vertical movements which may exert a strain in the rocks making them to fracture. (2×2=4mks) c) Formation of the great Rift valley by compressional forces.(8mks)? Layer of rocks are subjected to compression forces? Lines of weakness occur leading to the development of adjacent reverse faults.Page | 27400Geography 312/1,312/2 ? The compressional forces push the outer blocks towards each other and over the middle block ? The middle block remains stable and forms the floor of the Rift valley ? The overhanging sides caused by reversed faulting eventually collapse through denudation. Explanation (4mks) diagram (4mks) d) ? Block mountain/ falt blocks/ horst ? Fault scarp ? Ridge(3mks)e) Significance of faulting to the physical and human environment.(6mks)? Faulting leads to formation of features e.g scarps that form beautiful scenery which attracts tourists. ? Subsidence of land as a result of faulting may lead to loss of life and property ? Springs occurring at the base of fault scarps attract settlement. ? Rivers flowing faults carps form waterfalls that are used for H.E.P generation ? Faulting causes displacement of rocks which exposes minerals that are mined(3×2=6mks)Page | 275Geography 312/1,312/2 NANDI / TINDERET JOINT EVALUATION TEST 2016 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 TIME: 2 ? HOURS SECTION A Answer ALL Questions. 2.(a)Give three social factors that influence Agriculture.(3 marks)?Traditional/culture/diet.?Land ownership and inheritance.?Religion.?Gender roles?Technology?Foreign influence(b)Name two provinces in Canada where wheat is grown in large scale.(2 marks)?Manitroba?Saakatchewan.?Alberta.(2marks)3.(a) Define the term domestic tourism.(2 marks)?The type of tourism whereby citizens of a country travel for leisure to certain areas of interest within their country. 2 mks.(b)Give three conditions that favour wildlife in Kenya.(3 marks)?Vegetation?Government policy?Climate?Soils?Altitude?Drainage?Human activities/settlement/farming.4.(a)Define photography.(2 marks)?A photograph is an image or a picture of an object recorded by a camera on a light sensitive film or paper(b)Name three types of ground photographs.(3 marks)?Helps one to identify the appropriate equipment to be used in the study.?To determine the appropriate routes to be taken?Helps one to decide on the appropriate methods of data collection.?Helps students to familiarize with the area and save time during the actual study.?Helps in assessing the suitability of the area as a source of the information required.?Helps in identifying problems that area likely to be experienced.?Helps to assess the cost of the study and plan for it well.?Helps in preparation of the work schedules.(Any 3×1)(3marks)5.(a)Define statistics.(2 marks)?Statistics refers to the exact numerical facts of figure collected systematically and arranged for a particular purpose.(2 mks)(b)Give three importance of a reconnaissance.(3 mks)?Helps one to identify the appropriate equipment to be used in the study.?To determine the appropriate routes to be taken.?Helps one to decide on the appropriate methods of data collection.?Helps students to familiarize with the area and save time during the actual study.?Helps in assessing the suitability of the area ass a source of the information required.?Helps to assess the cost of the study and plan for it well.?Helps in preparation of the work schedules.(Any 3×1)6.(a)Give two areas of study in human and economic geography.(2 marks)?Agriculture?Forestry?Human?Wildlife?Fishing?Mining?Energy?Industries?Population?Trade?Transport and communication?SettlementsPage | 276Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Management and conservation of resources (b) State three economic importance of studying geography in our educational institutions.(3 marks)? A tool for better citizenship-learners are taught some basic and knowledge which help contributes to local regional and national development e.g. where to locate a school around or dispensary. ? Geography is helps in planning of national projects e.g. location of a dam. ? It creates awareness in the management and conservation of the environment and need to use resources sustainability. ? The study of the earth and the solar system provides valuable information to human activities like space exploration and a nation. ? It is a career subject in which one may specialized in to become a professional.e.g.curses like survey, urban planning teaching forestry, agriculture, meteorology e.tc. ? Through field work it teaches on proper time management and resources. ? Leads to development. ? It teaches on how to use leisure time through fieldwork lessons hence help on low to choose leisure activities e.g. tourism. SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other TWO questions from this section. 7.(a)Give three main methods of mining.(3 marks)? Open cast method? Underground? Alluvial method(b)1000 + 800 = 1800200 x 100%1800(c)Explain any four ways in which Trona contribute to the growth of the economy in Kenya.(8 marks)?Exported to earn foreign exchange for economic development.?Provides raw materials to industries leading to industrialization.?Led to the growth of towns-Magadi.?Leads top development of transport networks impressing the transport trade.?Leads to development of social amenities improving the living standards of people.?Creates employment opportunities reducing unemployment.(Any 4×1)(d)Students from Matungu District went to study Gold mining in Kakamega South Districti.State any two preparations made before the study.(2 marks)?Conduct a pre-visit?Class discussions?Organize data collection instruments?Prepare working schedule.?Seek permission.?Organize for transportation.ii.Give any two follow up activities they engage after the study.(2 marks)?Discussion of findings?Displays photos/maps/diagrams?Write reports8.(a)Different forestry and afforestation.(4marks)?Forestry is the science/practice of planting cultivating developing and management of forests /tree farming while afforestationis the planting of trees generally in area which has not had trees in the past.(4marks)(b)(i) Give three soft woods trees which grow in the forest reserves of Canada.(3 marks)?Cedar?Douglas fir?Pine?Spruce?Balsa fir?Hem bek?cypress(ii)State four characteristics of planted forests in Kenya.(4 marks)?Trees appear in rows?Trees are of the same species?Are marshy softwoods?Little/no undergrowth?Trees take short time to mature?Trees appear in blocks of different stage/age1×4=4marks(c)Compare forestry in Kenya and Canada under the following sub-topics?GrowthPage | 277Geography 312/1,312/2 Several unites in Canada show down growth of trees hence take long to mature while in Kenya trees mature faster due to cool climates in the highlands.(2 marks)?Harvesting(2 marks)?In Canada harvesting is done through clearing cutting while in Kenya selective cutting is used.?In Canada harvesting is done in summer while in Kenya it takes place throughout?In both cases machines are used for logging.MarketingMost of Canada‘s wood products are exported to USA, Britain and Europe while wood products in Kenya are sold locallywith few being exported to USA and Europe(2 marks)(d)State four measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve forest.(4 marks)?Agroforestry programmes?Public awareness and education through mass media.?Establishment of forest research stations.?Afforestation afforestation programme creation better zone.?Enactment of legislation governing forest conservation. 4mks8.(a)(i)What is indiscriminate fishing?(2 marks)Fishing is catching of fish including the young and immature ones.(2 marks)(ii) Differentiate between inland and marine fishing.(2 marks)Inland is the fishing that takes place in all fresh water bodies i.e. lakes and rivers, ponds, etcMarine fishing is the fishing that is carried out in the seas and oceans along the coasts.(1mark)(b)(i) Explain five physical factors influencing fishing.(5 marks)?Availability of plankton; this determines the number of fish in an area;? Ocean currents/convergence of ocean currents. Areas under the influence of warm ocean currents have fewer fish species than those influenced by cold ocean currents, when cold and Warm Ocean currents meet, the temperature is regulated. ? Nature of the coastline. Intended coastlines are best sites for fish breeding because of the calm waters and anchorage of large ships and development of ports. ?Relief-Rugged landscape in various countries in temperate regions hinder Agricultural activities and thus people turn tofishing as an alternative economic activity.?Temperature of the water-cool waters of temperature latitudes have abundant fish due to high growth off planktons whiletropical latitudes have limited amounts of fish due to inadequate plankton.?Broad continental shelf along the coastline favours the growth of plankton leading to more fish.(ii)Explain four benefits of fishing to Kenya.(8 marks)?Source of income. The fishing industry is an income generating activity through catching, processing, transporting andtaxation.?Source of employment. Creates self-employment to those who are fishing, those employed by the fishermen and others in thefishing -related industries.?Tourist attraction.Spoprt fishing along the Coast, lake Naivasha and Lake Victoria provide recreation facility for touristsearning the country foreign exchange.?Source of raw material for chemical industry. Fish oil and fat are used in manufacture of soap, cosmetics, medicine andfertilizers.?Development of related industries. New industries like boat building and net manufacturing, etc have been established thusboosting industrialization.?Source of food and medicine. Provide nutrients such as proteins, oil, mineral salts and vitamin A and D.?Biological control of pests. Fish feed on mosquito larvae. This helps in suppression and control of diseases such as malariaand yellow fever.?Development of transport systems. Has led to development of feeder roads connecting fishing ground to the markets.?Development of fishing towns. The fishing industry has led to the growth of fishing towns.ege. Kisumu, Ngomeni,Watamu,Shimoni. etc.1×5=5 mks(c)(i) Explain three problems facing the fishing industry in Japan.(6 marks)?Increasing demand for fish both locally and from other parts of Asia. This has led to over fishing problem and depletion ofsome fish species.?Water pollution. Due to spillage of oil from the fishing vessel leading to reduction of fish species in the high seas.?Overfishing. Due to use of advanced technology and modern equipment.3×2=6 mks(ii)State two reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are underdeveloped.(2 marks)?The Kenya continental shelf is narrow.?The coastline is fairly straight and has few indentations.?The waters are relatively warm for growth of plankton on which fish feed.?Inadequate capital for fishermen have inadequate skills.?There is low local demand for fish.?Limited market due to competition from the developed countries.1×2=2 mks9.(a)(i)Name two methods that are used to reclaim land in Netherlands.(2 marks)?Land reclamation by draining rivers.Page | 278Geography 312/1,312/2 ?Emboldening?Reclaiming derelict land and upgrading of sandy areas by application of fertilizers or use of fertile soils. (2×1=2 mks)(ii)Give the two projects that were undertaken to reclaim land in Netherlands.(8 marks)?Zuider Zee project.?The Delta plan project.(2×1=2 mks)(b)Describe the procedure of reclaiming polder land in the Netherlands.(8 marks)?Protective dykes or walls are constructed to enclose the area to be reclaimed.?Ring canals are constructed within the walls. This are meant to divide the area into small reclamation portions.?Pumping stations are installed to pump out sea water from the areas enclosed by the protective dykes.?Fresh water is pumped into the polders and pumped out again. This helps in reducing the salt content in the soil.?Special reeds are planted to help in the faster drying of the land and to rid it of excess salts.?Drainage ditches area dug on the land and drainage pipes laid below the soil?Soils are then treated with chemicals to lower the salinity and the dry land is divided into plots.(8×1=8 mks)(c)Highlight down six problems facing Mea irrigation scheme.(6 marks)?Outbreak of water borne diseases like bilharzia and amalrioa?Unplanned irrigation has led to inadequate water supply fromm the river.?Weeds growing in the canal blocked the water canals increasing the cost of farming.?Inadequate labour especially during planting and harvesting increasing the cost of farming.?Expensive farm inputs like fertilizers that reduces the profit margin of the farmer.?Delayed payments demolirise the farmers to cultivate more rice.(d)(i)What is the future of irrigation farming in Kenya.(4 marks)?Plans to construct large dams to store enough water to irrigate more land all year round?Issue title deeds to encourage private ownership of the land to increase the farmer production.?Expansion of the irrigation schemes in other areas which have the potential to irrigated?Make farmers participate fully in managing the irrigation schemes.(Any 3×1=3 mks)(ii)Name three crops grown in Perkerra irrigation scheme.(3marks)?Chillies?Onion(bulb)?Seed maize?Pawpaws?WatermelonsAny 3×1=3 mks10.(a) (i) What is sedentary farming?(2 marks)?It is the cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock for subsistence or commercial reasons where people have permanentsettlements.(ii)Name three main types of Agriculture.(3 marks)?Arable/crop farming/subsistence or commercial crop farming?Livestock farming/dairy or beef farming.?Mixed farming-crops and livestock farming.(3×1=3 mks)(b)(i) Name four horticulture farms in Kenya.(4 marks)?Delmonte kakuzi ltd?Dalmena holdings?Shah Karuturi flowers?Oserian?Finley Ltd?Vegpro Kenya.?Beuty Line flowers.?Suera flowers.(4×1=4 mks)(ii)State five reasons for growing flowers under green houses.(5 marks)?To reduce destruction of plants by excessive rainfall and hailstones/excessive sunlight.?For easy control of pests and diseases.?Helps grow plants throughout the year as irrigation water can be supplied/intensive farming.?To regulate temperatures/warmth required by flowers/crops.?To control moisture for plants growth.(5×1=5 mks)(c)Name three vegetable horticultural crops grown in Kenya.(3 marks)?Carrots cabbages?Onions?Peas French beans?Broccoli?Cauliflower?Chillies?CapsicumPage | 279Geography 312/1,312/2 ? Kales.(3×1=3 mks)(d) Explain four reasons why horticulture farming is more developed in the Netherlands than in Kenya.(8 marks)? There is a higher local demand (market) for horticultural crops in the Netherlands than in Kenya. ? The Netherlands has a long history of horticulture than Kenya. ? Netherlands farmers are well organized making it easy to access loans. ? There is more advanced and appropriate technology in Netherlands while in Kenya has low level advancement of technology. ? Netherlands has well-developed and efficient transport network is poor. ? The Netherlands has highly skilled labour for production whereas Kenya has a shortage of skilled labour. ? In Netherlands there is advanced research in the industry while in Kenya research is less advanced. (4×2=8 marks) Page | 280Geography 312/1,312/2 MAARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATION KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDAY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E) 312/1 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 July/August 2016 Time: 2 hours 45minutes SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) What is the time at a point B 300W when the time at point A 200Eis 4.00pm(2marks)2.a) State three conditions that lead to a river capture.(3marks)b) State two conditions that lead to formation of gorges along the river valley.(2marks)3.a) What is derived vegetation?(2marks)b) State three ways in which desert vegetation adapts to the harsh climatic conditions.(3marks)4.a) List two mechanisms of ice movement.(2marks)b) Identify three factors that influence the speed of ice movement.(3marks)5.a) Outline three factors that contribute to the development of deserts.(3marks)b) Name two ways of how wind erodes in Arid areas.(2marksAnswer question 6 and any other two questions from the section.6.Study the map of Busia, 1: 50000 (sheet 101/1) provided and answer the following questions.a) i) What type of a map is Busia map.(1mark)ii)G ive the magnetic variation at the time the map was drawn.(1mark)b) i) Identify the human made features at grid square 2122 and 4950(2marks)ii)C alculate the area of place West of international boundary. Give your answer in km2.(2marks)c) i) Apart from Thicket name any other two types of vegetation found in the map.(2marks)ii) Name any other two methods that have been used in the map to show relief.(2marks)d) Draw a rectangle 16 x 12cm to represent the area West off Eastings a26 and North of Northing 38. i) On the rectangle mark and name; - Boundary - Swamp (seasonal) - River S10(3marks)ii)S tate any four factors that have influenced settlement in the area North of Northing 45.(4marks)e) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(7marks)7.a) How does a sea breeze occur?(2marks)b) Use the map of Africa below to answer question (b) (i)MAP Name the ocean currents marked J, K and L(3marks)c) Describe a suitable site where you would locate a weather station in your school.(3marks)d) Identify and explain the formation of the type of rainfall found in the lake region of Kenya.(4marks)e) Explain the characteristics of the climatic conditions experienced in the Kenyan highlands.(8marks)f) Describe the characteristics of natural vegetation associated with the equatorial climate.(5marks)8.a) Name one fold mountain found in- South America- Asia- North AmericaPage | 281Geography 312/1,312/2 - Africa(4marks)b) i) Apart from fold mountains, name three other features resulting from folding.(3marks)ii) With the aid of a diagram of a well labeled diagram, describe the formation of Fold Mountains.(10marks)c) Explain four ways in which Fold Mountains influence human activities.(8marks)9.a) i) What is the difference between weathering and mass-wasting.(2marks)ii) Explain two ways in which plants cause weathering.(4marks)b) Explain five ways in which soil creep occurs.(10marks)c) Some students are planning tom carryout a field study on rock weathering around their school.i) List four secondary sources of information they are likely to use as they prepare for the study.(4marks)ii) State five activities they would carry out during the study.(5marks)10. a) i) What is a soil catena?(2marks)ii) Name the main components of soil.(3marks)b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation:- Time(2marks)- Topography(2marks)- Aspect(2marks)c) Draw a well labeled profile of a mature soil.(6marks)d) Explain four ways in which human activities contribute to soil erosion.(8marks)Page | 282Geography 312/1,312/2 MAARA SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATION kenya certificate of seconday education (k.c.s.e) 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 Time: 2 hours 45minutes SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) Give two indigenous softwoods in Kenya.(2marks)b) Apart from coniferous forests, name three types of natural forests.(3marks)2.a) Define ―green house effect‖.(2marks)b) Give three examples of green house gases.(3marks)3.a) State three ways in which drought affects agricultural sector in Kenya(3marks)b) Give three reasons why it is important for the Kenyan Government to come up with a food security policy.(3marks)4.a) What is derelication?(2marks)b) Name two by-products of crude oil.(2marks)5.a) What is biomass?(2marks)b) Name three sources of biomass.(3marks)SECTIONAnswer question 6 and any other questions in this section.6.The table below shows contribution of various energy sources to the exchequer in Kenya in thousand dollars. Use it to answerquestions that follow.Type of power1986198719881989Hydropower130100100110Geothermal120140160170Thermal30304030a) Using a vertical scale of 1cm represents 50,000 dollars draw a compound bar graph to represent the information given.(7marks)b) i) Apart from power generation state three benefits which has resulted from construction of Masinga Dam.(3marks)ii)E xplain the benefits of rural electrification in Kenya.(6marks)c) i) Explain three ways in which energy crisis negatively affects the economy of Kenya.(6marks)ii) State three benefits Kenya will achieve after drilling oil in the Turkana county.(3marks)7.a) i) Give three examples of demersal fish.(3marks)ii) Explain three physical factors that favour fishing in North West pacific fish ground.(6marks)b) Describe the following methods of fishing;i) Drifting(4marks)ii)P urse seine(4marks)c) State five problems experienced in the marketing of fish in Kenya.(5marks)d) Give three problems facing fishing in Japan.(3marks)8.a) Differentiate between manufacturing and tertiary industries.(2marks)b) Outline four reasons why Kenya has a high potential of industrial development.(4marks)c) i) State four factors that influenced the location of industries in Eldoret town.(4marks)ii) Explain three factors that have led to the growth of industries in Thika town.(6marks)d) i) What is industrial inertia.(2marks)ii) Outline three factors that lead to industrial inertia.(3marks)e) Explain two factors that have favoured the development of electronics industries in Japan.(4marks)9.a) i) What are environmental hazards.(2marks)ii) Name four natural hazards associated with climatic conditions.(4marks)b) i) Name two types of pollution.(2marks)ii) Identify three ways through which water is polluted.(3marks)c) i) Explain four ways how water pollution can be controlled.(8marks)ii) Explain three effects of garbage dumping in urban centres.(6marks)10.a) Define the following terms;i) Hinterland(2marks)ii) Entreport(2marks)ii) Give four factors considered when citing a sea port.(4marks)b) i) What is urban zoning.(2marks)ii) State four factors that influence the emergence of slums in urban areas in Kenya.(4marks)c) Name three countries which make the hinterland of Rotterdam port.(3marks)d) Compare between the ports of Mombasa and Rotterdam under the following headings:i) Mechanization of the port.(2marks)ii) Port facilities(2marks)iii) Site of the port(2marks)iv) Transport link to the interior(2marks)Page | 283Geography 312/1,312/2 MAARA SUB -COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EXAMINATIONS KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E) MARKING SCHEME Geography (312/1) Paper 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 SECTION A Answer all questions in this section. 1.a) what is the time at a point B 300W when the time at a point A 200 is 4.00 PM(2marks)Difference in latitudes 300 + 200 = 50Difference in time is 10 = 4 min50==200 min= 3= 3 hrs 20min16.0 - 3.00 = 12.40 pm2x1 = 2marksb) State three proofs that explain the spherical shape of the earth. (3mks) - Circumnavigation - One move straight in one direction will come back to starting point again. - Satellite photograph taken from the sky show the earth is spherical. - Ship approaching a port - smoke is first seen then the masts, then the whole body, if the earth was flat all the ship would be seen the same time. - Eclipse of the moon- during this eclipse the shadow cast by the Earth is spherical and only spherical bodies have spherical shadows, - Sun rises first in the east if the earth was flat the whole earth would receive the sun at once. - Earth horizon appears curved when standing from a high point.1 x 3 marks2.State three conditions that lead to a river capture.3 marks- Two rivers flowing parallel to each other down the shape- Powerful river/pirate flow at a lower level- Powerful river flow on the softer rock.3 x 1 = 3 marksb) State two conditions that lead to formation of gorges along the River valley.(2marks)- Where a river flows on less resistant rock.- Where a river flows along a fault line- Where a river valley under goes a slow uplift of land.- Where a waterfalls retreat upstream.2 x 1 = 2marks3.a) What is derived vegetation?2marks- Vegetation that grows naturally where original vegetation has been cleared.2 x 1 = 2marksb) State three ways in which desert vegetation adapts to the harsh climatic conditions.(3marks)- Some trees are umbrella shaped - Some have deep roots - Some have fleshy barks/leaves - Some have thorns - Some have seeds that lie dormant during the dry season and sprout. - Some have sunken stomata - Some are deciduous - Some are halophytic / sault torellant.3 x 1 = 3marks4.a) List two mechanism of ice movement.(2marks)- Basal slip- Extrusion flow- Freeze - thaw action.2 x 1 = 2marksb) Identify three factors that influence the speed of ice movement.(3marks)- Thickness of ice- Gradient of slope- Weight of glacier3 x 1 = 3marks5.a) Outline three factors that contribute to the development of deserts.(3marks)- Increased temperatures and excessive evaporation. - Prolonged drought / low rainfall - Rain shadow effect on high mountains. - Continentallity / distance from the sea - Human activities / deforestation / overstocking. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Name two ways of how wind erodes in Arid areas.(2marks)- deflation- abrasion2 x 1 = 2marksPage | 284Geography 312/1,312/2 Answer question 6 and any other two questions from this section. 6.a) i) What type of map is Busia map- Topographical1 x 1 = 1markii) 2o21‘ b) - Boundary - Settlement - Foot path / other tracks2 x 1 = 2marksii) 30km2±1 c) - Scattered trees - Papyrus vegetation - Scrub2 x 1 =2marksd) i) On the graph ii) - Swamps have Nill settlements - More settlement along lines of communications / roads - Nill settlement along the rivers Sio - Flat/Low gradient areas avoided - High settlement on gently swampy areas4 x 1 = 4markse) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. - The map has many rivers eg river Soi - Many rivers are permanent. - There are many disappearing rivers - The main river is River Sio which flows from NE and SE - The area has seasonal / papyrus swamps - Rivers form Trellis patterns on the landscape while other form dendritic e.g River Wakhugu7 x 1 = 7marks7.a) During the day the land heats faster than the sea.- The air over the land rises. - The cooler air from sea blows towards the land to replace the rising air. - The cool air from the sea is sea breeze.2marksb) J - Mozambique K- Benguera L- Guinea3marksc) Describes a suitable site where you would locate a weather station in your school. - Open area free of shade by trees and buildings. - Gentle land free from flooding. - Area with wide view of surrounding - Away from concrete surface.Any 3 x 1= 3marksd) - Convectional rainfall. Its formations - The intense heating from the sun results into warm air rising in form of convectional currents - The rising air reaches the high atmosphere and moisture in it condenses - Condensing air forms clouds and falls as rain. - It falls in the late afternoon accompanied by lightning and thunderstorms.Any 4 x 1 = 4markse) - Region receives rainfall throughout the year - Total rainfall ranges from 1000mm to 1500mm - The region has double maxima in East and single maxima in West - Rainfall is higher on the windward slopes Rainfall is caused mainly by S.E trade winds. - Average temperature ranges between 170 to 200. - Area receives mainly relief rainfallAny 4 x 2 = 8marksf) - The natural vegetation is equatorial rain forest vegetation. - Growth of this vegetation is due to high rainfall well distributed throughout the year. - Forest consists of tall trees with straight and smooth stems. The trees reach great height of 40metres because of competition for sunlight. - The trees form canopy - Forest is characterized by close growth of trees of different species. - Trees have broad leaves drip-tip in shape, - Forest is evergreen. - Many trees have buttress root system mainly for support. 8. a) - South America - Andes mountains - Asia - Himalayas - North America - Rocky mountains and the Appalachians - Africa - Atlas mountains / Cape ranges(4marks)b) i) - Rolling plains- Ridge and valley landscape- Intermontane plateauPage | 285Geography 312/1,312/2 - EscarpmentAny 3 x 1 = 3marksii) - Geosynclines are formed on the earth‘s surface. - Prolonged and intensive erosion occurs on the surrounding higher grounds. - Sediments are deposited in the geosynclines forming thick layers. - Thick weight of the sediments causes subsidence of the geosyncline leading to accumulation of more sediments. - As a result, the sediments are compressed and form folds which are also thrust upwards to form fold mountain. - The mountain features are formed at the edge of the geosynclines due to closeness of the source of the force. DIAGRAM DIAGRAM c) - Fold mountains are water catchment areas . They trap rainfall which feed rivers that provide water for domestic use for irrigation / industrial use / HEP generation / Rainfall for agriculture. - Fold mountains are often forested and provide valuable time used in construction and building industry. - Some fold mountains and petroleum; which is mining by man / exploit. - Fold mountains attract tourists, thus earning the country‘s foreign exchange. - Fold mountains influence transport system either as barriers or as passes making man to incur extra expense. - Topographic nature of the landscape may encourage /discourage agriculture / settlement. Way - 1mk Influence - 1mk Any 4 pts x 2 = 8mks If well explained 9.a) i) What is the difference between weathering and mass-wasting.(2marks)Weathering is disintegration / breaking down and decomposition of rocks in situ due to exposure on the surface while mass wasting is down slope movement of weathered material under influence of gravity2marksii) - Pressure of expanding roots in cracks causes rocks to disintegrate - Plants like algae release organic acids on rocks causing its delay - Lichens, mosses maintain rocks moisture which facilitate chemical weathering. Any 2 x 2 = 4marks well explained b) Due to temperature changes, soil particles expand and contract hence shift position down slope. - Moisture / rain water cause soil to become wet and compact. On drying the particles loosen and shift position down slope. - Moisture acts as lubricant to the soil particles causing their movement down slope. - Human activities / Action of barrowing animals may cause the removal of soil on lower part of slope. This triggers soil particles on the upper part of the slope to shift down slope. - Freezing of soil water expands the space between soil particles. Once water thaws, particles fall by gravity shifting down slope. - External forces e.g moving trigger effect which causes downwards movement of soil particles. Any 5pts x 2 = 10marks (Well explained) c) i) - Textbooks / Pamphlets - Maps / Geological maps - Journals - Periodicals / magazines / Newspapers - Handouts from teachers (Any 4pts x 1= 4marks) Page | 286Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) - Drawing of sketch maps - Observation - Collecting rock samples - Making notes - Taking photographs - Asking / Answering questions- Studying geological maps10. a) i) It is the arrangement of soil layers along a mountain slope from top to bottom. ii) - Humus- Air soil air- Rock particles /weathered materials /mineral particles- Water soil water- Living organismsAny 5pts x 1 = 5marks2 x 1 = 2marksAny 3 pts x 1 = 3marks b) Time - Where soil formation takes a short duration the soil are generally immature / where the process has taken a; long time, soils are generally well developed/ mature. Topography Valley bottoms encourage the formation of deep fertile soils due to deposition / accumulation of weathered materials / encourage formation of heavily leached soils - Steep slope encourage rapid removal of the top soil thus slowing down formation of soil / they have thin soil / have poorly developed soil - Flat areas may be saturated with water / water logged and this slows down formation of soil / gentle sloping areas have well developed soils because they are well drained. Any 1 x 2 =2marks Aspect (2marks) - Some rocks are more exposed to the sun / rain which enhance the rate of weathering of the parent rock / soil formation. c) DIAGRAM 1 mk for each horizon mx 1 mk for collect d) - Cutting down of trees /deforestation exposes the soil to agents of erosion. - Continuous ploughing weakens the soil structure making it easy for agents of erosion to carry it away. - Plough across the contours / up and down the slope creates channels which encourages easy removal of soil by running water agent. - Overstocking leads to trampling on the top soil by animals making them easy to carry away. - Over grazing leads to removal of vegetation cover thus exposing soil to agents of erosion. - Continuous burning / cultivation without replenishing soil nutrients deprives the soil of the fertility which binds the particles together. This makes soil susceptible to to erosion. - Road construction / quarrying / mining loosens the soil making them eroded. - Mono culture / over cropping leads to soil exhaustion thus making the soil vulnerable. - Shifting cultivation/bush furrowing may leave land unprotected against agents of erosion. - Cultivation of crops in marginal areas loosen the soil especially during dry seasons resulting to wind erosion. Any 4pts x 2 =8marks Page | 287Geography 312/1,312/2 MAARA SUB SUB-COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section 1.Give two indigenous softwoods in Kenya.(2 marks)- Podo- African pencil cedar b) Apart from coniferous forests, name three other types of natural forests. (3 marks) - Tropical hardwoods/equatorial forest - Temperate hardwoods/temperate deciduous forests - Tropical monsoon forests - Mangrove forests - Mediterranean forests - Warm temperate evergreen forests /warm temperate forests - Mixed forests - Montane forests/bamboo forests 2. a) Define ―greenhouse effect‖ A process whereby gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere absorb and remit infra-red radiation emitted by the earth‘s surface hence trapping the warmth and hence raising temperatures on the earth surface. b) Give three examples of greenhouse gases - Carbon dioxide - Nitrous oxide - Methane - Water vapour - Chlorofluorocarbons 3. a) State three ways in which drought affects agricultural sector in Kenya. - Leads to shortage/lack of pasture for livestock and death of animals - Shortage/lack of water for livestock and irrigation - Leads to crop failure and famine - Leads to shortage of agricultural production/reduction in farmer‘s income b) Give three reasons why it is important for Kenyan Government to come up with food security policy. - To ensure food sufficiency in food stuffs - To ensure there is sufficient food reserves/storage - To ensure every citizen has access to sufficient food stuffs. - To ensure that the available food is of balanced nutritional value - To give the government control over exports/imports of food. - To allow free movement of foodstuffs within the country for easy distribution 4. a) What is derelication? This is the ruthless exploitation of minerals leading to their exhaustion/land degradation and abandoning of the land. The degraded and abandoned land with deep pits and soils/rock heaps is called derelicts land. b) Name two by-products of crude oil. - Wax - Bitumen/tar/asphat - Sulphur for making chemical - Lubricants/grease - Resin/petro chemicals a) What is biomass? - This is the energy produced from organic matter/plant and animal waste. - Name three sources of biomass. - Wood - Animal waste - Agricultural waste - Molasses produce gasohol SECTION B Answer question 6 and any other two questions in this section 6.a) On the graph paperb) i) Apart from power generation state three benefits which has resulted from construction of Masinga Dam.- The reservoirs provide water for irrigation thus improving agricultural production.- The reservoirs provide water for domestic and industrial usePage | 288Geography 312/1,312/2 - The reservoirs fresh water for fishing grounds which supply fish to local people - The dams and the reservoirs have led to the control of floods in the lower parts of river Tana. - The dams/reservoirs are tourist attraction which generates foreign exchange for the county. - The reservoirs modify climate making the surrounding areas suitable for settlement. - The dams/reservoirs provide suitable sites for education purposes. ii) Explain the benefits of rural electrification in Kenya - Encourage setting up of industries in rural areas stimulating decentralization of industries - Reducing cutting down of trees for wood fuel as electricity is available for domestic purposes. - Attract development of social amenities in rural areas reducing rural-urban migration - Encourage more people to invest in rural areas leading to higher living standards eg. Developing jua kali industries. - Encourage the development of horticultural crops as they have ideal storage of perishable products. c) i) Explain three ways in which energy crisis negatively affects the economy of Kenya - Increase in price of crude oil makes Kenya spend a lot foreign exchange currency reserve. - Increase in oil prices leads to increase in prices of farm inputs which thus causes food crisis. - Increase in oil prices causes increase in prices of commodities leading to inflation/high cost of living - Oil crisis causes scarcity of oil by-products leading to shortage of raw materials of certain industries. - Increase in fuel prices leads to increased transport costs which cause price increase in almost all sectors of economy ii) State three benefits Kenya will achieve after drilling oil in Turkana County. - It will save the country a lot of foreign exchange used to pay for importing oil from Middle East. - It will lower and control the high prices of petroleum products. - It will encourage increased industrialization as oil products will offer raw materials. - Kenya will increase oil exportation which will give more foreign exchange. - Reduced oil prices will lower the cost of transportation and production of goods. - The petroleum related industries will improve agricultural activities hence increase production. - Petroleum mining and related industries will create more employment opportunities raising the living standards of many people. - Oil mining activities will lead to the development of transport and communication network in the region.7.a) i) Give three examples of demersal fish- Black kin - Cod - Striker - Goat fish - Rock fish - Pad - Snapper DIAGRAM ii) Explain three physical factors that favor fishing in North West pacific fishing ground. - Numerous island provide good breeding ground for fishing hence fishing - Extensive continental shelf are shallow providing light for the growth of plankton which is food for fish - Cool temperature arising from the meeting of cold Oxasiwo and the warm Kurosiwo providing conditions for planktons survival. - Japan is generally mountainous which does not favor agricultural making fishing the only economic activity. b) Methods of fishing; i) Drifting - The net is vertically hanging in water - They are fitted with floats on the upper edge and weights below and placed a few metres below the water and pulled by powerful boats called drifters. - When fish into the net are entangled by their gills and cannot get out of the net - Once enough fish are caught the net is hauled onto the boat and fish is removed. ii) Purse seine Page | 289Geography 312/1,312/2 - The purse seine net is laid in a circle to enclose a school of fish. - At the bottom of the net are rings through which passes a rope - One end of the rope is attached to a boat and the other part is pulled by another boat around a school of fish. - When the circle is completed the rope is pulled to close the net forming a bow-like shape hence trapping fish. - The net is then hauled to the shore and fish is removed. c) State five problems experienced in the marketing of fish in Kenya. - Some fishing areas are far from the markets - Roads from some fisheries are in poor conditions thus fish goes bad before reaching markets. - Fishermen lack appropriate storage/preservation facilities - Export markets are limited due to tight restriction /competition for market by other producers/external suppliers - There are limited local markets /poor fish eating culture. d) Give three problems facing fishing in Japan - Overfishing and depletion of some fish species - Industrial pollution kills many fish species - Restriction of fishing into territorial waters/Japanese is forced to venture into deep sea fishing. 8. a) Differentiate between manufacturing and tertiary industries. Manufacturing industries change raw materials into semi-pressed/ finished products while tertiary industries provide services to consumers. b) Outline four reasons why Kenya has a high potential of industrial development - Has a variety of agricultural raw materials. - It is developing powers sources/H.E.P and geothermal power/discovery of petroleum. - Construction of better roads /railways/expansion of Kilindini harbor and proposed Lamu port/lapset projects for easy transport of goods. - Promotion of good international relation that attract investors/for goods. - Joining training block like EAC and COMESA which opens wider markets - Access to credit facilities from financial institutions /banks to start small scale industries - Kenya govt policy of import substitution and increasing export. - The high population that offers a ready market and labour. c) i) State four factors that influenced the location of industries in Eldoret town - Availability of labour from the high pop in surrounding regions. - Availability of agricultural raw materials in region. - Well-developed transport links with other parts of the country by roads and railway line - Availability of ready local markets for finished products - Availability of flat lands for expansion of industries - Government policy to develop the area/decentralize industries ii) Explain three factors that have led to growth of industries in Thika town - Proximity to Nairobi hence interdependence as some industries in Thika which gets input from Nairobi industries. - The railway and road connection between Nairobi and Thika provided easy and cheaper movements of goods and services for industries in Thika. - A large ready market from Nairobi and large population around Thika who have a high purchasing power for industrial products - Abundant of fresh water from rivers Chania for industrial purposes - A rich agricultural hinterland that provide raw materials for industries - The dense population in areas provide cheap labour for industries - Extensive floods land for setting up and expanding industries attracted many investors - Availability of power from seven forks power projects that supply electricity for industries - The government policy of decentralization of industries has encouraged growth of industries in Thika d) i) What is industrial inertia Is the tendency of an industry to remain in particular place even when the original locational advantages are no longer important. ii) Outline three factors that led to industrial inertia - An industry may remain in a place due to availability of experienced workers/employment. - Availability of market in area may encourage the industry to remain - Fear of the cost of building other industries elsewhere/ new machinery equipment. - Well developed transport network which facilitates easy movements of people and goods. e) Explain two factors that have favoured the development of electronics industry in Japan - Availability of capital to invest in the industries which is got from other industries such as fishing and tourism. - The rugged terrain of Japan hinders agricultural development making industrialization an alternate source of income - Availability of market due to high population in Japan creates high demand locally and internationally. - Japan has high developed HEP which provides power for industries - Strategic position of japan in relation to other countries encourage trade thus promoting production of electronics/accessibility - Japan has highly skilled industrious workforce which enhances efficient in production - Japan has many sea ports which make importation of raw materials and exportation of goods easy Page | 290Geography 312/1,312/2 - Government policy/peace and stability has led to rapid development of industries9a) i) What are environmental hazardsThese are disasters caused by natural processes or human factors and have negative effects on the environment. ii) Name four natural hazards associated with climatic conditions - Floods - Lightning and thunderstorms - Dust storms and wind storms - Desertification - Land slides - Hailstorms - Heat waves b) i) Name two types of pollution - Water pollution - Land/soil pollution - Air pollution - Noise and sound pollution - Thermal pollution - Radiation pollution ii) Identify three ways through which water is polluted - Discharge of industrial waste into water bodies - Oil spillage - Disposal of domestic waste into water bodies - Bathing/washing clothes, cars in lakes - Discharging of agricultural chemicals into rivers/lakes by rain water - Discharge of raw sewage into water bodies - Deposition of eroded soil by run off into water bodies - Damping of sand waste or metals and splashes/ nuclear waste into water bodies. c) i) Explain four ways how water pollution can be controlled - Enact and enforce laws on the use of improved technology for industrial efficiency to reduce harmful discharge into water bodies. - Enforce laws on environmental management and charging those who break the laws. - Educating people on the appropriate ways to refuse waste disposal to avoid polluting water resources/avoid bathing and washing clothes in water bodies - Recycle industrial waste in order to reduce volume/turn -over that can be discharged into water bodies. - Proper disposal of domestic waste/ new sewerage - Farmers to be advised to use more of organic manure to reduce use of agro chemical fertilisers. - Research to be done to developed biological methods of weeds, pests and diseases control to reduce use of pesticides/herbicides - Control soil erosion into lakes using proper turning methods avoid cultivation along river banks/ploughing along contours and planting trees in catchment areas and steep slopes. - Clean up campaigns to be done clean beaches and dumps along river valleys and lakes. ii) Explain three effects of garbage dumping in urban centres - Garbage dumps may cause full smell/air pollution which is hazard to human health - Dumped waste/garbage are washed into rivers by rain water causing water pollution - Garbage heaps can be breeding grounds for rodents/flies - Accumulated garbage heaps can block rivers - Decomposing garbage in urban areas may cause inflammable gases that can light a fire. - Oil spillage and industrial waste leads to destruction of flora/fauna life - Solid waste like rushed metals, broken bottles etc may cause injuries to people - Rocks and soil heaps produced by open cast mining make derelict land that destroy agricultural land and beaty of the land. - Too much chemicals used in the soil may cause diseases to plants and people. 10. a) Define the following terms; i) Hinterland An area from which a port draws its exports and distributes its imports. ii) Entreport A port where goods on transit are stored while awaiting exploitation /distribution to the hinterland. ii) Give fours factors considered when citing a sea port - Deep water to provide wide berths for holding large vessels at the port. - Sheltered sites from strong winds and high tides/ low tidal range for ships to enter the port at any time - Large extensive flat land for expansion of port facilities. - An extensive and developed hinterland to provide goods to the poor. - Availability of capital invested to construct modern port facilities/container depot - Availability of modern skills and technology in maintaining port facilities/ship building etc b) i) What is urban zoning Page | 291Geography 312/1,312/2 This is the division of a town into concrete rings or zones with specific functions. ii) State four factors that influence the emergence of slums in urban areas in Kenya - Low income/unemployment - Shortage/lack of proper houses - High cost of land/high rental value in other parts of town - Poor urban planning/corrupt officials - High rates of migration into urban centres/rural urban migration c) Name three countries which make the hinterland of Rotterdam port. - Belgium - Luxemburg - Germany - Switzerland - Austria - France d) Compare between the port of Mombasa and Rotterdam under the following headings: i) Mechanization of the port Mombasa port has less mechanization/limited expansion in technology while Rotterdam uses advanced technology in providing services/highly mechanized. ii) Port facilities Both ports have containers terminals but Mombasa has smaller warehouses/less modernized containers systems while Rotterdam has large warehouse/modern container and sophisticated port facilities. iii) Site of the port Mombasa is located on drowned mouths of river Mwachi and Kombeni/Ria cost while Rotterdam is at the river Rhine. iv) Transport links to the interior Mombasa relies on road /air/railway/pipeline to the interior while Rotterdam has canals and navigable rivers in addition Page | 292Geography 312/1,312/2 NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT kenya certificate of seconday education (k.c.s.e) 312/1 NYERI GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 July/August 2016 Time: 2 hours 45minutes SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) List any two sub-branches of physical Geography.(2marks)b) Mention any three any three practical skills acquired through studying Geography as a subject.(3marks)2.a) State any two characteristics of the sun.(2marks)b) Give three factors that cause variation in the radiation reaching the earth‘s surface.(3marks)3.a) Name two types of meanders at the lower course of a river.(2marks)b) Give three processes of river erosion.(3marks)4.a) State any two factors that influence the distribution of vegetation in Kenya.(2marks)b) Give three reasons why the natural grasslands are declining in Kenya.(3marks)5.Study the diagram below and answer question (a)DIAGRAM a) Identify each of the pressure system drawn above.(2marks)b) Give three importance of weather forecasting.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other questions from this section.6.Study the map of Busia 1: 50,000 (Sheet 101/1) and answer the following questions.a) i) Give four figure grid reference of Funyula market.(1mark)(ii) Name two methods used to show relief in the area covered by the map.(2marks)(iii) Give latitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.(2marks)(iv) Measure the bearing of chiefs house at grid 256314 from Kanzala school at grid 271377.(2marks)b) i) Using the scale 1cm to represent 50 metres, draw a cross-section along Northing 37 from 250370 to 320370(4marks)c) (ii) On it mark and label the following.- Loose surface road C529(1mark)- River Line trees(1mark)- Nangingini hill(1mark)- A River(1marks)(iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross-section.(2marks)Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.(4marks)d) i) Citing evidence from the map identify two economic activities in the area covered by the map.(4marks)7.a) i) Name any two fold mountain building periods.(2marks)(ii) Identify any one fold mountain in each of the following(3marks)- Europe- Africa- Asiab) Fold Mountains give four other features formed due to folding.(4marks)c) i) With the aid of a well labeled diagram explain how asymmetrical fold is formed.(6marks)(ii) Apart from asymmetrical fold name two other types of folds.(2marks)Page | 293Geography 312/1,312/2 d) Explain four significance of folding(8marks)8.a) i) What is a desert?(2marks)(ii) State three factors that contribute to the development of deserts(3marks)(iii) Describe two processes of wind transportation in the desert.(4marks)b) With the aid of well labeled diagrams describe how the following features are formed.i) Rock pedestals(4marks)ii)Y ardangs(5marks)c) Name three features resulting from wind deposition in arid areas.(3marks)d) Explain two negative effects of deserts landforms.(4marks)9.a) i) Differentiate between freshwater lake and salty water lakes.(2marks)(ii) State two factors that may determine the size of a lake.(2marks)Study the map below and use it to answer question b.DIAGRAM b) i) Name the lakes marked A, B, C.(3marks)ii) Identify the rivers marked J, K, L(3mark)c) Describe how the following lakes are formed giving an example in each case.- Crater lakes(5marks)- Kettle lakes(5marks)d) A group of students carried out a field study at Lake Naivasha.i) State three economic activities they are likely to observe.(3marks)ii) Give two methods they could have used to record the information collected.(2marks)10. a) i) List three constituents of soil.(3marks)(ii) Draw a diagram of a mature soil profile.(4marks)iii) List any three reasons why some soils do not develop a mature profile.(3marks)b) i) Name any three soil forming processes.(3marks)(ii) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation.i) Timeii)N ature of the parent rock.(4marks)c) You intend to carry out a field study on soils in your district.i) State four characteristics you would look for in classifying soils.(4marks)ii) Identify any two natural causes of soil degeneration you observed.(2marks)Page | 294Geography 312/1,312/2 NYERI COUNTY FORM 4 JOINT ASSESSMENT KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDAY EDUCATION (K.C.S.E) 312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 July/August 2016 Time: 2 hours 45minutes SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section. 1.a) Name two breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.(2marks)b) State three factors which favour diary farming in Demark.(3marks)2.a) What are tertiary industries?(2marks)b) Give three benefits derived from the Jua Kali sector in Kenya.(3marks)3.a) Identify the hydroelectric power projects found along the following rivers in Africa.i) River Volta(1mark)ii) R. Zambezi.(1mark)b) State three causes of energy crisis.(3marks)4.a) Define the term fisheries.(2marks)b) List three physical factors which influence fishing.(3marks)5.a) Name two main horticultural flowers grown in Kenya.(2marks)b) Give three reasons why the growing of flowers in green houses is preferred in Kenya.(3marks)SECTION BAnswer question 6 and any other two questions6.The table below shows Kenya‘s leading export crop value in millions shillings between 2008 and 2012.Use it to answer question (a)Crop / year20082009201020112012Unroasted coffee117007450655063006950Horticulture2120019850283503650039550Tea3515034480343703300036100a) i) Calculate the percentage increase in value of unroasted coffee between the year‘s 2011 and 2012.(2marks)ii)U sing a vertical scale of 1cm representing 5000millions, draw a group line graph to represent the data in the table.(7marks)b) i) Name two areas where coffee is grown in Branzil.(2marks)ii)L ist three ways in which planted coffee is taken care of by farmers.(3marks)c) State three physical conditions that favour the growth of coffee in Kenya.(3marks)d) Describe four measures taken by the government of Brazil to promote coffee farming.(8marks)7.a) i) What is land rehabilitation?(2marks)ii) Give two ways in which tsetseflies are controlled.(2marks)b) Explain three human problems that face irrigation farming in Kenya.(6marks)c) i) State two factors that led to land reclamation in Netherlands.(2marks)ii)L ist three benefits of Delta plan project.(3marks)d) Describe the stages followed in the reclamation of land from the sea in Netherlands.(10marks)8.Use the map of East Africa below to answer question a(i)DIAGRAM a) Identify the minerals mined in the areas marked H, J, K and L.(4marks)b) Namei) Three methods of mining.(3marks)ii) Two sea ports through which some of the minerals mined in East Africa are exported.(2marks)c) Explain how the following factors influence the exploitation of minerals.i) Technology.(2marks)Page | 295Geography 312/1,312/2 ii) Quality of the ore(2marks)iii) Accessibility(2marks)d) i) State four ways in which derelict land can be reclaimed.(4marks)ii) Explain three ways in which South Africa has benefited from the mining of gold.(6marks)9.a) i) Apart from nucleated pattern, name two other types of settlement patterns.(2marks)ii)G ive three factors that influence the development of nucleated settlement(3marks)b) Explain three economic factors that influence the growth of urban areas in east Africa.(8marks)c) i) Define the term hinterland.(1mark)ii) Outline four differences between the ports of Mombasa and Rotterdam.(8marks)d) State three benefits of urbanization.(3marks)10. a) i) What is Agro forestry.(2marks)ii) Give four reasons why Agro-forestry is encouraged in Kenya.(4marks)b) Explain four factors that favour the growth of natural forest in Mt. Kenya.(8marks)c) Give five characteristics of softwood forests in Canada.(5marks)d) Explain three problems that affect forestry in Canada.(6marks)Page | 296 ................
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