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1. President Hu Urges Efforts to Ensure Global Energy Security.
1、胡锦涛主席敦促国际社会协同努力保障全球能源安全.
1. The international community should take joint efforts to ensure global energy security, Chinese President Hu Jintao said in St. Petersburg, Russia on July 17.
1、中国国家主席胡锦涛七月十七日在俄罗斯圣彼得堡发表讲话说，国际社会应该共同努力，保障全球能源安全。
2. "To ensure global energy security, we need to develop and implement a new energy security concept that calls for mutually beneficial cooperation, diversified forms of development and common energy security through coordination," Hu said in a written speech to the outreach session of the G8 summit.
2、在八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议上，胡主席在讲话稿中谈到：“为保障全球能源安全，我们应该树立和落实互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观。”
3. While global energy security is crucial to the economic growth and people's livelihood of all countries, the world peace and stability, and common development, "few countries can achieve energy security without joining in international cooperation," he stressed.
3、胡锦涛主席强调，全球能源安全，关系各国的经济命脉和民生大计，对维护世界和平稳定、促进各国共同发展至关重要。绝大多数国家都不可能离开国际合作而获得能源安全保障。
4. In this regard, efforts should be made in the following three priority areas, Hu said.
4、胡主席说，具体而言，应该着重在以下三方面进行努力。
5. First, cooperation should be enhanced for mutual benefit in energy development and utilization.
5、一是要加强能源开发利用的互利合作。
6. "To ensure global energy security, it is important to strengthen dialogue and cooperation between energy exporters and consumers and among major energy consumers," he said.
6、他说：“实现全球能源安全，必须加强能源出口国和消费国之间、能源消费大国之间的对话和合作。”
7. He urged the international community to strengthen policy coordination and improve mechanisms for monitoring the international energy market and responding to energy emergencies.
7、他敦促国际社会应该加强政策协调，完善国际能源市场监测和应急机制。
8. Second, a system for R&D and extension of advanced energy technologies needs to be put in place, Hu said.
8、二是要形成先进能源技术的研发推广体系。
9. International cooperation should be promoted in R&D of key technologies in renewable energies, hydrogen power, nuclear power and other energy resources, and energy-saving technology should also be promoted, he said.
9、国际社会应当加强在一些关键技术方面研发的合作。如：可再生能源、氢能源、核能源以及其他一些能源。应该加强节能技术研发和推广。
10. Third, efforts should be made to maintain a sound political climate favorable to energy security and stability, Hu said.
10、三是要维护能源安全稳定的良好政治环境。
11. "We should join hands to safeguard stability of energy-producing countries and regions, the Middle East in particular," he said. "Energy issues should not be politicized, still less should countries willfully resort to force in tackling energy issues."
11、“我们应该携手努力，共同维护产油国家和地区，尤其是中东地区的稳定。”胡主席说，“能源问题不应该政治化。应该通过对话和协商解决分歧和矛盾，处理能源问题不能任意诉诸武力。”
12. Hu also explained China's energy strategy that can be summarized as follows: Give high priority to conservation, rely mainly on domestic supply, develop diverse energy resources, protect the environment, step up international cooperation of mutual benefit and ensure the stable supply of economical and clean energies.
12、胡主席阐述了中国的能源战略，其基本内容是：坚持节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、保护环境，加强国际互利合作，努力构筑稳定、经济、清洁的能源供应体系。
13. Hu pledged that China, as a major energy consumer and producer, "will make proper use of the international energy market and strengthen win-win cooperation with other energy producers and consumers on the basis of equality and mutual benefit to jointly safeguard global energy security."
13、胡主席强调，中国是能源消费大国，也是能源生产大国。“我们将合理利用国际能源市场，在平等互惠、互利双赢的原则下加强同各能源生产国和消费国的合作，共同维护全球能源安全。”
2. How to Learn with Success.
2、如何学有成效.
1. To learn with success is not a very difficult task if some fundamental principles are laid down. While discussing this subject, I'd like to mention four indispensable principles: diligence, devotion, constancy, and punctuality.
1、如果定下几条基本的行为准则，学有成效并非难事。在讨论这个问题时，我想提到4条必不可少的学习准则：勤奋用功、专心致志、持之以恒、讲究准时。
2. All things can be conquered by diligence. It makes the foolish wise, the poor rich, and the humble noble. It produces a wonderful effect. In learning, the work of a diligent fool doubles that of a lazy wit.
2、勤奋可以征服一切。勤奋可以使愚人变聪明，使穷人成为富人，使卑贱者成为高贵者。勤奋产生神奇的效果。在学习上，一个以勤补拙的人的实效会成倍于一个懒惰的聪明人。
3. Devotion means to set our heart on one thing at a time and give up all other thoughts. Never think of learning another subject while studying one subject. Those who often change their studies will never succeed in the long run. Therefore, in order to be successful we need devotion.
3、专心致志指一次全神贯注于一件事，摒除一切杂念。在学习某一科目时，千万别想起另一门学科的学习。那些时常改变学习内容的人终究将一事无成。因此，为了成功需要专心专意学习。
4. Constancy makes success a certainty. On the other hand, inconstancy often results in failure. If we study day after day, there is nothing that cannot be achieved. We should remember a worthy proverb "Constant dropping of water wears away a stone."
4、持之以恒是成功的保证。反之，缺乏恒心常常导致失败。如果我们日复一日地坚持学习，就没有达不到的目的。我们应记住—一条有价值的谚语“水滴石穿”。
5. Besides, there is another rule that contributes to one's accomplishments, that is, punctuality. The habit of keeping regular hours is of extreme importance to successful learning. Work while you work; play while you play. Every man will certainly become strong and wise if he does so.
5、此外，还有一条帮助人们取得成就的规则，即准时。养成按时的习惯对于卓有成效的学习极为重要。工作时工作，游戏时游戏。如果这样做了，每个人都会变得既强健又聪明。
3. We Need Friends .
3、我们需要朋友.
1. The word, friend, covers a wide range of meanings. It can be a nodding acquaintance, a comrade, a confidant, a partner, a playmate, an intimate colleague, etc.
1、“朋友”这个词的意义很广。朋友可以是点头之交、同志、知已、伙伴、玩伴、亲密的同事等。
2. Everyone needs friendship. No one can sail the ocean of life single-handed. We need help from, and also give help to, others. In modern society, people attach more importance to relations and connections. A man of charisma has many friends. His power lies in his ability to give.
2、人人都需要友谊，没有人能独自在人生的海洋中航行。我们给人以帮助，也需要别人的帮助。在现代社会，人们更重视关系和联系。一个有非凡魅力的人有许多朋友，他的力量在于他的奉献能力。
3. As life is full of strife and conflict, we need friends to support and help us out of difficulties. Our friends give us warnings against danger. Our friends offer us advice with regard to how do deal with various situations. True friends share not only our joys but also our sorrows.
3、生活充满矛盾和斗争，我们需要朋友的支持，以帮助我们摆脱困境。朋友提醒我们警惕险滩。朋友主动给我们以忠告，告诉我们如何应付各种不同的局势。真正的朋友与我们同甘共苦。
4. With friendship, life is happy and harmonious. Without friendship, life is sad and unfortunate. I have friends in high positions and friends in the rank and file. Some are rich and in power. Some are relatively poor and without power. Some are like myself, working as a teacher, reading and writing, content with a simple life. We all care for each other, love and help each other. We feel we are happiest when we chat and exchange ideas with one another. With my friends, I know what to treasure, what to tolerate and what to share.
4、有了友谊，生活幸福、和谐；没有友谊，生活变得悲伤、不幸。我有地位高的朋友，也有地位低的朋友；有的有钱有权，有的较穷且无权无势。有的和我一样教书，读读写写，满足于简朴的生活。我们都互相关心，互相爱护，互相帮助。我们觉得朋友们在一起闲谈交流思想时感到最开心。对我的朋友们，我知道该珍惜什么，容忍什么，分享什么。
5. I will never forget my old friends, and I'll keep making new friends. I will not be cold and indifferent to my poor friends, and I will show concern for them, even if it is only a comforting word.
5、我决不会忘记老朋友，同时继续结交新朋友。我对穷朋友绝不冷漠，而是关心他们，哪怕只是一句安慰的话。
4. Hard Work Is Good for Health.
4、努力工作有利于健康.
1. Scientists find that hard-working prestigious people live longer than average men and women, and that career women are healthier than housewives. Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than the job-holders. An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%, the death rate increases correspondingly by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is helpful to health.
1、科学家们发现努力工作的名人比一般人寿命长，职业妇女比家庭妇女健康。有证据表明，失业者比在业人员健康状况差。调查表明失业率每增长1％，死亡率相应增长2％。所有这些都表明：工作有利于健康。
2. Why is work good for health? It is because work keeps people busy, away from loneliness and solitude. Researches show that people feel unhappy, worried and solitary when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are busy. Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard. Work serves as a bridge between man and reality. Through work, people come into contact with each other. And through collective activity, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work means the loss of everything. It affects man spiritually and makes him liable to disease.
2、为什么工作对健康有好处?因为工作使人忙碌，让人不会感到寂寞、孤独。研究表明，人们无事可做时会感到不愉快、忧虑、孤独。相反，忙于工作的人感到最愉快。许多热爱事业、卓有成就的人感到在努力工作时最幸福。工作起到人与现实之间的桥梁作用：通过工作，人们彼此接触；通过集体活动，人们得到友谊和温暖。这有利于健康。失去工作就是失去一切，它影响人的精神，使人容易患病。
3. Besides, work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement. Work makes one feel his value and status in society. When a writer finishes his writing when a doctor successfully operates on a patient, and when a teacher sees his students grow, they are happy beyond words.
3、此外，工作给人以充实感和成就感。工作使人感到自身价值和社会地位。当作家写完书，医生成功地给病人做完手术，教师看到学生的成长，他们的幸福溢于言表。
4. From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be. Let us work hard and study well and live a happy and healthy life.
4、由此我们可以得出结论：工作越多越幸福，也越健康。让我们努力工作，好好学习，过幸福健康的生活。
5. Sports and Games.
5、体育运动.
1. What fun it is to jump into a pool or go swimming in a river in summer! How joyful and relaxing it is to have a game of table tennis after a day of study at school! And how exciting it is to play or watch a close game of basketball or volleyball! All over the world millions of people take part in different kinds of sports. Sports are perhaps the most popular form of relaxation that almost all can enjoy, whether boys or girls, men or women, young or old.
1、夏天跳进池塘或到江河里游泳多么有趣!一天的学习之后打一场乒乓球赛多么令人轻松愉快!参加或观看一场势均力敌的篮球赛或排球赛多么令人兴奋!全世界千百万人们参加各种各样的运动。体育运动大概是几乎所有人都喜爱的最普遍的令人松弛的娱乐形式，男女老少都很喜欢体育运动。
2. Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working, instead of going to the cinema, watching TV, listening to the radio, or sleeping. But in fact sports and games can be of great value, especially to people who work with their brains. They should not be treated only as amusements.
2、有些人似乎认为体育活动不是什么重要的事情，只是人们在不工作的时候，不看电影，不看电视，不听广播，不睡觉时才去参加的活动。其实，体育运动很有价值，特别是对脑力劳动者大有好处。体育运动不应仅仅被当作娱乐活动来对待。
3. Sports and games build our bodies, prevent us from gaining weights, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only uses. They give us valuable practice in helping the eyes, brain and muscles to work together. In table tennis, the eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction, and pass this information on to the brain. The brain then has to decide what to do, and sends its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where the player wants it to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at table tennis can do this successfully. For those who work with their brains, the practice of such skills is especially useful.
3、体育运动增强体质，防止我们发胖，使我们保持身体健康。但体育运动的作用不仅仅限于这些方面。体育运动给我们的眼睛、大脑和肌肉以宝贵的锻炼，促使它们协同工作。打乒乓球时，眼睛看到球打过来，判断其速度和方向，马上将这个信息传给大脑。接着大脑得决定怎么办，并立即将其命令传达给手臂、腿等人体部分的肌肉，结果球被击回到运动员希望它着落的地方。整个行动必须以最快的速度发生，只有那些训练有素的人才能成功地完成。对那些脑力劳动者来说，这样的技能实践特别管用，尤其有益。
4. Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as selflessness, courage, discipline and love of one's country, but what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child's character as what is learned through experience. The ordinary school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the students' time is spent in classes, studying lessons. So what the students do in their spare time is of great importance. If each of them learns to go all out for his team and not for himself on the sports field, he wilt later find it natural to work for the good of society and for the good of his country.
4、体育运动对性格的培养也很有益处。男孩女孩们在课堂上也许对不自私自利、富有勇气、遵守纪律、热爱祖国这样的美德有所了解，但是从书本上学到的东西不可能像通过亲身体验了解到的东西一样对孩子的品质产生深刻的影响。普通的学校不可能在生活方面给孩子们很多实用的培养，因为他们的大部分时间用于上课，花在学习功课上。所以，学生们在课余时间所做的事非常重要。如果每个学生在球场上学会了为自己的球队而不是为他自己竭尽全力，那么他以后会感到为社会的利益、为祖国的利益而工作是理所当然的了。
6. How Americans View Love.
6、美国人的爱情观.
1. An old song says that "love makes the world go around." If you watch Americans on Valentine's Day, you can believe it. The whole country breaks out with little red hearts. Love-struck people give cards, flowers and candy to their sweethearts. You might call it an annual celebration of love.
1、有一首老歌中唱道“爱让世界转动”。如果你看到美国人是如何庆祝情人节的，你便会相信这句话。这一天在美国不论你走到哪里都能看到一颗颗小红心。坠入爱河中的人向自己的心上人赠送卡片、鲜花和糖果。你可以将情人节称之为一年一度的爱的庆贺日。
2. The American concept of love and romance begins with dating. Young people date in several ways. At first they might have group dates with several boys and girls together. Later, they start going on single dates—just one boy and one girl. Sometimes a boy and a girl will go to a movie. Maybe they will go to a party at a friend's house. Or they might go out to eat.
2、美国人的爱情和浪漫始于约会。年轻人有几种约会方式。最开始，他们可能是好几个男孩和女孩都参加的集体约会。之后，他们单独出去约会――只有一男一女。有时他们会去看电影，也可能一起去参加朋友的聚会，或一起出去吃饭。
3. When two couple go out together, it's called double dating. A friend might even arrange a blind date for you with someone you don't know. That doesn't mean you keep your eyes closed the whole evening! You just don't know who your partner will be until the time of the date. If someone asks you out on any kind of date, and you don't want to go, you may politely say, "No, thanks."
3、如果两对男女一起出去，这叫做双重约会。一个朋友还可能为你和陌生人安排一个“蒙眼约会”。那并不是说你整个晚上都紧闭双目。只是在约会之前你并不知道你的约会对象是谁。如果有人请你出去约会，不管是哪种约会，假若你不想去，你都可以礼貌地说声“不，谢谢!”
4. Americans view dating differently from people in other culture. American young people see a date as a time just to have fun. They don't always have a romantic interest in mind. Someone may go out with one person this week, and another person the next. After a while, a boy and a girl may decide they want to go steady. This means they think of each other as boyfriend and girlfriend. It also means they don't want to date anyone else. Romance is beginning to bloom.
4、对于约会，美国人与别的文化国度的人有不同的看法。美国的年轻人把约会看成是玩得开心的时间，并不一定就抱着浪漫的念头。有的人可能这星期与一个人出去，下星期又与另外一个人出去。经过一段时间后，一个男孩和一个女孩可能决定保持稳定的关系。这意味着他们把彼此看成“男朋友和女朋友”，这也意味着他们不想与别的人约会。浪漫之花开始绽放。
5. Romantic love is very much a part of American culture. Movies, TV shows and books in America all picture people falling in love. Americans know no romance is perfect, but still they try to find the ideal person. Actually, love is a part of every culture, not just American culture. People all over the world search for happiness in a loving relationship. Maybe love does make the world go around.
5、浪漫爱情是美国文化的重要组成部分。美国的电影、电视和书籍都描绘人们如何坠入爱河。美国人知道没有哪段爱情是完美的，但他们还是努力去寻找自己的意中人。事实上，爱不仅仅是美国文化，而是每种文化的组成部分。全世界的人们都在爱中寻求幸福。也许确实是爱使世界转动。
7. Our Family Creed.
7、家族的信条.
1. They are the principles on which my wife and I have tried to bring up our family. They are the principles in which my father believed and by which he governed his life. They are the principles, many of them, which I learned at my mother's knee.
1、这些是我和我太太在教育子女的时候所尽力倚仗的信条，这些是我父亲所深信并以之为人生律条的信条，这些信条中的大部分是我从母亲的膝下秉承而来的。
2. They point the way to usefulness and happiness in life, to courage and peace in death.
2、这些信条告诉人们如何快乐而有所作为地活着，也告诉人们如何勇敢而安详地面对死亡。
3. If they mean to you what they mean to me, they may perhaps be helpful also to our sons for their guidance and inspiration.
3、假如这些信条于诸位的意义如同它们于我的意义，那么也许它们可以有效地指导和鼓舞我们的儿女们。
4. Let me state them:
4、让我说出这些信条：
5. I believe in the supreme worth of the individual and in his right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
5、我相信，个人拥有无上的价值，拥有生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。
6. I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty.
6、我相信，每一项权利都必然包含着责任，每一个机遇都必然包含着义务，每一种获得都必然包含着职责。
7. I believe that the law was made for man and not man for the law; that government is the servant of the people and not their master.
7、我相信，法律为人而制，而非人为法律而生，政府是人民的公仆，而非人民的主人。
8. I believe in the dignity of labor, whether with head or hand; that the world owes no man a living but that it owes every man an opportunity to make a living.
8、我相信，无论体力劳动还是脑力劳动都是高尚的，世界不会让人不劳而获，而会给人—次谋生的机会。
9. I believe that thrift is essential to well-ordered living and that economy is a prime requisite of a sound financial structure, whether in government, business, or personal affairs.
9、我相信，无论在政府、商业还是个人事务中，勤俭节约都是合理安排生活之基本要素，而经济适用是健全的金融机制之必需。
10. I believe that truth and justice are fundamental to an enduring social order.
10、我相信，真理和正义是任何一个长治久安的社会秩序之基础。
11. I believe in the sacredness of a promise, that a man's word should be as good as his bond, that character—not wealth or power or position—is of supreme worth.
11、我相信，承诺是神圣的；我也相信，假如人的言语能和契约同样可靠，那么这种品质—而非财富、权势与身份地位——就具有至高无上的价值。
12. I believe that the rendering of useful service is the common duty of mankind and that only in the purifying fire of sacrifice is the dross of selfishness consumed and the greatness of the human soul set free.
12、我相信，人类共同的职责是有用地服务社会，只有在自我牺牲的炼火中，自私的沉渣才会被焚为灰烬，人类灵魂中的伟大情操才会显现。
13. I believe in an all-wise and all-loving God, named by whatever name, and that the individual's highest fulfillment, greatest happiness, and widest usefulness are to be found in living in harmony with his will.
13、我相信，有一位无所不知、大慈大悲的上帝存在——尽管人们对他的称呼各不相同——人们能在与他的意志相和谐的生活过程中得到最高的满足感、最大的幸福感，以及最广博的成就感。
14. I believe that love is the greatest thing in the world; that it alone can overcome hate; that right can and will triumph over might.
14、我相信，世界上最伟大的事物就是爱，只有爱能够战胜仇恨，而真理能够而且必定能击败强权。
15. These are the principles, however formulated, for which all good men and women throughout the world, irrespective of race or creed, education, social position, or occupation, are standing, and for which many of them are suffering and dying.
15、无论怎样表达，以上就是那些信条—世界上所有不计种族、信仰、宗教、地位或职业的善良的人们所代表的信条——而且正是为了这些信条，他们中许多人正在忍受折磨，甚至正在死去。
16. These are the principles upon which alone a new world recognizing the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God can be established.
16、只有凭借这些信条，人类才能建立起人人如手足、上帝如慈父的新世界。
8. America's Luckiest Stamp Find.
8.美国最幸运的邮票的发现.
1. The first United States airmail stamp has had an interesting story. Printed in 1918, this 24-cent stamp with a blue plane inside a rose border became the center of much attention. One hundred of the stamps sold to the public became known as "inverts", for the plane was printed upside down. Some of these "upside-down" airmail stamps are now worth over $6,000.
1、关于美国的第一枚航空邮票有一个有趣的故事。这枚面值为24美分的邮票印刷于1918年，玫瑰花边的中间有一架蓝色的飞机，成为人们关注的中心。因为蓝色的飞机被印颠倒了，仅仅有一百枚这种“倒转”邮票卖给公众。现在，有些这种“倒转”航空邮票价值超过6000美元。
2. The story of these stamps began on May 14, 1918, the day after they were placed on sale. In Washington, D.C., W.T.Robey, a man interested in stamps, decided to buy a sheet of the new stamps and so went to the New York Avenue branch post office in Washington. When the clerk handed him a sheet of the stamps, Robey noted that they were poorly centered. He looked at other sheets and found that none was well centered. The clerk asked Robey to return later in the day when more stamps were expected.
2、关于这些邮票的故事发生在1918年5月14日，该日是它们开始销售的第二天。在首都华盛顿，一个集邮爱好者，罗比，决定去买一整版新邮票，于是他来到华盛顿市纽约大街的邮政支局。当职员递给他一版新邮票时，罗比看到它们（印刷）的中心位置很差。他看了其它几版，没有一个摆正中心位置。职员告诉罗比当天晚些时候来退换，估计那时有更多邮票到货。
3. About noon Robey came back, and the same clerk was on duty. He reached for the new sheets and handed one to Robey. The collector's heart stood still as he saw that the sheet, which had been offered him, had inverted centers.
3、罗比大约中午时候回来时，还是那个职员值班。他伸手够到新货取出一版递给罗比。当这个集邮者看到邮票时他的心跳刹那间停顿了，给他的这版邮票有一个倒转的中心。
4. Excited by his find, obey shopped other branch post offices for more sheets with inverted centers but found none. Then he told his friends of his discovery, and they, too, looked in the city's post offices-also in vain.
4、罗比被他的发现振奋，他到其它邮政支局去寻购更多张“倒转”邮票，但是毫无结果。之后，他告诉他的朋友们他的这个发现，他们如他一样，找遍了全城的邮政支局，同样徒劳无功。
5. Not being a rich man, obey decided to cash in on his good fortune. He turned down the first offer of $500 from a Washington stamp shop owner and took the sheet to New York. There he planned to show it to a collector, Colonel E.H.R.Green, as well as to stamp dealers.
5、罗比不是富人，他决定把他的好运气换成钱。他拒绝了一个华盛顿集邮商店老板500美元的第一个报价，带着邮票去纽约。他计划把“倒转”邮票拿给一个名叫COLONEL的集邮者和一些邮票商看。
6. Colonel Green was out of the city, and no one else wanted to bid on the sheet for fear that Robey's might not be the only upside-down sheet. As the news of his find spread, many people said that other such sheets had been found. These stories proved to be false.
6、COLONEL先生不在纽约，而没有其他任何人想报价，他们害怕罗比的邮票不是唯一的“倒转”邮票。当罗比的邮票发现的消息扩散开后，很多人声称找到了其它这样的邮票。很快证实那些话都不真实。
7. Robey left New York without having made a sale, and stopped in Philadelphia on the way home. There, dealer Eugene Klein arranged to buy the sheet for $15,000, and finally did buy it. Within a few days, Klein sold the sheet to Colonel Green, the same collector whom Robey had failed to contact in Texas at the time, and that Klein phoned him there and sold him the sheet, sight unseen, for $20,000! Robey's sheet had cost him $24, and his profit was $14,976 while Klein gained $5,000.
7、罗比没有卖出邮票离开纽约，回家的路上他停脚费城。在那儿，邮票商克林安排15000美元收购全版“倒转票”，最终成交。几天之内，克林转手全版“倒转票”给COLONEL先生，就是在德州与罗比失之交臂的那个邮票商，而当克林打电话给德州的COLONEL先生，卖给他全版“倒转票”时，他看都没看，出价20000美元！罗比付出24美元买全版“倒转票”，他的利润是14976美元，而克林先生赚了5000美元。
8. Of the 100 stamps first bought by Mr. obey, stamp collectors are now able to account for 90. What has happened to the others is not known. When a copy is offered for sale, it is a major event in the stamp world. A single such stamp has been sold for as much as $6,500. Few people have ever even seen a copy. Yet no matter how much this valuable stamp is bought and sold, no owner can match the thrill that W.T.Robey had on that day in 1918 when he made America's luckiest stamp find!
8、罗比先生最先购买到的100枚邮票中，现在集邮者们能统计出的仅有90枚。没有人知道另外一些邮票的下落和故事。今天，一个“倒转票”的拷贝出售都是集邮界的大事。仅仅单枚这样的邮票曾经卖到6500美元。甚至是复制品也几乎没有人看到过。不论这种价值极高的邮票卖多少钱、买多少钱，没有一个所有者的兴奋可与罗比在1918年发现最幸运的美国邮票那天的兴奋相比！
9. That "Other Woman" in My Life.
9、我生命中的“另一个女人”.
1. After 22 years of marriage, I've discovered the secret to keeping love and intimacy alive in my relationship with my wife, Peggy: I started dating another woman.
1、经历22年的婚姻，我发现如何同妻子佩吉保持爱恋和亲密关系的秘密：去约会另一个女人。
2. The "other woman" my wife was encouraging me to date is my mother, a 72-year-old widow who has lived alone since my father died 20 years ago. Right after his death, I moved 2500 miles away to California and started my own family and career. When I moved back near my hometown six years ago, I promised myself that I would spend more time with Mom. But with the demands of my job and three kids, I never got around to seeing her much beyond family get-togethers and holidays.
2、我妻子鼓励我去约会的“另一个女人”就是我的母亲，一位72岁的寡妇。20年前父亲去世后，她一直独居至今。就在父亲去世后，我搬到了2500英里以外的加利福尼亚，成家立业。6年前我迁回到靠近老家的地方，那时，我曾承诺要花些时间同妈妈在一起。但是由于需要兼顾我的工作和3个孩子，除家庭聚会和节假日外，我很少抽时间去看望她。
3. She was surprised and suspicious, then, when I called and suggested the two of us go out to dinner and a movie. "What's wrong?" she asked. My mother thinks anything out of the ordinary signals bad news. "I thought it would be nice to spend some time with you," I said. "Just the two of us." I'd like that a lot." she replied.
3、我打电话给母亲，建议我们俩外出一起吃饭、看电影，她感到惊讶和疑惑。“出什么事了吗?”她问，妈妈把任何不寻常的信号都当成是坏消息。“我想跟您共度一段时光会很愉快的。”我说。“就我们俩。”“那太好了，”她答道。
4. As I drove to her house, I actually had a case of predate jitters ! What would we talk about? What if she didn't like the restaurant I chose?
4、我开车驶往母亲住所，竟感到约会前的紧张不安。我们将谈些什么呢?如果她不喜欢我选的餐馆怎么办?
5. When I pulled into her driveway, she was waiting by the door with her coat on. Her hair was curled, and she was smiling. "I told my lady friends I was going out with my son, and they were all impressed," she said as she got into my car. "They can't wait to hear about our evening."
5、我的车驶进母亲家门前的车道时，她已穿好外套等在门口了。她的头发卷好了，面带笑容。“我告诉我的女伴们，说我要和儿子一道外出，她们都深受感动，”母亲边说边上了我的车。“她们急着想知道我们怎样度过今天晚上。”
6. We didn't go anywhere fancy, just a neighborhood place where we could talk. My mother clutched my arm, half out of affection and half to help her negotiate the restaurant steps. Since her eyes now see only large shapes and shadows, I had to read the menu for both of us. Halfway through reciting the entrees, I glanced up and saw Mom looking at me, a wistful smile on her lips. "I used to be the menureader when you were little," she said. I understood what she was saying. From caregiver to cared-for, from cared-for to caregiver, our relationship had come full circle. "Then it's time for you to relax and let me return the favor," I said. We had a nice talk over dinner. Nothing earth-shattering, just catching up with each other's lives. We talked for so long that we missed the movie. I 'll go out with you again," my mother said as I dropped her off, "But only if you let me buy dinner next time." I agreed.
6、我们没有去高档的餐馆，只在附近找了一个便于说话的地方。我的母亲紧挽着我的胳膊，既是出于对我的慈爱，也是为了自己能扶着我走上餐馆的台阶。由于她现在的视力只能看到大致的形状和模糊的影子，我得为我俩读菜单。我念到一半时，抬头瞥见母亲正看着我，嘴角泛着若有所思的微笑。“你小时候我常念菜单给你听，”她说。我明白她的意思。她已从关爱者变为受照顾者，我则从受照顾者变为关爱者，我们的关系倒了个个儿。“现在你该轻松轻松了，让我来照顾你。”我说。我们边吃边谈，谈得很好。没有谈什么大事，只是交谈些彼此的生活情况。我们谈了很长时间，以致没赶上看电影。“我还想跟你一起外出。”我送母亲回去，下车时她说，“不过，下次你得让我请客。”我答应了。
7. "How was your date?" my wife asked when I got home that evening. "Nice...nicer than I thought it would be," I said. She smiled her told-you-so smile.
7、“你的约会怎么样?”那天晚上回家时，妻子问我。“不错……，比我想的还要好，”我说。她笑了，一副早就料到的样子。
8. Mom and I go out for dinner a couple of times a month. Sometimes we take in a movie, but mostly we talk. I tell her about my trials at work and brag about the kids and Peggy. Mom fills me in on family gossip and tells me about her past. Now I know what it was like for her to work in a factory during World War II. I know how she met my father there, and how they nurtured a trolley-car courtship through those difficult times. I can't get enough of these stories. They are important to me, a part of my history. We also talk about the future. Because of health problems, my mother worries about the days ahead. "I have so much living to do," she told me once. "I need to be there while my grandchildren grow up. I don't want to miss any of it."
8、从此我和妈妈每个月都要外出共进几次晚餐。有时我们也看电影，但大部分时间都是交谈。我跟她讲工作中的烦恼，也向她夸耀佩吉和孩子们。母亲跟我谈了许多家长里短的事，也对我讲了她过去的经历。现在我知道了她二战期间在一家工厂里做工的情况，并知道她在那里如何同父亲相识的。在那困难的日子里，他们在有轨电车上培育了一段恋爱史。我对这些故事百听不厌。它们对我很重要，是我历史的一部分。我们也谈论未来。由于健康方面的原因，母亲担心着今后的日子。“我要做的事儿多着呢，”有一次她对我说。“我要看着孙子、孙女们长大成人。我可什么都不想错过。”
9. I tend to fill my calendar to the brim as I struggle to fit family, career and friendships into my life. I often complain about how quickly time flies. Spending time with my mom has taught me the importance of slowing down.
9、忙于应付家庭生活、事业和朋友关系等种种事情，我的日程表总是排得满满的。我经常抱怨时光飞逝。与母亲共度时光，使我懂得了放慢生活节奏的重要。
10.The First Jet.
10、第一架喷气机
1.It was just noon on that 25th day of April 1945. I had gone through my first minutes of combat. The 456th Bomber Group, based in Italy, had gone into Austria. They had hit the railroad yards at Linz along the Danube River.
1、事情发生在1945年4月25日的中午。我正在执行我的第一次战斗任务。基地在意大利的第456轰炸机组刚刚飞进奥地利。他们要轰炸多瑙河沿岸位于林滋的铁路工厂。
2.My job was to drop chaff. They were the little bundles of tin that confused enemy radar. Through the 3-inch-square chaff chute, I could see the enemy shells exploding just below us.
2、我的工作是抛撒干扰片。它们是锡制的很小的捆，能够干扰敌人的雷达。透过3平方英寸（抛撒）干扰片斜道，我能看到敌人的炮弹就在我们（飞机肚子）底下爆炸。
3.Just after "bombs away," a sharp blow rocked our plane. An enemy shell had ripped a hole in the floor of the airplane. It was about a yard from the engineer's feet.
3、刚刚执行“投弹完毕”命令，一下急速的打击使我们的飞机摇晃起来。敌人的一颗炮弹已经在飞机的地板上撕破一个大洞。它距离工程师的脚不过一码。
4."Engineer to pilot," his voice said, "we've been hit."
4、“工程师呼叫机长，”（耳机中）他的声音说道，“我们被击中了。”
5."Bad?"
5、“很严重吗？”
6."Don’t think so. It missed the control cables-went out through the top."
6、“不太严重。它没有击中控制缆，穿过顶棚出去了。”
7.No more talk. It was over. But it left a shaky feeling. We knew that the war was almost over. A guy's chances of getting home were good.
7、没有更多的交谈。这件事过去了。但是它留下令人震撼的感觉。我们都知道战争几乎结束了。一个军人战后回家的机会很高。
8.Each of us was thinking the same thing. If that shell had hit us half a second sooner, it might have hit the pilot. Three inches to the left and it would have cut some cables. A tiny instant later, and it would have hit one of us.
8、我们中的每个人都在想同样的事。如果那颗炮弹早半秒击中我们，它可能击中机长。只要偏左3英寸，它将会割断某些控制缆。稍微迟后瞬间，它将击中我们中的一个。
9.The bomb run ended. The bomb bay doors slid shut. Suddenly we were in the clear open sky.
9、一连串的轰炸结束了。弹舱门关上了。刹那间我们冲入晴朗的广阔天空。
10.We let ourselves feel a bit safer now. We had the three-hour flight home. It was across part of Yugoslavia. Then came the voice of our nose gunner.
10、现在我们使自己感到多了一点安全。我们要用3个小时飞回家。正在横穿南斯拉夫某地。这时传来我们的前机枪手的声音。
11."Fighter. Eleven o'clock low. Coming in fast."
11、“战斗机。11点方向下。逼近得非常快。”
12."Whose?" somebody said.
12、“谁的？”有人问。
13."Not ours," came the answer, forward. "Never saw anything like it. it's closing in now...fast...fast...never saw anything so fast."
13、“不是我们的，”从前方传来回答，“从来没有见过像这样的东西。现在它正在接近，太快了，太快了，从来没有见过任何东西这么快。”
14."I see him!" the left waist gunner said.” It’s a jet-one of those new Me 262's!"
14、“我看到它了！”左腰部机枪手说。“它是架喷气机，是新型ME262中的一架！”
15."Can't even hold him in the sight," the gunner said.
15、“简直不能‘盯’住它，”机枪手说。
16.If one of their new jets hits you, just start shooting and hope that you hit him. You won't get a chance to aim. That’s what we had been told. The enemy had a fighter so fast we couldn't even hold a sight on it. It was something we had never heard of. Something they called a "jet."
16、我们曾被告知：如果他们的新型喷气机冲向你，立即扫射，但愿你打中它，你没有瞄准它的机会。敌人有一种战斗机太快，我们甚至不能‘看’住它。这是我们从没听说过的东西，敌人称之为“喷气机”。
17.And now the jet came at us! Our nose turret turned wildly to follow it. The electric motors of the turret hummed. The gunner tried to bring his guns around.
17、现在喷气机冲向我们！我们的前炮塔发疯似地旋转着跟随它。炮塔的电动机嗡嗡叫。机枪手试图带着他的枪转动。
18.Looking over the other waist gunner's shoulder, I saw the enemy jet. Saw its shining green nose and its high rudder. It knifed through the spring air toward our plane.
18、从另外一个腰部机枪手的肩上看去，我看到了敌人的喷气机。看到了它的闪亮的绿色鼻子和高高的方向舵。它刀劈般穿过春天的天空接近我们的飞机。
19.In seconds the jet's cannon would fire. In seconds it would all be over. Our bomber would fold. It would streak down to smash in the mountains below.
19、几秒中内喷气机的大炮将开火，几秒钟内一切将结束。我们的轰炸机将折叠成团。它将瞬间下坠粉碎在下面的山上。
20.In seconds...Then I noticed that it had not yet fired a single shot. All of us stared. We were ready for the blow. But no one fired!
20、几秒钟内……突然，我注意到它没有发射一发子弹。我们所有人都凝视着。我们已经准备着爆炸。但是没有人开火。
21.The jet was in range. Its shining nose was on us as it closed in for the kill.
21、喷气机确实在射程以内。它闪亮的鼻子对着我们，似乎它要靠近来进行屠杀。
22.Then the unbelievable: the enemy jet leveled off. It flashed below us and was gone.
22、这时令人难以置信的事情发生了，敌人的喷气机与我们的飞机拉成水平。它闪向我们的下面，然后离去。
23."Close!" somebody said. “Too close!"
23、“太近了！”有人说。“太近了！”
24.Then we went back to the business of getting home. I guess most of the crew forgot about that jet that had us in its sights. But I have never forgotten it.
24、之后，大家重新回到飞回家的事情里。我猜想机组的大多数人现在已经忘掉那架置我们于其视距的喷气机。但是，我从来没有忘掉它。
25.Was the German pilot out of ammunition? Did his guns jam at the last second? Or was it more than that? Was he tired of killing?
25、是德国飞行员没有弹药？是最后一秒他的机枪卡壳？或者还有更多隐情？或者是他已经厌倦于杀戮？
26.I'll never be sure. I don't know what held the fire of our own gunners. But the sky changed from a rain of hate to a blue sky of hope.
26、我可能永远不会弄清。我也不知道为什么我们的机枪手没有开火。但是天变了，从一个讨厌的雨天变成我们所希望的蓝天。
11.A Handful of History.
11、扑克—手中的历史.
1. The next time you do a card trick-remember this. You’re playing with history. The playing cards we use today are much like those used for hundreds of years. The most interesting things are the suits and face cards. A "suit" of a playing card is not a thing to be worn. It means Hearts, Spades, Diamonds or Clubs. The figures are placed on each card with the number or value of the card. The face cards are the Jacks, Queens, Kings, and, of course, the Jokers.
1、当你下一次玩扑克的时候，要记住这些。你正在与历史进行游戏。今天我们用的扑克，几乎与数百年前的扑克相差无几。最有意思的东西是扑克里的“套”和“脸牌”。扑克中的“套”不是什么可以穿的东西。它意味着红心、黑桃、红方块、或者梅花。牌面的数标志着牌的顺序或价值。带脸的牌是杰克、皇后、国王、当然还有鬼。
2. What do you think the suits stand for? Let's take the Hearts first. When you say that an athlete has a lot of heart, what do you mean? You mean that he is brave. So, you see, the King of Hearts is a "brave king".
2、你认为“套”代表什么意思？让我们先看红心。当你说一个运动员有很多心，你到底想表达什么意思？你的意思是他很勇敢。因此，你看，红心国王是勇敢之王。
3. Look at the design of the Spade on a card. The word "spade" comes from the Italian word which means “sword”. With a little imagination, you can see the handle and the blade. Of course, the blade has been made much shorter on the card.
3、看看牌面上黑桃的设计。英语“SPADE”这个字来自意大利语，意思是刀剑。只要有一点想象力，你就能看到柄和刀刃。当然，牌面的刀刃被做的非常短。
4. The diamonds and Club designs also have interesting stories. The Diamond design is one that you probably know already. It stands for the expensive gems that you and I have seen in jewelry stores. At first it stood for the rich traders who found and sold such gems. The Club looks a little like a three-leaf clover design. Its shape came from a French design with three leaves. It has the lowest rank of the suits.
4、红方块和梅花的设计同样含着很有意思的故事。关于钻石的图案是一个你可能已经知道的东西。它代表你和我都曾在首饰店看见过的珍贵的珍宝。首先它代表了制作和出卖这样的珍宝的富有的商人。梅花看上去有点像三叶草的图案。它的形状来自一个法国的三片树叶的图案。它在套牌里排序最低。
5. Now you see how some suits of playing cards have more value or power than others. The face cards are usually powerful in any card game. The King is one of the strongest. There are four different Kings, and each one stands for a real person. The King of Hearts first meant Charlemagne. He lived about 800 years after the birth of Christ. He was one of the most powerful kings in Europe after Julius Caesar of Rome. Julius Caesar, by the way, is the King of Diamonds.
5、现在你看到了为什么一套牌的价值或力量大于另外一套牌。在任何一个扑克游戏里带脸的牌往往威力更大。国王（K）是最强的一个。这里有四个不同的国王，每一个都代表着一个真实的人。首先红心国王代表查理曼大帝，他生活在耶稣诞生后800年后。他是罗马朱利叶斯·恺撒之后，欧洲最强大的国王。顺便说一下，朱利叶斯·恺撒是红方块国王。
6. We must go further back in history to find out the names of the two other kings. The young Alexander the Great of Macedonia is the King of Clubs and King David is the King of Spades. David is the person who killed the giant Goliath. When someone talks about a David and Goliath, he means that a smaller, or weaker, person is trying to fight a very large and strong enemy. David beat Goliath and became a king. He probably never thought that he would have a place in playing cards.
6、我们要想找到其它两个国王的名字，必须退回到更久远的历史里去。梅花国王是大马其顿王国年轻的亚历山大，国王大卫是黑桃国王。大卫是杀死巨人歌利亚的人。当某个人谈到大卫和歌利亚，他的意思是一个小个的人，或弱者正在打败一个非常高大和强壮的敌人。大卫战胜了歌利亚成为国王。他可能从来没有想到他会在扑克牌里有一个位置。
7. We must go back to the Bible and the times of David again to find two of our queens. Rachel was a famous woman in the Bible. She is the Queen of Diamonds.
7、我们必须再次回到圣经（BIBLE）和大卫王的时代去找两个王后。拉结是圣经中的著名女人。她是红方块王后。
8. Remember that the heart stands for bravery. A very brave woman is the Queen of Hearts. That was Judith, who killed an enemy general.
8、应该还记得心代表勇敢。一个非常勇敢的女人是红心王后。红心王后是朱迪丝，她杀死了敌人的一个将军。
9. When Alexander the Great was a general, one of the important woman goddesses was Athena. She stood for wisdom. Athena is the Queen of Spades.
9、当伟大的亚利桑德拉还是将军时，雅典娜是一个重要的女神。她代表智慧。雅典娜是黑桃皇后。
10. Queen Elizabeth I of England is thought to be the Queen of Clubs, She ruled England when America was mostly a wilderness.
10、英国的伊利沙白一世女王一般认为是梅花王后。在她统治英国的时代，美国几乎还是一片荒野。
11. The Jacks are sometimes called Knaves. A Knave is usually a person who gets into trouble. But the playing cards stand for famous knights in history. These men made themselves famous for their courage and bravery, but they were not kings.
11、杰克牌有时被称为无赖。一个无赖往往意味着他是一个带来麻烦的人。但是在扑克游戏中杰克代表历史上有名的爵士。这些人以他们的胆量和勇敢成名，但是他们不是国王。
12. The Joker of the card deck is the one that doesn't always fit. He is sometimes used as an extra card. He sometimes becomes more powerful than any other card. He does not stand for anyone person like some of the other cards. But I think that you can see what his name means.
12、鬼牌是一张牌脸与其价值不相适应的牌。它常常用做一张特别的牌。有时它被用做比任何牌更有权利的牌。它不像其它牌脸代表着什么人。但是，我认为你能看出它的名字的含义。
13. So, you see that you can hold some history in your hands. History from King David to Queen Elizabeth is all on the front of playing cards.
13、所以，你看，你用你的手握住了一些历史，从大卫王到伊利沙白女王全都在扑克的正面。
12. An Epoch-making Toast.
12、划时代的祝酒词.
Mr. Prime Minister and all of your distinguished guests this evening:
总理先生、今夜在座的诸位贵宾：
1. On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. I particularly want to pay tribute, not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner, but also to those who have provided the splendid music. Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.
1、我谨代表你们的所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待。中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。我不仅要特别赞扬那些准备了这次盛大晚宴的人，而且还要赞扬那些给我们演奏这样美好的音乐的人。我在外国从来没有听到过演奏得这么好的美国音乐。
2. Mr. Prime Minister, I wish to thank you for your very gracious and eloquent remarks. At this very moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other such occasion in the whole history of the world. Yet what we say here will not be long remembered. What we do here can change the world.
2、总理先生，我要感谢你的非常亲切和雄辩的讲话。就在这个时刻，通过电讯的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比在整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。不过，我们在这里讲的话，人们不会长久记住。我们在这里所做的事却能改变世界。
3. As you said in your toast, the Chinese people are a great people, the American people are a great people. If our two peoples are enemies, the future of this world we share together is dark indeed. But if we can find common ground to work together, the chance for world peace is immeasurably increased.
3、正如你在祝酒词中讲的那样，中国人民是伟大的人民，美国人民是伟大的人民。如果我们两国人民为敌的话，那么我们共同居住的这个世界的前途就的确是黑暗的了。但是，如果我们能够找到进行合作的共同点，那么实现世界和平的机会就无可估量地大大增加了。
4. In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset these points: We have at times in the past been enemies. We have great differences today. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.
4、我希望我们这个星期的会谈将是坦率的。本着这种坦率的精神，让我们一开始就认识到这样几点：在过去的一些时期我们曾是敌人。今天我们有巨大的分歧。使我们走到一起的，是我们有超过这些分歧的共同利益。我们在讨论我们的分歧的时候，我们哪一方都不会在我们的原则上妥协。但是，虽然我们不能弥合我们之间的鸿沟，我们却能够设法搭一座桥，以便我们能够越过它进行会谈。
5. So, let us, in these next five days, start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal, the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation, large of small, has a right to determine its own form of government, free of outside interference or domination. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. What is the world? In a personal sense, I think of my eldest daughter whose birthday is today. As I think of her, I think of all the children in the world, in Asia, in Africa, in Europe, in the Americas, most of whom were born since the date of the foundation of the People's Republic of China.
5、因此，让我们在今后的五天里在一起开始一次长征吧，不是在一起迈步，而是在不同的道路上向同一目标前进。这个目标就是建立一个和平和正义的世界结构：在这个世界结构中，所有的人都可以在一起享有同等的尊严；在这个世界结构中，每个国家，不论大小，都有权利决定自己的政府形式，不受外来的干涉或统治。全世界在注视着。全世界在倾听着。全世界在等待着看我们将做些什么。这个世界是什么呢?就个人来讲，我想到我的大女儿，因为今天是她的生日。当我想到她的时候，我就想到全世界的儿童，想到亚洲、非洲、欧洲以及美洲的儿童，他们大多数都是在中华人民共和国成立以后出生的。
6. What legacy shall we leave our children? Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or are they destined to live because we have the Vision to build a new world?
6、我们将给我们的孩子们留下什么遗产呢?他们的命运是怀着对旧世界中的苦难的仇恨而死亡呢，还是由于我们有缔造一个新世界的远见而活下去呢?
7. There is no reason for us to be enemies. Neither of us seeks the territory of the other; neither of us seeks domination over the other; neither of us seeks to stretch out our hands and rule the world.
7、我们没有理由要成为敌人。我们哪一方都不企图取得对方的领土，我们哪一方都不企图统治对方，我们哪一方都不企图伸出手去统治世界。
8. Chairman Mao has written, "So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently; / The world rolls on, / Time presses. / Ten thousand years are too long, / Seize the day, seize the hour!" This is the hour. This is the day for our two peoples to rise to the heights of greatness which can build a new and a better world.
8、毛主席写过：“多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久，只争朝夕。”现在就是只争朝夕的时候了，是我们两国人民攀登那种可以缔造一个新的、更美好的世界的伟大事业的高峰的时候了。
9. In that spirit, I ask all of you present to join me in raising your glasses to Chairman Mao, to Prime Minister Chou, and to the friendship of the Chinese and American people which can lead to friendship and peace for all people in the world.
9、本着这种精神，我请求诸位同我一起举杯，为毛主席，为周总理，为能够导致全世界所有人民的友谊与和平的中国人民和美国人民之间的友谊，干杯。
13. The Delight of Books.
13、书之乐趣.
1. Books are to mankind what memory is to the individual. They contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made, the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature, help us in our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow and in suffering, change hours of weariness into moments of delight, store our minds with ideas, fill them with good and happy thoughts, and lift us out of and above ourselves.
1、书籍之于全人类，犹如记忆力之于个人。书籍记录了我们人类的历史，记录了我们的新发现，也记录了我们世世代代积累的知识和经验：书籍为我们描绘了自然界的奇观和美景；书籍帮助我们摆脱困境，在我们悲哀困苦的时候，给我们以安慰，在我们烦闷的时刻带来欢乐，给我们的头脑装进各种观念，使我们的脑海充满了美妙高尚的思想，从而使我们超越自我，高于自我。
2. There is an oriental story of two men: one was a king, who every night dreamt he was a beggar; the other was a beggar, who every night dreamt he was a prince and lived in a palace. I am not sure that the king had very much the best of it. Imagination is sometimes more vivid than reality. But, however this may be, when we read we may not only (if we wish it) be kings and live in palaces, but, what is far better, we may transport ourselves to the mountains or the seashore, and visit the most beautiful parts of the earth, without fatigue, inconvenience, or expense.
2、有一个东方的故事，谈到了两个人：其中一个是国王，他每晚梦见自己成为一个乞丐；另一个是乞丐，他每晚梦见自己成了一个王子，住进了王宫。我不知道国王是否真正成了乞丐。想象有时比现实更加生动。然而，不管怎么样，我们读书时，不仅可以成为国王，住在王宫里，—假如我们想成为国王的话，而且更妙的是，我们可以神驰群山，或畅游海滨，我们也可遍访世界上最美丽的地方，而无须经受任何劳顿，也没有什么不方便，更无须花费分文。
3. Many of those who have had, as we say, all that this world can give, have yet told us they owed much of their purest happiness to books. Ascham, in "The Schoolmaster", tells a touching story of his last visit to Lady Jane Grey. He found her sitting in an oriel window reading Plato's beautiful account of the death of Socrates. Her father and mother were hunting in the park, the hounds were in full cry and their voices came in through the open window. He expressed his surprise that she had not joined them. But, said she, "I wist that all their pleasure in the park is but a shadow to the pleasure I find in Plato."
3、我们说，许多人拥有这个世界能给予的一切，然而他们却告诉我们，他们真正的幸福在很大程度上还是得之于书籍。阿斯克姆在《教师》一书中生动地叙述了他最后一次去拜访简·格雷小姐的经过。他看到她正坐在一个飘窗下，阅读柏拉图关于苏格拉底之死的有趣描述。她的父母正在猎苑打猎，猎狗正引吭狂吠，狺狺之声通过开着的窗子传进了屋内。他感到奇怪，问她为什么没有跟父母一起去打猎。她却回答说：“我觉得他们在猎苑狩猎所得到的乐趣与我读柏拉图所得到的乐趣相比乃是微不足道的。”
4. Macaulay had wealth and fame, rank and power, and yet he tells us in his biography that he owed the happiest hours of his life to books. In a charming letter to a little girl, he says, "Thank you for your very pretty letter, I am always glad to make my little girl happy, and nothing pleases me so much as to see that she likes books, for when she is as old as I am, she will find that they are better than all the tarts and cakes, toys and plays, and sights in the world. If any one would make me the greatest king that ever lived, with palaces and gardens and fine dinners, and wines and coaches, and beautiful clothes, and hundreds of servants, on condition that I should not read books, I would not be a king; I would rather be a poor man in a garret with plenty of books than a king who did not love reading. "
4、麦考利既有财富又有声望，既有地位又有权势，然而他在传记中告诉我们，他生活中最幸福的时刻还是读书。他在给一个小女孩的一封信中风趣地写道：“谢谢你给我写了一封有趣的信。能叫我的小女孩愉快，我总是感到非常欣慰，没有什么能比看到她喜欢书籍更教我高兴的了。因为当她到了像我现在这样年龄的时候，她会发现，书籍比所有馅饼和糕点、玩具和游戏以及世界上所有的名胜更吸引人。真要是有人拥戴我为世上最显赫的国王，拥有宫殿花园、珍肴美味、佳酿华辇、龙袍华衮，以及成群成群的奴仆，但若不让我读书，我则决不愿为国王，我宁愿做一个穷人，与众多书籍为伴，蜗居阁楼斗室，也不愿成为一个不爱读书的国王。”
5. Books, indeed, endow us with a whole enchanted palace of thoughts, there is a wider prospect, says Jean Paul Richter, from Parnassus than from a throne. In one way they give us an even more vivid idea than the actual reality, just as reflections are often more beautiful than real nature. "All mirrors," says George Macdonald, "The commonest room is a room in a poem when I look in the glass."
5、事实上，书籍赋予我们一个思想魔宫。吉恩·保尔·里希特尔曾说，从帕纳萨斯看景色，比坐在宝座上看，视野更开阔。从某种意义上说，书籍给我们的形象比现实的东西更生动，正如影像往往比真实的风景更美丽。“书是反映现实的镜子，”乔治·麦克唐纳这么说过，“从镜子中看时，最普通的房间也是诗一样美的房间了。”
6. Precious and priceless are the blessings which the books scatter around our daily paths. We walk, in imagination, with the noblest spirits, through the most sublime and enchanting regions.
6、在我们日常生活的途程中，书籍所赐予的恩惠是最宝贵的、无价的。在无限的遐思中，怀着最崇高的精神，我们漫步在最高尚、最炫丽的境界。
7. Without stirring from our firesides we may roam to the most remote regions of the earth, or soar into realms where Spenser's shapes of unearthly beauty flock to meet us, where Milton's angels peal in our ears the choral hymns of Paradise. Science, art, literature, philosophy,—all that man has thought, all that man has done,—the experience that has been bought with the sufferings of a hundred generations,—all are garnered up for us in the world of books.
7、无须离开家门，我们便可遨游世界上最遥远的地方，可以飞到斯宾塞笔下的梦境般的王国，那里会有成群的仙女结队欢迎我们；也可飞到弥尔顿描绘的天国，那里天使们合唱的天国赞美诗如雷贯耳。科学、艺术、文学及哲学，所有这一切人类思想行为的结晶，还有我们祖祖辈辈经受了无数磨难而获得的经验，都为我们贮藏在书籍的世界里了。
14.The Moon-Riddle from the Past.
14、月球—来自远古之谜.
1. Spacecraft from the United States and from Russia have been to the moon, and men have walked upon its surface. Rock and soil samples and information of many other kinds have become available in recent years. Yet with all we know about the moon, there is even more that we don't know.
1、美国和俄国的宇宙飞船都已经到达过月球，而且人类也在它的表面上行走过。月球上的岩石和土壤的样本，以及许多其它类型的信息，近些年来已经为人们所知所用了。然而除了我们所知道的关于月球的那些外，还有更多是我们不知道的。
2. Following the end of the Apollo space program, the National Geographic Society published an excellent set of articles about the moon. Here, in shorter form, are some questions and answers from one of these articles. For the full story, see the September, 1973, issue of National Geographic.
2、在阿波罗太空计划结束后，国家地理协会出版了一组有关月球的极好文章。这里，以简短的形式截取了其中一篇文章重的部分问答。完整的内容，请见1973年九月发行的《国家地理》。
Were scientists right about what the moon would be like?
科学家关于“月球外貌”的描述是正确的吗？
3. Many were, of course, but many were mistaken. One said there was no lava on the moon. Another said that the moon material would explode as soon as an astronaut's boot touched it. One said there would certainly be water on the moon. Many felt there was a chance that the astronauts could bring back to earth some strange infection. These ideas are now known to be incorrect, and no doubt we are still wrong about many other things, also.
3、大多数是正确的，当然，也有相当部分是错误的。一个说法是月球上没有熔岩。另外一个说法是宇航员的靴子一旦碰上月球物质就会爆炸。有人说月球确实存在水。许多人还认为宇航员有可能把某些奇怪的传染病菌带回地球。这些说法现在被证明都是不正确的，无疑，我们关于月球的许多其它的看法是错误的。
Is the moon like the earth?
月球像地球吗？
4. Yes and no. It is more like it than many scientists thought before Apollo. Like the earth, the moon is in layers, with a crust on the outside and a deep mantle below. It may also have a core, as the earth does. However, the crust is almost four times thicker than the earth's crust. We do not know much yet about the moon's mantle, that section of superheated rock which goes down hundreds of miles below the crust. We think-but we are not sure-that the moon has a center core which includes molten rock, as the earth does.
4、答案是，像也不像。月球比科学家在阿波罗计划之前想象的还要像地球。如同地球一样，月球上有地层，表面是一层地壳，其下是很深的地幔。月球也可能如同地球一样有一个地核。然而，月球地壳几乎是地球地壳厚度的四倍。我们对月球地幔所知不多，那些过热的岩石在外壳几百英里以下。我们预料，但是我们不能确定，月球有一个由熔岩构成的地核，如同地球。
5. In other ways, of course, the moon is very different. There is no life, and there is no water. The makeup of its atmosphere is very different; the earth creatures cannot breathe in it.
5、在其它的方面，当然，月球非常不同。它没有生命，没有水。它的大气的构成也非常不同，地球生物在那里不能呼吸。
Of what is the moon made?
月球是由什么构成的？
6. Definitely not green cheese. It has the same chemical elements as have the earth and the rest of the solar system but in very different amounts-more of some, less of others. Carbon, which is a very important part of living things on the earth, is rare on the moon.
6、很明显不是绿色奶酪。月球有如同地球和其余太阳系行星一样的化学元素，但是其比率非常不同，某些多一点，其它少一些。碳是地球上生物的一个非常重要组成部分，在月球上非常稀少。
Is the moon hot or cold?
月球是酷热的还是寒冷的？
7. Most scientists agree that some of the moon was hot for at least a time. Rocks from the moon show that they were once melted. Right now there seems to be heat someplace inside the moon, possibly a great deal of it. On the surface, however, there is no sign of heat-no volcano, for example. The surface itself ranges from heat of 230℉ to cold of minus 290℉,depending upon where the sun is.
7、大多数的科学家认为月球的一部分至少在一个时期是热的。来自月球的岩石表明它们曾经被融化。现在，似乎在月球内部的某些地方仍处于高温，也可能它是很大的一片地方，然而在表面上，没有高温的特征，例如没有火山。月球表面温度范围从华氏正230度到华氏负290度，取决于太阳在什么地方。
Where did the moon come from?
月球来自哪里呢？
8. We don't know. The three main theories (ideas) are (1) that the moon was born from the earth, (2) that the earth and the moon were born together at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust, and (3) that the moon was born someplace else in the solar system and then captured by the earth's gravity. So far, none of these theories has been proved to be either right or wrong. Professor George W.Wetherill of the University of California in Los Angeles says that he would give the first two theories each a 10 percent chance and the third theory a 20 percent chance. The other 60 percent he would give to "things we haven't thought of yet."
8、我们不知道。主要存在着三个理论：（1）月球产生自地球，（2）地球和月球在同一时间从同一气云和尘埃里同时产生，（3）月球是产生在太阳系的其它某个地方，而后被地球的地心引力所捕获。到现在为止，这些理论中没有任何一个已经被证明正确或错误。洛杉矶加州大学的乔治教授说，他认为前两个理论有百分之十的正确性，第三个理论有百分之二十的正确性，另外的百分之六十他将给“至今我们都还没想到的事物”。
9. In spite of all we have learned from space flights, the moon is still a riddle from the distant past-and will be for a long time to come. Although we know much more now, we find that, somehow, for every answer new questions spring up.
9、尽管我们已经从空间飞行中了解了一些，月球仍然是来自遥远过去的一个谜，而且仍将会在未来很长一段时间如此。尽管我们现在比过去知道的更多，但是我们也发现，不知何故，每个新答案都会引发出更多的新问题。
15.How Animals Hear.
15、动物如何听到声音
1. When we talk about ears, we usually mean the oddly wrinkled appendages on the sides of our heads.
1、当我们提到耳朵，通常指那个生长在我们头部两侧的奇怪的褶皱的附属肢体。
2. We are aware that at the end of the central hole in this outer ear there is something called the middle ear, with an eardrum and a few little bones. Even deeper lies the inner ear, the organ with which we "hear".
2、我们知道，在外耳中孔的底部有东西称为中耳，它由一个耳鼓和一些小骨骼构成。而真正能使我们“听”的器官在更深处的内耳。
3. Animals such as dogs and cats also have conspicuous outer ears, but few of us probably ever stopped to think whether there might be such a thing as a middle and inner ear beneath those pointed tips. Yet, we know very well that these animals hear.
3、诸如猫和狗这样的动物也有引人注目的外耳，但很少人能够停下来去想，在竖立的尖儿下面，是否那里也有类似于中耳和内耳的东西。但是我们很清楚地知道这些动物都能够听到。
4. Birds are even more mysterious, because here we do not even see an outer ear. The same is true to still a larger degree of such animals as frogs and fishes, although in the frog we can at least see an eardrum.
4、鸟类甚至更为神秘，因为我们甚至看不到它们有一个外耳。还有很大数量的动物如青蛙和鱼类也是如此，虽然我们至少可以看到青蛙有一个耳鼓。
5. Again, at one time or another, you may have found that all such animals hear. Hunters know that birds are attracted by artificial calls, and fishermen emphasize that you should be as quiet(原文quite) as possible if you don't want to go home empty handed. And if you ever hunted frogs in your childhood, you know how softly you had to tread! Moreover, it seems absurd that birds should sing and frogs croak, if they could not even hear their own voices.
5、此外，你可能曾经发现所有的这些动物都在听。猎人们知道鸟类会被人造的声音所吸引，渔夫们则强调，如果你不想空手而归的话就要尽可能的安静。如果你在童年抓过青蛙，你应该知道要多么轻柔地走动。说实在，青蛙在叫，鸟儿在唱，如果它们甚至听不到自己发出的声音，岂不荒谬。
6. By direct observations and many experiments, biologists have discovered that practically all animals have some sense of hearing or vibration. Earthworms feel vibrations in the soil, fish can be trained to respond to certain tones, male mosquitoes are attracted by the sound of the female, and frogs will respond to a tape recording of their own voices.
6、通过直接观察和许多试验，生物学家已经发现，实际上所有的动物都具有某种听觉或振动感。蚯蚓在土壤里能感觉震动，鱼类可以训练的对特定的音调有反应，雄性蚊子可以被雌性蚊子的声音所吸引，青蛙对它们自己的声音的录音有所反应。
7. The inner ear is composed of delicate membranes which bear dense patches of specialized cells called maculae. Each of these collections of cells can carry a message to the brain. What message is carried by a macula depends upon how it is affected. The message which is carried is not, however, always connected with the hearing sense. For instance, a certain kind of tadpole can tell the depth of the water it is swimming in by the pitch of a tone which is produced by its own lungs.
7、内耳由脆弱的薄膜构成，它承载着密集的由被称作斑疹的特殊细胞构成的片。每个这样的细胞群都能够把信息传递给大脑，而斑疹承载怎样的信息依赖于它是怎样受影响的。但是被承载的信息并不总是与听觉相连。举个例子，有一种蝌蚪能感知它所游泳之处水的深度，它是通过某种自己肺部产生的声音的音调来判定的。
8. In the human and all other mammals, the macula has developed into an organ which can easily be seen. This organ is called the cochlea. This spiral shaped organ contains the macula itself and it is called "organ of Corti" after its discoverer. If you have ever seen a snail shell, you know how a cochlea looks.
8、对于人类和其他所有哺乳类动物来说，斑疹已经进化成为一种很容易看见的器官，这种器官称作“耳蜗”。这一螺旋形的器官包括了MACULAE本身，以及后来被其发现者称为“CORTI”的器官。如果你看到过蜗牛的壳，你就知道耳蜗的形象。
9. When sound waves enter the cochlea, which is really a tube coiled around, they set a membrane into a back and forth motion and cause a new wave. This is something like the way in which high and low sounds are produced by a flute or whistle. The high sounds are produced when the air is prevented by the holes from going through, while the low sounds are produced by allowing more of the air to pass. All this is what produces the differences between high and low sounds. The loudness of a sound is evidently produced by how much the membrane is cause to move.
9、当声波进入耳蜗这条盘旋的管道，它令薄膜前后移动并且产生新的波动。这种方式类似于长笛或是哨子所产生的高低音。当洞穴被阻挡导致空气不能通过通道时就产生高音，而有更多空气通过通道时则产生低音。这些造成了高音和低音的不同。而声音的大小则明显的决定于耳膜运动。
10. Whether or not hearing is really produced in all animals by the effect of pressure is not definitely known by scientists as yet. We do know, however, that nature has set up some very delicate hearing mechanisms for its creatures. Scientists must explore much further for more knowledge about how animals use their ears.
10、对于所有的动物来说，听觉是否真的因为气压的影响而产生，至今科学家们仍然没有明确的了解。但是我们知道，自然界已经为它的生物们建立了一些非常精细的听觉机制。科学家们必须进行更加深入地探讨才能够对动物如何应用它们的耳朵获得更多的知识。
16.A World without Oil.
16、假如世界没有石油
1. Have you ever stopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take a look at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oil product, bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside your home. Before you leave to go to work or school, just examine your surroundings. Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil, or electricity from oil-fed generators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool in a tropical climate, your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fed generators.
1、你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢？请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗？这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。
2. In the kitchen and the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles and working surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials; disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known as petroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra', rock, and Latin 'oleum', oil), found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboard for more petroleum products, medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmetics such as face creams, lipsticks and hair preparations are often based on petroleum.
2、在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希腊文"petro"(岩石)和拉丁文"oleum"(油)组成)，深埋在地下。向药厨里看看，你可以找到更多的石油产品，如药用石蜡和凡士林。化妆品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗发剂等，常用石油作为基本原料。
3. When you're out, notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made from petroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals have been developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head for your bus, train or car, all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuel to move them and lubricants to keep them in working order, take a look in the mirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress, nylon socks or stockings, and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All of these are based on petroleum products.
3、当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的，可以使农作物增产。最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽车、货车或小轿车，都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的，用润滑油保持这些车辆正常工作。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好？是化纤服装（衬衫还是外套），是尼龙袜（短袜还是长袜），晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣？而所有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。
4. Scientists predict that the world's known oil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then the world will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much of our limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete on similar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passenger seats? What alternative energy resources can be developed?
4、科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前，世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限，我们还能把那么多的石油用于私人汽车吗？难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他们的客机有空座的长途飞行吗？能开发出什么样的替代能源呢？
5. There is an old English saying, "Necessity is the mother of invention," which means that when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfilling it. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is one suggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking the streets in major cities could generate energy. One company has presented an idea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheels by means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human and wheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light the streets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school. Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines can run on alcohol, so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An air ship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sun ship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous number of solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sun ship" might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances, of course, the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race to find new energy sources.
5、英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时，你将发现一种方法满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出，在大城市街道上，拥挤的人群走的脚步和路面上往来行使的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公司提出这样想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们说，在繁华大城市的中心，人群和过往车辆可提供足够的能量为整个城镇的街道照明或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正在研制高级的风车技术。发动机可用乙醇作燃料开动，因此，过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作动力来驱使飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须要很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池，这样才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若这样，世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。
17. If Lincoln Had Used a Computer.
17、如果林肯使用过计算机……
1. The ad for a software program caught my eye. It said, "Write better in 30 days or your money back."
1、有一则计算机软件的广告引起了我的注意。它说：“要是30天之内不能提高你的写作能力，就将原款退还。”
2. I'm familiar with computer programs that correct spelling through the use of built-in dictionaries. But the ad for this program said that it would correct "stylistic errors".
2、我熟悉那些通过使用内建字典来纠正拼写错误的计算机程序。但是，这则软件广告却说，它能纠正“文体错误”。
3. Style. That's a big part of what writing is about. So I stopped by the computer store to give it a test run. I wanted to see what the program would say about one of my favorite pieces of writing.
3、文体对于写作关系可是很重大的。因此，我在那家计算机商店停下来，准备试一试这个程序。我想看一看它会对我所喜爱的一篇文章说些什么。
4. I typed it into the computer. Then the computer printed out a critique. Here it is:
4、我把文章输进了计算机。接着，计算机屏幕上显示出了一段评语。下文便是：
5. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. [Long sentences can be difficult to read and understand. Consider revising so that no more than one complete thought is expressed in each sentence. Passive voice: "are created." Consider using active. Usually a paragraph should have more than one sentence.]
5、87年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上缔造了一个新国家。她以自由为立国之本，坚决奉行所有的人生来平等的原则。
6. Now we are engaged [Passive voice: "are engaged." Consider using active. See "Help" key for more information.] in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met [Passive voice: "are met." Consider using active.] on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicated a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that [Delete doubled word.] nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
6、目前我们正在进行一场伟大的内战，这场战争正考验我国，或者任何在自由中诞生并奉行上述原则的国家能否永存。我们在这场伟大战争的战场上聚会。把这战场之一角奉献给那些为国家生存而捐躯的人们，作为他们的最后安息之地。我们完全应该这样做。
7. But, [Use "But" sparingly to start a sentence.] in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember [An adjective "long" is usually not followed by a verb "remember." You may need to use an adverbial form of "long" or a comma before "remember. "] what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather [This word usually adds little and should be omitted.] to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which ["That" is almost always preferred in this situation. If you really mean "which," then it usually needs to be preceded by a comma, See "Help" key for more information.] they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather [This word usually adds little and should be omitted.] for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us: that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly revolve that these dead [Usually "these" should be followed by a plural noun.] shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. [Problems detected: 13.]
7、但是从更广泛的意义上来说，我们无权把这块土地奉献给他们，也无力神圣化这片土地。那些活着的和死去的，曾在这里战斗过的英雄，才使这片土地成为神圣之地，而非我们的微薄之力所能增减。世人不会注意也不会长久记得我们今天在这里说了些什么，但是勇士们在这里做过的事将永远不会被忘记。倒是我们这些活着的人，应该继续英雄们为之战斗并使之前进的未竟事业。我们应该要更加忠诚于先烈为之牺牲的事业，为摆在我们面前的伟大任务继续献身；我们在这里下定决心不能让他们的鲜血白流；这个国家，在上帝的保佑下将获得自由的新生。这个民有、民治、民享的政府将与世长存。
8. That's something. As often as I've read this speech, getting a lump in my throat every time. I've never detected one stylistic problem, much less 13. Shows how little I know.
8、真是奇迹!每当我阅读这篇演讲词的时候，总感觉心情激动，如鲠在喉。我却从未发现过它有一处文体错误，更不用说它有13处错误了。这表明我的知识何等贫乏啊!
9. But I suppose we really shouldn't expect anything better from someone who grew up in a log cabin, hoofed to a oneroom Schoolhouse and never made it to college.
9、但是，我们不应该苛求一个在小木屋里长大，徒步到那所只有一间屋子的学校上学，后来也没有上成大学的人，他也不可能把话讲得再好了。
10. We might remember, though, that Abe Lincoln was at a stylistic disadvantage when he wrote his Gettysburg Address. The poor guy didn't have a "Help" key to push.
10、然而，我们也许应当记住：亚伯·林肯写葛底斯堡演讲稿时，他实在没有很好的条件来讲求文体修辞。可怜的家伙那时并没有计算机上的“求助”键可使用。(本篇原文中括号内的斜体字因文字浅显，故不加译文。－－编者)
18. How Americans Eat and Drink.
18、美国人的饮食.
1. Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft (non-alcoholic) drink in the world. 165 million "Cokes" are sold every day, from the equator to the Arctic. But whereas outside the USA Coke tends to be a young person's drink, inside the USA anybody of any age or income can drink it without embarrassment on any occasion.
1、可口可乐是全世界销路最好的软饮料(不含酒精的饮料)。从赤道到北极，可口可乐每天的销售量为1、65亿瓶。在美国，任何人，不论年龄大小、收入多少，都可以在任何场合饮用可口可乐而不至于有任何不自在的感觉。但在美国之外，可口可乐往往是青年人的饮料。
2. Coke is not the only "cola" drink. Pepsi Cola is a well-known rival and has its devotees, for it is not as sweet as Coke. Cola drinks contain caffeine from the kola nut and are the only soft drinks which are stimulating as well as refreshing.
2、可口可乐不是唯一的可乐饮料。百事可乐是它的著名竞争对手并拥有自己的爱好者，因为它不像可口可乐那么甜。可乐饮料含有从可拉果中提取的咖啡因，并且是唯一的既可提神又有刺激性的软饮料。
3. There are excellent wines produced in California which are praised by European connoisseurs, but some Americans prefer stronger stuff. Well-off Americans consume a lot of alcohol in the form of cocktails—mixtures based on spirits like whisky, gin and vodka.
3、加利福尼亚生产的优质葡萄酒得到欧洲的行家们的赞扬，但有些美国人更喜欢烈性酒。很多美国人以喝鸡尾酒的方式消费大量酒精，这种酒是用威士忌、杜松子酒和伏特加之类的烈性酒调制而成的。
4. Hamburgers and hot dogs are perhaps the best known American foods. Hot dogs—sausages between bread rolls—can be bought in snack bars and from hot dog stands on street comers. And from San Francisco to New York, in cheap or medium-priced restaurants, hamburgers will be on all the menus, in company with steaks, fried chicken and seafood. They come with French fries and crisp green salad. In most cases it is certainly good value for money. For dessert you will be offered apple pie, cheese cake, chocolate layer cake, ice cream and ice cream sundaes. No ice cream in the world is more delicious than American ice cream.
4、汉堡包和热狗也许是最著名的美国食品了。热狗—面包卷夹香肠—可以在街角的小吃店和热狗摊上买到。从旧金山到纽约的中小饭馆，所有乏鞘菜单上都有汉堡包，它与牛排、炸鸡和海味并列。它们与炸薯条和新鲜色拉搁在一起出售。在多数情况下，这笔钱当然值得一花。要甜点心的话，你可以点苹果馅饼、乳酪蛋糕、巧克力夹心蛋糕、冰淇淋和冰淇淋圣代。世界上没有哪个地方的冰激淋比美国的更好吃了。
5. The American passion for speed has now hit the food business. Many restaurants, in particular the great chain restaurant company, Macdonald's, specialize in fast food", food which is served at the counter ready "to go", or "to take out". The food, cooked and hot, is packed into cardboard and plastic containers, and hot drinks go into plastic cups with tight-fitting lids. There are also drive-in fast food restaurants, where the customer does not even have to leave his or her car. They first stop at a board where the menu is displayed, give an order through a microphone and then drive another twenty yards, where a gift hands them the meal, ready cooked and packed. People who prefer to eat at a table in the restaurant also receive their food in cardboard or plastic containers, and the knives, forks and spoons are plastic, too. When they have finished, customers throw everything except the tray into a trash can.
5、美国人追求“快”的激情目前已经影响到了饮食业。许多饭馆，尤其是大型连锁饮食公司“麦当劳”，专门做“快餐”，也就是在柜台随时可以买到或带走的食物。饭菜做好了，趁热就装进纸板或塑料制的容器。热饮料则装入盖子盖得很严的塑料杯中。还有服务到车上的“路旁”快餐店，顾客甚至用不着离开小汽车。他们先在一块写有菜单的牌子前停车，通过麦克风订饭菜，然后再往前开20码，就有女服务员递上做好并装在盒里的饭菜。愿意在饭馆里坐在餐桌边进餐的人的饭菜也同样装在纸板或塑料制的容器中，刀、叉、汤匙也都是塑料做的。顾客吃完了，除了盘子以外，其余都扔进垃圾箱。
6. In most cities, large and small, you can eat Mexican or Italian food. And even small towns have a coffee shop serving simple meals, drinks of all kinds—and excellent, freshly-made coffee. You sit at the counter, or are served at a table. Service in restaurants and coffee shops is efficient and friendly. Waiters and waitresses often introduce themselves. "Hi! I am Don (Debbie). What can I get you folks?" This friendliness is natural and not entirely influenced by the hope of a high tip. In any case, people usually tip 15% of the check. One of the pleasantest things about waiters and waitresses is that they refill your coffee cup several times for no extra charge!
6、在大多数城市里，无论大城市还是小城市，你都可以吃到墨西哥食品或意大利食品。甚至小镇上也有咖啡馆提供简单的饭菜、各种饮料和非常好的刚煮好的咖啡。你坐在柜台边或桌旁就行。饭店和咖啡馆的服务热情周到，效率很高。男女服务员经常自我介绍：“我是多恩(或德比)。您要点什么?”这种友好毫不做作，也并不完全是想多得小费。一般，人们常另付账单金额的15％作为小费。男女服务员最讨人喜欢的一点是他们屡次三番把你的咖啡杯重新斟满而不另加收钱！
7. Many American families pride themselves on their cooking, and have deep freezers, where they store food they grow in their gardens or buy in the supermarket. Supermarkets are large self-service stores selling every kind of food—fresh, canned or frozen. So, like the fast-food restaurants, their produce is less expensive and easier to market. There have been supermarkets in the USA since the 1930s, and they have now spread through a large part of the world.
7、许多美国家庭以自己的烹调而自豪。他们有冷藏箱，可以把他们在花园种的或从超级市场买的食物贮藏起来。超级市场是大型自助商店，出售各种食品—新鲜的、罐头装的或冰冻的。因此，像快餐馆一样，他们的商品较便宜，容易销售。美国从1930年代起就有超级市场了，现在超级市场已遍及世界的大部分地区。
19. Smoking and Cancer.
19、吸烟和癌.
1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly the equivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke compared with 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.
2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, "Give up smoking. If you don't smoke—don't start!"
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽—那可不要学!”
4. Some competent physicians and research workers—though their small number is decreased even further—are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment —atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.
4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员—虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少—不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally reduce, not eliminate the hazards.
7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当编者注：本篇文章写作日期较早。事实上，近年来美国吸烟人口比率以及吸烟量一直在持续下降。根据美国疾病预防与控制中心的报告，2003年美国抽烟人口比率已经下降到21、6％。美国对吸烟有明确的法律规定：未满21周岁的人不得吸烟；在公共场所，如图书馆、教堂、超市、饭店、公共汽车、地铁等处不得吸烟。美国对烟草行业的征税特别重，故烟价很高，这也是限制吸烟的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
20. Eyeing Earth: From Cloud Top to Seabed.
20、纵览地球—从云端到海底
1. Earth scientists are beginning to live what they once considered an impossible dream. They are establishing systems to monitor our entire planet continuously, from the outer fringes of the atmosphere to the deepest seabed. They even are beginning to track the grinding of rock upon rock that generates earthquakes.
1、地球科学家们开始将以前被认为是不可能实现的梦想变为现实。他们正在建立可以持续不断地监控我们整个地球的系统，上至大气外层边缘，下至海床最深处。他们甚至开始追踪导致地震产生的岩石间的摩擦。
2. They are linking communications systems to shunt these data to whomever can work them into useful knowledge. Often this now can be done in minutes instead of hours, days, or weeks. An unprecedented cooperation is developing among nations so that earth scientists will no longer look at our planet in the old, fragmented way.
2、科学家们正在将各个通讯系统连接起来，从而将收集到的数据资料传输给任何可将其转化为有用知识的使用者。这项工作现在往往只需几分钟而不是几小时、几天或几星期就能完成。一项空前的合作正在各国间展开，从此以后地球科学家们再也不需要用陈旧和零敲碎打的方式来研究我们所在的行星了。
3. These technological developments have brought humanity to the brink of "great opportunities," said American Geophysical Union president John Orcutt at a meeting of the group last week in San Francisco. A few of many instances of such opportunities presented at the meeting illustrate this.
3、美国地球物理学会主席约翰·奥克特在该组织上周于旧金山召开的会议上指出，这些技术上的发展已使人类十分接近“大好机遇”。这次会议上介绍了与这些机遇相关的许多实例，其中几个说明了这一点。
4. Scientists at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, Calif., where Dr. Orcutt is deputy director, have developed a way to use the worldwide seismic observing network to image earthquake ruptures. Within 30 minutes or less, they can trace the entire crustal rupture that produces a quake anywhere in the world. This information is much more valuable than merely pinpointing the quake epicenter. "This is important for tsunami warning systems in which you need to know a path－－not just the original location—of an earthquake," explains Scripps scientist Peter Shearer.
4、由奥克特博士任副所长的加利福尼亚拉霍亚市斯克里普斯海洋研究所的科学家们已经开发出一种利用全球地震监控网络来形象地描绘地表断裂的方法。在30分钟或更短的时间内，他们就能完整地追踪到地球上任何一处导致地震的地壳断裂带。这一信息比仅仅确定震中的位置要有价值得多。斯克里普斯的科学家彼得·希勒解释说：“这对于海啸预警系统来说很重要，因为在预警过程中，不仅仅需要知道震源所在，而且需要了解地震波的路径”。
5. Meanwhile, in North America, the EarthScope project is establishing a continent-wide network of GPS locators, seismographs, and other instruments to study what's happening below the crust.
5、与此同时，在北美开展的“地球透镜”计划正在建立一个包括全球定位系统定位仪、地震仪和其他仪器所组成的洲际范围的网络，以研究地壳下面的活动情况。
6. The network, which will cover the United States and reach into Canada and Mexico, is beginning to track the interaction of the two great crustal plates that respectively carry the Pacific Ocean and the continent. Its prime feature is an observatory in Parkfield, Calif., which has placed instruments nearly two miles deep into the Earth right up against the San Andreas fault to record every creep, rattle, and grind. The goal is "to get into the heart of this earthquake machine" and test scientists' speculations as to how it works, says William Ellsworth, a geologist with the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif.
6、该网络将会覆盖美国并延伸至加拿大和墨西哥。目前，它正在追踪分别承载太平洋和美洲大陆的两大地壳板块之间的相互作用情况。其显著特色是设在加州帕克菲尔德市的一个观测站，它在圣安德列亚斯断层的正上方距地表近两英里处，安装了各种仪器，用来记录这里的每一次地壳移动、撞击和摩擦情况。加州曼罗帕克美国地质勘探局的一位地质学家威廉·埃尔斯沃斯表示，这样做的目的是为了“深入这部地震机器的中心地带”，并检验科学家们关于其活动情况的各种推测。
7. Networks of satellites already on orbit or soon to be launched are beginning to provide detailed observations of the workings of the atmosphere, ocean, and continental crust over the entire planet. These data are shared globally through an unprecedented cooperation among 58 nations called the Global Earth Observation System of Systems.
7、由已经进入轨道或是即将发射的卫星所形成的网络已开始提供有关整个地球的大气、海洋和陆壳运动情况的详细观测资料。这些数据资料通过由58个国家参与、名为“全球对地观测系统”的空前合作实现全球共享。
8. Orcutt noted that it will take high-volume high-speed communications to make the most of such sharing. Such a system, now under development, will shunt data a thousand times faster than current "high speed" broadband Internet links. Orcutt added that a strong commercial incentive exists to develop this system. It would allow movie studios, for example, to transmit a digital motion picture directly to theaters, where it could be shown in real time.
8、奥克特指出，要最大限度地利用这种共享，需要依靠大容量、高速度的通讯系统。正处于开发阶段的这一系统将会以比现在的“高速”宽带因特网连接快1000倍的速度传送数据。奥克特还补充说，开发这个系统存在巨大的商业动机。例如，它将使电影制片厂直接将数字电影传输到电影院并实现实时放映。
21.The art of public Speaking.
21、公共演讲的艺术
1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech in your life, you still have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication.
1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定需要做某种有影响力的公开演讲。当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多。你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路、和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的。
2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.
2、在公开演讲和日常交谈之间有许多类似的东西。演说的三个主要目的是：传达、说服、吸引，这些也是日常交谈的三个主要目的。在交谈中，你已经不假思索地使用很多技巧。你有条理地组织你的观点，你根据听众修改信息。你选择讲述某个故事以取得最大的效果。你从听众的反馈中改变自己。这些是你在公开演讲时所需要的最重要的技巧。
3. Of course, public speaking is also different from conversation. First, public speaking is more highly structured than conversation. It usually imposes strict time limitations on the speaker, and it requires more detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requires more formal language. Listeners react negatively to speeches loaded with slang, jargon, and bad grammar. Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerism and verbal habits.
3、当然，公开演说不同于交谈。首先，公开演讲比交谈要有更高的组织结构性。公开演说者通常受严格的时间限制，故此它需要比普通交谈更细致的准备。其次，公开演说需要使用正式语言。听众对充满俚语、行话、和语法错误的讲话反应消极。第三，公开演说需要用一种不同声调和姿势。有影响力的演说者调整他的声调去面对大量的观众，力求避免分散人注意力的身体习惯动作，力求避免习惯性口头语。
4. One of the major concerns of students in any speech class is stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers are nervous before making a speech. Your speech class will give you an opportunity to gain confidence and make your nervousness work for you rather than against you. You will take a big step toward overcoming stage fright if you think positively, choose speech topics you really care about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicating with your audience. Like many students over the years, you too can develop confidence in your speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一个演讲教室里，学生最主要的担心之一就是怕上台。事实上，最成功的演说家在发表一场演讲之前也会紧张。你的演讲教室将给你一个获得信心的机会，让你的紧张的神经帮助你而不是阻碍你。如果你能这样积极地考虑，你将会朝着战胜怯场的方向迈进一大步：选择你真正关心的演讲主题，充分地准备，集中精力与你的听众沟通。如同过去的许多同学一样，你同样能够在你的演讲能力上提高信心。
5. The speech communication process as a whole includes seven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the person who initiates a speech transaction. Whatever the speaker communicates is the message, which is sent by means of a particular channel. The listener receives the communicated message and may provide feedback to the speaker. Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message, and the situation is the time and place in which speech communication occurs. The interaction of these seven elements is what determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
5、语言交流的过程，整体而言包括七个要素：演说者、信息、沟通途径、听众、反馈、外界干扰、和现场形态。演说者是演讲事件的开始者。演说者传递的是信息，它必经某种特定沟通途径传送出去。听众接受传达到的信息，并且向演说者提供反馈。外界干扰是妨碍信息沟通的任何事物，而现场形态是演说发生的时间和地点。这七个要素的相互作用决定任何情况下演说交流的效果。
6. Because speechmaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers use sound means to achieve sound goals. They do this by being well informed about their subjects by being honest in what they say, by using sound evidence, and by employing valid reasoning.
6、因为演讲是力量的一种表现形态，它承载着很重的道德责任。有道德的演说者用声音的方式去实现声音的目的。他们通过很好阐述他们的主题、通过诚实于他们所说的话、通过使用可靠的论据、以及通过正确的评论做这件事。
22. The Province of Alberta.
22、阿尔伯达省、
1. Alberta is located in the western part of Canada and is the westernmost among the Prairie Provinces. To its west is British Columbia while to its east is Saskatchewan. Its south borders on the U.S. state of Montana while its north borders on the Northwest Territories. Alberta is a most popular place for people to go to on their vacations because of its beautiful scenery. The Canadian Rockies running through it have earned for it the proud name of "Fifty Switzerland in One."
1、阿尔伯达省位于加拿大的西部，也是草原诸省中最西部的一个省份。它的西边是不列颠哥伦比亚省，东部是萨斯喀彻温省，它的南部与美国的蒙大拿州接壤，而北部则与西北地区相连。由于阿尔伯达省风景优美，人们都很喜欢去那里度假。纵贯全境的加拿大落矶山脉为它赢得了“集50个瑞士于一省”的美名。
2. With an area of approximately 255,212 square miles, equivalent to 661,000 square kilometers, it is the fourth largest province in Canada. Although it has a population of only 3.26 million, about one fifth of the population of Shanghai, it ranks also 4th in population among Canadian provinces. The province was named after Princess Louis Caroline Alberta, a daughter of Queen Victoria of England. It became a province of Canada in 1905.
2、该省面积约为255212平方英里，相当于661000平方公里，是加拿大第四大省。虽然它的人口只有326万，仅及上海人口的约五分之一，但在加拿大诸省中它的人口数也居第四位。阿尔伯达省是以英国维多利亚女皇的一个女儿路易斯·卡洛琳·阿尔伯达公主的名字命名的。它于1905年成为加拿大的一个省份。
3. The people of Alberta originally came from many different countries. More than half of the Albertans came from Britain. Others came from Austria, Russia and the Scandinavian countries. As only a small number were French Canadians, who migrated to Alberta from the eastern part of Canada, the major language spoken in the province is English, with the exception of a few bilingual towns north of Edmonton. Although there are only a limited number of Indians living on reservations now, two hundred years ago they were the only inhabitants in what is now called Alberta.
3、阿尔伯达省的人民最初来自很多不同的国家。其中一半以上来自英国，另一些人来自奥地利、俄国和斯堪地那维亚国家。由于只有少数从加拿大东部迁宋的法裔加拿大人，因此除了在埃德蒙顿北部有几个双语种小镇之外，该省所使用的主要语言是英语。现在，虽然只有人数有限的印第安人居住在保留地上，但是在两百多年前，他们是居住于现在称之为阿尔伯达省的唯一居民。
4. The first settlers of Alberta were cattle ranchers. Even now, raising cattle is still one of the leading branches of economy. But at present many more Albertans are farmers, who raise millions of tons of wheat, oats and barley, the also plant sugar beets and potatoes in the southern part of the province. In the northern part, like the Indians who lived there before them, the hunters trap such fur-bearing animals as squirrels, beavers and foxes. Alberta is also rich in forest resources, coal and oil. It is one of the main timber producing provinces in Canada. Owing to its rich deposit in oil, petroleum industry has become one of the most important industries of the province, with many oil fields and refineries. Alberta also produces more coal than any other province.
4、阿尔伯达省的首批移民是牧场经营者。即使时至今日，畜牧业仍然是经济的主要部门之一。但现在阿尔伯达人中更多的是农民，他们生产成百万吨的小麦、燕麦和大麦。在该省的南部他们还种植甜菜和土豆。在北部，猎人们象生活在他们之前的印第安人一样捕捉毛皮兽，诸如松鼠、河狸和狐狸等。阿尔伯达还有丰富的森林资源、煤矿和石油。它是加拿大木材的主要生产省份之一。由于该省石油蕴藏量丰富，石油工业已成为该省最重要的工业主一，油田和炼油厂比比皆是。阿尔伯达出产的煤也多于其他任何省份。
5. The provincial capital Edmonton, with a population of about 1,016,000, is the second largest city in the province. The largest city is Calgary. In 1967, it had a population of about 330,000. But after a lapse of 40 years, it now has more than 1,060,000 inhabitants. The third largest city is Lethbridge, having a population of about 67,000 persons. People in those cities work in meat-packing plants, flour mills, dairies and refineries. Some work in canneries and beet-sugar factories.
5、省会埃德蒙顿人口约为101.6万，是该省第二大城市。第一大城市是卡尔加里，1967年的人口是33万，但时隔40年之后，它的居民总数已超过106万。第三大城市是莱斯桥，约有人口6、7万。这些城市的居民大多在肉类加工厂、面粉厂、乳制品厂和炼油厂工作。有的则在罐头食品厂和甜菜制糖厂工作。
6. The climate in Alberta is pleasant, particularly in summer, when the average temperature is about 60 degrees Fahrenheit. In winter, it is much colder and in the north, the temperature can drop to 20 degrees below zero. Although the best season for traveling is the summer months of June, July and August, many tourists are attracted to the first rate skiing ground at the resorts of Banff and Jasper.
6、阿尔伯达气候宜人，特别是夏天，平均气温为华氏60度左右。冬天的气候则要冷得多，北部的气温有时可降到零下20度。虽说旅游的最佳季节是6、7、8月的夏季，但是旅游胜地班夫和嘉思帕的第一流的滑雪场地也吸引了很多游客。
7. Alberta is located in the Mountain Standard Time Zone. 12 o'clock at Noon in Edmonton is 2 p.m. Eastern Standard Time.
7、阿尔伯达位于山地标准时时区。埃德蒙顿中午12点即东部标准时间下午2点。
23. The Strenuous Life.
23、勤奋的生活
Gentlemen,
先生们：
1. In speaking to you, men of the greatest city of the West, men of the State which gave to the country Lincoln and Grant, men who preeminently and distinctly embody all that is most American in the American character, I wish to preach not the doctrine of ignoble ease but the doctrine of the strenuous life; the life of toil and effort; of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes not to the man who desires mere easy peace but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, of from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph.
1、在向你们——西部最大城市的公民，为国家培育了林肯和格兰特的国家的公民，最能体现美国精神的公民—讲话时，我想谈的不是贪图安逸的人生哲学，而是要向你们宣讲勤奋生活论——即过勤奋苦干的生活，过忙碌奋斗的生活。我想说，成功的最高境界不属于满足安逸的人们，而是属于那些在艰难险阻面前从不畏惧终获辉煌的人们。
2. The timid man, the lazy man, the man who distrusts his country, the overcivilized man, who has lost the great fighting, masterful virtues, the ignorant man and the man of dull mind, whose soul is incapable of feeling the mighty lift that thrills "stem men with empires in their brains"—all these, of course, shrink from seeing the nation undertake its new duties; shrink from seeing us build a navy and army adequate to our needs; shrink from seeing us do our share of the world's work by bringing order out of chaos in the great, fair tropic islands from which the valor of our soldiers and sailors has driven the Spanish flag. These are the men who fear the strenuous life, who fear the only national life which is really worth leading. They believe in that cloistered life which saps the hardy virtues in a nation, as it saps them in the individual; or else they are wedded to that base spirit of gain and greed which recognizes in commercialism the be-all and end-all of national life, instead of realizing that, though an indispensable element, it is after all but one of the many elements that go to make up true national greatness. No country can long endure if its foundations are not laid deep in the material prosperity which comes from hard unsparing effort in the fields of industrial activity; but neither was any nation ever yet truly great if it relied upon material prosperity alone. All honor must be paid to the architects of our material prosperity; to the great captains of industry who have built our factories and our railroads; to the strong men who toil for wealth with brain or hand; for great is the debt of the nation to these and their kind. But our debt is yet greater to the men whose highest type is to be found in a statesman like Lincoln, a soldier like Grant. They showed by their lives that they recognized the law of work, the law of strife; they toiled to win a competence for themselves and those dependent upon them; but they recognized that there were yet other and even loftier duties—duties to the nation and duties to the race.
2、凡怯懦、懒惰、不相信祖国的人，谨小慎微丧失坚强斗志的“文明过头”的人、混沌无知的人、思想僵化的人、不能像刚毅有抱负的人那样被鼓舞振奋的人——总之，当看到国家有新的责任要承担，当看到祖国正在建立足以满足需要的海陆军，当看到英勇的士兵和水手在美丽的热带岛屿上驱逐西班牙势力，承担起应尽的世界责任，恢复当地秩序——当看到这一切时，所有这些人都退缩了。就是这样一些人，他们害怕过勤奋的生活，害怕过真正值得过的国民的生活。他们相信与世隔绝的生活，任由这种生活在侵蚀他们个人吃苦耐劳品德的同时，也侵蚀了一个民族的吃苦耐劳精神。若不然，他们就沉迷于惟利是图、贪得无厌的卑污泥潭而不能自拔，认为国家应一切以商业利益为根本。但他们却不明白，商业利益固然是不可或缺的因素，然而毕竟只是造就真正伟大国家的许多因素之一。诚然，如果一个国家不是深深扎根于其工业活动领域的艰苦努力所带来的繁荣的物质基础之中，那么这个国家也不可能长久地生存下去。但是，如果仅仅依赖于物质财富，任何国家也永远不会成为真正伟大的国家。我们应该向那些创造了物质财富的人们致敬，向那些创建了工厂和铁路的实业巨头们致敬，向那些用勤劳和智慧换取财富的强者们致敬；国家很感激他们以及和他们一样的人。但是，我们更感激另外一些人，他们的最佳楷模就是林肯那样的政治家和格兰特那样的军人。他们的生活轨迹表明，他们清楚工作和斗争的法则，他们含辛茹苦，使自己和依赖他们生活的人们过上了富足的生活，而且他们懂得还有更崇高的责任—对国家和民族的责任。
3. I preach to you, then, my countrymen, that our country calls not for the life of ease, but for the life of strenuous endeavor. The twentieth century looms before us big with the fate of many nations. If we stand idly by, if we seek merely swollen, slothful ease, and ignoble peace, if we shrink from the hard contests where men must win at hazard of their lives and at the risk of all they hold dear, then the bolder and stronger peoples will pass us by and will win for themselves the domination of the world. Let us therefore boldly face the life of strife, resolute to do our duty well and manfully; resolute to uphold righteousness by deed and by word; resolute to be both honest and brave, to serve high ideals, yet to use practical methods. Above all, let us shrink from no strife, moral or physical, within or without the nation, provided we are certain that the strife is justified; for it is only through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor, that we shall ultimately win the goal of true national greatness.
3、所以同胞们，我要讲的是，我们的国家要求我们不能好逸恶劳，而只能过刻苦勤奋的生活。迫在眉睫的20世纪将决定许多国家的命运。假如我们只是一味地袖手旁观、贪图享乐、苟且偷安，假如我们面临激烈的竞争考验时不是冒着牺牲个人生命和失去亲人的危险去赢得胜利，而是落荒而逃的话，那么，更勇敢坚强的民族就会超越我们，得以统领世界。因此，让我们勇敢地面对充满斗争考验的生活，下定决心卓越而果断地履行我们的职责；下定决心无论在语言还是行动上都坚持正义；下定决心诚实勇敢地以切实可行的方法为崇高的理想服务。最重要的是，无论是精神还是物质的斗争，无论是国内还是国外的斗争，只要我们确定正义在手，我们就绝不能逃避退缩。因为只有通过斗争，通过艰苦和充满危险的努力，我们才能最终达到目标—成为真正伟大的国家。
24. When The Earth Quakes.
24、地震时刻
1. On the night of August 17, 1959, at about 20 minutes before midnight, the ground in the vicinity of Yellowstone National Park began shaking violently. At the time there was a rumbling sound, something like a huge truck would make. Both the heaving of the ground and the noise were very frightening but lasted not quite 45 seconds.
1、1959年8月17日的晚上，大约午夜前20分钟，黄石国家公园附近大地开始猛烈摇动。同时，大地发出如同重型卡车发出的轰响。大地的升降和啸叫都令人非常害怕，但是一切不超过45秒。
2. What was even more frightening was the sound of huge boulders which began rolling down the steep mountain. In one part of the upper reaches of the Madison River, a whole mountain began shifting, then came crashing down to fill the deep valley and dam the great river with millions of tons rock and trees.
2、更令人害怕的是巨石开始从陡峭的山上滚下来的声音。在麦迪生河上游的一条支流处，一整座山开始移动，之后，它崩塌下来填满深深的山谷，上百万吨岩石和大树如坝般阻挡住大河。
3. A dozen or more campers along the river were buried deep beneath the great landslide. Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide. Finally these people were saved, many of them by helicopter.
3、十几个，或许更多沿河的露营者被深埋在大滑坡下。幸存的野营者开始爬向较安全的地方，其中一些人伤得很重，仍然不时陷入滑坡。最后这些人都获救了，其中多人得救于直升飞机。
4. This earthquake near Yellowstone Park was just one of nearly a million that happen every year all over the world. And as bad as this quake was, many have been worse. Earthquake experts say that the Yellowstone quake of 1959 was about as bad as the one which hit San Francisco in 1906.But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living. In San Francisco 700 person lost their lives. An earthquake in Japan in 1923 took 160,000 lives. In china in 1920 an earthquake took 200,000 lives. It is easy to understand why earthquake are so feared.
4、在黄石公园附近发生的地震，仅仅是每年全世界发生的上百万次地震中的一次。若就地震灾害而论，有许多地震甚至更严重。地震专家说，1959年的黄石的地震，差不多相当于1906年发生在旧金山的地震。旧金山地震造成更多的破坏，他发生在人口密集地方。在旧金山约700人丧命。1923年发生在日本的地震夺走了16万人的生命。1920年一场大地震发生在中国，20万人死亡。因此，很容易理解人们为什么非常恐惧地震。
5. What causes these terrible shakes of the very ground on which we live?
5、是什么原因造成我们生活的这块土地发生可怕的摇动？
6. To answer that question we must first understand some things about the earth itself. Forty miles deep in the earth is the edge of the outer crust of the earth, and there it is so hot that instead of hard rock there is material much like the hot lava that a volcano erupts. It is the earth's 40 mile deep crust with which we are concerned when we seek the cause of earthquake. The earth's crust is formed of many different layers of rocks. The layers of rocks are not laid evenly, as a bricklayer would build a wall. Instead, the earth's crust is made of rock layers that are often uneven and not perfectly balanced. Because of the great weight pressing down on them, these layers tend to fold downward at weak spots, and this finally causes an actual break in the crust. When this break occurs, or when the sides of an old break slip, the earth quakes, or shakes, while the crust is settling into a new position.
6、要回答这个问题，必须首先要了解关于地球自身的某些事物。地表面下40英里深，是地球外壳的边缘，此处非常之热，如同火山喷出的岩浆般的物质替代了坚硬的岩石。若我们寻求地震的原因，这40英里地壳恰恰是我们应该关心的地带。地壳由很多不同岩石层构成。而岩层并不像建筑工人建的墙一样均匀地平整铺开，相反的，岩层构成的地壳也往往是不均匀且不是完美平衡的。由于巨大重量向下压岩层，使它趋于在它的薄弱点处往下折叠，这最后将造成地壳里的某处断裂。当断裂发生时，或者旧的断裂块滑动时，地球震动、摇动，以使地壳安排它进入一个新位置。
7. Sometime these faults are very small, and we then feel only little tremor. The tremor may even be so light that only the most delicate machine will record it. Most earthquakes are of this weak kind. Sometimes a break in the earth's crust comes about, which starts such a landslide as the which occurred in Madison Canyon. It then takes not one, but many shakes for the earth to heal the fault and settle. That is why many after-shocks follow a major earthquake. Sometimes these go on for several years.
7、有些时候这些断裂非常小，我们仅仅能感到微小的颤动。这种颤动甚至轻到最精密的设备才可能记录它们。大多数地震属于这种类型。也有些时候地壳的一个断裂发生了，引起如同在麦迪生峡谷发生的大滑坡。这种大地震往往不是一次，而是很多次的移动，使地球去修补裂缝和调整（岩层的）姿态。这就是为什么很多余震紧跟在一个大地震之后。有时这种情况要持续多年。
8. Some Parts of the earth are more likely to have quakes then others. This is usually true of mountainous country, because there the layers of rocks which make up the earth's crust are not at all even. But quakes may often be felt in level country, too, because the waves which come from the center of a quake run often for thousands of miles.
8、地球的某部分比其它部分更容易发生地震。山地国家往往这样。山地区域构成地壳的岩层特别不均匀。但是，平原国家也会经常感觉到地震，因为从震源发出的震波往往可以传出上千里。
9. It is easy to understand why man is so frightened by an earthquake. People used to think that when there was an earthquake, the ground opened, swallowed great numbers of people, and then closed, leaving no trace of those who perished. We know now this does not happen.
9、很容易理解为什么人特别害怕地震。人们过去认为，当某个地方发生了地震，即大地裂开，吞下大量的人，然后又合上，人们被不留痕迹地毁灭。现在我们知道这一切从来不曾发生。
10. What we need to fear most are the after-effects of a bad earthquake: fires, flood, and landslides. Since the Yellowstone earthquake some people have said that they would never go to that area for fear of being caught in a landslide such as occurred after the earthquake. That is foolish. Such a fear would keep us from mountains the rest of our lives. Even though earthquakes happen every day, an occurrence like the Madison River landslide does not happen very often. We can realize gratefully that few of us will suffer because of such disaster. At the same time we can understand the need of being ready to help those who do suffer such trouble.
10、实际上我们需要更多担心的是一个大地震的震后影响：火灾、洪水、和滑坡。自从黄石地震后，一些人说，他们因为害怕被发生在地震后的大滑坡伤害，再也不会去那个地方。这是愚蠢的。这种恐惧将使我们终生远离大山。尽管地震每天都在发生，像麦迪生河大滑坡似的事件却不是经常发生。我们能够意识到，只有我们中的极少数可能受到地震灾害的伤害。同时，我们也能理解，遭受那种灾害伤害的人正需要其它人的帮助。
25.Tropical Fish.
25、热带鱼
1. A small boy lay flat on his stomach in the royal garden of the King of Hawaii. Looking into the water and very excited, young Austin Strong saw shapes of double-tailed goldfish- a recent gift from the Emperor of Japan to His Oceanic Majesty, King Kalakaua. Austin lowered a bent pin attached to a piece of string.
1、一个小男孩趴在夏威夷国王的皇家花园的地上，小奥斯汀·斯特朗非常激动地望着水里，因为他看到了形状各异的双尾金鱼，它是日本天皇送给夏威夷国王陛下卡拉卡瓦的一个新礼物。奥斯汀放下一个细绳系住的弯针。
2. A few minutes later he ran from the park, a royal goldfish flopping inside the crown of his straw hat. But on the road he heard a horse and carriage. It stopped. He was caught.
2、几分钟后他从公园里跑出来，一条宝贵的金鱼躺在他的草帽壳里。但是，他听到了路上有马车的声音。马车停下来，他被抓住了。
3. The frightened boy was led to the carriage. In it was King Kalakaua himself. Austin told of his crime. He had stolen the fancy goldfish.
3、受惊的孩子被领到马车前。在马车里的是卡拉卡瓦国王本人。奥斯汀承认了自己的罪过，他偷了奇异的金鱼。
4. Austin expected to be shot on the spot. Instead, the king sent a runner for fresh water. Placing the fish in the bowl, he presented it to the boy and took them home. The next day came an envelope with the royal seal. Inside was a letter signed by King Kalakaua giving Austin the right to fish in the royal park for the rest of his life.
4、奥斯汀预料自己会被当场枪毙。然而，国王派了个快腿的人去取来新鲜水，然后把金鱼放在碗里，把它送给了那个男孩并把他们送回家。第二天奥斯汀收到一件用皇家印记密封的信封。里面是卡拉卡瓦国王签署信，他授予奥斯汀可以终身在皇家花园钓鱼的权利。
5. Today fish collecting is still an exciting hobby in the Unite States. More the 20 million Americans own pet fish. Some raise plain or fancy goldfish, some collect fish found nearby. But the majority stock their tanks with "tropicals"-guppies and gouramies, bettas and angelfish, or others of the more than 150 kinds.
5、在今天的美国，养鱼依然是一种激动人心的爱好。有超过两千万的美国人拥有自己的观赏鱼。一些人养普通或者奇特的金鱼，一些人喂养在附近捕到的鱼。但是，鱼缸中最主要的品种是“热带鱼”—虹鳉和丝足鱼，贝塔和天使鱼，或者其它什么鱼，超过一百五十种。
6. Fish collectors pay from 19 cents for a guppy to $100 or more for hard-to-breed fish. They subscribe to such magazines as The Aquarium, and join clubs. They also spend more than a million dollars a year for fish, tanks, planes(应为plants), sand, shells, food and gadgets for heating and cleaning aquariums.
6、养鱼爱好者可以为虹鳉支付19美分，也可能为某种难以繁殖的鱼付一百多美元。他们订阅诸如“水族馆”这样的杂志，并且加入俱乐部。他们一年花费超过一百万美元，用于鱼、鱼缸、水草、沙子、贝壳、鱼食，以及用于加热和清洁鱼缸的器具。
7.Collecting tropical fish dates back to World War Ⅱ in this country. But raising of pet fish goes back to the early days of the Sung Dynasty in China, about 900 A.D., when they were raised in small bottles as house pets.
7、在（美国）这个国家里，收养热带鱼的习惯可以追溯到第二次世界大战。但是，人们饲养观赏鱼可以追溯到中国宋朝早期，大约公元900年左右。当时，观赏鱼作为家庭宠物饲养在小瓶子里。
8. They chose a small member of carp family, Carassius auratus, better known as the goldfish. From them they obtained different shaped and colored fish. There developed more than 100 beautiful kinds with such names as Falling Flowers, Seven Stars, Eight Melon Seeds, Piled-up-Gold, As Europeans began to go the Far East in numbers during the 17th century, it happened that they too grew to like the little carp. A jar-full of goldfish was then taken on a long sea trip back to London in 1665.By the late 18th century the fish were widely popular in England and soon the goldfish bowl was seen in many homes.
8、人们选择了鲤鱼族的一个小成员，CARASSIUSAURATUS,如同金鱼一样很早就被人所熟识了。从它开始，久而久之，人们获得了种种不同外形和色彩的观赏鱼。观赏鱼种类扩展到一百个美丽的品种，它们有的带着奇特的名字：落花、七星、八颗瓜子、黄金细毛等等。十七世纪，大批的欧洲人开始去远东，奇怪的是他们也开始喜欢这种小鲤鱼。于是在1665年，一个装满了金鱼的坛子经过漫长的海上旅行被带到伦敦。到18世纪晚期，在英国喂养这种金鱼已经很流行，在许多家庭都能看到金鱼碗。
9. In 1853 the world's first public aquarium- The Regent's Park Fish House- was opened. So far, home aquarium contained only goldfish or other local plant life. Then from the Amazon and the Congo, from Pacific Island and West Indian reefs, scientists began to send home hundreds of strange, beautiful fish. Many of them have become popular pets. They are called tropicals.
9、1853年，世界第一个公共水族馆：REGENT公园观赏鱼之家开放了。不过，到此时为止，家庭的水族馆仍然仅仅喂养金鱼和其它本地水生植物。之后，科学家们带给水族馆数以百计奇特而美丽的鱼，它们来自世界各地：从亚马孙河到刚果，从太平洋岛到西印度暗礁。它们之中的许多品种已经成为流行宠物。人们叫它热带鱼。
10. Today a busy aquarium store may sell up to $20,000 worth of fish in a good year. The most sold are still tropicals, especially guppies, swordtails and millies, which people like because of their bright colors and because they provide the tank with new young fish.
10、如今，一所兴旺的水族商店在好年份一年可以销掉价值两万美元的观赏鱼。大部分卖出的依然是热带鱼，尤其是虹鳉，剑尾鱼和米莉。人们喜欢这些鱼的明亮颜色，而且它们能给水族馆提供新的年轻的生命。
11. Some hobbyists often turn to egg-laying types like the angel-fish, the striped zebras, and the neons. Fancy goldfish, too, are collected more now. There is also an interest in sea horses, puffers, clown fish and other salty types with shapes more strange and colors brighter than even the showiest of fresh-water fish. But there are only a few collectors of this type. It costs $50 or more to set up a good salt water aquarium. The fish themselves cost a lot, too.
11、某些内行人常常喜欢喂养产卵型观赏鱼，像天使鱼、斑纹鱼、和霓虹脂鲤。奇特的金鱼现在也被更多喂养。甚至某些人对海马、海豚、小丑鱼，以及其它比绚丽的淡水鱼外形更加奇特、颜色更加耀眼的海水鱼特别感兴趣。但是这种类型的养鱼人很少。毕竟建立一个好的海水水族馆至少要花50美元。购买观赏鱼本身的花费也相当大。
12. The appeal of collecting fish seems to be one which will last. An aquarium is a picture window of the underwater world. A piece of the universe where great things happen-birth, life and death; mating and feeding before our eyes.
12、喂养观赏鱼的风气似乎会持续下去。一个水族馆就是水底世界的一面窗户，一块发生种种伟大事件的宇宙，出生、生存和死亡，交配和哺育皆在人们眼前。
13. The swift, bright fish of this world have a great beauty. Millions continue to regard them as a very fine sight.
13、这个世界的敏捷和明亮的观赏鱼有着奇异的美，而千千万万的人们将继续视它们为一道美丽的风景。
26. Hints to Improve Spoken English
26、提高英语口语须知
1. Speaking English fluently and accurately is a goal of many people studying English in China. Fluency can be simply defined as "being able to communicate ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying"; speaking accurately means "speaking without errors of grammar and vocabulary".
1、流利并准确地说英语是中国许多英语学习者的一个目标。流利可简单也定义为“具有交流各种思想的能力，无须停下来对话题进行过多思考”。说舌准确的意思是“说话不犯语法错误和词汇错误”。
2. The problem is that many students find that if they try to speak fast, they make more mistakes. And, if they slow down, there may be fewer errors but it can sound unnatural. So, how do balance accuracy and fluency in spoken English?
2、问题在于：许多学生发现，如果他们试图讲得快，所犯错误就更多。如果他们讲话速度放慢，错误可能会减少，可是听上去就不自然。所以，英语口语的准确与流利，如何才能平衡起来呢?
3. It can depend on the manner in which one has studied English in the past. People who tend to focus on accuracy may find that they worry too much about making mistakes. This can make them nervous or embarrassed about speaking English in public. As a result, their spoken English might not improve. This means that, although they know English grammar and vocabulary well, they might not be able to hold a good conversation.
3、这可能取决于一个人过去学习英语的态度。那些往往注重于说话准确的人们可能会发现，他们对犯错误操心过多。这可能导致他们在公众场合说英语感到紧张或尴尬。所以，他们的英语口语可能得不到提高。这就意味着，尽管他们掌握了英语语法，也熟悉英语词汇，他们可能不能成功地开展对话。
4. On the other hand, there are those who really like to talk and are willing to try their language out even if they make mistakes. This willingness to take risks helps them speak more fluidly. But, if they make a lot of mistakes, they may find it difficult to get their ideas across.
4、另一方面，有一些人真的很喜欢说话，而且就算讲错，他们都愿意试着说。这种敢于冒险的意愿帮助他们说得更流利。但是如果他们讲话错误百出，就会觉得很难表达自己的思想。
5. The debate about which is more important—fluency or accuracy—in the English language has lasted for a long time. Still, one thing is clear: speaking a language well needs both fluency and accuracy. How can we be sure that we can develop both? The following tips could help.
5、讲英语流利重要还是准确重要，关于这个问题的辩论持续了很长时间。然而，有一点是明确的，即说好一门语言既要流利又要准确。如何才能做到讲话既流利又准确呢?下面的建议也许会有所帮助。
6. Find the problem. What kind of person are you—one who focuses on accuracy or one who focuses on frequency? The first step is to recognize your problem and go to work on it. Think about situations where you've used English and how you felt about making mistakes? Do you always try some new language even though it might not be correct? Or do you feel embarrassed by mistakes?
6、发现问题。你属于怎样的一类人?—你注重说话准确还是注重说话流利?第一步是认识到你的问题，然后着手解决问题。回想一下你使用过英语的若干情景，你对说错有何感受?即使你不一定说得对，你经常试着讲某种新学的语言吗?你是否因犯错误而感到困窘呢?
7. Focus on one problem at a time. When you speak English, find the mistakes you make most often. One mistake Chinese often make is omitting the "s" from the third person singular verb. Or you may speak too slowly as if you were searching for the right word and correct grammar. The next time you use English, try to work on those problems you have identified. If it's fluency, try to focus on it. If you have a problem with the third person singular, try to concentrate on when you make such errors. Don't spend time thinking about other mistakes. By choosing an area to work on, you can isolate problems and help yourself overcome them.
7、一次关注一个问题。当你说英语时，找到你最常犯的错误。中国人常犯的一个错误是第三人称单数动词漏掉“s”。或者你可能说得太慢，好像你在寻找合适的单词和正确的语法似的。你下一次使用英语时，力求改正那些你已经认识到的问题。如果是流利的问题，那就力求讲快些。如果你的问题是在第三人称单数，那就尽力专注于你犯此类错误的时候。不要费时思考其他错误。选定解决问题的范畴，你就能使问题孤立起来，各个击破，这样有助于自己克服问题。
8. Vary your practice. If you go to an English comer or an English club, try to change the types of activities you take part in so that you practice both fluency and accuracy. Public speaking allows you to slow down and be sure you have time to concentrate on the language. Meanwhile, discussions are good practice for fluency, especially if you don't stop each time a mistake is made,
8、参加各种实践活动。如果你去参加英语角或英语俱乐部，设法改变你参加的活动类型，以便训练英语的流利性和准确性。公共演讲会使你放慢速度，并保证你有时间关注语言。同时，讨论是很好的训练流利的实践活动，如果你不是一出错就停，更是如此。
9. Learn the difference between fluency and speed. Some Chinese think that speaking fast is the same as speaking fluently. In fact, speaking fluently involves not only speed. It also involves stress, pronunciation and intonation. If you make a mistake in these, speaking fast will only make it worse. Don't sacrifice understanding for speed.
9、弄懂流利与速度的差异。有些中国人认为。说话迅速就是说话流利。事实上，说话流利不仅需要说话速度，它同时还涉及重音、语音和语调。如果你在这些方面犯有错误，那么说得快只会使你错得更厉害。不要为了速度而牺牲理解。
10. Try recording yourself. Take a tape recorder and record a conversation with a friend or a speech or monologue as you do it naturally! A two-or-three-minute recording is enough. When you've finished, listen to yourself. Can you identify and correct any errors? Make it a regular practice. The more you record yourself, the more confident and natural sounding you will become.
10、自己尝试录音。用录音机录下你与朋友的对话，或录下你自己的落落大方的演讲或独白。录音两三分钟就足够了。录音完毕，专心倾听你自己的录音。你能辨认并矫正错误吗?把这种录音当做常规练习。你自己录音越多，你就越有自信，你的英语听上去会更自然。
27. Money, Real and Counterfeit.
27、真币和伪币、
1. Without looking, tell me whose picture is on a one dollar bill. What about a five dollar bill? If you know these, maybe you know the pictures on a ten, twenty or even a fifty dollar bill. If you're not sure, someone could give you a "phony" bill with the wrong picture and you'd never know the difference.
1、在不看的情况下，告诉我在一美元钞票上是谁的头像?五美元钞票呢?如果你知道这些的话，那你可能也知道十美元、二十美元甚至五十美元钞票上的像。如果你不能确定的话，就有可能当别人给你一张印错头像的伪钞时，而你却不知道其中的差异。
2. Do you know where the pictures on money came from? In the early days people made payments by the weight of their silver or gold. (Just think how much time you save now by paying for things with a coin or bill. You don't have to weigh out so many ounces of gold. That would surely slow down the normal pace of business today.)
2、你知道在钱上印人头像出自哪里吗?在早期，人们通过他们的银子或金子的重量宋进行支付。(想想看，你现在用硬币或钞票来购买物品可以节省多少时间。你无需称量那么多盎司的黄金。今天那样做无疑会减慢正常交易的速度。)
3. However, the ancient Greeks and Romans used coins of a definite value like our dime or quarter. At that time, animals were pictured on the coins. You won't think that this is so unusual if you examine a nickel and see the buffalo on the back of it.
3、不过，古希腊人和古罗马人也使用类似我们的一角硬币或二角五分硬币那样有确实价值的硬币。不过在那时，硬币上画着动物图案。如果你查看一个背面有牦牛像的五分镍币时，不要以为它非同寻常。
4. A little later, though, the Greeks and Romans began to put pictures of famous people on their coins. It took some time to develop a central money-making business. Because of this, people would sometimes put pictures of their own ancestors on their coins. Even though this may have been confusing at times, it's easier than trading animals for things that you need. Imagine receiving a cow as change for something you have just bought! It's much simpler to carry a purse or a wallet than to exchange one thing for another.
4、然而不久以后，希腊和罗马人开始把名人像放在他们的硬币上。这使得建立和发展中央货币制造业颇费了一些时间。因为人们有时会把他们自己祖先的像放在自己的钱上。尽管这样做有时会引起迷惑，但这总比用动物来换取你想要的东西来得容易。设想一下，当你买了什么东西后，找回的零钱竟是一头母牛!带个钱包或皮夹出门看来比用一件东西换另一件要简单许多了。
5. The use of coins and money grew just as civilization advanced. As time passed, civilization became much more complicated. Now a person works for a certain amount of money so that he can pay for food and clothing. He does not need to grow his own food. We're in an age of specialization. We don't have time to make our own clothes and shoes, so money is a way of trading today.
5、硬币和货币的使用随着人类文明的进化而发展。随着时间的流逝，人类文明变得十分复杂。现在，人为了获得一定数量钱而工作，因而他能够买食物和衣服而不需要自己种植食物。我们正处在一个专业化的时代。我们没有时间去制造自己的衣服和鞋，因此货币成为当今交易的必须方式。
6. When we use money today, however, the actual value of the coin itself does not equal its face value. For example, a dime may not have ten cents' worth of silver in it. The paper in a dollar bill may not be worth a full dollar. Well, you might ask, how is it worth anything? The answer is that money is like a medal. It's not the money itself, but what it stands for, that gives it its value. An Olympic runner wins a medal. It is actually not worth very much, but it's the idea behind it that counts to him. It's like the half dollar in your pocket. It's what it will buy that counts, not its actual weight.
6、但是，当我们今天使用货币的时候，硬币本身的实际价值并不等同其面值。举个例子，一角硬币里也许没有价值十美分的银子。一美元钞票所用的纸也并不值整整一个美元。这样一来，你也许会问：那它是怎么代表东西的价值的呢?答案是货币就像奖章，不是货币本身，而是它代表什么，这就是它价值的来源。一位奥林匹克长跑运动员获得了一枚奖章。奖章本身并不值多少钱，但是，奖章所具有的意义却与运动员的价值相符。这一切就像一个沉掂掂的半美元硬币在你口袋里，它所代表的是它所能购买的东西，并非其实际的重量。
7. Money making is much more complicated now than it has ever been. That's one reason why it's harder to get away with making counterfeit money these days.
7、现在货币的制造比以往复杂得多。这也是为什么现在更难制造伪钞的原因之一。
8. You might think that it would be easy to make a phony dollar bill. Many people have tried, but they haven't been very good at it. There are some good reasons for this. First of all, the pictures on American bills are in the shape of an oval; so if you see a one-dollar bill with the picture of George Washington in a circle, you can be certain that it's not a real bill. Check the eyes on the picture, too. The eyes on the picture of a real bill are sharp and clear; so there's another sign to watch for.
8、你也许会认为制造假美钞很容易。许多人做过尝试，但是他们做得并不太好。当然这也有其合理的解释。首先，美国钞票上的人像位于一个椭圆形之中。因此如果你看到一张一美元钞票上乔治·华盛顿的图案在一个圆形中，你可以肯定这不是一张真钞票。也可以检查人头像上的眼睛。真钞票图案上的眼睛锐利清晰，因而这是另一个辨别真伪的特征。
9. Some people say that a bank teller can spot a counterfeit bill just by feeling it. If there is reason to believe that a bill is not real, there are other signs to us, though. It takes a close look, but if you check the treasury seal, you'll see that the points on a counterfeit are not quite sharp enough. The serial numbers are a third giveaway. The type use by the United States government cannot be purchased anywhere else. Since they're difficult to copy, the serial number should tip off a counterfeit bill.
9、某些人说银行出纳员可以仅凭感觉就能辨出伪钞。如果有理由相信这张钞票不是真的，那么对我们来说必定还有其它辨别的特征。这需要近距离的观察：如果你检查钞票的财政官印章，你会发现假钞印章上的点子都不够锐利，序列号是第三个辨别的特征，美国政府制造序列号的机器类型，不可能在任何其他地方都买到。而序列号又难以复制，因此通过它可以检验出假钞。
10. Perhaps the most interesting part of the real bill is the border. The pattern of thin lines is made by a very special machine. The design of thin lines is so complicated that it's almost impossible to match them. Those who try usually pause some of the lines to run into each other, or else some of them blur or blot.
10、也许真钞最有趣的部分是它的边沿。细线的模式由非常特殊的机器制作。细线的设计是如此复杂以至几乎不可能找到与其相似的。所以那些假钞上的线总是由于被弄断而互相交错，或者其它某些线模糊或有污迹。
11. Now that you know some of the signs of a counterfeit bill, what about the pictures? Thomas Jefferson is on the two-dollar bill, and Abraham Lincoln is shown on the five. If you're not sure of a ten-dollar bill, check the picture of Alexander Hamilton. For a twenty, you should look for the picture of Andrew Jackson, and on a fifty-dollar bill, you'll see a picture of Ulysses Grant. You see, we're like the Greeks and Romans when we put pictures of famous men on our money, too. Actually, it would be ridiculous to expect a counterfeiter to put the wrong picture on a bill.
11、现在你已经知道了伪钞的一些特征，那么关于人头像呢?托马斯·杰弗逊的头像在两美元钞票上，亚伯拉罕·林肯的头像在五美元钞票上。如果你不确定十美元钞票的头像是谁；去看看亚历山大·哈密尔顿的头像。在二十美元钞票上，你看到的是安德鲁·杰克逊的头像。而在五十美元上，你将会看到尤利西斯·格兰特的头像。你看，我们也像希腊人和罗马人—样也把名人头像放到了我们的货币上。事实上，期望假币制造者把在钞票上印错头像是荒谬的。
12. Have you ever seen a counterfeit coin? If a coin feels greasy, that's one of the first signs that it's not real. You can probably hear a fake coin just by dropping it on a hard surface. A counterfeit will sound dull, while a real coin will have a definite ring to it.
12、你是否见过伪造的硬币?如果一枚硬币摸上去很粘，这是伪硬币的第一个特征。你能够通过听硬币落在坚硬表面上的声音来辨别硬币。假币听起来声音发钝，而真币会发出清晰的铃般的响声。
13. You don't need to look for trouble ail the time, but if you have reason to think a coin or bill is a counterfeit, perhaps some of these tips will help you out.
13、你不必天天自寻麻烦去辨别真伪，但是，如果你有理由认为一枚硬币或一张钞票是假的，也许这些小小的提示将会帮助你。
28. The Energy Crisis of 1973 and Nixon's Energy Policies.
28、1973年能源危机与尼克松总统的应对政策、
1. The energy crisis of 1973 underscored the necessity Of developing a coordinated national energy policy and concentrating the government's various energy programs into one agency. On April 18, 1973, six months before renewed conflict in the Middle East, President Nixon noted that the United States, with 6 percent of the world's population, consumed one-third of the world's energy. In the immediate future, the president predicted, the United States might face energy shortages and increased prices. Again, as in 1971, Nixon cautioned that America's energy challenge could become an energy crisis if current trends continued unchecked. Declaring that the Nation's energy demands had grown so rapidly that they now outstripped available supplies, the President amended his 1971 proposal for a cabinet department by requesting Congress to establish a department of energy and natural resources with responsibility for energy policy and management as well as research and development. Meanwhile, Nixon established the Special Energy Committee of senior White House advisors, including special assistants for domestic, foreign, and economic affairs, and the National Energy Office, headed by Charles J. DiBona, to identify issues and coordinate energy analysis between the various offices and agencies.
1、1973年的能源危机突出地表明，制定一个协调的国家能源政策以及将政府各个能源项目集中在同一部门是极为必要的。1973年4月18日，在中东冲突卷土重来的前六个月，尼克松总统指出：占世界人口百分之六的美国消耗了地球上三分之一的能源。他预言，在不久的将来，美国将面临能源短缺及其价格的飙升。尼克松再次如1971年那样，提出警告说，如果目前的趋势得不到控制，美国所面临的难题将会演变成能源危机。他断言，国家的能源需求增长过速，目前已超过了供给能力，于是尼克松总统修改了1971年对内阁的建议，请求议会建立一个能源与自然资源部门，专门负责能源的政策和管理，及其研究与开发。与此同时，尼克松还设立了一个由白宫高级顾问组成的特别能源委员会，其中包括国内外及经济事务特别助理，以及由CharlesJ、DiBona领导的国家能源办公室，他们的任务是发现问题、协调不同部门和机构对能源的分析与研究。
2. Nixon's proposal for a department of energy and natural resources stalled in Congress. The House and Senate held subcommittee hearings, but the proposal received no further attention during 1973. Although he did not abandon hope for an energy department, the President, turned to immediate, interim solutions to the organizational problem. At the urging of Roy L. Ash, director of the Office of Management and Budget, Nixon established the Energy Policy Office, which combined and expanded the responsibilities of the Special Energy Committee and the National Energy Office. The new Energy Policy Office established on June 29, 1973, under the leadership of Governor John A. Love of Colorado, with DiBona remaining at the White House as Love's deputy, was responsible for formulating and coordinating energy policies at the presidential level. Nixon also proposed creating the Energy Research and Development Administration to develop the government's energy research programs and to work with industry in developing and fostering new energy technologies. The new administration would combine the energy research and development activities of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of the Interior. The Atomic Energy Commission's licensing and regulatory responsibilities would continue in the independent five-member Nuclear Energy Commission.
2、尼克松的(设立)能源和自然资源部门的建议遭到议会的搁置。尽管众参两院举行了附属委员会的听证，该提议在1973年期间并没有得到更多的关注。但尼克松总统并没有放弃，他立即启用了组织机构问题的临时解决方案，在联邦预算和管理局局长Royl、Ash的督促下，能源政策办公室成立了，该办公室将特别能源委员会和国家能源办公室合并，并且扩大了职责范围。新的能源政策办公室成立于1973年6月29日，由科罗拉多州州长JohnA、Love领导，DiBona作为JohnA、Love的副手，留在在白宫里负责阐述和协调总统级别的能源政策问题。与此同时，尼克松总统还提议建立能源研发局，进行政府的能源项目研究，并与工业界合作开发和培育新的能源技术。新设立的部门将兼并(美国)核能委员会和(美国)内务部所负责的能源研究和开发活动。核能委员会的审批及立法职能仍由其五人独立委员会承担。
3. By September 1973 the President, while asserting the Nation was not yet in an energy crisis, continued to stress America's energy problem. Nixon especially encouraged congressional enactment of four bills to provide for the construction of the Alaskan pipeline and deepwater ports, deregulation of natural gas, and new standards for surface mining. He also expressed hope that Congress would quickly authorize the Department of Energy and Natural Resources and the Energy Research and Development Administration. Unfortunately war broke out in the Middle East on October 6, 1973. America's energy challenge and problem would soon become a bona fide crisis.
3、1973年9月之前，尽管尼克松总统承认能源危机并未出现，但他仍然继续强调美国的能源问题，尼克松尤其督促议会通过了有关阿拉斯加输油管道、深水码头的建设、放松天然气管制，以及地表采矿新标准的四个法案。他还表示，希望议会能够尽快批准(设立)能源和自然资源部以及能源研发局。不幸的是，1973年10月6日，中东战争爆发，美国的能源问题很快变成了一场名副其实的危机。
4. The consequences of the Israeli victory in the Yom Kippur War1 quickly spread to North America when the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) placed an embargo crude oil shipped to the United States. By November 1973 oil supplies were critically low, creating the most acute shortages of energy since World War II. Now the Arab oil embargo, subsequent long gas lines, and complex but fragmented energy projects and regulations demanded bolder action by the President. No longer regional, the energy shortages became nationwide threatened virtually every sector of the economy.
4、以色列在赎罪日战争中的胜利迅速影响到北美，因为以色列的胜利引起阿拉伯石油输出国组织(OAPEC)对美国实施原油禁运。截至1973年11月，石油供应量极低，造成了二战以来最严重的能源短缺。目前所面临的一系列问题—阿拉伯石油禁运、由此引发的加油站前排起的长龙、以及庞大但是已经支离破碎的能源项目和立法方案—都需要总统采取大胆的行动加以解决。能源短缺不再是区域性问题，它已经威胁到全国范围以及经济的各个部门。
5. In a televised address the energy emergency on November 7, 1973, President Nixon launched Project Independence to achieve energy self-sufficiency by 1980. Urging Americans to lower thermostats, drive cars more slowly, and eliminate unnecessary lighting. Nixon pledged increased funding for energy research and development. Recalling Manhattan Project, which had built the atomic bomb during World War II, and the Apollo Project, which had landed two Americans on the moon in 1969, the President expressed his faith that American science, technology, and industry could free the United States from dependence on foreign oil. Three weeks later, as winter cold began to grip the Northeast, the President reaffirmed Project Independence and announced plans to increase the production of home-heating oils, while reducing gasoline supplies and closing gasoline stations on Sundays. Communities across the Nation reduced holiday lighting and implemented various schemes for pumping short supplies of gasoline. As motorists scrambled for a place in line, in some states matching their license plates to the date on an odd-or-even system, the era of energy affluence ended.
5、1973年11月7日，尼克松总统就能源的紧急事态发表了电视讲话，呼吁发动一场旨在1980年之前达到能源自给自足的“独立计划”。(他)力劝美国人民调低温度控制器的设置、慢速驾驶和减少不必要的照明，并保证为能源研究和发展增加预算。总统在讲话中回忆起二战期间制造出原子弹的“曼哈顿计划”以及1969年将两名美国人送上月球的“阿波罗计划”，并坚定地表明了自己的信心—美国凭借自己的科技和工业一定能摆脱对外国石油的依赖。三周之后，寒流袭击了东北部，(尼克松)总统再次重申“独立运动计划”，宣布增加家庭取暖用油的生产同时降低汽油供应，并且在星期日关闭加油站。全国的社区减少了节日照明，并且实施了各种应对汽油短缺的方案。人们驾车在等候加油的长龙里争抢位置，一些州也根据车牌号实行了单双号出行的规定，这一切都表明、能源富足的时代已经结束了。
29. Department of Energy Established.
29、建立能源部、
1. Legislation creating the Department of Energy passed the Senate on May 18 and the House on June 3, 1977. Congressional action, including approval of the conference report, was completed by August 3. President Carter signed the bill into law (Public Law 95-91) on August 4, 1977. The next day Carter named Schlesinger as the first Secretary of Energy. The Department was officially activated on October 1, 1977.
1、美国参议院于1977年5月18日、众议院于6月3日通过了创立美国能源部的法律。这样，国会方面的工作，包括批准会议报告，于8月3日全部完成。1977年8月4日，卡特总统签署该法案使其生效(公共法95—91号)。第二天卡特总统提名施莱辛格(Schlesinger)担任第一任能源部长。1977年10月1日美国能源部正式挂牌。
2. Schlesinger's initial task was to meld all headquarters, field, and staff programs from the component agencies, including their various supporting offices and functions, into a unified Department of Energy with about 20,000 employees and an annual budget of $10.4 billion. The Department's first Secretary contended that, historically, the problem with new departments had been that they pulled together existing agencies under the same roof without integrating the activities of those agencies. The legislation creating the Department of Energy, Schlesinger believed, was broad enough to allow him to achieve the desired effective integration. Department of Energy Organization and Structure
2、施莱辛格部长面临的首要任务是整合(法律规定的未来能源部)各个从属部门，以及它们的各种支持机构和职能机构的总部、领域和人员安排，使之成为一个拥有2万雇员、104亿美元年预算的能源部。第一任部长说，新能源部所面临的历史性的问题是如何将已经存在的很多机构聚合到同一屋顶之下，而同时又不干扰各自的活动及职能。施莱辛格认为，创立能源部的立法赋予了他足够的权力，能够完成这次有效的整合。能源部的组织结构
3. The new Department of Energy did not simply organize existing agencies and offices under new leadership but reshaped many programs and functions to fit the national energy policy of the Carter Administration. By law, the Department would be led by three principal officers: the Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Under Secretary. Energy technologies would not be divided by fuel type, such as fossil, nuclear, or solar, but grouped under assistant secretaries according to their evolution from research and development through application and commercialization. This approach reflected the administration's decision to formulate a comprehensive energy policy rather than to engage simply in fuel management. Thus basic research was placed in the Office of Energy Research. Individual research and development projects in solar, geothermal, fossil, and nuclear energy were placed under the assistant secretary for energy technology. After scientific and technical feasibility was determined, projects would be transferred to the assistant secretary for resource applications or to the assistant secretary for conservation and solar applications, who had specialized expertise in commercialization and energy markets. The assistant secretary for environment would assure that all departmental programs were consistent with environmental and safety laws, regulations, and policies. The assistant secretary for defense programs would inherit responsibility for the nuclear weapons programs.
3、新的能源部并不是简单地在新的领导机制下重组旧有的政府机构和部门，而是对很多项目和职能进行再造，使之适应卡特政府所推行的国家能源政策。依据法律，能源部由三名主要领导人负责：部长(Secretary)，常务副部长(Deputy Secretary)和副部长(Under Secretary)。能源技术将不会依据燃料品种分类，例如化石燃料、核燃料或太阳能，而是依照从研发到应用和商业化的不同发展阶段，由不同的部长助理(Assistant Secretary)分管。这种方式反映出政府的一个理念：即制定综合的能源政策，而不是简单地进行燃料管理。因此，基础研究归属能源研究局负责。有关太阳能、地热、化石燃料和核能源的特别研发项目由主管能源技术的部长助理负责。一旦其科技可行性确定之后，项目将转给分管资源应用的部长助理，或分管节能和太阳能应用的部长助理，他们在商业化和能源市场领域具有专长。分管环境的部长助理将负责保证能源部的所有项目必须符合相关的环境和安全方面的法律、法规、政策。分管国防项目的部长助理将接手核武器计划的管理责任。
4. The Department, despite its diverse origins, was structured to allow for the continuity of programs and functions from predecessor organizations while blending their expertise into new management teams. All activities of the Federal Energy Administration and the Energy Research and Development Administration were distributed among appropriate assistant secretaries, administrators, and the director of the Office of Energy Research. Also, limited functions were transferred from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation. Additional transfer included the Alaska, Bonneville, Southeastern, and Southwestern power marketing administrations from the Interior Department and the Navy oil reserves and oil shale reserves from the Department of Defense.
4、尽管由来源不同的部门组合而成，能源部的构架使之能够承担起从前任机构那里接手的项目和职能，同时把各家之所长融合到一个新的管理团队中。联邦能源局和能源研究与发展局的所有活动被分割成几部分，分别由部长助理、局长和能源研究办公室的主任相应地负责。同时，农业部、商务部、住房与城市发展部和交通部的一些职能也被转到了这里。另外，还包括从内政部转移来的阿拉斯加、波尼维尔、东南和西南地区电力市场管理局，以及从国防部转来的海军石油储备局和石油页岩储备局。
5. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was established as an independent agency within the Department of Energy. The five-member commission, headed by a chairman, was given the responsibility for the licensing and regulation of hydroelectric power projects, the regulation of electric utilities, the transmission and sale of electric power, the transportation and sale of natural gas, and the operation of natural gas and oil pipelines. The commission inherited most of its functions and personnel from the Federal Power Commission, which had been established in 1920. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's authority to regulate oil pipelines came from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
5、在美国能源部里设立了联邦能源法规委员会，它是一个独立的国家职能机构，该委员会有五名委员组成，由一个主席领导。联邦能源法规委员会的职责如下：颁发许可证并规范水力发电项目，规范电力设施，电力的输送和销售，天然气的输送和销售以及天然气和石油管道的管理。联邦能源法规委员会从成立于1920年的联邦电力委员会继承了大部分职能和职员。除此之外，其管理天然气和石油管道的权力继承自州际商务委员会。
6. Regulatory programs not included in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission were placed under the Economic Regulatory Administration, one of two administrations created in the Department. The Economic Regulatory Administration assumed the oil pricing, allocation, and import programs, which had been administered by the Federal Energy Administration. Most of these programs had been established during the 1973-1974 oil embargo under the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act and extended by subsequent legislation. Other regulatory programs included emergency and contingency plans, controls over importing and exporting natural gas, supervision of utilities and industry converting from oil and gas to coal, establishment of priorities for natural gas curtailment, and coordination of regional power systems.
6、那些不归属联邦能源法规委员会的能源立法项目由联邦经济法规局负责，它是在能源部里新成立的两个局之一，负责规范油价、分配和进口等项目。这些项目以前由联邦能源局管理。这些项目中的大多数都是在1973至1974年石油禁运期间依据《(美国)紧急石油分配法》以及后来派生的立法实施的。其他的法律规范活动包括紧急和突发事件应对计划、天然气进出口管制、对从石油和天然气中制取焦碳的工业和应用的监管、压缩天然气优先性的制定，以及区域电力系统之间的协调。
7. The Department's second administration, the Energy Information Administration, consolidated the Federal Government's many diverse energy data systems. By centralizing the most important data-gathering activities, the Energy Information Administration would provide comprehensive data and timely analysis for the President, the Department, Congress, and the public. To determine reliability of data, the administration would conduct field audits. Besides projecting long-term energy trends, the administration was expected to develop systems for estimating national fuel reserves and reporting the financial status of energy producing companies.
7、能源信息局是能源部的第二个局，它统一了联邦政府中许多不同的能源数据系统。通过将最重要的数据采集活动集中化，能源信息局为美国总统、能源部、议会和社会提供全面的数据和及时的分析。能源信息局实行现场审计确定数据的可靠性。大家寄期望于能源信息局，希望它能够预测长期能源发展趋势、估算国家燃料储量以及报告能源生产企业财务状况。
8. The Department of Energy inherited about forty regional and field offices, university programs, and laboratories from the predecessor agencies. These varied from the ten regional regulatory offices of the Federal Energy Administration to the Bureau of Mines research laboratories at Bartlesville, Morgantown, Pittsburgh, and Laramie. The bulk of the Department's inherited facilities came from the Atomic Energy Commission, passed on through the short-lived Energy Research and Development Administration. These included eight operations offices and various production and weapons facilities. Perhaps the jewels in the crown were the scientific laboratories at Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven, Livermore, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge, and the new Solar Energy Research Institute established in Golden, Colorado. The Department of Energy thus kept intact the network of national laboratories as a valuable national resource.
8、能源部从以前各个国家机关继承了大约40个不同地区和领域的机构、大学的研究项目和实验室。这些形形色色的机构来自联邦能源局的10个区域管理局，以及联邦矿业局一些科研实验室，这些实验室位于巴特斯韦尔(Bartlesville)、摩根镇(Morgantown)、匹斯堡和雷瑞米(Laramie)等处。能源部所继承的大部分设施间接来自于原子能委员会，曾经短暂存在的能源研究开发署继承了原子能委员会的设施，而能源部又从能源研究开发署继承了这些设备。这些设施包括8个运营办公室、各种生产设施和军工设备。其中可以称为“皇冠上的钻石”(精华、核心部分)的是坐落在阿尔贡(Argonne)、伯克利(Berkeley)、布鲁克海文(Brookhaven)、利沃莫(Livermore)、洛斯阿拉莫斯(Los Alamos)和橡山(Oak Ridge)的科学实验室，以及坐落在科罗拉多州高尔登(Golden)的新太阳能研究所。美国能源部如同保护珍贵的国家资源一样维持着这些实验室网络的完整运作。
30. Becoming a Child of Nature: It's a Twofold Task ofParents and Children.
30、做大自然的孩子——父母与孩子双方的任务、
1. If children discover the beauty of nature while they are young, they will respect nature and try to preserve it when they are older. Parents play an essential role in helping their children make this discovery. Although young children are not able to understand the complex relationship of man to his environment, they can be educated in this aspect and learn how to respect nature and gain a simplified understanding of the importance of a healthy ecological environment. Helping children to gain such an appreciation and understanding can be an exciting adventure which is available to all that are willing to explore and use their senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and heating.
1、如果孩子们在年幼的时候发现了自然的美，他们长大了就会尊重自然，保护自然。父母亲在帮助孩子们发现这种美的过程中起着关键作用。尽管孩子们不能理解人类和环境之间的复杂关系，但他们可以得到这方面的教育，学会尊重自然，简单地理解拥有健康生态环境的重要性。帮助孩子们获得欣赏自然之美、理解环境之重要性的能力可能是一种令人激动的经历，所有愿意开发和利用触觉、味觉、嗅觉、视觉和听觉的人都可享受这种经历。
2. Wonderful phenomena of nature are all around us. For example, have you ever awakened early to watch the sun rise? Have you ever stopped to observe a setting sun, a star-filled sky, or an October moon? Have you ever gone out after a rainfall and delighted in the scent of the fresh air? Have you ever taken time to listen to the song of the birds, the trees' rustling in the wind or the music of the crickets? Have you ever held a seashell to your ear and heard the roar of the ocean? Have you ever tasted fresh berries, melon or spring water? Have you ever shared the above experience with your children?
2、我们身边到处都是奇妙的自然现象。比如，你曾清早起床到外面观看过日出吗?你曾停下来观察过夕阳西下、繁星满天或十月夜空的明月吗?你曾雨后外出，享受过清新空气的滋味吗?你曾花时间侧耳倾听过鸟儿婉转、风吹林梢或蟋蟀鸣唱吗?你曾把贝壳贴在耳边，倾听过海洋的呼啸吗?你曾尝过新鲜莓子、瓜果或泉水的滋味吗?你曾和你的孩子们分享过上述的经历吗?
3. To help children gain an understanding of the world around them and the importance of ecology, parents can use interesting objects from their children's everyday lives. For example, most children are familiar with rocks. They have seen them, touched them, and played with them. However, they will not discover the beauty and uses of rocks unless you help them. Collect some rocks and point out that some rocks are minerals, others may be used for decorations, like marbles used in building houses, and still other rocks are used to build roads. Visiting mountains if possible can help them gain a better understanding of rocks.
3、父母可用孩子们日常生活中见到的令人感兴趣的具体东西来帮助他们理解周围的世界，理解生态的重要性。例如，大多数孩子都熟悉石子，他们亲眼见过石头，摸过石头，也玩过石头。然而，如果不帮助他们，他们不会发现石头的美丽和用途。收集一些石头，告诉他们有些是矿石＼有些叫以作装饰用，像用来建造房子的大理石—样，还有一些可以用来铺路。如果可能，就去看看山，这样能帮助他们更好地认识岩石。
4. Most young children love to play in dirt. You can help your children to gain the concept that soil is not just dirt but something necessary for life. Most plant life grows in some form of soil. Take your children for a visit to gardens and farms where food is grown. Perhaps your children can have their own plants or gardens. You can explain to them that plants are necessary not only for food but also for controlling floods. During a time of heavy rain or snow, plants help to absorb the moisture.
4、大多数孩子都喜欢玩泥土。你可以帮助你的孩子获得这样一个概念：土壤不仅仅是“泥土”，而且是生活必需的东西。大多数植物都在某种土壤中生长。带孩子们去参观花园和种食物的农场。也许，你的孩子有自己的植物或花园。你可以向孩子们解释，植物不仅是制作食品所必要的，而且对于控制洪水也是不可少的。下大雨或大雪时，植物有助于吸收水分。
5. It's difficult for young children to gain an appreciation of rain because rain to young children means that they can't go out to play. However, you can try to help your children realize that rain is vital to life. Without rain, plants and animals would die of thirst. Your children know what it feels like to be thirsty. If you have plants and allow your children to help you water them, this will help them to start recognizing the importance of water to life.
5、要小孩子欣赏下雨是很困难的，因为下雨对他们来说意味着不能出去玩。但你可尽力帮助孩子们认识到雨水对维持生命是不可缺少的。没有雨水，动植物就会干渴而死。孩子们知道干渴是一种什么感受。如果你有一些植物，那么让孩子们帮你去浇灌，这有助于他们开始认识到水对生命的重要性。
6. You can also help your children gain some understanding of the importance of clean oceans. Even young children realize that an ocean filled with garbage is not good for sea life. Many fish can die or become contaminated from the trash that is thrown into the ocean. People, who unknowingly eat fish contaminated by pollutants in the water, can become seriously ill.
6、你还可以帮助孩子们理解海洋清洁的重要性。连小孩子都知道，充满垃圾的海洋对海洋生物是有害无益的。很多鱼会因扔进海洋的垃圾而死去或受污染。不知道实情的人吃了被水中污染物污染的鱼可能患重病。
7. Many children, through the examples, can begin to become more aware of man's relationship to his environment. However, even more importantly, you can help them by example to learn to respect their environment. Young children learn not only from first hand experiences but by imitation. If you show your children by your actions that you respect the environment in which you live, this will start them on this path.
7、通过这些实例，许多孩子可能开始对人类和环境的关系有更多的认识。然而更重要的是，你可以以身作则，帮助他们学会尊重环境。小孩子不仅通过亲身经历，而且通过模仿来学习。如果你用行动向孩子们表明你尊重你所生活的环境，这会引导他们走上爱护环境的正道。
8. Do you avoid putting pollutants in the air by never burning your leaves? Have you ever stopped smoking? Do you respect plant life? Do you stop anyone from carving in the bark of trees? Do you avoid walking on fresh grass? Do you conserve water and energy?
8、你从不烧树叶以免污染空气吗?你曾戒过烟吗?你尊重植物的生命吗?你阻止人们在树皮上乱刻吗?你避免从新鲜的草地上走过吗?你节约用水用能吗?
9. By setting a good example for your children, you are not only giving them a good model to imitate, you are also helping them to increase their chances for survival. It is not too soon to help your children to appreciate, understand, and respect the environment in which they live.
9、通过为孩子们树立好榜样，你不仅给他们提供仿效的好典范，而且帮助他们增加生存的机会。帮助孩子们欣赏、理解并尊敬他们所生活的环境越早越好。
31.A New Definition of Marketing.
31、关于营销的新定义、
1.A new definition adopted by the AMA in 1985 is used as a basis for the definition of international marketing given here: international marketing is the multinational process of planning and executing the conception,pricing,promotion,and distribution of ideas,goods,and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives.Only the word multinational has been added to the definition adopted by the AMA.That word implies that marketing activities are undertaken in several countries and that such activities should somehow be coordinated across nations.
1、美国营销协会1985年采用的新定义是本文关于国际营销的定义的基础：国际营销是一种多国参与的过程，这一过程对于一些创意、产品、和服务的观念、定价、推销和分配加以规划并执行，目的在于推动交换，以实现个人和组织的目标。同美国营销协会的定义相比，此处只多了“多国”一词。该词表明，营销活动在几个国家展开。而且这些活动应该协调统一。
2.This is not completely free of limitations.By placing individual objectives at one end of the definition and organizational objectives at the other,the definition stresses a relationship between a consumer and an organization.In effect,it excludes industrial marketing,which involves a transaction between two organizations.In the world of international marketing,governments,quasi-government agencies,and profit-seeking and nonprofit entities are frequently buyers.The definition also fails to do justice to the significance of industrial purchases.
2、这一定义不是没有缺陷，它一方面考虑个人目标，另一方面考虑组织目标，因而强调了消费者个人同组织之间的关系。这样，就排斥了实体营销行为，即两个组织之间的交易行为。在国际营销领域，政府、半官方机构、以及赢利与非赢利实体都经常充当买家的角色。同时，这一定义也否认了实体购买的重要性。
3.Nonetheless,the definition does offer several advantages.It closely resembles the AMA's widely and easily understood definition.In several ways,it carefully describes the essential characteristics of international marketing.First,it makes it clear what is to be exchanged is not restricted to tangible products(goods) but can include concepts and services as well.When the United Nations promotes such concepts as birth control and breast feeding,this should be viewed as international marketing.Tables1-1 and 1-2 show how two organizations promote the concept of preservation of tropical forests.Likewise,services or intangible products are just as relevant to the definition,because airline flights,financial services,advertising services,management consulting,marketing research,and so on all play a very significant role in improving the trade balance of the United States.
3、然而，这一定义确实有自己的优点。它继承了美国营销协会的定义，深入人心，容易理解。在以下几个方面，它精到地描述了国际营销的本质特点。首先，该定义明确了用来交换的不局限于有形产品（货物），而且可以也包括观念和服务。当美国宣传象生育控制和母乳喂养等观念时，即应看成是国际营销。表1-1和1-2表明了两个组织如何推销关于保护热带森林的观念。与此相似，这一定义同样涵概了各种服务或者无形产品，因为航班服务、财务服务、广告服务、管理资讯、营销研究等等，在美国的贸易平衡中都起到非常重要的作用。
4.Second,the definition removes the implication that international marketing applies only to market or business transactions.International nonprofit marketing,which has received only scant attention,should not be overlooked.The marketing of state governments and of religion underscores this point.State goverments are very active in marketing in order to attract foreign investment.Religion is also a big business,though most people prefer not to view it that way.Religion has been marketed internationally for centuries.Well-known exporters of religion have included Billy Graham and Jimmy Swaggart.Their television programs have been shown in many countries.Overseas trips by such figures can generate a great deal of publicity at home and abroad.
4、其次，该定义消除了这样一种概念，即国际营销只适用于市场和商业交换。非赢利性国际营销，一直没有得到重视，但不应忽视。各国政府和宗教组织的营销行为强调了这一点。为了引进外资，各国政府往往十分热衷于营销。此外，尽管人们不愿承认，但实际上，宗教是一个很大的产业。著名的宗教传播活动家象Billy Graham和Jimmy Swaggart,他们的电视节目在许多国家播出。这些人物的海外之行能在国内外产生大量的宣传效应。
5.Third,the definition recognizes that it is improper for a firm to create a product first and then look for a place to sell it.Rather than seeking consumers for a firm's existing product,it is often more logical to determine consumer needs before creating a product to satisfy those needs.For overseas markets,the process may call for a modified product.In some cases,following this approach may result in foreign needs being satisfied in a new way (i.e.,a brand new product is created specifically for overseas markets).
5、第三，该定义意识到，对于一家公司来说，先生产一种产品，然后再找地方去销售，这样做是不合适的。更符合逻辑的做法是先确定消费者的需求，再生产相应产品以满足这些需求，而不能为公司的已有产品去寻找消费者。在海外市场，这一过程有时要求对产品进行改进。在有些情况下，运用这一逻辑有助于找到新的途径来满足国外市场的需求（比如，专门为国外市场生产新品牌）。
6.Fourth,the definition acknowledges that place or distribution is just part of the marketing mix and that the distance between markets makes it neither more nor less important than other parts of the mix.Place,product,promotion,and Price-the 4 Ps of marketing-must be integrated and coordinated in order to bring about the most effective marketing mix.
第四，该定义认为地点或分配只是综合营销的一部分，市场之间的距离既不会增加，也不会减少这种综合营销中其他部分的重要性。地点、产品、推销和价格—营销中的4个P—必须是一个有机的整体，并且互相协调，以使综合营销取得最大效益。
32. The Great Wall of China.
32、中国的长城.
1. Like a snake, it winds across China. From its starting point below sea level, it climbs west for nearly 1500 miles. This is the Great Wall of China. It is one of the engineering wonders of the world. Yet it was built 2200 years ago.
1、它似一条巨龙蜿蜒穿过中国的大地。它从低于海平面的起点向西爬行了1500英里。这就是中国的长城。长城是世界建筑奇迹之一。它修建于2200年以前。
2. The story of the Great Wall is the story of Emperor Chin Shih-huang, who thought of it. And- it is the story of millions of Chinese who worked—and died'—to build it.
2、长城的故事就是秦始皇的故事，是他想出了修筑长城的主意。长城的故事还是数百万中国人民的故事。他们为了修筑长城辛勤劳作，又为它死去。
3. In 246 B.C., Chin, at the age of 13, became king of one of the many states in China. The states were warring with each other, the rulers fighting for power. Chin was ambitious. He set out to bind the states into an empire—his empire. By 221 B.C. he had succeeded.
3、公元前246年，当时年仅13岁的赢政成了中国国家中的一个国君。这些国家当时正在互相征战，各统治者为了权力而相互讨伐。赢政野心勃勃。他开始了大业，要把这些国家统一为一个帝国—他的帝国。公元前221年时，他已完成了统一大业。
4. Emperor Chin knew that the men he had defeated would want to overthrow him. So he brought 120,000 of the richest and most powerful to his capital. In a sense, they were prisoners. But Chin built palaces for them just like those they had left. They lived in glory as lord of his court.
4、秦始皇明白那些被他打败的人们一定要想推翻他，所以他把其中12万最富有、最有权势的人迁徙到他的首都。从某种意义上来说，这些人成了囚犯。但是秦始皇为他们修建了宫殿，同他们原来住的宫殿一样华丽。这些人以秦朝廷贵族的身份过着显赫的生活。
5. The emperor's own palace was the largest and richest of all. It had thousands of rooms and separate apartments for the emperor's wives, some of the most beautiful women in the empire.
5、秦始皇自己的宫殿是所有宫殿中最宏伟、最奢侈的。它有成千上万个房间和单宫别院。供皇帝的嫔妃们居住。她们是从最美丽的妇女中选出来的。
6. Even with all this wealth, Chin lived in fear. Always present was the danger from the north. For 500 years northern barbarians had raided the farms of the Chinese. The raids of the savage horsemen were sudden—and they were terrible.
6、即使拥有如此巨大的财富，秦始皇仍生活在恐惧之中。来自北方的危险不断威胁着秦帝国。500年来，北方的野蛮人不断抢掠中国的农业区。野蛮的胡骑常闪电般长驱直入，进行极其凶残的掠夺。英文原文中称秦始皇为Chin，是因为外国人对中国事情知道太少所致。
7. Chin could think of only one way to stop the raids. That was a giant wall. It had to be so big that no horseman could jump over it or ride around it. So the Great Wall was begun.
7、秦始皇只能想出一个办法阻挡他们的抢掠，那就是修一道巨大的城墙。城墙必须又高又长使胡骑既跳不过去又绕不过去。就这样，长城的修建开始了。
8. To build the Wall, Chin needed millions of workers. Almost no able-bodied person in China escaped the call to work. Men who had never held a tool in their hands were sent to the stone pits. Murderers and thieves were made to work—the Wall became the empire's jail. Cruel masters with whips kept the workers on the job. And those who got sick were left to die.
8、修筑长城需要几百万的劳工。当时中国的体格健全的人都奉召去服劳役，几乎没有一个人能幸免，一些从来手里没有拿过工具的人被送到采石场。杀人犯和强盗被强迫干活—修筑长城的工地成了帝国的监狱。残酷的监工官员挥舞着鞭子逼迫工人不得停歇地劳作。有病的人无人过问，只得等死。
9. The Wall began at the Gulf of Chihli. From there the workers cut out two trenches, 25 feet apart. They laid stone squares and bricks in the trenches to a height of 20 feet. The stones and bricks became the sides of the Wall. The space between was then filled with earth and paved with bricks. The top of the Wall became a roadway for horses (wide enough for two of today's automobiles). Then the workers built up the sides of the Wall even higher.
9、长城始于渤海湾。人们在那里劈出两个25英尺宽的堑沟，堑沟里砌了20英尺高的方块石和砖。这些石和砖，构成长城的侧面。在两壁之间的空间填土，并在上面铺砖。长城上面成了可行马匹的路面(宽到足以容两部现代的汽车并列)。然后民工把城墙的侧面修得高出路面。
10. Over the first 300 miles the workers did not find a level stretch for weeks at a time. Up the steep hills they dragged the heavy stone, their backs bearing the blows of the masters' whips. With little to eat and only rotting bits of cloth to wear, many became sick and died. Families of the workers sent messengers with food and clothes. But few messengers reached the Wall. They were afraid they, too, would be made to work.
10、在前一段300英里的修建中，民工们几个月找不到一段平坦的地段。他们背上挨着监工的鞭子，身后拖着沉重的石头，爬上陡峭的山坡。他们食不裹腹，衣衫褴褛，许多人都病死了。民工的家庭派人去送食品和衣物，可是能到达长城的很少。他们害怕自己也会被逼着去干活。
11. West of Peking, the builders struck sticky clay. Here they chained heavy logs and dragged them into place to make a mold for the Wall. In between the rows of logs they dumped the soil. A long line of workers, each carrying two baskets of earth hung from a bamboo pole, filled the roadway. Others packed it down. As each stretch was finished, they hauled down the wooden mold and moved on. The Wall stood, made only of hard-packed clay.
11、在北京西边，修筑者们遇到了粘土。他们在这里用链条拴住沉重的原木，然后把它们拉到适当的位置当城墙的模子。他们在两行原木中间倒进泥土。一长列的民工每个人都用竹扁担担着两筐土挤在路上走着。别的民工把土砸实。填起了一段城墙以后，民工们就把木模拉下来，再移向前方。这一段的长城耸立着，仅仅是用夯实的粘土修建的。
12. Every 200 yards or so, towers 35 to 40 feet high were built. Here soldiers with bows and arrows were left to defend the Wall. About every mile, block-houses were built to house the soldiers who guarded it.
12、每隔200码左右就修建起一座高35至40英尺的敌台。士兵们带着弓箭留驻在这里保卫长城。大约每隔一英里，修起一处供守墙士兵居住的碉堡。
13. Month after month, year after year, the Wall progressed. It swept in daring curves, climbed mountains, dropped into valleys, leaped rivers. Work on the Wall stopped at a 200-foot cliff hanging over a foaming white river.
13、月复一月，年复一年，长城延伸着。它划着雄伟的弧线，爬上崇山峻岭，坠入深涧峡谷，跨过河流。长城终于竣工了，终端雄踞在一处高达200英尺的悬崖之上，俯瞰着下面白浪滔滔的河流。
14. How long did it take to build the Wall? No one can tell for sure. It is known that Chin used millions of workers. Also he made use of many miles of walls already built. So it is possible that the job may have taken only 18 years.
14、修建长城用了多长时间呢?没有人能确切地回答这个问题。人们只知道赢政动用了几百万民工。他还利用了以前已修建的许多英里长的城墙。所以长城的修建很可能仅用了18年的时间。
15. Engineers say that the Great Wall is one of the greatest works of man. And for a long while, it did its job. It kept out the wild horsemen of the north for more than 1400 years.
15、工程师们说长城是人类最伟大的工程之一。在相当长的时期内，长城起到了保卫边疆、抵御敌人的作用。它阻止了北方胡骑入侵达1400年之久。
16. The Wall we see today is not wholly that of Emperor Chin. It was worked on in later years, mostly between 1380 and 1644. Parts of it are in good condition. Other parts, nearly covered by sand, rise only a few feet above the desert. Yet the Great Wall still stands. Here is a lasting record of one man's desire for power—and the work of unknown millions.
16、我们今天看到的长城已经不完全是秦始皇修的长城了。秦始皇之后，长城又被增修过。主要是在1380年到1644年之间。长城有些部分仍完好。其它部分几乎已被沙土掩埋了，仅仅高出沙漠地面几英尺。然而长城仍然屹立着。它是一个人的权力欲望的永存的记录，也是几百万劳动者的血汗的永存的记录。
33.The Magic of Energy.
33、能的魔力
1.We talk about energy all the time-"Zilch,the energy food," "energy crisis," and so on.If asked to define it,however,we'd probably respond with something like "Well,it's-uh-well,you know-electricity."
1、我们时时刻刻讨论着能：“能量食物”，“能源危机”，等等。如果要我们去给能下个定义，答案很可能是一些模棱两可的话：“哦，能量是，嗯，你知道，电。”
2.True;electricity is one kind of energy.However,energy comes in many forms.You cannot see or smell or taste energy,but it's always there,and one of the most fascinating things about it is its ability to change from one form to another-like magic.This principle of change is what keeps everything-and everyone-going in this world of ours.
2、确实，电是能量中的一种。但是，能量可以来自多种形式。你看不见、闻不到、也品尝不了能，但是，它始终存在着，关于能量，最吸引人的就是，它具有从一种形式转换成另外一种形式的能力，简直如同魔术。这些转化的原理是维持我们这个世界每一样事物、每一个人的运动。
Heat Energy
热能
3.When a fuel unites with oxygen,we say the fuel burns; what is really happening is that chemical energy(fuel and oxygen) is changing to heat energy.When the fuel(food) we eat unites with the oxygen we breathe,we then have heat energy to run our bodies.
3、当燃料与氧气结合，我们就说燃料开始燃烧了，实际发生的是化学能（燃料与氧气）转化成热能。当燃料（我们吃的食物）与我们呼吸的氧气结合，我们获得我们身体运动所需的热能。
4.When you pop a frozen waffle into the toaster,electrical energy turns into heat energy.
4、当你取出一块冷冻饼放进烤面包器时，电能转化成了热能。
5.In the internal-combustion engine of a car,an electric spark explodes gasses in the cylinder;the heat energy moves the pistons,becoming mechanical energy to move the car.
5、在汽车的内燃机引擎里，电火花引爆气缸里的燃料气体，然后热能推动活塞，成为机械能推动汽车行驶。
6.In a steam engine,the chemical energy of fuel is changed to heat energy;the heated water,now steam,forces the pistons to move.In a steam turbine,the steam pushes against blades.In both cases,mechanical energy results.
6、在蒸汽机里，燃料里的化学能转化成热能，加热水，成为水蒸汽，推动活塞运动。在燃气轮机里，水蒸汽推动的是叶片。在这两种情况中，都是机械能起的作用。
7.This changing from one form of energy to another can continue almost indefinitely.If,for instance,the steam engine or turbine is connected to a generator,the mechanical energy can become electrical energy,which can become heat energy(for the electric stove),mechanical energy(for the washer),etc.
7、能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式的变化几乎能够平稳连续进行。比如说，如果蒸汽机或者蒸汽轮机和一个发电机联接起来，那么机械能就可以转化成电能，然后转化成热能（比如电炉）、机械能（如洗衣机）等等。
8.Thus,energy readily changes back and forth from one form to another.What starts out as one form of energy may be a totally different form when it reaches its final use.
8、因此，能量可以轻易地从一种形式到另一种形式来回转换。从最初的能量形式到最后的使用形式，能的形态可能已经完全改变了。
Radiant Energy
辐射能
9.Radiant energy is also called light energy.Our most important source of radiant energy is ,of course,the sun.Without it there would be no life,for plant life depends upon radiant energy-and we depend upon plant life.
9、辐射能也称作光能。当然，我们人类最重要的光能的来源就是太阳。没有太阳，就没有生命，植物的生命依赖辐射能，而我们依赖植物的生命。
10.Other forms of radiant energy familiar to us are radio waves,infrared rays,ultra-violet rays,X rays,and gamma rays.
10、我们熟悉的另外一些形式的辐射能是电磁波，红外线、紫外线、X射线和伽玛射线。
Mechanical Energy
机械能
11.In simplest terms,this is the energy of a moving object.Your heartbeat,the pushing of a lawn mower,a baseball speeding through the air,water falling onto a waterwheel,the prying up of a rock with a crowbar-all are mechanical energy,which,of course,was another form of energy earlier.
11、用最简单的术语来描述，机械能就是移动着的物体拥有的能量。你的心脏跳动、推进割草机、棒球在空中高速飞过、水落入水轮机、用撬杠撬开石头等等，所有这些都是机械能，当然，在转化之前它是另一种能量形式。
Electrical Energy
电能
12.Electrical energy usually has to be changed to another form before it actually does what we want it to do.In the toaster,it changes to heat;in a tiny wrist watch or a subway train or a 75,000 horse-power industrial motor,it changes to mechanical energy.In an industrial process called electrolysis,it changes to chemical energy.
12、通常情况下，电能必须先转化为另一种形式的能，才能为我们所用。对烤面包机来说，电能转化成热能，在一个小小的手表里或者地铁列车里或者一台75000马力的工业电动机里，电能转化成机械能。在所谓的电解工业的过程中，它转化成化学能。
Chemical Energy
化学能
13.Various fuels such as coal,gas,oil and food are common examples of chemical energy.These fuels give off heat when they burn.The process is called combustion or oxidation,and the heat itself is a form of energy.Man uses the energy from some kind of fuel for everything from flying to the moon to thinking about it.
13、最常见的化学能包括煤、天然气、石油、和食物等各种各样的燃料。当这些燃料燃烧时释放出热能。这个过程我们称之为燃烧或者氧化反应，同时热本身也是能量的一种形式。人们从不同燃料中得到的能量，并用这些能量做任何事情，大到飞上月球，小到头脑的思考。
14.A special kind of chemical energy is nuclear energy,sometimes called atomic energy.These names come from the fact that the source of energy the nucleus,or core,of the atom,Nuclear fuels much as plutonium and uranium give off heat energy when fission(the splitting of atoms in these fuels) occurs.Already we have seen tremendous advances in the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,and many people see nuclear energy as the future answer to almost all of our energy need.
14、核能是一种特殊的化学能，有时候我们称之为原子能。这个名称来自于原子能来源于核、或者原子核这样的事实。当核燃料，例如钋(应该为钚)和铀，发生核裂变时释放出热能（这些燃料中原子发生分裂）。我们已经看到和平利用核能所带来的巨大好处，并且很多人认为核能可以看作解决未来人类能源需求问题的答案。
15.Energy-the kind of magic we can't live without.
15、能，是与人类生存息息相关的一种魔力。
34.Super Athlete of the Sangamon.
34、超级运动员
1. Two wrestlers stood in a circle of shouting onlookers and sized up each other. One was of medium height, sturdily built and strong as an ox. He was stripped to the waist, revealing a huge chest overlaid with hard muscle. His arms were like the limbs of a tree. The other man towered over him, six feet and four inches tall and slender, his long arms dangling from his shoulders. His muscles were long and smooth, like those of a panther. The muscle man was Jack Armstrong. His tall opponent was 22-year-old Abraham Lincoln.
1、两个摔跤手站在一圈嚣叫的旁观者中心，互相打量着对方。一个是中等身材，肌肉结实，体壮如牛。他光着上身，露出宽大、厚实、满是肌肉的胸部，胳膊像树干一样粗。另一个人远远高出对手，6英尺4英寸高，身材细长，他的长胳膊摇晃着从肩膀垂下来。他的肌肉长且平滑，像豹子的一样。肌肉健壮的男子是杰克·阿姆斯特朗，他的高个子对手是22岁的亚伯拉罕·林肯。
2. Had Lincoln lived today, he would be a football coach's dream, a great tackle, a speed end, a genius at quarterback. He would be a one-man track team. As a baseball player, he would be a home-run hitter. But his day was yesterday, and he was destined for greater things.
2、如果林肯生活在今天，他将是橄榄球教练的梦想：一个出色的阻截员、一个快速的突击手、一个后场的天才。他将成为一个“一人队”型橄榄球队的明星。若他是一个棒球手，他会是一个全垒击球手。但是他生活在昨天，他注定要成就更大的事业。
3. That Saturday afternoon in the village of New Salem, in Sangamon Country, Illinois in the year 1831, every man, and boy in town was at the circle that formed to watch the unknown Lincoln wrestle. Armstrong was the leader of a gang of rough men from Clary's Grove, a strip of land three miles from the village. Lincoln was a newcomer, almost a stranger.
3、1831年的那个周六下午，在伊利诺斯州桑格蒙郡的纽沙龙村，镇上的每个男人和男孩子都聚集成一个圈观看默默无闻的林肯摔跤。阿姆斯特朗是一伙粗人的头目，来自克莱尔小树林，那是距离本村子三英里外的一长条土地。林肯是新来的人，几乎还是个陌生人。
4. A vacant lot beside a store was the site chosen for the match. The men agreed that it was to be a friendly affair, with such customary tricks as eye gouging, hair pulling, ear tearing and nose biting barred. At the signal Armstrong went after Lincoln with the rushes of a maddened bull, trying to knock him off his feet, but Abe held him off with his arms.
4、商店旁的一块空地被选作赛场。双方同意这将是一场友谊赛。惯常使用恶行：如抠眼睛、抓头发、撕耳朵、以及咬鼻子等被禁止。阿姆斯特朗一听到信号，就像头发疯的公牛般直冲林肯而去，试想把他撞倒在地，但是被林肯用他的胳膊挡住。
5. Lincoln tried to lift his opponent off the ground and slam him hard on his back. Armstrong was not to be handled so easily and they shoved each other all over the lot. The crowd moved along with them. The Clary's Grove Champion finally lost his temper and fouled Lincoln by grinding his foot with a boot heel. That touched off the fireworks. All rules were now forgotten. His face dark with anger, Lincoln grasped Armstrong by the throat, lifted him clear of the ground, shock him as thought he were a rag and threw him so hard that he lay stunned.
5、林肯试着把他的对手从地上提起，然后给其后背猛烈一击。但是，阿姆斯特朗不那么容易对付，他们俩在整个空地上推来推去。人群追随着他们移动。克莱尔小树林的冠军终于失去了他的耐心，开始对林肯下黑手，用他的皮靴的鞋跟去踩林肯的脚。这一下点燃了战火。所有的规则都被忘在脑后。林肯气得脸发黑，他掐住阿姆斯特朗的喉咙，径直把他从地上提起像对付一块破布一样打击他，然后把他用力扔了出去，使得阿姆斯特朗倒在那里直发愣。
6. The Clary's Grove boys looked at their beaten leader and turned on Lincoln. He retreated a few steps to the grocery building, braced himself against the wall and told them to come and get him if they dared. Armstrong put an end to that. He got up, pushed his friends aside and grabbed Lincoln's hand. Turning to the crowd, Armstrong said he had been fairly beaten and that Abe Lincoln was the "best feller" who ever came to New Salem.
6、克莱尔小树林的男孩子们看着头儿挨揍，转向林肯。林肯退后几步到杂货店前，背靠墙，对他们说，有胆量就上来抓他。阿姆斯特朗制止了对峙。他站起来，把他的朋友推到一边，抓住了林肯的手，面对人群说他被公平地打败了，林肯是纽沙龙村从未有过的“最棒的家伙”。
7. Lincoln’s feats of strength became the talk of the nearby town of Gentryville. A farmer wished to move a corncrib, so Abe picked it up placed it on the desired spot while four men, who had come with poles to help, looked on, surprised. People in Gentryville saw him move a chicken house alone and they swore it weighed 600 pounds.
7、林肯的角力功夫成为根特维拉小镇附近谈论的话题。有个农夫希望移动玉米仓库，林肯把它搬起来放到想要移动的地方，其实四个拿着杆子来帮忙的人刚刚到，看着仓库，惊叹不已。根特维拉有人见过他一个人搬动一个鸡笼，估计鸡笼重达600磅。
8. One of the most frequently told tales about Lincoln's strength is that he won a bet the could drink from a barrel held in his arms. It was a trick he did time and again. A man who knew him well in Indiana said he had often seen Lincoln grasp a barrel of cider and lift it to his face as if to drink. “And he did it," said his friend, “with the greatest ease."
8、有关林肯的力气，人们谈论最频繁的故事之一，是他打赌他能举着酒桶直接喝酒。这本来是个恶作剧，但是他表演了一次又一次。一个在印第安纳州熟识他的人说，他经常看到林肯抓起一桶苹果酒举到脸前像要喝似的。“他做了，”林肯的朋友说，“简直轻而易举”。
9. When Lincoln was about 20 and still living in Indiana, he starred in a roughhouse that began with a fist fight. His sister, Sarah, married into the Grigsby family. The Grigsby family did not invite him when their two sons were married later in a double ceremony, and he evened matters by writing some tomfoolery that was passed around the neighborhood with a chuckle. He later wrote a rhyme about another Grigsby son, William, noted for his ugly face and bald head. William threatened to beat up Lincoln, but Abe refused to fight him, saying he was much too big and too strong to meet a Grigsby.
9、在林肯大约20岁并且仍然住在印第安纳州时，他在一场拳击中，就成为这个拳击场的明星。他妹妹萨拉，嫁入了格雷斯比家族。不久格雷斯比家的两个儿子同时结婚，举行的两场仪式都没有邀请他。他写了一些与此有关的愚蠢笑话，传到邻居那里博得了大家一笑，这件事就平息了。不久他写了一首有关格雷斯比另一个儿子威廉的韵诗，述及他丑陋的脸和光秃的头。威廉威胁说要揍林肯，但是林肯拒绝和他打斗。他声称自己太壮太强，不会去和一个格雷斯比家的人打。
10. Lincoln got his step-brother, John Johnston, as his proxy. The fight did not go as Lincoln figured; Grigsby gave John a sound thrashing, but broke the rules by jumping on him after he was down. Lincoln pulled Grigsby off, raised him shoulder high and threw him aside as though he were a sack of meal.
10、林肯让他的异母兄弟约翰·约翰斯通代替他，如同他的代理人。这场架不似林肯想象的那样。格雷斯比给了约翰一顿有力地痛打，但是他犯了规，他在约翰倒地之后跳到了他身上。林肯拖开格雷斯比，把他举到肩膀这么高，扔到一边，如同他是一口袋面粉。
11. Grigsby’s friends thought Lincoln had no right to interfere and told him so. Waving his arms over his head, Lincoln declared he was the "big buck of the lick" and was ready to prove it. The Grigsby crowd rushed him and a free-for-all followed, much to the regret of the Grigsbys .Lincoln came out the winner.
11、格雷斯比的朋友认为林肯无权干扰比赛，并且这样告诉了他。林肯在头上挥舞双臂，宣布他是“重击雄鹿”，并准备予以证明。格雷斯比家的人冲过来，随之是一场大混战，格雷斯比家族很是懊恼，林肯是大混战的胜利者。
12. After he had beaten Armstrong at New Salem, Lincoln added to his reputation by proving that wrestling was not the only sport in which he was good. He won foot races in the village streets. He had little competition in the running high jump. When the boys were broad jumping, Lincoln would wait until every one had done his best, and then beat them all with a single effort.
12、在纽沙龙林肯击败阿姆斯特朗之后，林肯进一步提高了自己的声誉，证明了自己并不仅仅在摔跤上有特长。他在大街上赢得了跑步冠军。他在跳高中似乎没有对手。当男孩子跳远时，林肯会等到每个人都已经跳出最好成绩，然后他只要一跳就将他们全部击败。
35.You Bet Your Life.
35、以命相赌、
1. Life insurance is not really betting although it can be compared to it. You pay the money just in case. In this day and age, we think of insurance as a natural thing. If we scrape a fender or injure ourselves at work, we know that there is some sort of payment that we can get through insurance. Of course, we don't get it for nothing; we make payments to the companies. If we don't use the insurance, the companies keep the money.
1、生命保险不是真正意义上的赌博，虽然它能与赌博相比较，你花了钱以防意外。在今天和这个时代，我们认为保险是一件很自然的事。如果我们划破了皮肤或者在工作中伤着了自己，我们知道通过保险我们能获得某种赔款。当然，我们不是无功受禄，我们给保险公司付了钱。我们如果没有使用这项保险，保险公司就赚了这笔钱。
2."Insurance" is the term that we understand today. Some companies are beginning to use the term "assurance”. As a matter of fact, Charles Babbage, over one hundred years ago, felt that "assurance" was a better term. Apparently few others did, because "insurance" has stayed with us until today.
2、“保险”是我们今天可以理解的一个词语。某些公司现在开始用“保证”这样的词语。事实上，早在一百余年前，查尔斯先生就认为“保证”是一个更恰当的词语。显然很少有别的人这样认为，因为“保险”这个词已经伴随我们至今。
3. How old is insurance? Two hundred years? A thousand? Or is it as old as man? I suppose that would depend upon what you mean. We might say that "insurance" was with us while man was just beginning to develop civilization. One family or tribe might feel that they would be helped if they helped to protect another family or tribe. In this way, both groups got what they needed-protection from enemies. Of course, you and I don't need that kind of protection today.
3、那么“保险”到底有多久的历史？两百年？一千年？或者和人类历史一样长远？我认为问题将取决于你的问题的本意到底是什么。我们可以说，在人类开始发展自己的文明时，“保险”就与人类在一起了。一个家庭或者部落去帮助了另外一些家族或部落不受侵袭，他们认为自己也会得到帮助。这样，两个集体都得到了他们所需要的东西：防御敌人。当然，今天你我都不再需要这种保护。
4. This system of trading services with each other has been with us for quite a while. The idea of an old age pension is certainly older than you might think. Today you think of social security or some other system. Most people who retire are still able to receive money that they have paid into the system during their working days. The idea of a reward for services like this is quite an old one. The trouble was that the reward was not always given to everyone, nor was it given to those who deserved it most.
4、这个互相交易服务体系已经伴随我们相当一段时间了。关于老年退休金理念的产生比你想象的要早得多。今天，你想到社会保障系统或其它别的社会系统。大多数人退休后仍然能够拿到钱，这些钱是他们工作期间支付给社会保障系统的。这种给服务以回报的理念是很古老的。问题在于：报酬不是任何时候给每一个人，甚至不是给本身最应该得到这个报酬的人。
5. What happened when man began to move into the cities from the farms? He found that he could no longer support himself by growing his own food. His children and relatives might move away to another city, and there might be no way of earning enough money. Perhaps because of this, the idea of social security and insurance developed. Now insurance companies are near the top of the list of the biggest business in the United States.
5、当一个人从农村移居城市时会发生什么事？他发现，他用自己生产的食品养活自己的日子一去不复返。他的孩子和亲属可能搬往其它城市，但是那里可能没有办法赚到足够的钱。也许恰恰因为这些，社会安全和保险的思想发展了。如今，在美国，保险公司的名字正名列最大企业名单的榜首。
6. Some of the first commercial insurance companies began around 1580 in England. These companies were some of the first to accept payment for insurance. Fire insurance became more popular after the fire in London in 1666.This was one of the most terrible fires in history. It lasted for five days. London had to be rebuilt almost completely. No wonder that many people decided to try fire insurance after that.
6、1580年左右，英国第一批商业保险公司开始营业。这几家是最早接受为保险付费的公司中的一部分。1666年伦敦大火之后，火灾险变得普及。伦敦大火是历史上最严重的火灾之一，它持续了五天。伦敦几乎需要全部重建。难怪很多人在其后决定试买火灾险。
7. We think today's insurance companies are large, but there was also a pretty big company about two hundred years ago in England. The company still does business. The name of the company is Lloyd's of London. It carried more than ￡600,000 of insurance between 1793&1815.The England pound was then worth many times what it is worth today; so you can see how big Lloyd's was then. Of course, it didn't make money all the time. For example, around 1975 the company paid a claim of ￡190,000.In American money, that would be nearly half a million dollars.
7、我们觉得今天的保险公司都很大，但在200年前的英国，也有一家相当大的保险公司。这家名叫伦敦劳埃德的保险公司至今仍在营业，1793到1815年间，该公司包括了60万英镑保险。当时英镑的价值是它今天价值的很多倍，你可以想象当时的劳埃德公司有多大。显然，它不可能所有时间都赚钱。例如，1795年，它支付给客户19万英镑保险金。折算成美元，它差不多是五十万美金。
8. Lloyd’s has become famous for some of the unusual things it has insured. For instance Lloyd has insured against the birth of twins. If twins had been born to the family insured, the company would have had to pay a certain amount of money to the parents. You can see in this example that some insurance is a little like gambling. There have also been many cases of famous performers or athletes who have insured themselves against accidents. Suppose a very good actor feared that his looks could be injured. If they were, he would not be able to make a living as an actor. Therefore, he might attempt to insure himself against that possibility.
8、 劳埃德之所以有名还因为它对一些非平常的事进行保险。例如它保险不生双胞胎。如果投险家庭生出双胞胎，保险公司将必须支付一定数量的钱给父母。在这个例子里，你能看到某些保险是有一点像赌博。还有些著名演员和运动员对他们在活动中的意外事故保险。假定一个非常好的演员害怕他的容貌可能受伤。如果事情发生了，他将不能作为演员赚钱生活。因此，他可能试图针对这种可能性保险他自身。
9. Now there are companies that will insure people for damage caused by a sonic boom. A sonic boom is the loud crash and shaking that happens when a jet plane goes faster than the speed of sound. When this happens, a shock wave hits the earth and may break windows or cause ceilings to crack. If you're not near an airport used by jets, you may not need to worry about sonic booms, but some people do suffer damage in this way. They want to make sure that they don't have to pay all the repair bills themselves.
9、现在，有些保险公司将对声爆对人们造成的损害保险。声爆是当喷气式飞机超音速行驶时产生的巨大碰撞和摇动声。当声爆发生时，冲击波击打地面，可能震破窗户或造成顶棚破裂。如果你不在靠近喷气机场的地方住，你不需要担心声爆，但是，某些人的确在这方面受到损害。他们希望得到保证，使自己不必付这些修理费。
10. From protection against enemies to social security to sonic booms, insurance has come a long way.
10、从保证不受敌人侵犯，到社会安全，到声爆，保险业走过了一条长长的路。
36.Oil.
36、油
1. The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. Some of the Indians of North America used to collect and sell the oil from the wells of Pennsylvania. No one, however, seems to have realized the importance of this oil until it was found that paraffin-oil could be made from it; this led to the development of the wells and to the making of enormous profits. When the internal combustion engine was invented, oil became of worldwide importance.
1、油井的存在由来已久。北美的一些印第安人过去常常去宾夕法尼亚的油井采集油来出售。一直以来，没有人认识到这种油的重要性，后来人们发现它可提炼出煤油来，情况才为之一变。自此油井遂蓬勃发展，巨额利润也由此产生。当内燃机发明后，石油更具有世界性重要意义。
2. What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft? Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea. Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil. For there creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time. The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfield of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today. In some places gas and oil come up to the surface of the sea from its bed. The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too. They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean. Almost always the remains of shells, and other proofs of sea life, are found close to the oil. A very common sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
2、现在驱动汽车和飞机的油的起源是什么？科学家对煤的形成一清二楚，然而论及石油时，它们就不那么有把握了。他们认为，处于地表下的油起源于远古，并是由海洋生物形成的。数亿的微小海洋动物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它们被厚厚的泥沙沉积物所覆盖，并由于化学变化、压力和温度的作用过程，在漫长的时间中变成了我们所知道的石油。这些生物要变成石油，必须被密封在岩石之中很长时间。如果瞧一瞧标明世界主要油田的地图，石油起源于海洋之说便可以得到证实，极少有油田是远离今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然气和石油从海底冒出海面。含油的岩石与海洋也有渊源关系。它们是水成岩，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近几乎总是有贝壳遗骸和其他海洋生物的证据。一种十分常见的水成岩叫油页岩，他是一种很软的岩石，很明显是因为被压积在海底而后形成的。而哪儿有油页岩，哪儿就可能有石油。
3. Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers. In some cases oil comes out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years. In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roads. Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt. There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
3、研究岩石的科学家即地质学家给石油钻井工指明可能产生油处。有些地方，根本无需挖掘，油自动冒出地面，并已这样使用了几百年。在特立尼达岛，石油以沥青—即用作铺路的物质—形式存在。在沃尔特·罗利爵士在1595年访问过特立尼达的著名沥青湖，据说该湖的沥青容量有90亿吨。在其地表下可能有大量原油。
4. The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth. During the process of drilling, gas and oil at great pressure may suddenly be met, and if this rushes out and catches fire, the oil well may never be brought into operation at all. This danger is well known and steps are always taken to prevent it.
4、油田的主角是钻井工。他们是熟练技术工人。有时他得把钻头钻入地下一英里深。在钻探过程中，由于巨大的压力，可能会突然碰上气和油，而如果油气喷出来并着了火，此油井便可能永远无法启用。这种危险是人人共知的，因此人们采取防护措施。
5. There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil. The drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level. When the drill goes down, it brings up soil. The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil. If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another. Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in 'prospecting' for oil. Sometimes little is found. When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the cost of the petrol, but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.
5、在钻井采油中也常要碰运气。钻头可能离油很近，但却失之交臂。而有时钻头可能在很浅处就碰上了油。钻头钻下去，把土带上来。人们检验从不同深处带上来的土样以探明油迹。如果一处落空了，钻井工就转移到另一处。为了“勘探”石油，已花费了巨额钱财，例如在埃及沙漠就是那样。有时所获甚微。当我们为自己的汽车购买几加仑汽油时，我们付的不仅仅是汽油的价钱，而且还包括了一部分不断在进行着的勘探费用。
6. When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
6、当原油从油田取得后，就被送往炼油厂去处理。最常见的处理方式是加热。油加热时最早升起的蒸汽冷却后就为最好的汽油。汽油沸点低，如果倒入少许在手上，它立即就蒸发掉。稍后从油中分离出来的气体就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各种不同等级的润滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。
7. There are four main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. The first is that of the Middle East, and includes the regions near the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, another is the area between North and South America, and the third, between Asia and Australia, Includes the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java.
7、世界上已探明的主要蕴藏石油地区有4个，第一是中东地区，包括里海、黑海、红海和波斯湾附近地区，另一个是北美和南美间的油区，而第三个是亚洲和澳洲之间的地区，包括苏门答腊、婆罗洲和爪洼岛。
8. The forth area is the part near the North Pole. When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work. If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to the new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are for ever.
8、第四个油区是靠近北极那部分区域。当所有现今的油田都枯竭了的时候，这一寒冷地区可能会成为石油竞争活动的场所。然而困难将是很大的，同时代价也可能很高，因此没有一家公司肯承担这一任务。如果利用原子能来开动机器方面的工作进展迅速，那么以油为动力的发电机可能让位于新型发动机。在那种情况下，对石油的需求量将下降，油田将逐渐消失，而北极的储油也可能永远睡在原地。
37. How to Avoid Foolish Opinions .
37、如何避免愚蠢的见解、
1. To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error.
1、要避免人们常常产生的各种愚蠢的观点，并不需要过人的天赋。立几条简单的规则就可以使得你避免荒唐的错误，虽然不能避免一切错误。
2. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you don't is a fatal mistake, to which we are all prone. I believe myself that hedgehogs eat black beetles, because I have been told that they do; but if I were writing a book on the habits of hedgehogs, I should not commit myself until I had seen one enjoying this unappetizing diet. Aristotle, however, was less cautious. Ancient and medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders; not one of them thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he had never seen one of them.
2、如果事情可以通过观察来解决的，那你就亲自观察好了。亚里斯多德认为女人的牙齿比男人少，其实很简单，只需请亚里斯多德夫人张一张口来让他数一数，他本是可以不犯这一错误的。他没有那么做，因为他认为他知道。自以为懂而实际并不懂是一种致命的错误，我们都易犯这种错误。我自己相信，刺猬吃黑甲虫，因为人们告诉我，它们是这样的。但如果我要写一本论述刺猬习性的书的话，那么在我未亲眼看到一个刺猬享受这种倒胃口的食品之前，我是不会动笔的。然而，亚里斯多德却不够谨慎。古代和中世纪的作家谈起独角兽和火蛇来如数家珍，但他们中没有一个人认为，因为自身从未见过这些东西的任一种而有必要避免对它们作武断的阐述。
3. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmetic there is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.
3、但是，许多事情是不那么容易用经验宋检验的。如果像大多数人那样，在此类事情上执迷不误，那么有许多方法可以使你自己认识到自己的偏见。如果某—种与你相左的见解使你生气，那么这就是一种迹象，说明你潜意识地感到，你没法给自己的想法以充分的理由。倘若有人坚称，2加2等于5，冰岛是在赤道上，你只会感到同情而不是愤怒，除非你对算术或地理知之甚少，以致他的观点动摇了你的立场。最激烈的争沦是对那些双方都没有充分证据的事物的争论。迫害仪发生于神学领域，而不见于算术领域，因为在算术中有知识，而在神学中仅有观点。因此当你发现你自己对不同的意见气恼时，你一定要警惕；通过检验你或将发现，你的信念并无足够的依据。
4. A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country—in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them.
4、使你自己摆脱某些教条主义的一种好方法是去了解与你不同的社会集团所持的意见。我年轻时常居住在国外—在法国、德国、意大利和美国。我发现，这大大有助于消弥井蛙之见。如果你无法远行，那就找—些与你意见相左的人，读一读不属于你们党派的报纸。如果这些人和报纸看，上去疯狂、荒谬和恶劣，那么请提醒你自己，在他们看来，你可能也是如此。
5. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having different bias. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic and cocksure through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent.
5、对于那些想象力丰富的人来说，假设与观点不同的人进行辩论，不失为—种好方法。较之与对手进行面对面的谈话，这种方式有一个好处，可以说是唯一的好处：它不会受到时间和空间的限制。有时，由于这种假想的对话，结果，我真的改变了我的想法。而有时虽然未能真的改变看法，我也常发现自己因认识到假想对手可能有道理而变得不那么武断或自以为是了。
6. Be very wary of opinions that flatter your self-esteem. Both men and women, nine times out of ten, are firmly convinced of the superior excellence of their own sex. There is abundant evidence on both sides. If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can resort that so are most criminals. The question is inherently insoluble, but self-esteem conceals this from most people. We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others. Seeing that each nation has its characteristic merits and demerits, we adjust our standard of values so as to make out that the merits possessed by our nation are the really important ones, while its demerits are comparatively trivial. Here, again, the rational man will admit that the question is one to which there is no demonstrably right answer. It is more difficult to deal with the self-esteem of man as man, because we cannot argue out the matter with some non-human mind. The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet in a little comer of the universe, and that for aught we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jelly-fish.
6、对于那些迎合你自尊心的意见，要十分小心。无论男女，十有八九都确信自己这一睦别优越。双方都有充分的证据。如果你是个男人，你可以指出，大多数诗人和科学家是男性；如果你是个女人，你可以回敬说，大多数的罪犯也是男的。这问题本来就讲不清楚，但是自尊心让大多数人看不到这点。我们大家，不管来自世界何地，都相信自己的民族是最优秀的。鉴于每一个民族都有其固有的优点和缺点，我们常常试图通过调整价值标准来扬长避短，以便证明我们民族所具有的优点是真正重要的，而缺点则是相对不重要的。在这里，理智的人会再次承认，这类问题没有一个明确的答案。而作为人类的人的自尊心则更难对付了，因为我们不能同某种非人类的观点去进行辩论，以求得结论。我所知道的处理这种人类普遍具有的自负的唯一办法是提醒我们自己：人类仅是宇宙一角中一个小行星的整个历程中的一个短暂的插曲，也许，宇宙的其它地方可能有某种生物远胜于我们，就像我们远胜于水母一样。
38.Tips on Tipping.
38、给小费的学问、
1. It's every traveler's nightmare. The porter brings your bags to your room and helpfully explains how to access CNN. He shows you how to turn on the lights and adjust the air-conditioner. Then he points to the phone and says: “If there’s anything else you need, just call.“ All this time, you've been thinking one thing: “How much should I tip this guy?” Out of desperation you shove a few banknotes into his hand, hoping that you're neither given too much or too little.
1、对于每一位旅行者来说，这都像是一场噩梦。行李员把你的行李搬到房间，向你解释如何收看CNN，告诉你怎么开灯，怎么把空调调好。然后他指着电话说：“如果你还需要什么，请打电话。”而你却一直在反复思考着一件事：“我到底该给这家伙多少小费?”最终，你近乎绝望地把几张钞票塞进他手里，心中暗暗希望你给的小费不多也不少。
2. It's difficult to divine what constitutes an appropriate tip in any country. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter may chase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the other hand, if you leave less than 15%, your reservation might not hold up next time. Asia, with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularly difficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here's a guide to tipping across the region:
2、知道在每一个国家该给多少小费并不容易。在日本，如果你在桌上留下几个硬币，侍应生会追着还给你留下的零钱。在纽约则恰恰相反。如果你给的小费少于消费额的15％，那么下次你预定的桌子可能就会被人占去。由于亚洲各国文化和风俗习惯差异较大，因此在这里给小费格外困难。为了让你下次旅行较为顺利，我们向你提供一些在这一地区给小费的窍门。
3. Bangkok
3、曼谷
In general, the more Westernized the place is, the more likely you'll be expected to leave a gratuity. Some top-end restaurants will add a 10% service charge to the bill. If not, waiters will appreciate you tacking on the 10% yourself. However, if you're eating at a downscale restaurant a tip is not necessary. If you're staying at one of Bangkok's many five-star establishments, expect to tip the porter 20 to 50 baht, depending on how many bags you have. Taxis are now metered in Bangkok. Local custom is to round the fare up to the nearest five baht.
总的说来，一个地方西化的程度越高，你就越有可能需要给小费。有些高级的饭店会在账单里加收10％的服务费。如果没有的话，侍者会感激你自己附上那10％。不过，如果你在一家低档次的餐馆就餐，就没有必要给小费。如果你住在曼谷的某家五星级饭店，就请准备付给搬运工20到50铢，具体的数目得依你的行李多少而定。如今曼谷的出租车都打表计程，当地的惯例是把车费凑整到最近的五铢的倍数。
4. Hong Kong
4、香港
Gratuity is customary in this money-mad metropolis. Most restaurants automatically add a 10% service charge to the bill, but the surcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner. If the service is good, add another 10% to the bill, up to HK$100 in an especially nice restaurant. For HK$10 hotel porters should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a new HK$20 bill may be more acceptable. When in a taxi, round up to the nearest dollar.
在这个金钱至上的大都市里，给小费是司空见惯的。大多餐馆自动在账单里加了10％的服务费，但这笔额外的收入最后却常常落到雇主手里。如果服务质量好的话，在账单里再加上10％，而在一个极好的饭馆里，小费可以多达100港币。对于旅馆的搬运工来说，港币10元的小费已足够，不过在最好的一些饭店，20港币可能更受欢迎。坐出租车的话，凑够最近的整数给钱。
5. Jakarta
5、雅加达
Tipping is not part of local culture, but international influences have turned some Westernized palms upward in search of a few extra rupiah. A 10% service charge is added at most high-end restaurants. At moderately priced restaurants, 5,000 rupiah should do it. If the service is superb, tack on an extra 1,000 or so. At hotels, porters ask for a few hundred rupiah for each bag. While most taxi drivers will automatically round up to the next 500 rupiah.
给小费原本不是当地文化的一部分，但是国际性的影响使得一些西化的人们盼望多得一些钱。大多数高级饭店里已附加10％的服务费。在价格中等的饭店，给5,000卢比的小费就己足够—如果服务极好，也可以再多给大约1,000卢比。在旅馆，要让搬运工搬一件行李就得给几百卢比。大多数出租车司机会自动把收费加到最近的500卢比的整数。
6. Kuala Lumpur
6、吉隆坡
Like Indonesia, tipping in Malaysia is confined to the pricier Westernized joints, which often add a 10% service charge to your meal or hotel room. If you are at a hotel restaurant, expect a 10% service charge. But at local restaurants, there's no need to add a gratuity. At five-star hotels, one or two ringgit will suffice a porter. At lower-end establishments, don't feel compelled to tip. Like Bangkok, many taxis are now metered, so you can just round up to the nearest ringgit.
像在印度尼西亚一样，在马来西亚给小费也仅限于那些价格较高的西式场所。在那里，一般在就餐或旅馆房间的费用之外附加10％的服务费。如果你在饭店的餐厅就餐，也得准备给10％的服务费。但在当地的饭馆里，却没有心要附加小费。在五星级饭店，给搬运工一两个林吉特就足够了。在低档次的饭店，不一定非给小费不可。像曼谷一样，许多出租车都计程，所以只要凑足最近的整数就行。
7. Manila
7、马尼拉
Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gain you undying loyalty. At restaurants, even if a service charge is included, custom dictates adding another 5%-10% to the bill. Hotel porters should be rewarded with 20 pesos per bag. Most taxicabs are metered, and rounding up to the next five pesos is a good rule of thumb.
在马尼拉给小费是很平常的事。只要付10％以上的服务费就能换来忠心耿耿的服务。在餐馆里，即使就餐费用里已经包括服务费，按一般惯例，还得在账单里再加上5％到10％。旅馆的搬运工每搬一件行李要给20个比索。大多数的出租车是打表计程的，把车费凑整到最近的五比索准保没错。
8. Seoul
8、汉城
Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has become a matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is often added. If you are at a Korean barbecue joint, there's no need to add anything extra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution. If you are at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to pay 500-1,000 won per bag. Taxi drivers don't expect a tip. Keep the change for yourself.
给小费不是韩国文化的一部分，尽管在国际饭店里收取10％的服务费似乎是理所当然的一件事。如果你去一个吃韩国烧烤的地方，那么没有必要付额外的费用。但是在一个雅致的意大利餐馆就餐，可能就要多付10％的小费。如果你下榻的是最高级饭店，就要按国际规范行事。所以搬一件行李的小费大概是500到1,000韩元。不用给出租车司机小费，找的零钱你自己留着好了。
9. Singapore
9、新加坡
According to government mandate in the Lion City, tipping is not permitted. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officials encourage tourists not to add to the 10% service charge that many high-end hotels tack on to the bill. At restaurants, Singaporeans tend not to leave tips. Nicer restaurants do sometimes levy a 10% service charge. Hotel staff is the one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, S$1 should be adequate for baggage-lugging service. Taxi drivers don't expect gratuity, but they won't refuse it.
根据狮城政府的规定，给小费是不允许的。在樟宜国际机场，这种行为基本上是违法的。官员们鼓励游客拒绝支付一些高级饭店附加在账单上的10％的服务费。在饭馆就餐时，新加坡人一般都不留小费。一些好的饭馆有时也以征税的形式收取10％的服务费。饭店员工是不收小费原则的唯一例外。一般的准则是，如有人帮你搬运行李，给一新元就够了。出租车司机是不指望拿小费的，但你要给他们，他们也不会拒绝。
10. Taipei
10、台北
Like Japan and China, Taiwan is not a tipping society-even though much of the currency seems to come in coin form. Tipping is not expected in restaurants. However, that rule is changing as American-style eateries introduce Western ways. Hotel staff won't be overly offended if you don't tip. Gratuity is not expected in taxicabs.
就像日本和中国大陆一样，台湾不是一个给小费的社会—尽管大量货币是以硬币的形式出现。饭馆里不用给小费。不过，随着一些美式餐馆引进西方做法,这一原则也在改变。饭店的员工如果没有得到你的小费的话，也不会觉得大受冒犯。坐出租车也不需要给小费。
39. Geography of USA.
39、美国地理概况、
1. The vast expanse of the United States of America stretches from the heavily industrialized, metropolitan Atlantic seaboard across the rich flat farms of the central plains, over the Rocky Mountains to the fertile west coast, then halfway across the Pacific to the balmy island-state of Hawaii. The American scene awes the viewer with both its variety and size. The continental United States (not counting outlying Alaska and Hawaii) measures, 4,500 kilometers from its Atlantic to Pacific coasts, 2,575 kilometers from Canada to Mexico. The entire nation (all 50 states) covers an area of 9 million square kilometers and has a population of 220 million people.
1、美利坚合众国的辽阔地域，从高度工业化、遍布大都市的大西洋沿岸，延伸至中部平原肥沃平坦的农场，越过洛矶山脉，到达富饶的西海岸，然后横跨半个太平洋到达气候温和的由群岛组成的夏威夷州。来美国观光的人无不赞叹这块土地幅员广阔、多姿多彩。美国大陆(不包括远离本土的阿拉斯加和夏威夷)从大西洋沿岸到太平洋海岸的距离为4500公里，从加拿大到墨西哥的距离为2575公里。全国50个州的总面积为900万平方公里，人口为2、2亿。
2. The sparsely settled, far-northern state of Alaska is the largest of America's 50 states (in many countries they would be called provinces). It is more than two and a half times the size of Sichuan province, Texas, in the southern part of the country, is second in size. Texas is half the size of Alaska.
2、人口稀少的阿拉斯加州位于美国的最北部，在全国50个州(在很多国家叫做省)中，它的面积最大，比中国四川省的两倍半还大。南部的得克萨斯州的面积占第二位，只有阿拉斯加州的一半大。
3. A land of heavy forests (311 million hectares) and barren deserts, of high-peaked mountains (McKinley rises to 6,300 meters) and deep canyons, America also enjoys bountiful rivers and lakes. The broad Mississippi River system, famed in song and legend, meanders 6,400 kilometers from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico the world's third longest river after the Nile and Amazon. A canal in the north joins the Mississippi to the five Great Lakes—the world's largest inland water transportation route and the biggest body of fresh water in the world.
3、除许多森林(达3、11亿公顷)、荒芜的沙漠、多高峰的山脉(麦金莱山海拔6300米)和深深的峡谷以外，美国还有很多河流和湖泊。为很多民歌和传说所传颂的宽阔的密西西比河水系，从加拿大蜿蜒曲折6400公里，流入墨西哥湾，是除尼罗河、亚马孙河以外的世界第三大河。北部的一条运河将世界上最长的内河航线—密西西比河同世界上最大的淡水群—五大湖连接在一起。
4. America's early settlers were attracted by the fertile land and varied climates it offered for farming. Today, with 121 million hectares under cultivation, American farmers plant spring wheat on the cold western plain; they raise corn and fine beef cattle in the central plains, and rice in the damp heat of Louisiana. Florida and California are famous for their citrus fruits and tropical avocados; the cool rainy northeastern states for apples, pears, berries and vegetables.
4、适于农业的肥沃土地和各种不同的气候吸引了早期来美洲的移民。现在美国的耕地达1、21亿公顷。美国农场主在寒冷的西部平原上种植春小麦，在中部平原上种植玉米、饲养良种肉牛，在气候湿热的路易斯安那州种植水稻。佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州以盛产柑橘和热带鳄梨闻名，凉爽多雨的东北各州则以苹果、梨、莓和蔬菜而著称。
5. Underground, a wealth of minerals provides a solid base for American industry. History has glamorized the gold rushes to California and Alaska, and the silver finds in Nevada. Yet America's yearly production of gold ($140 million) and silver ($150 million) is now valued far less than the oil ($25,000 million), copper, iron, coal and other minerals it mines. Texas, a big oil-producer in the southwest, alone accounts for one-fifth the value of all U.S. mineral production.
5、丰富的地下矿藏是美国工业的坚实基础。美国历史虽然曾对加利福尼亚州和阿拉斯加州的淘金热以及内华达州银矿的发现作过动人的描绘，然而美国当今的黄金年产值(1、4亿美元)和白银年产值(1、5亿美元)都大大低于石油(250亿美元)、铜、铁、煤及其他开采的金属。得克萨斯州是西南部主要的产油州，仅该州的石油总产值就占美国矿产品产值的五分之一。
6. America has long been known as a "melting pot," for it is a nation of immigrants from all over the world. The first to arrive—from Siberia, more than 10,000 years ago, it is believed—were the American Indians. Today they number nearly 850,000; half live on land set aside for them in 31 states; the rest have "melted" in with the rest of America's nearly 220 million population.
6、美国历来以“熔炉(各种族融合的国家)”而著称，因为这个国家的人口是由世界各地来的移民所组成的。最早的移民是美洲印第安人，据信是一万余年前从西伯利亚宋的。现今印第安人约有85万，其中一半人居住在31个州内为他们专门划出的土地上，其余的人已“融入”全美国的近2、2亿人口中。、
7. Europe, the major source of immigration, began sending colonists to America in the early 17th century. Tens of millions flooded to America's shores from Europe between 1880 and the First World War. The next largest group of Americans trace their ancestry to Africa, black people now constitute over 11 percent of the population. The melting pot has also absorbed nearly 600,000 Japanese, half a million Chinese and 340,000 Filipinos. Many live in Hawaii, more than two-thirds of whose people boast on Asian or Polynesian heritage.
7、欧洲这个移民的主要来源在17世纪初就开始输送殖民地开拓者来到美洲。从1880年到第一次世界大战，有几千万人从欧洲涌上美洲海岸。美国第二大族群的祖先可追溯到非洲；黑人现在占美国人口的百分之十一。这个多种族融合的国家还吸收了近60万日本人、50万中国人和34万菲律宾人。很多移民生活在夏威夷，超过三分之二的夏威夷居民自称为亚洲人和波利尼西亚人的后裔。
8. Once a nation of farmers, the United States has become increasingly urban since the turn of the last century. Today three out of four Americans live in towns, cities or suburbs. Two-thirds of all families live in separate households, and 65 percent own their homes.
8、美国一度曾是农场主的国家，自进入上世纪以来日益城市化。如今，四分之三的美国人居住在城镇、城市及市郊。三分之二的家庭独立成户，百分之六十五的家庭拥有自己的住宅。
9. Americans are always on the move. Each year, one in every five Americans leaves home and job to find new ones somewhere else. The population is shifting ever westward. California recently passed New York as the most populous state, although New York City (population: 8 million) and Chicago (3 million) are still larger than California's largest city, Los Angeles.
9、美国人口的流动性很大。每年，每五个美国人中就有一个离开家和工作到别处去安家和找新的工作。人口总是流向西部。加利福尼亚州最近已超过纽约州成为美国人口最多的一个州，虽然纽约市(人口为800万)和芝加哥市(300万)的人口仍然多过加利福尼亚州最大的城市洛杉矶。
10. The nation's capital, Washington, is ninth in size, with a population of over 700,000. Laid out by French architect Pierre L'Enfant in the late 18th century, it was the world's first city especially planned as a center of government.
From Facts & Figures USA by USICA
10、美国首都华盛顿的面积在全国的城市中为第九位，人口70余万。它在18世纪末由法国建筑师皮埃尔·朗方设计，是世界上专门作为一个政府中心而规划设计的第一个城市。选自美国国会新闻署《美国的事实与数字》。
40.Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences.
40、石油地质学与其它科学、
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itself is firmly based on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of essentially abstract concepts to observed data. In the past these data were basically observation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements based on experience and an assessment of validity among the data presented.
1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学，仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有效性评估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many uses in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential reservoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of reservoirs enables estimates to be made of the rate at which they may lose porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is essential for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through reservoirs. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be used to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, preserved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量我们可以从总的岩性得出某些通用的结论。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与相有关，而一般在碳酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in sediments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.
3、有机化学则可应用于分析原油和天然气，研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物，揭示由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of sedimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因和潜在石油资源作出了重要贡献。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。
5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism, gravity, and seismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps. Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology, porosity, and petroleum content of a reservoir.
5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。
6. Biology is applied to geology in several ways, notably through the study of fossils (paleontology), and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis from the use of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation, caused by oil exploration, has already been noted. Ecology, the study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Carbonate sediments, in general, and reefs, in particular, can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying the transformation of plant and animal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caused by this transformation.
6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于地质学。较为明显的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比和建立生物层序地层带具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。
7. Geologists, in contrast to some nongeologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonyms, which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in sediments have already been noted and are examined in more detail. If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then present exploration methods would need extensive modification.
7、地质学家相对于非地质学家来说，更相信了解地质概念有助于寻找石油。而且，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。
8. Some petroleum explorationists still do not admit to a need for geologists to aid them in their search. In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted to not using geologists because when his competitors hired them, all it did was to increase their costs per barrel of oil found. The South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutory obligation imposed by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. These examples are not isolated cases, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.
8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承认在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣了地质学家，结果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规定下，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探，而不是应用科学原理。
41. How I Lost Four Ounces in Three Weeks .
41、我怎样在三周里减了四盎司体重、
1. "I'm not fat," I told my neighbor, "but I would like to lose a little—about ten pounds."
1、我对邻居说：“我不算胖，但是我想减点体重—大约10磅左右吧。”
2. "Ten pounds?" he said. "That's easy. I lost 20 pounds just by running every day."
2、他回答说：“减10磅?那不费事。我只是每天跑步，就掉了20磅了。”
3. That's when I made up my mind. I would run, too. I'd run on Willow Road, which goes by the end of our block. And I'd outfit myself in a pair of white shorts, sneakers and a sweat shirt. I'd have the right clothes, so I wouldn't look silly.
3、我就是从那时起下定决心的。我也要跑步，我可以在柳条街上跑步。那条街是我们街尽头处的横街，我得买一条白短裤，一双运动鞋和一件圆领长袖运动衫打扮一下，我穿上合适的服装，就不会显得傻气了。
4. To begin with, I decided to run up Willow Road as far as the Emersons' house. That was about a mile.
4、我决定开始时跑到柳条街上埃默生家的房子那儿。大约有一英里远。
5. By the time I got to the end of our block, my legs had turned to stone. And I felt as if somebody had lit a campfire in my chest! I limped on for another hundred yards. The thing to do, I decided, was to stop as soon as I came to a good place for a rest. At once I said to myself, "This looks like a good place !" And I fell, panting, to the earth.
5、我跑到我们这条街尽头的时候，腿像石头一样又硬又重。我觉得好像有人在我的胸膛里点了一堆篝火!我又跛着向前跑了100码。我想，这时该做的事是一旦找到一个适于休息的地方就停下来休息。我马上对自己说：“这儿看上去是个好地方!”就气喘吁吁地瘫倒在地上。
6. After some time, I sat up. "You're out of shape," I told myself. "You've got to work up to things bit by bit. Give yourself time!"
6、过了—一会，我坐了起来。我告诫自己，“你久不锻炼，竞技状态不佳，得慢慢加码才行。给自己一点时间吧!”
7. I stood up and walked home.
7、我站起身，走着回家了。
8. Every morning for three weeks, Mondays through Fridays, I burst from my house and ran toward the Emerson place. I went a bit further every time. Weekends I rested up. Finally, I decided that I was ready to run the whole mile. Of course, I'd stop a few times along the route to rest.
8、在三周的时间里，从周一到周五的每天早晨我都从家门冲出，向埃默生家方向跑去，每天将距离拉长一点。周末我就休息。我终于决定可以跑完这一英里的里程了，当然，中途我得停下来休息几次。
9. I made the big push on Saturday. That was a mistake. I had forgotten that the neighborhood children would not be in school that day.
9、星期六我发起了猛攻。那是一个错误的决定。我忘记了街坊的孩子们那天不上学。
10. I was no more than halfway up the block when I sensed that I had an audience. There were all the children, standing on their front lawns staring at me. I waved. Most likely, they were admiring my brisk pace. Then I learned the awful truth. As I turned onto Willow Road, a half-dozen eight-year-olds ran out and settled into a steady trot beside me.
10、我还没跑完我们街道的一半，就感觉到我吸引了一批观众。所有的孩子们都站在家门前的草坪上注视着我。我向他们挥手致意。我想他们很可能是在羡慕我轻快的步伐。后来我才了解到糟糕的事实。我向柳条街拐去的时候，跑出来六个八岁的孩子，他们在我身边稳步小跑起来。
11. "Hey, mister," said one, "my little brother can run faster than this, and he's only six."
11、一个小孩子对我说：“嗨，先生，我小弟弟跑得比这还快，他只有六岁。”
12. "Oh, yeah!" I barked. "When he's as old as .... "But there my air ran out. I stopped talking in order to save my breath.
12、我大声说：“呵，是吗?等他长到像我一样年纪……”可是这时我喘不过气了。为了省口气，我只好不说了。
13. We paced onward. Up ahead, I could see a shady maple tree, and ideal rest stop. Sweat dripped into my eyes as I pushed toward the tree. Then, just as the shade was within reach, a small voice said, "Hey, mister, we'll race you!"
13、我们向前跑去。我能看到前方有一棵树影浓密的枫树，那儿是一个理想的休息地点。我向那棵树推进，汗水流进了我的眼睛，这时，就在我要到达那棵树底下的时候，一个孩子小声说：“嗨，先生，我们跟您比谁跑得快!”
14. The eight-year-olds tore out in front of me and were soon out of sight. My spirit was broken. I staggered off the road into a clump of underbrush and dropped like a sack of bricks.
14、那几个八岁的孩子在我面前飞奔起来，很快就跑得无影无踪了。我的斗志全丧失了，我蹒跚着从街道上走下来，进到一丛树林中，像一袋子砖头似的瘫在地上。
15. I was still resting there ten minutes later when I heard children's voices.
15、10分钟过去了，我还坐在那儿休息，这时我听到孩子们的声音，
16. "They must have caught him," one voice said.
16、一个孩子说：“他们一定超过他了。”
17. "Yes," another replied. "He did all right for an old man, though. He must have run the whole two miles from the mental hospital."
17、一个孩子答道：“一定，但是对于一个老年人来说，他跑得不算慢。他一定是从精神病院那儿一直跑过来的，已经跑了整整两英里了。”
18. Still I wouldn't give up. The best way to mn without an audience, I decided, was to run after dark.
18、尽管如此，我还是不肯放弃跑步，我断定要想不吸引观众，最好是在天黑以后跑。
19. "Well, enjoy yourself," my wife said. "I've got to drive Andy to his trumpet lesson."
19、妻子对我说：“你玩你的吧，我得开车送安迪去学吹小号了。”
20. I set out into the dark, sure that I would finally reach the Emersons'. I had just turned the corner when something the size of a watermelon shot out at me. It began barking and wouldn't stop. It was the Barts' bulldog. I shouted and sent him back to the Barts' front lawn, but I could feel a rising fear. After all, there were lots of dogs in our neighborhood.
20、我跑进夜色之中，我坚信这一次我终于能跑到埃默生家那儿了。我刚刚拐过弯去，就有一个像西瓜那么大的东西向我冲来。它开始狂吠，不肯停下，它是巴特家的斗牛狗。我叫喊着把它赶回巴特家门前的草坪上，但是我感到内心里有一种不断增长的恐惧。我们街区里毕竟是有许多狗。
21. My hunch was right. Two minutes later I set off the Abels' boxer. He circled around me, barking, and refused to leave. Next it was the O'Briens poodle and then a strange sheep dog.
21、我的预感没有错，两分钟以后，我引来了艾贝尔斯家的拳师狗，它围着我绕来绕去，狂吠着，不肯离去。接着奥布赖恩家的狮子狗来了，后来又来了一只陌生的牧羊狗。
22. I was nervous, but I led the parade onward. Once in a while I'd say, "Nice fella!" to nobody in particular. Then a huge collie came bounding out of a driveway. ! had heard once that collies love children. I pointed to my shorts and trotted on.
22、我精神紧张，但是仍率领着这支队伍前进。我偶尔并不特别冲着谁地说一声：“好狗!”这时一头巨大的柯利牧羊犬从车道上跳着跑了过来。我曾听说过那头大柯利牧羊犬喜欢孩子。于是我指了指我的短裤，继续向前跑去。
23. What did it, finally, was the Emersons' Great Dane. That dog is the size of a pony and has jaws like an alligator. They call him Cuddles!
23、最后，直正吓坏了我的是埃默生家的丹麦大狗，那条狗像一头小矮马一样大，而且它的嘴长得像短吻鳄的一样，埃默生家的人管这条狗叫宝贝儿!
24. Well, I made it to the Emersons' driveway. I jogged in glory across the lawn. I even had my foot on the porch step when Cuddles burst from his doghouse like a fire engine answering an alarm. The next instant, the whole parade was tearing back down Willow Road. And I was bringing up the rear.
24、我总算跑到埃默生家的车道了。我得意洋洋地缓步跑过草坪。宝贝儿像救火车听到了警报似的从它的狗窝里冲出来时，我甚至已经踏到埃默生家前门廊的台阶上了。说时迟，那时快，整个队伍折了回来，沿着柳条街跑回去，而我却为这支队伍殿后。
25. Halfway home, I remembered that Cuddles was usually chained to his doghouse, so I slowed down. However, I was exhausted when I reached home, and I flung myself down on the front steps to recover.
25、往回跑了一半以后，我才想起来宝贝儿通常是被用铁链拴在狗窝上的，所以我放慢了脚步，然而我跑到家的时候，还是筋疲力尽了。我一下子坐到前台阶上，想恢复一下。
26. Andy was standing by the garage with his trumpet. He and his mother had just got back from his lesson.
26、安迪正拿着小号站在车库旁边。他和他母亲刚从他上课的地方回来。
27. "Gee, Dad," he said excitedly, "did we see the craziest thing on the way home! Some old man in a white bathing suit was chasing a pack of dogs down Willow .... "Then his eyes fell on my clothes. A puzzled look mixed with fear came over his face. "I guess I'd better go practice my trumpet, huh, Dad!" He did not stay for an answer.
27、他兴奋地对我说：“哎呀，爸爸，我们在回家的路上可看到了一件极其古怪的事儿!一个穿着白色游泳衣的老头子沿着柳条街追赶一群狗……”然后他的目光落到了我的衣服上，他的脸上显出一种掺杂着恐惧的困惑表情。“我想我最好去练吹号了，对不对，爸爸?”他不等我回答，就离开了。
28. In spite of it all, I might have kept on running, but that evening I climbed onto the scales. I wanted to see how much lighter I was after three weeks' work. I had lost four ounces. I could have lost more than that by letting Cuddles chew on me for a few seconds!
28、尽管发生了这一切，我本还可以继续跑步的。但是，那天晚上我站到了磅秤上，想知道经过三周的跑步锻炼，我的体重减轻了多少，我减轻了四盎司。如果让宝贝儿把我咬上几秒钟的话，我都能减掉比这多一些的体重!
42.The Versatile Lead Pencil.
42、万能的铅笔
1. The lead pencil is one of the most used pieces of merchandise in the world. It is the simplest, most convenient and least expensive of all writing instruments.
1、铅笔是这个世界上使用的最多的商品之一。在所有的书写工具中，它最简单，最方便，最便宜。
2. Perhaps the most surprising thing about the lead pencil is that it is not lead at all. And it is not a pencil. The "lead" is actually graphite from the Greek word "to write." The word "pencil" is from Latin. The first pencils were fine or stiff brushes of hair.
2、可能关于铅笔最让人吃惊的事情是它根本就不是铅做的，而英语PENCIL也不是笔的意思。所谓的铅实际上是石墨，英语的“LEAD”源自希腊语的“写”。英语中的“PENCIL”源自拉丁语，是指用毛制作的细致的硬刷子。
3. American pencil makers turn out their product by the millions. Probably there is no more useful article in the world. As one wise person remarked: “Everything begins with a pencil. Whether it's a pin or a battleship, it is first rendered with a pencil."
3、美国的铅笔制造商生产了数以百万计的铅笔。在这个世界上可能没有比铅笔更有用的东西了。因为一个智者曾经这样评述“一切都开始于一支铅笔，无论它是一个别针还是一艘战舰，它的第一个表述都来自一支铅笔。”
4. There is a pencil for every purpose. In fact, the industry now supplies 370 different types and styles in more than 70 different colors and in 18 degrees of hardness.
4、一支铅笔可以用于不同的书写目的。事实上，工业界现在提供着370种不同种类不同风格、超过70种不同颜色、18种不同硬度的铅笔。
5. Some write clearly on slippery surfaces, such as glass and plastic. Surgeons use a special pencil for outlining the operation area on the patient's skin, and packing-plants use another type to write identification on sides of beef. There is even a special electric pencil used for tests checked by electronic machines.
5、某些铅笔可以在光滑的表面诸如玻璃、塑料上清晰书写。外科医生使用一种特殊的铅笔在病人的皮肤上勾勒出手术区域。包装厂使用另外一种类型的铅笔在牛肉的侧面写上识别号码。甚至有一种用来协助电子仪器进行测试的特殊的电子笔。
6. There are many novelty pencils. Some have the Ten Commandments, calendars or the multiplication table on them. Some are in the shape of umbrellas, canes, baseball bats and traffic signals. One may be 12 feet long, while others are only 1/2 inch.
6、还有许多新颖的铅笔。有的上面有（基督教的教条的）十诫、日历或者乘法表。有的铅笔被做成雨伞、手杖、棒球、甚至交通信号灯的样子。有的可能长达12英尺，而另有一些只有半英寸长。
7. One recent novelty is a pencil with paper in it. A small roll of paper fits in the center of the pencil and is drawn out through a slit in the side. It’s just the thing for those who are always looking for a scrap of paper.
7、最近的一种新奇铅笔，里面有一卷纸。小小的一卷纸恰好放在铅笔的中央部分，纸可以通过在铅笔边的缝抽出来。它适用于那些总是需要小纸片的人。
8. A popular idea is that a check, will, or other legal paper written in pencil is not legal. This is not true. Any legal document which does not specify otherwise can be legally signed in pencil.
8、一般认为用铅笔签署的支票或其它法律性文件是不合法的。事实并不是这样。任何法律文件只要没有明确指出，都可以用铅笔签署。
9. By one means or another, man has been writing for thousands of years. The Greeks and Romans used metallic lead for drawing faint lines. But it was not until around 1400 A.D. that graphite, the main part of the modern pencil, first appeared. And for a long time it was used without any covering.
9、无论怎样，人类数千年来一直在书写。古希腊和古罗马人使用金属铅来画暗淡的线。但是直到公元1400年，现代铅笔的主要部分石墨才被发现，并且在相当长一段时间，都是用没有木头外套的石墨直接书写。
10. About a century and a half later, in 1564, a high wind blew over a heavy oak tree near Cumberland, England. The earth revealed a slab of black rock which was actually a huge deposit of almost pure graphite. Shepherds used it to brand their sheep. George II controlled the graphite by declaring it a crime to ship it out of the country.
10、大约一个半世纪之后，也就是1546年，在英国坎伯兰郡附近，一场大风吹倒了一棵大橡树，一层厚厚的黑色岩石在地表显露出来，这实际上是一块巨大的几乎纯净的石墨矿藏。当地的牧羊人用它给自己的羊打标记。乔治二世为了控制石墨开采，宣告用船运石墨出国是一种犯罪。
11. This graphite could be used in its natural state for writing. Seeing the find as a rich prize, merchants cut it into sticks. They sold it for writing purposes. By present-day standards, however, it was far from satisfactory for writing. For one thing, the graphite's hardness could not be changed.
11、这种石墨可以在自然状态下用来书写。这个发现被看作财富的奖励，商人们把石墨切割成棒状，当成书写工具来卖。然而，按照今天的标准，它还远未达到书写的要求。比如说当时石墨的硬度是不能改变的。
12. Grinding low grades of graphite to remove impurities, pencil makers elsewhere found difficulties. Their problem was to bind the black powder together again so it would be hard enough to serve as a writing instrument.
12、对于各地的铅笔制造者来说，碾磨碎低品质的石墨以去掉里面的杂质，是十分困难的。它们的难题是如何重新组合这些黑色的粉末，使它成为有足够硬度的书写工具。
13. Napoleon Bonaparte had a finger in the development of the modern pencil industry. Cut off from English pencils. He was stuck with his own impure French graphite. Never one to accept second best, Napoleon hired Nicholas Conte to solve the problem.
13、波拿巴·拿破仑影响了现代铅笔工业的发展。由于来自英国的铅笔供应被切断，他被限制只能使用他的不纯净的法国石墨上。他从不接受次好，于是拿破仑雇佣了尼古拉斯·康特来解决这个问题。
14. Conte found the answer in 1795.By mixing refined graphite powder with clay, then heating it, he produced a firm hard lead. German researchers later perfected the method. The lead pencil was launched on its way to general use.
14、1795年，康特找到了问题的答案。把经过精炼的石墨粉末混合以泥土，然后进行加热烧结，他生产出了牢固而坚硬的“铅”。德国的研究员其后又完善了这一方法。铅笔向着通用性发展。
15. William Monroe, the Concord, Massachusetts, cabinet-maker, made the first pencils in the United States. The War of 1812 halted imports of pencils. Monroe developed machinery to make wooden slats. Each one was grooved to half the thickness of a pencil lead. Two slats were glued together with the lead between. The method is still being used today.
15、威廉·门罗，马赛诸塞州康科德城的一个橱柜制造者，在美国生产了第一批铅笔。1812年的战争中断了铅笔的进口。门罗设计了一套机器用来制作木条。每一根木条中开了一条只有铅笔直径一半宽的槽，两个木条用胶粘合在一起，铅笔芯置于两个木条中间。这种方法一直沿用到今天。
16.Monroe's first American-made lead pencils-about 30 of them-were sold to a Boston hardware dealer in July,1812.But it was not until many years later that American pencils began to sell as well as European brands.
16、1812年7月，门罗的第一批大约30支铅笔卖给了波士顿市的杂货店中间商。但是直到很多年以后，美国制造的铅笔才开始和欧洲品牌卖的一样好。
17. Today the nation's 15-odd pencil manufactures produce about a-billion-and -a-half wooden pencils a year. This amounts to about nine apiece for each man, woman, and child in the country. At manufacturers wholesale prices this business amounted to $35 million in 1957—not including mechanical pencils. About nine wooden lead pencils are sold here for every one of all other varieties of writing tools.
17、今天，这个国家的15个铅笔制造厂，每年生产出大约15亿支木制铅笔。这个数量差不多使这个国家里的每个人平均拥有9支铅笔，包括男人、女人、和孩子。在1957年，按照商品生产商的批发价格计算，铅笔销售总额达到了三千五百万美元，其中还不包括机械自动铅笔。差不多每一支其它种类的书写工具售出，就有9支木制铅笔被售出。
18. The modern 7-inch long pencil can draw a line 35 miles in length; it can write an average of 45,000 words, and it can take an average of 17 sharpening. For some strange reason, about 75 percent of all pencil sold for general use are finished in yellow. A carpenter's pencil is usually finished in bright red. The color makes the pencil easy to find in wood shavings.
18、一支7英寸长的现代铅笔可以画出35英里长的线，它平均可以写出45000个单词，并且平均能够进行17次的削尖。由于某些奇怪的原因，被卖出的铅笔差不多百分之七十五是黄色的。而木匠用铅笔则通常是明亮的红色。这种颜色使得铅笔很容易在木屑中被发现。
19. Judging by the ever-increasing demand for them, it appears that the lead pencil is here to stay. At least as long as business and industry, educational institutions and the U.S. Government continue. For they are its three largest consumers.
19、从对铅笔需求不断增长的情况判断，看来铅笔还会继续存在，至少只要工商业、教育机构、美国政府继续存在，对于铅笔业来说它们是三个最大的客户。
43.Becoming Wealthy: It's Up to You .
43、致富取决于你自己、
1.Critics often speak of “the rich” with none-too-subtle disdain, as if those at the very top of the income ladder are all dishonest people or as if becoming rich is difficult and means others must become poorer. While we would be the first to admit that some rich people are dishonest, we must add that achieving the status of “the rich” (defined, say, by having a net worth of $1,000,000) is not particularly difficult, contrary to popular wisdom. The rules for acquiring substantial wealth are few, simple. This fact suggests that becoming rich for most Americans is a matter of choice.
1、评论家们一说起富人往往带有明显的蔑视。就好象收入高的层次的人们都是狡诈之人，或者意味着成为富有阶层不容易而且其他人(诚实之人)一定不如他们富有。首先我们承认有些富人不诚实，但我们必须补充一点：与普遍的认识相反，达到富人阶层(它的概念应该是净收入一百万美元)并不是特别难。获取可观财富的规则只有几条，而且简单。这就意味着对于大多数美国人来说想不想变富是一个选择的问题。
2. One of the rules for being rich is to avoid frivolous temptations. That is easier said than done, and we do not necessarily recommend that all people should lead a pure and joyless life. We mean only to point out that the great majority of those four percent of Americans who have $1,000,000 in net worth get to where they are because they control their pleasures. For example, rich Americans buy cars that are on average only slightly more expensive than those less wealthy Americans buy.
2、变为富有的第一个规则是避免无重要意义的诱惑。说起来容易做起来难，而且我们也无意建议所有人都该过着平淡无味的生活。我们只是想指出那些占美国人口百分之四的净收入达一百万美元的大多数人之所以达到今天的富有就是因为他们克制了自己的享乐。例如，富有的美国人买的汽车平均来讲只是略好于那些不太富有的人的汽车。
3. Being able to save and accumulate considerable wealth is not automatic. People must have a reasonable income in order to save amounts that will make for wealth, which requires several auxiliary rules for achieving an income level that will allow for a minimum saving level. For most—those without the requisite luck, inheritance, special talents, or good ideas—becoming rich means getting an education. Few people who drop out of high school will be rich. The income of high school dropouts is about two-thirds that of Americans with a high school diploma.
3、能够节省和积累可观的财富不是自动的。要想省一定量的钱来足以积累成为财富，人们必须有适当的收入。为达到能够允许最低节省钱的收入水平还需要几个辅助规则。对大多数没有必要的运气、继承的财产、特殊的天才或好想法的人们成为富有就意味着受教育。高中就辍学的人很少变为富有的。高中辍学人的收入是拥有高中毕业文凭的人收入的三分之二。
4. To have a good chance at being rich, though, most individuals (aside for the lucky ones) will need at least a college education, which just about will double their incomes over what they would have earned with only a high school diploma. A professional degree will result in an average annual income of about twice that of college graduates (or six times the income of a high school dropout). This means that those who invest in education do not have to save as high a percentage of income to become rich at retirement. However, in all probability, educated Americans Will be richer at retirement simply because they will be able to save more along the way and because they are likely to be smarter and can achieve a higher rate of return on their savings.
4、但是要想有好机会变富有大多数(除了幸运的)至少需要受到大学教育，与只有高中文凭的相比，大学的教育可使他们的收入翻一翻。大学以上的学历会导致比大学毕业的年平均收入增加一倍(或是高中辍学人的六倍)。这就意味着在教育上投资的人要想在退休时致富不必节省同样高比例的收入。但是极为可能的是受过良好教育的美国人之所以在退休时更富有是因为他们在过去的岁月里积攒得更多，而且他们可能更明智，获取更高的存款的投资回报率。
5. The first auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to stay in school or, if out of school, go back to it. Of course, to stay in school is not enough and they will learn something worth the time and effort. It never has been easier to get an education. Public schools are free for the taking. College costs have been rising steadily relative to family income level for more than a decade. However, the rate of return on a college education has been rising as well, making the investment a good deal. Meanwhile, the cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information available on CD-ROMs and the Internet.
5、致富的第一条辅助规则是坚持修完学业，即使走出了校门也要回去。当然留在学校还不够，还要学习一些值得学习的知识。历来受教育都不是容易的事情。上公立中学免学费。十几年来，相对于家庭收入水平，上大学的费用一直在稳步上升。然而，高等教育的回报率也在上升，这使得投资划算，成为很好的交易。同时，由于从CD-ROM和互联网上可获取大量的知识和信息，自学的费用已经降低。
6. The second auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to pick your education carefully. Teachers will find getting rich tougher than engineers, given that the former can expect to earn half as much over their careers. History and music professors can expect to earn less than accounting professors. For that matter, history and music professors can expect to earn a lot less than their students who major in business.
6、致富的第二条辅助规则是要精心地选好所受的教育。考虑到在工作期间教师的工薪预期是工程师的二分之一，前者致富要更难。教历史和音乐的教授预期要比会计学教授薪水少。正因为如此，历史和音乐教授预期要比他们的专业为商业的学生薪水少得多。
7. The third auxiliary rule for becoming rich is to marry someone with an equal or higher education, and then stay married. By itself, marriage seems to provide a stable institutional setting that promotes greater earnings, which affords greater savings. Married couples not only earn more than non-married people, they tend to economize on the costs of running their households, allowing them to save and invest at higher rate. Moreover, the binding legal contracts at the foundation of marriages, which reflect their personal commitments to each other, give the couple an added economic incentive to invest in the joint assets of the union.
7、第三条致富的辅助规则是与受教育水平和你相等或高于你的人结婚，然后保持婚姻状态。婚姻本身似乎提供一个稳定的处所，稳定的处所又能促进挣更多的钱，从更多的钱中抽得出更多的存款。结婚的夫妻不仅比不结婚的挣得多，而且在家庭运转的支出中，他们往往节省，使得他们省下钱来并以更高的回报投资。而且建立婚姻时有约束力的合法契约表现了他们对彼此的承诺，在经济上给双方增加了向联盟共同财产投资的动力。
8. The fourth auxiliary rule is to be able to work and save for a long time. Alcoholics and drug addicts who are not yet rich are unlikely candidates for becoming so. They will be unable to work long and hard enough to earn the requisite incomes, and their careers will be full of instability, if they can even have careers. Most will drink, inject, or smoke up whatever incomes they earn; their suppliers undoubtedly will get rich at the expense of their customers—the addicts.
8、第四条辅助规则是有能力工作而且长时间积累。还未致富的嗜酒者和吸毒者不太可能变为富有。他们不能长久地工作而且难以挣回基本的收入，而且即使有职业他们的工作会不稳定。大多数人会酗酒、注射毒品、或把他们挣来的收入吸毒用尽。提供给他们毒品的人将以顾客—吸毒成隐者为代价而发财。
9. From our perspective, becoming rich is really a matter of choice. Opportunity to do so abound. Of course, recognizing that you can choose to become rich does not mean that you should. As we have noted, choosing to become rich requires sacrifices that many people quite rationally have chosen not to make. One can lead a life rich in satisfaction and accomplishment without becoming rich financially, and nothing we have written here is meant to suggest otherwise.
9、在我们看来，致富的确是选择的问题。机会到处存在。当然意识到可以选择致富并不意味着应该致富。正象我们所见，选择致富需要牺牲，很多人很理智地不选择发财。一个人虽然金钱上不富有，但可以生活得满意而有成就。本篇所写的内容无意提相反建议。
44.An Introduction to Distillation .
44、蒸馏概述
1. Petroleum refining is the separation of petroleum into fractions and the subsequent treating of these fractions to make them into petroleum products. Most petroleum products, including kerosenes, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and waxes, are fractions of petroleum that have been treated to remove undesirable components. Other products, for example, gasolines, aromatic solvents, and even some asphalts, are totally or partly synthetic in that they have compositions that are impossible to achieve by direct separation of these materials from crude petroleum. They result from chemical processes that change the molecular nature of selected portions of crude petroleum; in other words, they are the products of refining or they are refined products.
1、石油炼制即将石油分离成各种馏分，然后将这些馏分经过处理，制成各种石油产品。大部分石油产品，包括煤油、燃料油、润滑油和石蜡，都是原油经过处理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油馏分。其他石油产品，如汽油、芳烃溶剂、甚至包括有些沥青，则是通过完全或者部分合成而制造的。因为组成这些产品的物质成分无法通过直接分离原油获得，而是通过化学反应过程，从原油中选定某些成分并改变其分子属性而获得的。换言之，它们是通过炼制得到的，或称为炼制产品。
2. Refining petroleum is a complex series of steps by which the original crude material is eventually converted into salable products with the desired qualities and, perhaps more important, in the amounts dictated by the market.
2、石油炼制包含一系列复杂的过程。通过这些过程，石油原料最终转化成为可销售的产品。这些产品在质量上符合人类需要，而更重要的是它们在数量上符合市场要求。
3. In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced; refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation: that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the rate of sale of each. For example, the manufacture of products from the lower boiling portion of petroleum automatically produces a certain amount of higher boiling components. If the latter cannot be sold as, say, heavy fuel oil, they accumulate until refinery storage facilities are full. To prevent the occurrence of such a situation, the refinery must be flexible and able to change operations as needed. This usually means more processes-a cracking process to change an excess of heavy fuel oil into more gasoline with coke as the residual product or a vacuum distillation process to separate the heavy oil into lubricating oil stocks and asphalt—to accommodate the ever-changing demands of the market.
3、实际上，炼油厂从根本上说是一组生产装置，其数量根据生产产品的不同而不同。炼油工艺须经选择，产品生产应该平衡：即从原油生产产品必须依据每一产品的销售速度而进行。比如，从沸点较低的组分生产石油产品，就会自动产生一定数量的高沸点产品。如果高沸点产品，如重燃料油，无法销售，这些产品就会积压，直到装满炼厂的储存设施。要避免这种情况出现，炼厂应采取灵活措施，并能够根据需要改变操作。一般而言，这意味着需要更多的工艺以适应不断变化的市场需求：运用裂化工艺将过剩重燃料油转化成汽油，而焦碳成为残余品；或者运用真空蒸馏工艺将重油分解成润滑油和沥青。
4.In addition, a complete refining installation must include the following: all necessary non-processing facilities; adequate tankage for storing crude oil, intermediate, and finished products; a dependable source of electrical power, material-handling equipment; workshops and supplies for maintaining a continuous 24 h/day, 7 day/week operation; waste disposal and water-treating equipment; and product-blending facilities.
4、此外，一套完整的炼油装置须包括以下设备：所有必须的非工艺设施：足够的储罐容量用以储存原油、中间产品和成品；可靠的电力和物质处理设备来源；用于维持一天24小时，一周七天连续运转所需的车间和物资：废料和污水处理设备；以及产品调合设施。
5. In the early stages of refinery development, when illuminating and lubricating oils were the main products, distillation was the major and often only refinery process. At that time, gasoline was a minor, but more often unwanted, product. As the demand for gasoline increased, conversion processes were developed because distillation could no longer supply the necessary quantities.
5、在早期炼油工业发展过程中，照明用油和润滑油是主要的产品，蒸馏则成了主要的甚至经常是唯一的炼油工艺。当时，汽油本身尽管不是重要产品，但也常讨人嫌。随着市场对汽油需求的增加，产品转化工艺随之发展，因为蒸馏已不能满足对汽油的数量需求。
6. Nevertheless, distillation has remained a major refinery process and a process to which just about every crude that enters the refinery is subjected. A multitude of separations are accomplished by distillation, but its most important and primary function in the refinery is its use for the separation of crude oil into component fractions.
6、但是，蒸馏仍然是重要的炼油工艺，而且所有原油进入炼厂都必须经过蒸馏。许多分离过程是通过蒸馏进行的，但蒸馏在炼油厂中的最重要和主要的功能则是它在将原油分离成不同馏分过程中的作用。
7. Thus it is possible to obtain products ranging from gaseous materials taken off the top of the distillation column to a heavy residue or “bottom”, which is usually nonvolatile, with correspondingly lighter materials taken off at intermediate points. However, the majority of crude oils, and this applies to the heavier, more viscous petroleums, which are processed by distillation, are usually separated into the lighter fractions (gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil) and the bottom or, as it is more generally called, the reduced crude.
7、由此，我们有可能获得石油产品，这些产品包括从蒸馏塔顶部得到的气态物质，包括比重较大的渣油或称“残渣”(一般而言挥发性较差)，以及从蒸馏塔中部得到的比重较小的其他相应物质。但是，经过蒸馏处理的大多数原油，包括比重较大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分离为较轻组分(气、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油)和残渣，或者更多称作常压重油。
8.The reduced crude may then be processed by vacuum or steam distillation to separate the high-boiling lubricating oil fractions without the danger of decomposition, which occurs at high (>350℃, 660℉) temperatures. Indeed, atmospheric distillation may be terminated with a lower boiling fraction (“cut”) if it is thought that vacuum or steam distillation will yield a better quality product or if the process appears to be economically more favorable.
8、然后，通过真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏，常压重油可以分离成高沸点润滑油组分而没有分解的危险。这种分离在高温状态下进行(>350℃，660℉)。如果认为真空蒸馏或蒸汽蒸馏生产的产品质量更好，或者从经济角度看更为有利，则低沸点组分分离出来后，常压蒸馏即可结束。
45.Sales Promotion .
45、产品促销
1. Sales promotion consists of those promotional activities other than advertising, personal selling, and publicity. As such, any promotional activities that do not fall under the other three activities of the promotion mix are considered sales promotion. The trade often uses the term indiscriminately. Businesspersons may use the term “promotion” when they actually mean “sales promotion.” For purpose here, promotion is a broad term that encompasses sales promotion as well as the other three promotional activities.
1、产品促销指的是不同于广告、个人销售和宣传的推销活动。因此，不属于以上三种推销活动的推销活动都被认为是促销。实际生活中经常不加区分地使用这一概念。商务人员在说“推销”时，实际上指的是“促销”。本文中，推销是一个广义的概念，它包括促销以及其他三种推销活动。
2. The techniques of sales promotion are varied and numerous. The common ones used are coupons, sweepstakes, games, contests, price-offs, demonstrations, premiums, samples, and money refund offers. A combination of these can be used and sometimes is used in the same campaign.
2、推销的手段多种多样，数不胜数。普遍运用的手段有附在商品上的赠券、各种抽奖活动、游戏、竞赛、降价销售、产品示范、各种奖励、样品试验以及钱款返还承诺等等。在同—推销活动中，多种手段可以结合使用，有时也确实结合使用。
3. Sales promotion is temporary in nature. Not being self-sustaining, its function is to supplement advertising, personal selling, and publicity. To launch Budweiser beer in Great Britain, Anheuser-Busch employed the “American” theme. Its TV commercials on the 4th of July and Thanksgiving Day were spots filmed in California with American actors. To supplement its advertising effort, the company used a variety of sales-promotion techniques. It made posters, bunting, flags, pennants, T-shirts, and sweatshirts available to pubs and discos for promotional parties. Bud ashtrays, bar towels, coasters, football pennants, and similar items were offered for sale. Moreover, American disc jockeys were brought in to program American music nights.
3、从本质上说，促销活动具有时间短暂的特点。由于其本身没有自我持续的能力，它的作用就是作为广告、个人销售和宣传等推销活动的补充。为了将百威啤酒打入英国市场，Anheuser-Busch运用了“美国”主题。7月4日和感恩节的电视广告播的都是美国演员在加利福尼亚拍摄的场景。为了加强广告力度，该公司运用了大量的促销手段，如制作海报、装饰旗和三角旗等各种旗帜以及体恤衫和汗衫等供促销团体出入酒吧和迪斯科夜总会。同时它还制作烟灰缸、酒吧餐巾、杯垫子、杯托子、足球赛用的三角旗以及诸如此类的物品用于销售。此外，该公司还专门邀请电台的音乐节目主持人开办美国音乐之夜。
4. Sales promotion is not restricted to the stimulation of demand at the consumer level. It may be used to gain middlemen's support as well. In Order to get Thai middlemen to carry Foremost's dairy products, the company used leasing and conditional sales contracts to provide small retail outlets' and restaurants with freezers for $1 if contract terms were met. Foremost also had to convince these resellers not to store other products in the freezers and not to unplug freezer units at night to save electricity.
4、促销不仅局限于拉动消费者的需求，也可以用来赢得中间商的支持。为了使泰国的中间商销售其乳制品，Foremost公司运用租赁和有条件销售合同以一美元的价格向那些零售小商店和饭店提供冰柜，条件是要满足合同条款。同时，该公司还得说服这些转卖商不要在冰柜中储存其他产品，并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰柜插座。
5. The use of sales promotion is not limited to consumer products. It can be used with industrial selling too. Misawa Homes promoted its House 55 by sending samples to U.S. Homes and Germany's Okal. Pfizer, like other drug firms, attracts drug wholesalers by sponsoring trips and other events. Gifts are given to doctors, and doctors' wives are taken on shopping tours.
5、促销手段的运用不仅仅限于消费品，它也可以用于工业销售。MisawaHomes为了推销其House55产品而向美国的Homes公司和德国的Okal公司寄送样品。与此类似，Pfizer公司同其他药品公司一样，通过组织旅游和其他活动来吸引药品批发商。他们向医生们赠送礼品，而且组织医生的夫人们进行购物旅游。
6. The popularity of sales promotion has grown steadily both in the United States and overseas. A survey of executives conducted by Stimulus, Canada's leading advertising journal, revealed a shift from media advertising to sales promotion. Compared with five years ago, three of five firms had moved to spend more of their advertising budget on such nonmedia alternatives as trade shows, point-of-purchase displays, and publicity. According to a POPAI (Point-of- Purchase Advertising Institute) -Du Pont study of shopping behavior in the United States, almost 70 percent of all non-food purchases in supermarkets are generated by in-store decisions. If the same decision-making pattern is prevalent outside the United States, sales promotion should prove to be just as indispensable.
6、无论是在美国还是在海外，促销活动越来越受人青睐，而且势头强劲。加拿大首屈一指的广告杂志Stimulus对公司经理们的一项调查表明，他们已从媒体广告转向促销活动。同五年前相比，有五分之三的公司开始在广告预算中增加对非媒体手段的投入，如交易展销、买点展示和宣传。根据买点广告机构和杜邦公司对美国人购物行为所作的一项调查。在超市里所有非食品购买行为中，几乎有70％源自顾客在超市内的临时决定。如果这种购物方式能在美国以外的其他地方盛行开来，那么，将证明促销活动同样是必不可少的。
7. Sales promotion is effective when a product is first introduced to a market. It also works well with existing products that are highly competitive and standardized, especially when they are of low unit-value and have high turnover. Under such conditions, sales promotion is needed to gain that “extra” competitive advantage. A Japanese firm created a great deal of excitement in Thailand by including game cards in its detergent boxes, and consumers could not resist buying more and more in search of the winning cards, Likewise, most gas stations in Thailand at one time gave free washcloths with a gas fill-up. Middlemen were also allowed to participate in the sales-promotion program. Stores were informed of the display, and their salespeople or sales clerks were made aware of the program and benefits.
7、当某种产品首次进入一个市场时，促销活动是相当有效的。如果产品本身极具竞争力，而且比较规范，那么，促销也适用于现有产品。尤其是如果这种产品单价较低而且流通量大。在这种条件下，就需要促销以赢得额外的竞争优势。一家日本公司通过将游戏纸牌装在其洗涤剂盒子中，结果在泰国引起轰动效应。消费者情不自禁，越买越多，希望得到胜张。与此类似，在泰国大多数加油站，顾客每加一次油，即可免费得到一块清洗布。中间商同样可以参加促销活动。经销商店及时了解产品展示信息，商店的销售人员和职员对这些活动及其利益一清二楚。
8. The effectiveness of sales promotion can be tempered by psychological barriers, and this fact is applicable to middlemen as well as consumers. Some foreign retailers are reluctant to accept manufacturers' coupons because they fear that they will not be reimbursed. Consumers, on the other hand, may view rebates, mail-in coupons, and money-back guarantees with suspicion, thinking that something must be wrong with the product.
8、无论是中间商还是消费者，只要有了心理障碍，便会使促销活动的效果打折扣。有些国外零售商不大愿意接受产品厂家附在其商品中的赠券，因为他们担心这些赠券中的款项无法返还。另一方面，消费者可能对折扣、邮寄来的赠券和返还款项的承诺持怀疑态度，他们会认为，这样的产品肯定有问题。
9. Much like many other marketing aspects, sales-promotion methods may have to be modified. The techniques employed, to be effective, should be consistent with local preference. Philips offered a set of dominoes as a premium for electricity purchase in Brazil, where the game is national pastime and electrical products are treated as commodities. A player holds the colored side up to prevent an opponent from seeing the dotted numbers side. Since the company's name was on the back of every domino, electricians were often reminded of the brand.
9、促销方法同营销的其他许多方面极为相似，应该加以改进。要使所运用的手段产生作用，就应使它同当地消费者的喜好相一致。电力在巴西是视为商品，而在该国，玩骨牌是一项全国性的娱乐活动，飞利浦公司即在那里推出一套骨牌作为购买电力的奖品。一方要将骨牌反抠，使彩色的一面朝上，这样，对方就看不见带点数的那一面。由于每张骨牌的反面印有飞利浦公司的名称，电工们便会经常想起这种品牌的产品。
46. Why To Mark a Book.
46、怎样在书上做标记
1. You know you have to read "between the lines" to get the most out of anything. I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading. I want to persuade you to "write between the lines." Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.
1、你知道读书必须要阅读，“字里行间的言外之意”，以求最充分的理解。我劝你在读书过程中做一件同等重要的事情；我劝你“在字里行间里写字”。不这样做，就达不到最有效的阅读效果。
2. I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but love.
2、坦率地说，我认为，在书上涂抹标记不是一种损毁行为，而是爱。
3. You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours. Librarians (or your friends) who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should. If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them. Most of the world's great books are available today, in reprint editions, for a modest sum.
3、当然，你不应该在不属于你的书上做标记。借给你书的图书管理员(或者你的朋友)希望你保持书的整洁，你应该这样做。如果你认为我说的在书上做标记颇有益处这番话是对的，你就得自己买书。现在，绝大部分世界上的好书都有再版，我们很容易买到，并且价格合理。
4. There are two ways in which you can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes, and furniture. But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession. Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it. An illustration may make the point clear. You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own. But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream. I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.
4、一个人拥有书的方式有两种，第一种是花钱取得财产所有权，就像你花钱买衣服和家具一样。但是，这种购买行为仅是拥有书的前提。只有你将它化为自己的一部分后，你才完全占有了它；同时，把你自己融入书中的最好方法就是在书中写字。打个比方可能使这个观点更清楚。你买了一块牛排，把它从屠夫的冰箱里移到了你自己的(冰箱里)。但是，从最重要的意义上说，你并没有拥有这块牛排，除非你吃下它并将它吸收进你的血液之中。我的观点是，书的营养也必须应该被“吸收到血液”中，才能对你有所裨益。
5. Confusion about what it means to own a book leads people to a false reverence for paper, binding, and type—a respect for the physical thing—the craft of the printer rather than the genius of the author. They forget that it is possible for a man to acquire that idea, to possess the beauty, which a great book contains, without staking his claim by pasting his bookplate inside the cover. Having a fine library doesn't prove that its owner has a mind enriched by books; it proves nothing more than that he, his father, or his wife, was rich enough to buy them.
5、对于“拥有书籍”的真正含义的误解使人们错误地崇敬纸张、装订和样式—这是对物质的崇敬—是崇敬印刷工人的技艺，而不是书籍作者的才华。他们忘记了，即使不在封面里贴上藏书票表明自己对书籍的拥有，人们也可以从一本伟大的著作中获得它的精神，领略它的美丽。一个好书房并不能证明它的主人学富五车；仅仅说明他、他的父亲或是他的妻子有钱买书而已。
6. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers—unread, untouched. (This deluded individual owns woodpulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books—a few of them read through, most Of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many every one of them dogeared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)
6、书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人拥有全部的标准成套书和畅销书，—既没读过，也没碰过。(这种人占有的只是纸浆和油墨，不是书籍。)第二种人藏书很多—其中几本被通读过，大部分则浅尝辄止，但是所有的书都跟新买时一样整洁光亮。(这种人可能想使书籍真地为其所用，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而裹足不前。)第三种人藏书或多或少—因不断使用，每本书都书角卷起，破旧不堪，装订破损，书页松散，全书从扉页至末页都画满了记号，涂满了字句。(这种人才是书的真正拥有者。)
7. Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact and unblemished a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not. I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of "Paradise Lost" than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt! I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue. Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body. And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of a painting or a statue.
7、你可能要问，将一本印刷精美、装帧雅致的书保存完好，难道也是不恰当的吗?当然不是。我绝不会在一本初版的《失乐园》上乱涂乱写，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一盒蜡笔交给我的孩子任意涂抹一样!我决不会在一幅绘画或者一座雕像上做标记。、
8. But the soul of a book can be separated from its body. A book is more like the score of a piece of music than it is like a painting. No great musician confuses a symphony with the printed sheet of music. Arturo Toscanini revered Brahms, but Toscanini's score of the C-minor Symphony was so thoroughly marked up that no one but the maestro himself could read it. The reason why a great conductor makes notations on his musical scores—marks them up again and again each time he returns to study them—is the reason why you should mark your books. If your respect for magnificent binding or typography gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.
8、但是，一本书的灵魂能够从它的躯体里分离出来。与其说它像下幅画，还不如说它更像一首乐曲的总谱。任何伟大的音乐家都不会将一首交响曲和一张印刷的乐谱相混淆。托斯卡尼尼非常崇敬博拉姆斯，但他的C小调交响曲的乐谱上画满了标记，以致只有大师本人才能看懂。为什么一个伟大的指挥家会在乐谱上做记号—甚至每次研究都会重复标记—其中的奥妙正是你应该在书上做记号的原因。如果你对华美的装帧和印刷的尊重妨碍你读书的话，就给自己买一种便宜的版本，同时对书的作者表达敬意就可以了。
9. Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake. (And I don't mean merely conscious; I mean wide awake.) In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written. That marked book is usually the thought-through book. Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had, or the thoughts the author expressed.
9、为什么在阅读过程中在书上做标记是必不可少的呢?首先，它会使你保持清醒。(我指的不是仅仅神智清醒；我的意思是它能使你全神贯注。)其次，如果阅读是一种能动的行为，那么它就是思考，而想法常常须借助口头的或书面的语言来表达出来。做过记号的书，通常是读者认真思考过的书。最后，写可以帮助你记住阅读时的思想，或作者所表达的思想。
10. If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read. Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, Gone 14h'th the Wind, doesn't require the most active kind of reading. The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost. But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable. You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey3 the way you absorb the songs of a popular singer. You have to reach for them. That you cannot do while you're asleep.
10、如果(你的)阅读的目的不仅仅是消磨时间，那就应该是一种积极的思维活动，仅仅让你的眼睛在书上扫视一遍，你不可能对所读的内容有所理解。当然，一部普通的消遣小说，比如说《飘》，并不需要那种最积极的思维式的阅读。作为消遣的书，可以轻松地读而不会有所失。但一本思想丰富、文字华美，试图提出带根本性的重大问题并加以回答的伟大著作，则要求你尽可能地进行最积极的阅读。你不可能像欣赏流行歌曲那样领略杜威的思想。你要花力气才能获得，漫不经心是做不到的。
11. If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know you read actively. The most famous active reader of great books I know was President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago. He also had the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know. He invariably read with a pencil, and sometimes, when he picked up a book and pencil in the evening, he found himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he called "caviar factories" on the margins. When that happened, he put the book down. He knew he was too tired to read, and was just wasting time.
11、如果，你读完一本书的时候，书页上写满了你的批注，你就知道自己的阅读是积极的。我知道的最有名的采用积极方式阅读伟大著作的人是，芝加哥大学的校长哈金斯。他也是我所知道的公务最繁忙的人。他读书时总是拿着铅笔。有时，当他在晚上拿起书和铅笔的时候，发觉自己并没有在做有意义的笔记，而是在页边空白处乱涂乱画一些他称之为“鱼子酱工厂”的东西。一出现这种情况，他就会放下书本。他知道自己太累了以致读不下去，(再继续看书)完全是在浪费时间。
47.The natural time sense.
47、天赋的时间感、
1. One of the most amazing of living things, the honeybee, has recently been shown to possess still another remarkable skill. It has a built-in alarm clock that goes off exactly every 24 hours.
1、生物中最令人惊奇的东西之一是蜜蜂，在最近的研究里它又显示出它持有的另一种非凡本领。蜜蜂身体里有一个天生的“闹钟”，它准确地每24小时循环一次。
2. Scientists have long known that bees carry a sort of wrist watch inside their bodies. They will return to the same spot, day after day, right to the minute, to feed on sugar-water left for them. To find out how the bees manage to tell time, an unusual experiment was carried out four years ago. Two young German biologists in Paris trained bees to come out for sugar-water every day at exactly 8:15 p.m. The scientists then set out to baffle the bees. When it is 8:15 p.m. in Paris, New York City's Eastern Day-light Saving time is only 3:15 p.m. If the hive were flown to New York between feedings, which time would the bees follow-Paris’ or New York's?
2、科学家早已知道，蜜蜂在它的身体里带着某种手表。蜜蜂能够日复一日，精确到同一分钟，返回同一地点去吃为它们准备的糖浆。为了研究蜜蜂如何辨别时间，四年前进行了一项不寻常的实验。在巴黎，两个年轻的德国生物学家训练蜜蜂每天晚上8点15分准时出来喝糖浆。之后，科学家们设法迷惑蜜蜂。当巴黎是晚上8点15分时，美国纽约市的东部夏令时间是下午3点15分。如果蜂箱在两次喂食之间被空运到纽约市，蜜蜂会遵循哪个时间？巴黎的或者纽约的？
3. So, immediately after a night feeding in Paris, the hive was sealed and rushed off on an air liner. In New York, scientists from the American Museum of National History placed the hive in a specially prepared laboratory in the museum. At exactly 3:15 p.m. New York time - a precise 24 hours after having been fed in Paris - the bees swarmed out of their hive. The experiment proved conclusively that in spite of a 3,500-mile flight and differences in local time, the bees' alarm clocks rang right on their 24-hour schedule.
3、为此，在巴黎进行了一次晚间喂食后，蜂箱立刻被密封，迅速送上飞往纽约的航班。在纽约，来自于美国国家历史博物馆的科学家们把蜂箱设置在博物馆特别准备好的实验室里。在纽约时间下午3点15分整，也就是在巴黎进食整整24小时之后，蜜蜂涌出它们的蜂箱。实验确切证明，尽管经历了3500英里的飞行，以及不同地方的时间差，蜜蜂的“闹钟”仍精确地依照它的24小时时间表运行。
4. As further proof, the experiment was repeated-only this time the same hive of bees had its alarm set in New York and was flown to Paris. There, too. They emerged from their hive exactly 24 hours later for their accustomed feeding.
4、为了进一步证明，该实验被重复进行，这次，同一只蜂箱的蜜蜂，在纽约设定了进食时间，然后飞往巴黎。这次蜜蜂同样准确地在24小时后，按它们的习惯进食时间涌出蜂箱。
5. Scientists now believe that many, if not all, living things are born with some type of hidden clock. These clocks are sometimes set by the number of hours of light or darkness in a day, by the rhythm of the tides or by the seasons.
5、科学家们现在相信，即使不是全部，但仍然有很多生物具有天生的某种类型的潜藏时钟。这些时钟有时根据一天中白昼或黑夜的小时数目设定，有时根据潮汐的规律或者季节设定。
6. One of the most remarkable of nature's living clocks belongs to the fiddler crab, that familiar beach-dweller with the overgrown claw. Biologists have long known that the crab's shell is darkest during the day, grows pale in late afternoon, then begins to darken again at daybreak. This daytime darkening is valuable for protection against enemies and sunlight, and for many years it was thought to be a simple response by the crab to the sun-just as if we were to get a tan during the day and lose it at night.
6、大自然中最非凡的“活钟”之一就属招潮蟹，是人们熟悉的沙滩居民。它有着过分增长的螯，生物学家早就知道招潮蟹的壳在白天是黑暗的，傍晚时变成灰白，然后在破晓的时候又变黑。这种白昼黑化是针对敌人和阳光的有价值的自我保护，很多年以来，它被认为是蟹对于太阳光的一种简单反应，就像我们人类白天皮肤被太阳晒黑，晚上又会白回来。
7. But when an enterprising scientist placed a fiddler crab in darkness, he was amazed to find that the color of the crab's shell kept ticking off the time with the same accuracy.
7、但是，当一个勇于探索的科学家把招潮蟹放在黑暗中，他惊讶的发现蟹壳的颜色依然准确的按时间转变。
8. Yet another startling fact was revealed: the crab's shell reached the darkest color about 50 minutes later each day. There was a second clock inside the crab, for the tides also occur 50 minutes later from day to day. Moreover, even when the crabs were taken from the beach and put back in the dark, they continued their tidal rhythm. More research disclosed that a crab from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, reached its darkest color four hours earlier than the one taken from a beach on a neighboring island. The tides on the nearby island were found to be exactly four hours later than the Cape Cod tides.
8、人们还发现了另一个令人惊愕的事实：蟹壳的颜色变得最深的时间每天推迟50分钟。显然在蟹的身体里存在着第二只钟，因为潮汐进退的时间恰恰也是一天比一天推迟50分钟。而且，即使把蟹从海滩上带回来放在黑暗中，它们仍然保持它们的潮汐节奏。更进一步的研究发现，来自马赛诸塞州CAPECOD的蟹达到它最深颜色的时间，比来自于邻岛的蟹早4个小时。同时观察出，邻岛的潮汐极其准确地比CAPECOD的潮汐晚了4个小时。
9. Ants don't carry calendars around with them any more than fiddler crabs possess real wrist watches. But ants show amazing accuracy as to the day of the year. Each year, an ant nest sends out winged, young queens on mating flights. Hundreds of them may fly out of a single nest in the soil. Last summer, at the crest of my mountain, I watched an ant city prepare to send forth its young queens. At the precise moment that they took wing, a colony of the same species that my wife was watching near the bottom of the mountain, also sent its queen on a wedding flight. There was, of course, no way could the two colonies have checked take-off time with each other.
9、蚂蚁不可能随身携带日历就像招潮蟹不可能带着真正的手表一样。但是蚂蚁对一年中的特定一天有着惊人的精确判断。每年，每一个蚁巢都会送出带翅膀的、年轻的蚁后进行交配飞行。上百个这样的蚁后有可能从土中的同一个蚁巢飞出。去年夏天，在我家的山顶，我看到一个蚁巢准备放出它们的年轻蚁后。在它们起飞的同一个精确时刻，由我的妻子负责观察的山脚附近的另一窝同种的蚁族，亦放出它们的蚁后举行飞行婚礼。显然，这两个蚁群根本没有办法校对彼此的起飞时间。
10. Entomologist Albro T.Gaul once jotted down in his notebook that a particular species of ant in northern Massachusetts began its wedding flight at a certain day and time. He later learned that another entomologist in New Jersey, 260 miles away, observed a wedding flight by the same species of ant, on the same day, and at exactly the same time! This split-second timing is not always the rule. However, most flights take place within a definite period of time.
10、有一次，昆虫学家AlbroT、Gaul先生在他的笔记本里匆匆记下，在马赛诸塞州北部某种蚂蚁开始举行飞行婚礼的准确“日”和“时”。他后来知道，在260英里以外纽泽西州另一个昆虫学家也观察到同一种类蚂蚁举行飞行婚礼的时间，竟和他记录的在同一天、同一个时刻！这种分割到秒的记时并不总是有规律的。总之，绝大多数的飞行婚礼开始时间在一个确定的时间段里。
11. Birds also have built-in timepieces which send them off on fall and spring migrations. What the birds really have is a clock-like mechanism which allows them to time hours of darkness or light in each day.
11、鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。鸟类真正具有的是一种“似钟的装置”，使它们能从时间上区分每天黑夜或白昼的小时数。
12. But what sends birds northward again in the spring? New research by Dr. Albert Wolfson of Northwestern University seems to indicate that the timing of return flight is extraordinarily complex. In the fall of the year the short days and long nights cause the "clocks" in migratory birds to undergo a kind of "winding" in preparation for their spring return and breeding. Then during the late fall and winter as the clock "ticks", certain physiological changes occur in the bird. The length of each day during the winter determines how fast the clock will run, and hence when the "alarm" will ring for the spring migration. The clock continues to run through breeding time, then stops-to be re-wound again the next fall.
12、但是，是什么让鸟在春天北飞呢？西北大学AlbertWolfson博士的最新研究似乎指出决定回飞的时间是极其复杂的问题。每年秋季，短暂的白昼和长时间的黑夜令候鸟身体里的“时钟”经历某种转变，为它们春天的返回和繁殖做准备。在之后的深秋和冬天，如同钟的转动一样，特定的生理变化在鸟类的身体上表现出来。在冬天里，每一天白昼的长短决定该时钟的运转快慢，因此“闹铃”将为春天的迁徙响起提示信号。时钟在繁殖期间持续运转，然后停止，再在下一个秋天复苏。
13. Scientists are now learning that many of the clocks of nature can be reset, speeded up or slowed down-all for our benefit. Pioneering experiments at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's research center in Beltsville, Maryland, have shown that plants can be helped to develop faster in less time. By increasing or lessening the hours of darkness in each day, the scientists have been able to turn plant growth off and on like an electric switch.
13、科学家现在知道，从人类的利益出发，很多大自然的钟都可以重置、加速、或者减慢。美国农业部在玛里兰州BELTSVILLE的研究中心进行了开拓性的实验，实验表明人们能帮助植物在较短时间内生长得更快。用增加和减少每天黑暗小时数的方法，科学家已经能够控制植物生长，如同控制一个电器开关。
14. New knowledge about nature's living clocks has practical applications. For man, too, seems to follow daily rhythms. The amount of sugar in our blood stream varies with the time of day, as does our temperature. More of the cells in our skin and muscles divide during the night hours than during the day. By tinkering with the clocks of plants and animals, scientists may learn more about the fascinating way our bodies work.
14、关于大自然的“活钟”的新知识具有实际用途。人类似乎也遵循每天的时间节奏。我们血液中的血糖水平以及体温随一天的时间不同而不同。我们的皮肤和肌肉里的细胞分裂在夜间比在白天要多。通过调整植物和动物的生物钟，科学家们可以更多了解我们身体运作的神秘方式。
48. Earth's Last Frontier: The Sea.
48、海洋，地球最后的待开发疆域、
1. "We've all gone a little crazy about the outer space2 business," says Vice Admiral C.B. Momsen. "The ocean is the place where we should be putting our efforts in order to provide for future generations.''
1、“我们都对那些外太空的事情有些狂热，”海军上将C、B、Momsen说，“为了供养子孙后代，海洋才是我们应该投入努力的地方。”
2. Seventy-one percent of the earth's surface is covered by water. An observer, looking at the earth from another planet, would be likely to call it Oceanus. If all the continents and mountains were bulldozed flat, the earth would be covered by water more than 12,000 feet deep.
2、地球表面的百分之七十一被水覆盖。一个观测者从另一个行星看地球将可能称其为海洋之神。如果所有的大陆和山脉被推平，那么地球表面将被一层超过12000英尺深的水所覆盖。
3. Sea and air are divided by a viscous curtain; beneath the curtain is an element weighing 800 times as much as air, utterly dark a few fathoms down, and with pressures that would pulp a man at 3,000 feet. Yet we know that many animals live in the deeps at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch.
3、海洋和空气被一种粘性的“帘布”分开，“帘布”之下是一种比空气重800倍的成分，向下几英嚼完全黑暗，在3000英尺深处的压力会把人压成酱。然而，我们知道很多动物生活在每英寸15000磅压力的深处。
4. As a life environment, the sea is a kind of land turned upside down. The sunlit pastures are at the top, where the water is saturated with tiny drifting vegetables, phytoplankton, and equally minute animals, zooplankton. The athletic animals come up to graze in this fertile prairie and become links in extensive food chains, formed roughly along the lines3 suggested by Shakespeare:
4、作为一个生命环境，海洋如同一块倒转过来的陆地。阳光普照的牧场在上面，这里的海水中充满着微小的漂浮植物，也就是浮游植物，以及同样微小的动物、即浮游动物。运动的动物从下层海水中游上来，到这块肥沃的“牧场”上觅食，构成了广阔的食物链中的环节。这些大致如同莎士比亚的剧本台词中所说：
5. "Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea."
5、“主人，我惊讶鱼怎么在大海里生存。”
6. "Why, as we do a-land: the great ones eat up the little ones."
6、“为什么?如同我们陆地上的所做：大的总是吃小的。”
7. The food chains extend to the abyss. The most amazing fact about this inverted life pyramid is that only 2% of the nutritive matter ends up in swimming fish. The rest falls to the invertebrates: pulsing jelly fish, darting shrimp, fixed colonies5 of coral polyps, and crawlers and diggers of the floor. There are about 30,000 known species of marine life, and marine biologists discover more than 100 new ones each year.
7、食物链一直延伸到深渊。最令人惊奇的事是这个反向倒转的生命金字塔里仅仅2％的营养物质在游动的鱼嘴里终结。其余部分落入无脊椎动物嘴中：脉动式水母、刺虾、珊瑚虫群、海底的爬行动物和潜在泥中的动物。现在已经知道的海洋生命大约有30000种，而且海洋生物学家们每年都会发现超过100种新的海洋物种。
8. One main branch of sea science, physical oceanography, holds enormous unanswered questions. The nature of the bottom, the circulation of the deep currents, and the chemistry of the water are poorly understood.
8、海洋科学的一个主要分枝，物理海洋学，有为数众多的未解之题。(我们对)海底的自然生态、深海水流的循环，以及海水化学目前都知之甚少。
9. The Atlantic hydrographic chart is being revised continuously, and nuclear submarines are now charting the Arctic basin under the ice. Yet vast areas of the Pacific are unmapped and the Indian Ocean has hardly been touched. We know that several depressions in the floor are deeper than Mt. Everest is high, but we cannot be sure that we have found the deepest one.
9、大西洋水文图在持续不断地被修订，核潜艇现在正在冰卞进行北极海盆的测绘。然而，太平洋的大片海域还没有海底地图，印度洋甚至尚未被着手(测绘)。我们已经知道有几个海床坑处的深度高于珠穆朗玛峰的高度，但是我们不能确定我们已经找到了海底最深的地方。
10. Consider the abyssal valley called the Marianas Trench, lying west of Guam. In 1951, the British Challenger expedition sounded6 33,640 feet at one place in the trench. In 1957 the Soviet ship Vitiaz sounded 300 feet deeper at another place nearby, and later the Russian vessel found a spot 225 feet deeper than that.
10、留心一下位于关岛西面的名叫马利亚纳海沟的深海谷地。1951年，英国挑战者探险队测到海沟的一个地方有33640英尺深。1957年，苏联船Vitiaz号测到在附近的另一个地方比上处更深300英尺。其后，俄国船发现另一个地点比刚才那个还深225英尺。
11. The French navy has built an abyssal bathyscaphe to take three men to the floor of the Marianas Trench. It seems certain that no human observers will ever get closer to the core of the earth than these men. The world's deepest land shaft accessible to men is the Champion Reef gold mine in India, which is only 9,811 feet deep.
11、法国海军已经建造了一个深海潜水器，用来装载三个人去到马利亚纳海沟的基底。看来很确定的是，不会再有任何其他观测者能比这三个人更接近地球的核心。世界上最深的，人可以到达的陆基深井是在印度的Champion Reef金矿，深度仅仅9811英尺。
12. The depthmen will measure cosmic ray penetration of the sea, radioactivity, and the age of the water in the abyss. They may also make still and motion pictures of the trench, take water and sedimental temperatures, and perhaps sight no one knows what living creatures in that perpetual night. Serious scientists like Sir Alister Hardy of Oxford do not rule out the possibility that there are sea monsters to be discovered. A few years ago divers, working in a wreck under the Red Sea, several times sighted a wrasse 20 feet long. This is a common vegetarian species, never before found more than three feet long.
12、深入海底的人将在深海测量宇宙射线对海水的穿透力、放射性活动，以及海水的年龄。他们还要对海沟摄像摄影，测量水和沉积物的温度，也许还能观测到那永恒黑夜下中不为人知的生物。像牛津大学的Alister Hardy先生—样严谨的科学家们没有排除在那里海洋怪物被发现的可能性。几年前，在红海底一只沉船里工作的潜水员几次看到一条20英尺长的濑鱼。这是一种常见的草食的鱼类，以前从来没有发现过有超过3英尺长的(这种鱼)。
13. The recent discovery of an eel larva many times the size of the common one may furnish a basis for stories of sea serpents. The mature eel has not been discovered, but it could possibly come in sea serpent dimensions.
13、最近“一条幼龄鳗鱼其尺寸是普通鳗鱼的很多倍”的发现，可能提供了“深海大毒蛇”故事的依据。成熟的此类鳗鱼还没有被发现过，但是估计其尺寸很可能达到“深海大毒蛇”的水平。
14. One aspect of oceanography that has fallen into neglect is that of identifying fish: taxonomy. It is considered dull work to catalogue fish. One of the great taxonomists is J.L.B. Smith of South Africa, the discoverer of the fabulous coelacanth. This brute was brought up by fishermen off East Africa and aroused the curiosity of the curator of a provincial museum, who sent a sketch of it to Smith. He instantly identified it as a coelacanth, a species believed extinct for 60 million years. Somewhere in his files, Smith recalled seeing the animal as an empty fossil split from a rock.
14、海洋学的—个已经被忽视的领域是“对鱼进行分类鉴别”：分类学。它被认为是一种将鱼进行分门别类的乏味的工作。南非的J、L、B、Smith是世界上最好的分类学家之一，他是令人难以置信的腔棘鱼的发现者。这种鱼被渔民在东部非洲捕上来，随即引起省立博物馆馆长的好奇心，他寄给了Smith先生一份腔棘鱼的素描图。Smith先生立刻鉴别出它是腔棘鱼，一种被认为6000万年前已灭绝的物种。在他的文档某处，Smith先生回忆道“这个动物看上去像一个从岩石上剥离下来的化石”。
15. Almost everything we know or think we know—about the sea is open? at both ends. The questions themselves may be wrong, and many of the answers are under challenge. Take the theory of photosynthesis, which holds that the growth of all vegetation, and consequently of animals, depends on the action of the sun on carbon dioxide and water.
15、关于海洋，几乎我们知道的一切，或者我们认为已经知道的一切问题，其实在两个方面都尚需考虑。这些问题本身可能就是错误的，同时，很多问题的答案在面对置疑。拿“光合作用”理论来说，这个理论认为所有植物成长、进而乃至动物，都依赖于太阳对二氧化碳和水的作用。
16. A French zoologist, Professor Brouardel, has preliminary evidence that some marine animals of the abyss thrive in the blackness without any discernible action of photosynthesis. It will take him years of the most painstaking instrument building, campaigns at sea, and every conceivable cross-check to establish the doubt. Only if these negative results are valid will he be able to formulate the question: how do they live, if not by photosynthesis? Then the study can begin.
16、一个法国动物学家Brouardel教授，获得了初步的证据，证明某些深海海洋动物在漆黑的、没有任何可辨识的“光合作用”行为(的环境)下茁壮成长。他将要花费多年时间，从事最艰苦的设备制造、海中活动、反复核对的工作，以确立这个(对光合作用理论的)“置疑”。只有当这些否定的结论被确认时他才能开始阐述这个问题：如果不是依赖“光合作用”，深海海洋动物怎样生存?之后，研究就会开始。
17. Unable to see the underwater world until recently, oceanographers have relied on blind groping into the 'depths. They lowered nets, dredges, bathythermographs, still cameras, water bottles, coring pipes, and current meters. Today continuous recording instruments from a ship underway are able to bring up data from a long strip of the sea.
17、直到今天仍然不能看见这个水下世界，海洋学家必须依赖盲目地暗中摸索进入深海。他们沉降下去网、挖掘机、深海温度测量器、静态照相机、水瓶、以及取心钻管和测流计。今天，在长途海上航行中，船载连续记录设备能够获取数据。
18. Water itself is vital to the future of the race. Not too far in the future, science will crack the water atom for nuclear energy, and, before then, power will be coming from harnessing tides and thermal exchanges under water.
18、水本身就是人类未来的至关重要的因素。在不太远的将来，科学将为了核能源而裂变水中的原子，在那之前，电力将来自水下潮汐绳索和水下热交换(技术)。
19. The sea is the realm of inner space. It is our last frontier.
19、海洋是(我们的)内部空间领域。它是我们最后的待开发疆域。
49. Playing the Oil Card.
49、打石油牌
1. Washington and Tehran don't agree on much these days. But in their conflict over Iran's nuclear program, both seem willing to use oil as a political weapon.
1、华盛顿与德黑兰如今在许多方面自说自话，但在它们之间有关伊朗核计划的冲突中，双方似乎都愿意把石油当政治武器使用。
2. The U.S. believes that sanctions on Iran's energy exports might force Tehran to renounce its uranium-enrichment ambitions. Iran hopes its threats to withhold some or all of those exports will persuade the international community to back off.
2、美国认为，对伊朗的能源出口进行制裁或可迫使德黑兰放弃其铀浓缩的野心；伊朗则希望以威胁停止部分或全部石油出口来迫使国际社会作出让步。
3. If the two sides can't agree on who would be punishing whom by playing the oil card, the likelihood of diplomatic resolution may be even more remote than is commonly accepted.
3、如果双方不能在打石油牌到底是谁惩罚谁方面达成一致，外交解决的可能性会比一般所认可的更加渺茫。
4. One thing is certain: a substantial reduction in Iran's energy output would have a significant impact on global oil prices. Iran is the fourth-largest oil exporter in the world, behind only Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Norway. It sells more than 2.5 Million barrels a day and is believed to have about 10 percent of the world's proven reserves. Many analysts say a supply cut could combine with other market pressures to quickly drive prices up to $80 to $100 a barrel.
4、有一件事是确定无疑的：伊朗能源输出大量减少将对全球油价产：生重大的影响。伊朗是世界上仅次于沙特阿拉伯、俄罗斯和挪威的第四大石油出口国。它每天出售250多万桶石油，据信约拥有世界已探明石油储量的10％。许多分析人士认为，石油供给的减少可能与其它市场压力因素一起迅速驱动油价升至每桶80至100美元。
5. Is either side bluffing? Iran's threat to pull oil off the market is not an empty one, Iran's leaders—who want to visibly assert their defiance of the West, need domestic support for the regime, and divide international opinion—have only the country's energy exports with which to influence the outcome of the diplomatic conflict.
5、双方都在虚张声势地吓唬人?伊朗威胁断绝石油的市场供应并非虚言恫吓，伊朗领导人—他们要鲜明地坚持他们对西方的蔑视，需要闽内对政府的支持并分化国际舆论—只有国家的能源出口可资利用，去影响外交冲突的结果。
6. Of course, were Iran to completely cut off its oil supply, it would badly damage its own economy. In addition, a total shutdown would harm many of Iran's friends, though it would also increase oil income for those who are net exporters of oil (such as Russia and other OPEC members).
6、当然，如果伊朗完全切断其石油供应，将严重地破坏其自身经济。此外，完全停止石油出口会伤害许多伊朗的朋友，尽管这样做也会增加那些石油净出口国的收入(譬如俄罗斯和其他欧佩克成员国)。
7. But there are a number of incremental steps Iran can take that would rattle those who depend on affordable energy without sinking its own economy. If Iran cut 200,000 to 300,3000 barrels a day, oil markets would react not only to the fall in supply but also to fears of what Tehran might do next.
7、但伊朗可以采取许多渐进的步骤，让那些依赖价格可承受能源的国家惶惶不安，而保持自己的经济不至直线下滑。如果伊朗每天削减20万至30万桶石油出口，石油市场不仅会对供给下降有反应，而且还会对因担心德黑兰下一步可能做什么有反应。
8. The U.S. isn't bluffing either. Although Iran is a net exporter of oil, it is a net importer of refined products. Washington calculates that if it could cut off the supply of those products, including gasoline, Iran would be unable to build new refineries quickly enough to keep pace with growth in the country's demand, estimated at more than 5 percent a year. And a boycott of Iranian exports, it figures, would hurt Iran more than it would hurt the U.S.
8．美国亦非虚声恫吓。尽管伊朗是个石油净出口国，但它也是精炼石油产品的净进口国。华盛顿推测，如果它切断包括汽油在内的那些精炼石油产品的供应，伊朗没有能力足够迅速地建造新的炼厂，以满足预计每年高于5％的国内需求增长。抵制伊朗石油出口对伊朗的伤害比对美国的伤害更大。
9. Iran is unlikely to use its oil weapon first. But if the U.S. were to impose punitive measures—either through the United Nations Security Council or with a smaller coalition of nations——Iran would probably retaliate. And if a limited supply cut failed to ease international pressure, Iran could up the ante by cutting off supplies to a U.S ally. One possible target: resource-poor Japan, which imports 16 percent of its crude from Iran.
9．伊朗不大可能率先使用其石油武器。但如果美国强行施加惩罚性措施一一无论是通过联合国安理会还是通过规模小一些的国家联盟—伊朗很可能进行报复。进而，如果有限的石油供应减少不能缓解国际压力，伊朗可能提叶赌注，切断对美国的某个盟友的石油供应。一个可能的目标是资源匮乏的日本。日本16％的原油从伊朗进口。
10. Then there is Iran's trump card. If Tehran believes that a U.S. or Israeli air strike against one of its nuclear facilities is likely, it might well stage military maneuvers in the Persian Gulf to remind the world that it can obstruct the flow of 20 percent of the planet's oil supply at the strategically vital Strait of Hormuz. Such a threat was recently made by Interior Minister Mostafa Pourmohammade and, it followed through, could interrupt the global supply chain and trigger a sharp and immediate spike in oil prices.
10．另外，伊朗手中握有王牌。如果德黑兰认为，美国或以色列可能空袭其某一核设施，伊朗很可能在波斯湾举行军事演习，让世界明白它能在极具战略意义的霍尔木兹海峡阻断全球20％的石油供应。内政部长穆斯塔法·保尔·穆罕默德最近就发出了这样的威胁。如果真这么做，可能打断全球石油供应链，并引发油价骤然剧烈地上涨。
11. Some analysts argue that it is less dangerous for Washington to simply accept a nuclear Iran than to risk the damage that sharp Iranian production cuts—or Iranian retaliation against a U.S. or Israeli military strike—might do to U.S. interests.
11．一些分析家认为，对华盛顿来说，较之冒伊朗石油急剧减产、伊朗对美国或以色列的军事打击进行报复的危险对美国利益可能造成的破坏，索性接·乏一个核伊朗危险要小一些。
12. But the Bush administration fears that Iran might use its nuclear program to assert political dominance in the region and sell nuclear material and expertise to other states, and possibly to terrorist groups.
12．但布什政府担心，伊朗可能利用其核项目在该地区确保政治上的主导地位，向其他国家出售核材料及技术，而且可能出售给恐怖主义组织。
13. The U.S. will continue over the next several months to try to push sanctions through the Security Council. But the council is increasingly unlikely to impose them.
13．在未来的几个月里，美国将继续试图使安理会通过制裁决议。但安理会越来越不大可能实施制裁。
14. If the Bush administration decides it cannot use the UN process to compel Iran to back down, it will probably look for other levers of political and economic coercion, including attempts to recruit a "coalition of the willing" that is prepared to temporarily cut energy and other commercial ties with Tehran. The success of such a coalition strategy would depend on the number of countries willing to join.
14．如果布什政府判定，它不能利用联合国程序迫使伊朗放弃铀浓缩计划它可能会寻求其他政治和经济的高压手段，包括努力招募一个“自愿联盟”，准备暂时中断与德黑兰的能源及其他商业关系。这样一种联盟战略的成功与否取决于自愿加入国家的数量。
15. Iran and the U.S. have agreed to face-to-face talks on the situation in Iraq. Although Iran says its nuclear program will not be on the agenda, the U.S. is sure to broach the subject and to search for any slack in Tehran's bargaining position.
15．伊朗和美国已经同意就伊拉克境内局势进行面对面的对话。尽管伊朗称《核计划将不列入对话议程，但美国必定要提出这个话题，并从德黑兰讨价还价立场中寻找任何有懈可击的环节。
16. It is unlikely to find any. Iran's willingness to talk has more to do with efforts to convince a domestic audience that it has become the go-to power on regional issues and to show that U.S. attempts to stabilize Iraq aren't going well.
16．美国不大可能找到任何有懈可击的环节。伊朗愿意对话，更多地是因为它想极力让国内民众相信，在地区问题上它已变成可以依靠的强国，并想让世人明白美国稳定伊拉克局势的努力进展不畅。
17. When the nuclear subject is raised, the two sides are likely to reiterate their mutually exclusive positions, raising the danger that the meeting could end up hardening mutual mistrust. Though they agree that oil makes for an effective weapon, Tehran and Washington don't see eye to eye on anything else. And that's bad news for those who hope to head off substantial upward pressure on oil prices.
17、当核话题提出后，双方很可能重申他们相互排斥的立场，从而引发这样的危险：会谈可能以加深相互猜疑而告终。尽管他们一致认为，石油可以充当有效的武器，但在其他任何议题上，德黑兰与华盛顿的看法均不一致。这对那些希望摆脱油价大幅上涨压力的国家来说，委实是坏消息。
50. The Earth's Learning Curve .
50、人类的学习曲线、
1. Imagine a chart that begins when man first appeared on the planet and tracks the economic growth of societies from then forward. It would be a long, fiat line until the late 16th or early 17th century, when it would start trending upward. Before then the fruits of productive labor were limited to a few elites—princes, merchants and priests. For most of humankind life was as the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes famously described it in 1651—"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." But as Hobbes was writing those words, the world around him was changing. Put simply, human beings were getting smarter.
1、想象一下，如果从人类首次在地球上出现开始画一条曲线，追踪在此之后人类社会的经济发展轨迹，那么会发现16世纪晚期或17世纪初期之前，是一条长长的没有多少起伏的线条，之后这条线才开始上扬。在此之前，生产劳动的成果限制在少数上层人士—王子、商人和神职人员—手中。大多数人的生活就像英国哲学家托马斯·霍布斯1651年所作的著名描述那样：“孤独、贫穷、肮脏、粗野、浅薄。”但是就在霍布斯写下这些的时候，他周围的世界正在发生改变。简而言之，人类正变得越来越聪明。
2. People have always sought knowledge, of course, but in Western Europe at that time, men like Galileo, Newton and Descartes began to search systematically for ways to understand and control their environment. The scientific revolution, followed by the Enlightenment, marked a fundamental shift. Humans were no longer searching for ways simply to fit into a natural or divine order; they were seeking to change it. Once people found ways to harness energy—using steam engines—they were able to build machines that harnessed far more power than any human or horse could ever do. And people could work without ever getting tired. The rise of these machines drove the Industrial Revolution, and created a whole new system of life. Today the search for knowledge continues to produce an ongoing revolution in the health and wealth of humankind.
2、当然，人们一直都在探索知识，但是在当时的西欧，像伽利略、牛顿和笛卡尔这样的人开始系统地寻求了解和支配周围环境的方式。科学革命以及随后出现的启蒙运动标志着一次根本性的转变。人类不再只是寻求适应自然法则或神的指示，他们正想方设法改变这一切。人类在找到驾驭能源—使用蒸气机—的方式后，他们便得以制造出机器，而这些机器产生的力量远比任何人或马所产生的力量大。这样一来，人们工作起来就不再觉得累了。这些机器的出现带动了工业革命，创造了一种全新的生活方式。如今，对知识的探寻继续在人类的健康和财富领域带来一场持续不断的革命。
3. If the rise of science marks the first great trend in this story, the second is its diffusion. What was happening in Britain during the Industrial Revolution was not an isolated phenomenon. A succession of visitors to Britain would go back to report to their countries on the technological and commercial innovations they saw there. Sometimes societies were able to learn extremely fast, as in the United States. Others, like Germany, benefited from starting late , leapfrogging the long-drawn-out process that Britain went through.
3、如果科学的兴起是这一历程中第一个伟大的动向，那么第二个伟大的动向就是科学的传播。工业革命期间英国发生的一切并不是孤立的现象。接连不断的到访英国的人回国后描述了他们在那里看到的科技和商业上的创新。有时，某些社会能够以极快的速度学习，正如美国那样。另外一些社会—比如德国—因起步晚而受益，因为它们越过了英国所经历的漫长过程。
4. This diffusion of knowledge accelerated dramatically in recent decades. Over the last 30 years we have watched countries like Japan, Singapore, South Korea and now China grow at a pace that is three times that of Britain or the United States at the peak of the Industrial Revolution. They have been able to do this because of their energies and exertions, of course, but also because they cleverly and perhaps luckily adopted certain ideas about development that had worked in the West—reasonably free markets, open trade, a focus on science and technology, among them.
4、近几十年来，知识的传播速度大大加快。在最近30年里，我们目睹了日本、新加坡、韩国以及当今中国取得的飞速发展，其发展速度是英国或美国在工业革命巅峰时发展速度的3倍。它们之所以能够做到这一点，当然是由于它们的能力与努力，不过也是由于它们明智地而且可能也是幸运地采纳了在西方行之有效的一些关于发展的理念—其中包括相当自由的市场、开放的贸易和对科技的关注。
5. The diffusion of knowledge is the dominant trend of our time and goes well beyond the purely scientific. Consider the cases of Turkey and Brazil. If you had asked an economist 20 years ago how to think about these two countries, he would have explained that they were classic basket-case, Third World economies, with triple-digit inflation, soaring debt burdens, a weak private sector and snail's-pace growth. Today they are both remarkably well managed, with inflation in single digits and growth above 5 percent. And this shift is happening around the world. From Thailand to South Africa to Slovakia to Mexico, countries are far better managed economically than they have ever been. Even in cases where political constraints make it difficult to push far-reaching reforms, as in Brazil, Mexico or India, governments still manage their affairs sensibly, observing the Hippocratic oath not to do any harm.
5、知识的传播是我们这个时代的主流，而且远远超越了单纯的科技领域。想想土耳其和巴西的情况。如果你在20年前问一名经济学家如何看待这两个国家，他会说它们是典型的濒临崩溃的国家，第三世界经济体，通货膨胀率达到3位数，债台高筑，经济中的私营部分薄弱，增长速度极为缓慢。如今，它们全都管理有方，通货膨胀率降至1位数，经济增长率则达到了5％以上。而且这种改变在世界各地都在发生。从泰国、南非、斯洛伐克到墨西哥，各国在经济方面的表现远比过去要好。就连像巴西、墨西哥及印度这样的因政治限制难以推行全面改革的国家，政府仍然能够明智地处理事务，恪守着不做任何有害之事的希波克拉底誓。
6. We are sometimes reluctant to believe in progress. But the evidence is unmistakable. The management of major economies has gotten markedly better in the last few years. Careful monetary policy has tempered the boom-and-bust economic cycles of the industrial world, producing milder recessions and fewer shocks. Every day one reads of a new study comparing nations in everything from Internet penetration to inflation. All these studies and lists are symbols of a learning process that is accelerating, reinforcing the lessons of success and failure. Call it a best-practice world.
6、我们有时不愿相信取得了进步。但是证据是确凿的。一些重要的经济体在过去几年里管理水平明显提高。谨慎的货币政策缓和了工业世界经济繁荣与萧条循环交替的局面，让经济衰退显得较为和缓，造成较少的冲击。每天，人们都会读到对比各国状况的新的研究结果，对比内容涉及方方面面，从因特网的普及程度到通货膨胀率的高低。这些研究和罗列标志着一种不断加速的学习过程，强化了成功的经验和失败的教训。这是一个崇尚最佳实践方法的世界。
7. I realize that the world I am describing is the world of the winners. There are billions of people, locked outside global markets, whose lives are still accurately described by Hobbes's cruel phrase. But even here, there is change. The recognition of global inequalities is more marked today than ever before, and this learning is forcing action. There is more money being spent on vaccines and cures for diseases in Africa and Asia today than ever before in history. Foreign-aid programs face constant scrutiny and analysis. When things don't work, we learn that, too, and it puts a focus either on the aid program or on local governments to improve.
7、我意识到我在描述的这个世界是属于胜利者的世界。还有数以十亿计的人们被挡在全球市场的大门之外，霍布斯的那些残酷用语仍然可以准确地描述他们的生活。但是就连在这样的地方也出现了变化。如今，人们比过去更加清楚地认识到全球不平等状况，而且这种认识正在促使人们采取行动。如今，用在非洲与亚洲注射疫苗和治愈一些疾病上的钱比以往任何时候都要多。外国援助计划经常受到仔细审查与分析。如果采取的措施没有发挥作用，我们会了解到这一点，这让援助计划和地方政府都成为关注的焦点，从而促使它们不断改进。
8. This may sound overly optimistic. There are losers in every race, but let not the worries over who is winning and losing the knowledge race obscure the more powerful underlying dynamic: knowledge is liberating. It creates the possibility for change and improvement everywhere. It can create amazing devices and techniques, save lives, improve living standards and spread information. Some will do well on one measure, others on another. But on the whole, a knowledge-based world will be a healthier and richer world.
8、这听起来可能过于乐观了。每场竞赛都有输家，但是不要让对于这场知识竞赛中谁输谁赢的担忧掩盖更为重要的根本态势：知识正在释放出来。它可以创造出令人惊叹的设备和技术，拯救生命，改善生活水准，传播信息。有些知识会在这个方面有效，另外一些知识在别的方面有效。不过总体说来，以知识为基础的世界会是一个更为兴旺和富足的世界。
9. The caveat I would make is not about one or another country's paucity of engineers or computers. These problems can be solved. But knowledge is not the same thing as wisdom. Knowledge can produce equally powerful ways to destroy life, intentionally and unintentionally. It can produce hate and seek destruction. Knowledge does not by itself bring any answer to the ancient Greek question "What is a Good Life?" It does not produce good sense, courage, generosity and tolerance. And most crucially, it does not produce the farsightedness that will allow us all to live together—and grow together—on this world without causing war, chaos and catastrophe. For that we need wisdom.
9、我想给出的告诫不是这个或那个国家缺少工程师或计算机。这样的问题能够解决。但是知识与智慧不是一回事。知识同样能够产生毁灭人类的强大手段，不管这种做法是蓄意的还是无意的。它能产生仇恨，让人们想方设法实施毁灭行为。知识本身并不能回答那个古老的希腊问题：“什么样的生活是好的生活?”它不能产生明智、勇气、慷慨和宽容。最重要的是，它不能产生可以让我们在这个世界上不引发战争、混乱和灾难而共同生活—共同发展—的远见。要想做到这一点，我们需要智慧。
51. Einstein's Inspiring Heir.
51、爱因斯坦的激励人心的继承人、
1. He is almost totally paralyzed, speechless and wheelchair-bound, able to move only his facial muscles and two fingers on his left hand. He cannot dress or feed himself, and he needs round-the-clock nursing care. He can communicate only through a voice synthesizer, which he operates by laboriously tapping out words on the computer attached to his motorized chair. Yet at age 50, despite these crushing adversities, Stephen Hawking has become, in the words of science writers Michael White and John Gribbin, "perhaps the greatest physicist of our time." His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time, has sold 1.7 million copies around the world.
1、他几乎完全瘫痪，不能说话，离不开轮椅，能够活动的只有他面部的肌肉和他左手的两个指头。吃饭穿衣他不能自理，白天夜晚都需要人照顾。他只能通过一个发声合成器同别人交流。这个计算机式的发声合成器固定在他那装有马达的轮椅上；他吃力地操作键盘，把要说的话一个词一个词地打出来。尽管他遭此极度厄运，斯蒂芬·霍金在他年已半百的时候还是成了“也许是当代最伟大的物理学家”。(科技作家迈克·怀特和约翰·格里宾语)他1988年出版的《时间简史》一书，在世界各地共销售了170万册。
2. Hawking's choice of career was most fortunate, for himself as well as for science. Rejecting the urging of his physician father to study medicine, Hawking chose instead to concentrate on math and theoretical physics, first at Oxford and then at Cambridge. But at age 21 he developed the first symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disorder that would inevitably render him paralyzed and incapable of performing most kinds of work. Rs the authors note, theoretical physics was "one of the very few jobs for which his mind was the only real tool he needed."
2、霍金选择了这一职业，对科学事业和他本人都是件极大的好事。他父亲是个医生，曾敦促他学医，但他没有从命，而是先后在牛津大学和剑桥大学专攻数学和理论物理。可是他在21岁的时候，出现了肌萎缩性(脊髓)侧索硬化的征兆；这一疾病不可避免地要导致瘫痪，使他很多事都不能做。用本书的两位作者的话来说，“研究理论物理是他能做的屈指可数的几件工作之一—这些工作实际需要的工具仅是他的大脑。”
3. He has used that tool with consummate skill. While still a graduate student, Hawking became fascinated by black holes, the bizarre objects created during the death throes of large stars. Working with mathematician Roger Penrose and using Einstein's relativity equations, he developed new techniques to prove mathematically that at the heart of black/holes were singularities—infinitely dense, dimensionless points with irresistible gravity. He went on to demonstrate that the entire universe could have sprung from a singularity and, in his 1966 Ph.D. thesis, wryly noted that "there is a singularity in our past."
3、他娴熟地使用了这一工具。还在当研究生的时候，他就对研究黑洞现象—巨大星体泯灭过程中产生的奇怪物体—入了迷。他同数学家罗杰·潘罗斯合作，运用爱因斯坦的相对论等式找到了新的计算方法来证明：在黑洞的中心是一堆密密麻麻的、无边无际的、具有巨大引力的奇异小点。他继而证明，整个宇宙都有可能是从某个奇点演变而来的。他在1966年写的博士学位论文中略带讽刺意味地写道：“我们过去的历史中就有一个奇点。”
4. Gathering momentum as a fellow at Cambridge, Hawking calculated that the Big Bang, which gave birth to the universe, must have created tiny black holes, each about the size of a proton but with the mass of a mountain. Then, upsetting the universal belief that nothing, not even light, can escape from a black hole, he used the quantum theory to demonstrate that these miniholes (and larger ones too) emit radiation. Other scientists eventually conceded that he was correct, and the black-hole emissions are now known as Hawking radiation.
4、在剑桥当研究员时，他再接再励，并推测出：可能是产生宇宙的大爆炸同时也产生了那些小黑洞，其大小同质子差不多，但质量却重如一座大山。后来，他用量子理论证明这些小洞(还有大一些的)能发出射线，从而推翻了认为任何东西(包括光在内)都不能逃脱黑洞的普遍看法。其他科学家最终还是承认他是正确的，而且现在人们还把黑洞射线称为霍金射线。
5. Engrossed as Hawking is with his work, the authors say, "ALS is simply not that important to him." He certainly does not dwell on his handicap. His succinct, synthesized voice comments are often laced with humor, he enjoys socializing with his students and colleagues, attends rock concerts and Sometimes takes to the dance floor at discos, wheeling his chair in circles. But he can be stubborn, abrasive and quick to anger, terminating a conversation by spinning around and rolling off, sometimes running one of his wheels over the toes of an offender.
5、由于霍金一心扑在工作上，本书的两位作者说：“瘫痪对他显得并不那么重要。”他肯定没有老是想着自己的残疾。他那通过发声合作器说出来的简单话语，时不时还带着点幽默的味道。他喜欢和学生、同事们一起参加社交活动，参加摇滚音乐会，有时还到迪斯科舞厅去，坐在轮椅上转圈子。可他有时也很执拗，对别人有些生硬粗暴，爱发脾气，有时他突然中断同别人的谈话，坐着轮椅转个圈，然后悻悻地离去。他甚至还会用轮椅的一个轮子轧冒犯者的脚趾。
6. Hawking can also be wrong. In 1985, for example, he brashly proclaimed that when and if the universe stopped expanding and began to contract, time would reverse and everything that had ever happened would be rerun in reverse. Eighteen months later, he sheepishly admitted his mistake. Earlier, after trashing another scientist's notion that the 19th century theory of thermodynamics could be applied to black-hole theory, he recanted and began applying it himself.
6、霍金也有出错的时候。例如他在1985年草率宣布，如果宇宙停止扩大并开始缩小时，时间就会逆转，凡是发生过的一切事情就会逆时间顺序重演一遍。但过了18个月之后，他难为情地承认了自己看法的错误。在这之前，他曾对另一位科学家提出的可以把19世纪的热力学理论应用于黑洞理论研究的这一观点(抱着)不屑一顾(的态度)。但他后来改变了态度，并在他的研究工作中加以应用。
7. Without his wife Jane, Hawking has always emphasized, his career might never have soared. She married him shortly after he was diagnosed with ALS, fully aware of the dreadful, progressive nature of the disease, giving him hope and the will to carry on with his studies. They had three children in the early stages of their marriage, and later, as he became increasingly incapacitated, she devoted herself to catering to his every need.
7、霍金一直强调，没有他的妻子珍妮，他的事业是不会腾飞的。珍妮是在他确诊患了肌萎缩性侧索硬化之后不久同他结婚的。她完全了解他那不断恶化的病情及其可怕的严重后果；她这时同他结婚给了他继续进行研究工作的希望和毅力。婚后早期的一段时间里，他们有了3个孩子。后来，随着他的自理能力越来越差，她就全力以赴地、无微不至地照顾他。
8. After years of apparently harmonious marriage, however, rifts began appearing. As the accolades and awards poured in for Stephen, Jane—competent and intelligent herself 'began to resent living in his shadow. Deeply religious, she was also offended by his apparent atheism. Particularly galling to her was his concept, enunciated first before the Pope at a scientific meeting at the Vatican, that the universe might be completely self-contained, having no boundary or edge, no beginning or end. If that were true, he asked provocatively, "What place, then, for a creator?" Still, friends were shocked in 1990 when Hawking abruptly ended their 25-year marriage, moving in with one of his nurses.
8、然而，在经过多年显然和谐的婚姻生活之后，他们之间开始出现裂痕。随着他获得的表彰和奖励越来越多，能干和富有才智的珍妮不甘心长期生活在他盛名的荫庇之下。另外，她是个虔诚的教徒，对丈夫不信教也深为不满。尤其令她恼火的是，他在梵蒂冈的一次科学会议上竟首次当着教皇的面宣布说，宇宙是自成一体的，无边无界无始无终。他用挑衅性的口吻问道：如果情况确实如此，那么“哪儿还有创世者的位置?”1990年他突然结束了同她25年的婚烟而投向了一名护士的怀抱。这使他的朋友们大为震惊。
9. What this book brings to the already crowded domain of Hawking lore is a rather successful merger of biography and physics. As it traces the course of Hawking's life, it pauses occasionally to prepare the reader for the mind-boggling complexities of relativity theory and the even more bizarre notions of quantum physics—twin pillars on which Hawking has constructed his theories—which he is currently attempting to unite in an all-encompassing theory. The authors characterize their early review of Newton's classical theory of gravitation, for example, as "a gentle workout in the foothills before we head for the dizzy heights."
9、这本书里充满了关于霍金的传说与故事，其特点是把传记同物理学成功地融合在一起。在叙述霍金生平的过程中，作者不时地穿插进一些物理知识(作为铺垫)，以帮助读者对那深奥莫测的复杂的相对论以及那更为稀奇古怪的量子物理学理论有所了解。这两个理论是霍金构筑他自己理论的两根支柱，目前他正试图把二者兼容为一个总括性的理论。书中一开始就介绍了牛顿的经典的万有引力理论，作者们把这比作是“攀登那令人头晕目眩的顶峰之前在山脚下进行的轻松的准备活动。”
10. The exercise works. By the time the higher elevations are reached, such strange notions as Einsteinian curved space-time and the quantum uncertainty principle, heavy meals indeed, seem not so difficult to digest.
10、这个准备锻炼很有效。当攀登到一定高度时，像爱因斯坦的时空卷曲论和量子不确定原理等概念就出现了；而这些难以咀嚼的食物也就变得不那么难于消化了。
11. Still, it is the man, more than the science, who dominates this book, with his triumph over a terrible affliction, his courage, his humor and his admirable lack of self-pity. As Hawking's computer voice declared during the final scene in a BBC TV show, "I have a beautiful family, I am successful in my work, and I have written a best seller. One really can't ask for more."
11、不过，书中叙述还是以人为主，科学内容位居其次，写出了主人公战胜残疾的极大折磨，他的勇气，还有他的诙谐幽默和他那令人敬佩的毫不自怜的精神。正如他在英国广播公司的一个电视节目的末尾通过他的发声合成器所说的话，“我有一个美满的家庭，我在研究上取得了成就，我出版了一本畅销书。一个人实在不能有更多地希求了。”
52. China's Roadmap .
52、中国绘制经济路线图、
1. China is about to adopt its 11th five-year plan, setting the stage for the continuation of probably the most remarkable economic transformation in history. while improving the well-being of almost a quarter of the world's population. Never before has the world seen such sustained growth; never before has there been so much poverty reduction.
1、中国即将实施第十一个五年规划。这是旨在造福于世界近1／4的人口，为或许是历史上最为可观的经济转型的持续发展所做的准备。在世界范围内这样可持续的发展前所未见，如此大规模的脱贫亦史无前例。
2. Part of the key to China's long-run success has been its almost unique combination of pragmatism and vision. While much of the rest of' the developing world, following the Washington Consensus, has been directed at a quixotic quest for higher GDP, China has once again made clear that it seeks sustainable and more equitable increases in real living standards.
2、中国长期的成功发展，部分原因在于其近乎无可比拟地将远见卓识与脚踏实地合而为一。华盛顿共识形成后，在其他发展中国家都不切实际地致力于提高国内生产总值时，中国再次重申，人民实际生活水平的持续、均衡提高，才是其追求的目标。
3. China realizes that it has entered a phase of economic growth that is imposing enormous—and unsustainable—demands on the environment. Unless there is a change in course, living standards will eventually be compromised. That is why the new five-year plan places great emphasis on the environment.
3、 中国意识到其经济发展已进入了给环境造成沉重负担的阶段，这个负担甚至让发展难以为继。除非改变做法，否则将最终危及人民生活水平的提高。这也是新的五年规划把环境问题当作重中之重的原因所在。
4. Even many of the more backward parts of China have been growing at a pace that would be a marvel, were it not for the fact that other parts of the country are growing even more rapidly. While this has reduced poverty, inequality has been increasing, with growing disparities between cities and rural areas, and between coastal regions and the interior.
4、即使中国许多更为落后的地区在以令人惊异的速度发展，也不能就此忽视这个国家的其他地区发展速度更为迅捷的事实。随着城市和农村、沿海和内地差距的增大，在削减贫穷的同时，不平等也在加剧。
5. This year's World Bank World Development Report explains why inequality, not just poverty, should be a concern, and China's 11th five-year plan attacks the problem head-on. The government has for several years talked about a more harmonious society, and the plan describes ambitious programs for achieving this.
5、今年《世界银行的世界发展报告》说明了人们为何更该关注不平等问题，而不光是贫穷问题。中国第十一个五年规划，也着手正面解决这个问题。近年来政府一直宣传建立更和谐社会，第十一个五年规划则描述了实现和谐社会的宏图大计。
6. China recognizes, too, that what separates less developed from more developed countries is not only a gap in resources, but also a gap in knowledge. So it has laid out bold plans not only to reduce that gap, but to create a basis for independent innovation.
6、中国也认识到，落后国家和发达国家不仅在资源上存在着差距，在知识上也同样有相当距离。因此中国制定了大胆的计划，不仅要缩小这个差距，还要为独立创新奠定基础。
7. China's role in the world and the world's economy has changed, and the plan reflects this, too. Its future growth will have to be based more on domestic demand than on exports, which will require increases in consumption. Indeed, China has a rare problem: excessive savings. People save partly because of weaknesses in government social-insurance programs; strengthening social security (pensions) and public health and education will simultaneously reduce social inequalities, increase citizens' sense of well-being, and promote current consumption.
7、中国在全球和世界经济中扮演的角色已经改变，这一点在五年规划中也有所反映。中国未来的发展将不得不更多地依靠国内需求而非出口，这就需要扩大国内消费。的确，中国面对的问题十分罕见：那就是储蓄过多。人们大量储蓄的部分原因在于政府的社会保险计划存在缺陷，强化社会保险(养老金)、公共卫生和教育之际，亦将减少社会不平等，增强人们的幸福感并促进时下消费。
8. If successful—and, so far, China has almost always surpassed even its own high expectations—these adjustments may impose enormous strains on a global economic system that is already unbalanced by the US' huge fiscal and trade deficits. If China saves less—and if, as officials have announced, it pursues a more diversified policy of investing its reserves—who will finance the US trade deficit of more than US$2 billion a day? This is a topic for another day, but that day may not be far off.
8、一直以来，中国几乎每次都能够超额完成自己设定的最高日标。眼下的目标如果实现，这些调整可能会给因美国的巨额财政和贸易赤字导致本已失衡的全球经济体系带来巨大压力。如果中国的储蓄减少，如果像其官方公布的，中国实行—种更多样的储蓄投资政策，那么谁将认购美国一天20多亿美元的贸易赤字?这个问题目前似乎并非迫在眉睫，但我们距离那天已为时不远。
9. With such a clear vision of the future, the challenge will be implementation. China is a large country, and it could not have succeeded as it has without widespread decentralization. But decentralization raises problems of its own.
9、中国对未来具有如此明确的远见卓识，挑战则在寸：如何贯彻落实。中国幅员辽阔，没有广泛的分权不会成功。但权力分散又会产生相应的问题。
10. Greenhouse gases, for example, are global problems. While the US says that it cannot afford to do anything about it, China's senior officials have acted more responsibly. Within a month of the adoption of the plan, new environmental taxes on cars, gasoline, and wood products were imposed: China was using market-based mechanisms to address its and the world's environmental problems.
10、例如，温室气体排放是个全球性的问题。在美国宣称对此无能为力之时，中国高级官员表现了更负责任的行为。在规划被采纳后的一个月内，中国政府就对汽车、汽油和木制品征收了新的环境税：中国正利用市场机制解决其自身和世界的环境问题。
11. But the pressures on local government officials to deliver economic growth and jobs will be enormous. They will be sorely tempted to argue that, "If the US cannot afford to produce in a way that preserves our planet, how can we?" To translate its vision into action, the Chinese government will need strong policies, such as the environmental taxes already imposed.
11、但这对要发展经济和创造就业机会的地方官员造成巨大的压力。他们会很自然地辩解说：“如果美国不能以环保方式生产，我们又怎么能够做到?”为了把远见变成行动，中国政府需要推行强有力的政策，已经开始征收的环境税即为一例。
12. As China has moved towards a market economy, it has developed some of the problems that have plagued the developed countries: special interests that clothe self-serving arguments behind a thin veil of market ideology.
12、随着中国向市场经济过渡，一直困扰发达国家的问题也在中国显现：在薄薄的市场意识的面纱后，隐藏着有自私自利企图的特殊利益集团。
13. Some will argue for trickle-down economics: Don't worry about the poor, eventually everybody will benefit from growth. And some will oppose competition policy and strong corporate governance laws: Let Darwinian survival work its wonders. Growth arguments will be advanced to counter strong social and environmental policies: Higher gasoline taxes, for example, will kill our nascent auto industry.
13、有些人可能主张滴入式经济学；不必为穷人担心，每个人最终都会从经济发展中获益。有些人可能会反对竞争政策，反对强有力的企业监管法律，主张让达尔文进化论的适者生存显现奇效。反对强化社会与环保政策的言论会日渐突出，比如有人会说，高额的燃油税会扼杀我们新生的汽车工业。
14. Such allegedly pro-growth policies would not only fail to deliver growth; they would threaten the entire vision of China's future. There is only one way to prevent this: open discussion of economic policies in order to expose fallacies and provide scope for creative solutions to the many challenges facing China today. US President George W. Bush has shown the dangers of excessive secrecy and confining decision-making to a narrow circle of sycophants. Most people outside China do not fully appreciate the extent to which its leaders, by contrast, have engaged in extensive deliberations and broad consultations (even with foreigners) as they strive to solve the enormous problems they face.
14、然而，这些所谓的主张发展的政策不仅不能带来发展，还会威胁到事关中国未来的完整的远景规划。阻止的办法只有一个：那就是公开探讨经济政策。只有这样才能揭穿谬论，有可能为当今中国所面临的诸多挑战制定有创意的解决方案。美国总统乔治·W·布什暗箱操作，把决策权交给一小部分拍马逢迎之徒的做法，已彰显其害。相比这下，绝大多数外国人并不完全了解中国领导人在努力解决所面对的重大问题时，如何广泛协商并多方听取意见(甚至包括外国人的意见)。
15. Market economies are not self-regulating. They cannot simply be left on autopilot, especially if one wants to ensure that their benefits are shared widely. But managing a market economy is no easy task. It is a balancing act that must constantly respond to economic changes. China's 11th five-year plan provides a roadmap for that response. The world watches in awe, and hope, as the lives of 1.3 billion people continue to be transformed.
15、市场经济并非自我调整，不可以挂上自动档就放手不管。如果想确保大部分人都能分享市场经济带来的好处，就更不能放任自流。但管理市场经济不是轻松的任务，它是一种必须按照经济变化随时进行调整的平衡之举。中国第十一个五年规划的蓝图，是对调整的适当回应。全世界以惊奇、期望的目光关注着13亿中国人的生活持续发生的变化。
53. Britain Accelerates toward Cleaner Future—with Wheat.
53、依托小麦—英国加速迈向绿色未来.
1. Wheat never used to get Charlie Goldsack excited. He's got fields of the stuff down on his farm, but as a cash crop there was one big problem: it didn't generate much cash. Rock bottom prices saw to that.
1、小麦从未让查利·戈德萨克兴奋过。虽然他的农场大片大片地种着这东西，但作为一种商品作物，它的一大缺陷就是创收有限。最低价在那儿决定着呢。
2. But now, the farmer hopes his wheat might literally become the driving force of his 1,400-acre Friar Maine farm in southern England.
2、但现在，这位农场主希望小麦能够给他在南英格兰的1400英亩的费赖尔缅因农场带来活力。
3. Instead of heading to the bakery, Goldsack's harvest will now go to a nearby plant for conversion into bioethanol—part of accelerating British efforts to introduce cleaner car fuel.
3、今后，戈德萨克所收获的小麦将不再送往面包房，而是供应给附近一家工厂生产生物酒精——这是英国加速引进清洁汽车燃料行动的一部分。
4. "For a lot of farms, it was barely economic to grow wheat any more," he says. "This is just what we need—a new market. Hopefully it can soak up all the surplus and raise prices."
4、“对许多农场来说，再种小麦几乎已经无利可图了，”他说，“这正是我们所需要的——一个新市场。但愿它能消化掉所有过剩的小麦，从而抬高小麦的价格。”
5. The simple arithmetic looks compelling. Goldsack's roughly 250 acres could yield enough wheat to produce a million miles' of car fuel.
5、这个简单的算法看上去挺有说服力：戈德萨克的大约250英亩小麦，就足以生产供一辆汽车行驶100万英里的燃油。
6. Extrapolate that across all of Britain's farmland and you get enough bioethanol to account for 5 percent of all fuel used annually by British motorists—a target the government wants hit by 2010. In a pleasing symmetry, the amount of wheat required would be around 3 million tons, roughly equal to the excess produced each year that is unwanted by the domestic market.
6、以此推算，整个英国的农场足够供应每年全国5％的机动车燃料消耗量。英国政府希望到2010年达到这一目标。随之而来的好处是，为此所需的小麦数量将在300万吨左右，大致相当于国内市场每年的剩余量。
7. "If this soaks up that surplus then it could add eight or nine pounds to the price of wheat," enthuses Goldsack, estimating that this would be worth about J 10,000 ($17,445) a year to his investment-starved farm.
7、“如果该计划能够消化掉所有剩余小麦，小麦的价格就会(每吨)上涨8、9英镑，”戈德萨克兴奋地说，并且预计这会给他急需投资的农场带来每年1万英镑(1.7440万美元)的收益。
8. While President Bush last week emphasized the need for cleaner cars for reasons of energy security, Britain's motivations are slightly different. As a signatory to the Kyoto pact on climate change, Britain must reduce carbon emissions by 20 percent by 2010. With motoring accounting for almost one-third of emissions, and greener fuels like bioethanol estimated to reduce greenhouse gas output by around two-thirds, the logic appears indisputable.
Will oil companies stand in the way?
8、布什总统上周强调推广清洁能源汽车的必要性，理由是出于能源安全上的考虑，而英国的动机则略有不同。作为有关气候变化的京都议定书的签署国，到2010年英国必须将碳排放量减少20％。由于汽车的排放量占总排放量的近1／3，而像生物酒精这样的绿色燃料预计可使温室气体的排放量减少约2／3，因而推广清洁燃料的合理性无可争议。
石油公司会出来阻挠吗?
9. But there is a snag. Experts warn that biofuels are very expensive to produce—roughly twice as costly as gasoline—and can only become viable with generous government subsidies.
9、不过存在一个障碍。专家警告说，生物燃料的生产成本非常高—大约是汽油的两倍，除非政府提供慷慨的补贴，否则缺乏可行性。
10. They also note that it will be difficult to create a network of "gas" stations selling bioethanol, since many of Britain's current gas stations are owned by petrochemical giants that have little interest in supplying a product that challenges their own hegemony. Britain's biggest energy producer, BP, says it is "looking at" introducing bioethanol, but none of its 1,300 gas stations throughout the United Kingdom sell the product yet.
10、他们还提醒说，建立销售生物酒精的加“油”站网络也非易事，因为英国现有的加油站多为石化巨头所有，供应这种燃料将会挑战它们自身的霸权，因而它们对此没有什么兴趣。英国最大的能源生产商BP表示，它们将会“考虑”引进生物酒精，但其旗下的1300个在英国境内的加油站尚无一开始出售这一产品。
11. "One man and his chip pan (deep-fat fryer used to make French fries) may be able to turn fat (from cereal grains) into petrol, but he's a long way from being able to take on BP," says Nick Matthews, principal fellow at the Warwick Manufacturing Group, a research body in central England.
11、“一个人加上一口煎锅(用宋炸薯条的深底油锅)也许能够把(谷类作物的)脂肪转化成汽油，但要撼动BP则远非易事，”英格兰中部一家研究机构华威制造工程学院的负责人尼克·马修斯表示。
12. "I can make black pop and sell it in bottles," he continues, "but can I take on Coca-Cola? They have such massive branding and distribution that no one's going to buy my stuff."
12、“我能生产黑色汽水并装瓶出售，”他接着说，“但我能撼动可口可乐吗?他们有雄厚的品牌和庞大的营销系统，没有人会买我的东西。”
13. "Oil companies want to get the benefit of vertical integration in their system; therefore, unless there is the regulatory and fiscal framework to stimulate it, it won't happen of its own accord;" Mr. Matthews adds. Still, some bioethanol is already creeping into usage here, not as a separate fuel with a pump of its own, but as a blend that is mixed with petrol in a ratio of about 1 in 20, for use in ordinary cars. Any richer mix than that and cars must undergo a relatively inexpensive adaptation to replace rubber and aluminum parts, which would be eroded by bioethanol.
13、“石油公司希望将其纳入自身的产品链以获取好处，因此，除非有法规和财政手段作为激励，否则这一切不会自然而然地发生，”马修斯先生补充道。不管怎样，已经有一些生物酒精渐渐进入消费领域。不过不是单独出售，而是以1：19的比例与汽油混合供普通汽车使用。超过这一比例，汽车必须稍事改装，换掉容易受生物酒精腐蚀的橡胶和铝制部件。
14. Ford and Saab have produced "flex fuel" cars that can run on either boiethanol or normal petrol, or any combination of the two. A pilot project in southwest England is introducing cars running on E85 (a fuel made of 85 percent bioethanol) within the local police force. Gas stations at supermarkets in the region are preparing to install E85 pumps to supply the new fleet. The US, generally acknowledged to be a step ahead of Britain on biofuel, has an estimated 600 stations that offer E85.
14、福特和萨博公司已生产出了既可使用普通汽油、又可使用生物酒精或两者混合物的“弹性燃料”汽车。在英格兰西南部的一个试验项目为当地警察配备了使用E85(含有85％生物酒精)燃料的汽车。当地超市的加油站正准备安装E85加油机以供应这批新车所需。在生物燃料方面公认为比英国领先一步的美国，已有大约600个加油站提供E85燃料。
A push from government
政府的推动
15. A recent government ruling could force oil companies to equip their gas stations similarly. Just as it did with electricity generation, the government has said it will order energy groups such as BP to ensure that a certain proportion of their products are made from renewable resources. It has yet to give an exact figure, but industry insiders predict it will be around 3 percent.
15、政府新近做出的规定将迫使石油公司的加油站具备类似的能力。与过去对待发电问题一样，政府表示将命令诸如BP这样的能源集团确保它们一定比例的产品来自可再生资源。虽然具体的数字尚未确定，但业内人士预测其将会在3％左右。
16. The Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation will come into operation in 2008. For Malcolm Shepherd, managing director of a company created last year to make bioethanol from farm produce, this could make all the difference.
16、《可再生交通燃料法》将于2008年生效。对于马尔科姆·谢泼德先生来说，一切将因此而改变。谢泼德先生是去年成立的一家利用农产品生产生物酒精的公司的总经理。
17. "If they (oil companies) fail to fulfill the quota, they will have to pay penalties," he notes. "The obligation will open up forecourts (gas stations) to the biofuel industry."
17、“如果它们(石油公司)未能达到这一限额，就得支付罚款，”他说，“这一法律将为生物燃油工业打开前场(加油站)。”
18. Mr. Shepherd's company, Green Spirit, is building one of Britain's first major bioethanol factories—where crops are turned into fuel—in southern England. It estimates that as many as 10 others will be required nationwide to satisfy British demand alone.
18、谢泼德先生的公司Green Spitit正在英格兰南部建造的工厂，是英国首批大型生物酒精工厂之一，谷物在这里被转化为燃料。预计，单是为满足英国本国的需求，就需要再建设10个类似的工厂。
Enough land to "feed the machine"?
有足够的土地“喂饱”那些机器吗?
19. Matthews notes that the US and Brazil are world leaders in biofuel usage because of the formidable acreage at their disposal. "Here it's completely uneconomic," he says. "Oil prices would have to be astronomically high to make it worthwhile."
19、马修斯指出，美国和巴西之所以在生物燃料的利用方面领先世界，主要是因为它们拥有可任其支配的辽阔耕地。“在英国，这一点毫无经济意义可言，”他说，“除非油价涨得离谱，才会使生物燃料变得有意义。”
20. Professor Stephen Glaister, a transport expert at Imperial College London, takes an even broader view. "It's all about the arithmetic," he says. "Energy comes from the sun. It's just a question of whether there's enough sunlight and enough land to capture it to produce sufficient volumes of energy."
20、伦敦帝国学院的交通问题专家斯帝芬·格莱斯特教授把眼光放得更远。他说：“归根结底，这是一个算法问题，能源来自太阳。问题只在于是否有足够的阳光，以及是否有足够的土地宋捕捉这些阳光，然后生产出足量的能源来。”
54.An Introduction to Petrochemicals .
54、 石油化工产品概述、
1. The petroleum era was ushered in by the 1859 finding at Titusville, Pennsylvania, but the flourishing of chemicals from petroleum has been only since the early twentieth century. Natural gas and petroleum are in fact our chief sources of hydrocarbons. Natural gas is quite variable in composition, but the major constituent (>60%) is methane. Other components are the homologous alkanes, ethane, propane, and higher hydrocarbons. In terms of volume, most of the natural gas produced is used for fuel, although a substantial amount is used as raw material for the synthesis of various types of chemicals.
1、1859宾西法尼亚洲Titusville地区钻出油井，开创了石油时代。但从石油中成功地提取化学产品，则直到20世纪早期才开始。实际上,天然气和石油是我们碳氢化合物的主要来源。天然气在成分上不大稳定，但主要成分(60％)是甲烷。，其他组分有同系烷、乙烷、丙烷以及高分子碳氢化合物。从数量看，尽管有相当数量的天然气用作各种合成化合物的原料，但所生产的大多数天然气用作燃料。
2. The chemical industry depends very heavily on petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as sources of raw materials. It is likely that in excess of 90% of the literally thousands of different basic organic chemicals employed today are derived from these sources.
2、化学工业的原材料来源严重依赖石油、天然气和液态天然气。当今所应用的上千种不同的基本有机化学产品中很可能有超过90％的产品来自这些资源。
3. The petrochemical industry has grown with the petroleum industry and is considered by some to be a mature industry. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing crude oil types, it must also evolve to meet changing technological needs.
3、石油化学工业是随着石油工业发展起来的，而且有人认为已是一个成熟的工业部门。然而，从原油类型变化的最新趋势来看，石油化学工业同样需要进一步发展以适应技术发展的需要。
4. The manufacture of chemicals or chemical intermediates from petroleum and natural gas constituents is an excellent example of the conversion of such materials to more valuable products. The individual chemicals made from petroleum and natural gas are numerous and include industrial chemicals, household chemicals, fertilizers, and paints, as well as intermediates for the manufacture of products, such as synthetic rubber and plastics.
4、从石油和天然气组分中生产化学产品或化学中间产品极好地证明了这些物质能够转换成更有价值的产品。从石油和天然气提取的单个化学产品数量众多；包括工业产品、家庭用品、化肥、油漆、以及用于生产其他产品的中间产品，如合成橡胶和塑料。
5. The processing of petroleum hydrocarbon to yield materials that are, essentially, the building blocks of other chemicals industries, is now very extensive.
5、石油碳氢化合物通过加工所生产的物质，基本上是其他化学工业的预制品，这种加工目前范围十分广泛。
6. Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by-products from the variety of processes that are used during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, Lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.
6、石化产品一般指直接或间接地从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是烃类的均质混合物。
7. The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.
7、象“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其他途径生产，因而这一名称只是用来识别原料。
8. The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude petroleum in one of two general ways. They may be present in the virgin petroleum and as such, are isolated by physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand, they may be present in trace amounts and are synthesized during the refining operations. In fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in virgin petroleum, are nearly always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining sequences.
8、石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物理方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制作业中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。
9. The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound types to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weight paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and dealt with. A wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now progressing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example, the various reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entities and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of products bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material.
9、从石油生产化学品的依据是各种类型的化合物对各种基本的化学作用感应迅速，如氧化作用、卤化作用、硝化作用、脱氢作用、添加作用、聚合作用和烷基化作用。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量石蜡和稀烃，以及简单芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望得到、其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如，石油重质尾部馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明这些物质可以看成化学本质，也许能够通过各种化学和物理反应转变成更有价值的产品。这些变化的总体效应是，所生产的物质，或者能够相对容易地提供高品质芳焦，或者能够形成功能族产品，用作非燃料材料。
10. For example, the sulfonated and sulfomethlated materials and their derivatives have satisfactorily undergone tests as drilling mud thinners, and the results are comparable to those obtained with commercial mud thinners. In addition, these compounds may also find use as emulsifiers for the in situ recovery of heavy oils. There are also indications that these materials and other similar derivatives of the asphaltenes, especially those containing such functions as carboxylic or hydroxyl, readily exchange cations and could well compete with synthetic zeolites. Other uses of the hydroxyl derivatives and / or the chloroasphaltenes include high-temperature packings or heat transfer media.
10、比如，将磺化物质、磺甲基化物质及其衍生物作为钻井泥浆稀料进行测试，效果令人满意，其应用效果可以同商业泥浆稀料相媲美。此外，这些化合物也可用作重油初采的乳化剂。另有迹象表明，这些物质和沥青质的其它类似衍生物，尤其是具有诸如羧基和羟基功能的物质，能够迅速地交换阳离子，并且同沸石形成有力抗衡。羟基和／或含氯沥青的衍生物的其他用途包括用作高温包装材料和热传递介质。
11. Reactions incorporating nitrogen and phosphorus into the asphaltenes are particularly significant at a time when the effects on the environment of many materials containing these elements are receiving considerable attention. Various measures have been and will be taken to release such effects.
11、将氮气和磷混合成沥青的化学反应尤为重要，因为含有这些元素的物质对环境造成的影响正受到严重关注。人们已经且还要采取各种措施来减少这些影响。
12. Nevertheless, the main objective in producing chemicals from petroleum is the formation of a variety of well-defined chemical compounds that are the basis of the petrochemical industry. It must be remembered, however, that ease of separation of a particular compound from petroleum does not guarantee its use as a petrochemical building block. Other parameters, particularly the economics of the reaction sequences, including the costs of the reactant equipment, must also be taken into consideration.
12、不过，从石油生产化学制品的主要目的在于，生产出大量具有明确界定的化合物，以奠定石化工业的基础。但是必须清楚，如果某种化合物能够容易地从石油中分离出来，并不表明它一定就是石化产品的预制品。其它因素，尤其是生产这些化合物的经济因素，包括反应设备的成本，必须考虑在内。
55. Why Antarctica Is Being Explored.
55、为什么要勘探南极洲、
1. When the United States was born, the continent of Antarctica was as remote as the moon—more so, in a way, because the moon was clearly visible and the very existence of Antarctica was uncertain. But now that remote land area is so attainable and so important that it has become the subject of an international treaty which protects it from national rivalries yet leaves it open to all for exploration and use. The pact arranging this is even being viewed as a model applicable to the moon and other celestial bodies.
1、在美国诞生之时，对人们来说南极洲就像月球一样遥远—从某种角度说，甚至更远，因为月亮清楚可见，而南极大陆是否真实存在还无法确定。但是今天，这块遥远的陆地已变得如此触之可及并且如此重要，以致它已受到一个国际公约的保护，使其免于成为国家间竞相抢夺的对象，而是对所有国家开放，供大家共同开发和利用。这个公约甚至被视为一个范本，适用于月球和其他天体的开发。
2. Yet many people, thinking of the distant continent only as a bleak, rocky, cold and inhospitable land mass, may wonder: Why all the fuss? Why protect something so unpromising?
2、至今仍有很多人认为这块遥远的大陆仅仅是一大片荒凉、寒冷、岩石林立、根本无法居住的土地。他们可能很奇怪：为什么如此小题大做?为什么要保护这样一块毫无前途的土地?
3. The answer lies in a number of factors, not the least of which is isolation itself. Antarctica is a very large area of the earth's surface, but—until recent years—was the least studied. More knowledge of it is important for all mankind.
3、这些问题的答案由许多因素所决定，并不仅仅是这块大陆本身与世隔绝这么简单。南极洲是地球表面上一块巨大的土地，但是，直到近年，人类的研究都很少涉及于此。更多地了解南极洲对全人类来说都非常重要。
4. A look at a globe is perhaps the best way to appreciate the significance of this peculiar continent. The globe shows that the entire southern hemisphere is preponderantly water—the widest parts of the Atlantic and Pacific, the unbroken sweep of Antarctic seas circling the world. Although much of South America, parts of Africa and all of Australia lie south of the equator, most of the world's land lies north of the line.
4、仔细观察地球仪也许能帮助我们了解这个神奇大陆的重要性。地球仪显示，水在整个南半球占绝对优势—包括大西洋和太平洋最广阔的部分以及环抱地球的南极海洋。尽管绝大部分南美洲、部分非洲以及整个澳洲位于赤道以南，但地球上的大部分陆地还是分布在赤道以北。
5. Antarctica stood in splendid—even awesome—isolation from the rest of the world for countless years. Its forbidding climate and wild seas prevented the migration and development of land animals such as the Arctic regions know. On the continent itself are a few insects, some lichens and mosses, but nothing else that is land supported. However, there are amphibious penguins and seals and a rich marine life, ranging from the minute organisms called plankton to the biggest creature the world has ever known, the blue whale.
5、南极洲的壮丽引人敬畏，在无数的岁月里，它就这样孤独傲立于世界。和人们已熟知的北极区域一样，它那令人难以亲近的气候和狂野的海浪使得陆地动物无法迁移至此和繁衍。依附于南极洲陆地生存的只有很少的一些昆虫、地衣和苔藓。然而，这里却有着两栖的企鹅和海豹以及丰富的海洋生命—包括从被称为浮游生物的微小生物，直到迄今所知世界上最大的动物蓝鲸。、
6. The Antarctica treaty applies to all areas (the high seas excepted) below latitude 60 degrees south. This line, running around the globe some 2,000 miles from the South Pole itself, just misses the lower tip of South America, and is well below the Cape of Good Hope and New Zealand. There are a number of small islands between this line and the Antarctic continent, but the waters here are known to mariners as "the screaming Sixties" because there is so little obstruction to the world-circling winds.
6、《南极洲公约》适用于除公海以外位于南纬60度以南的所有区域。南纬60度线距南极点大约2000英里，它环绕地球，刚好错过南美洲的最南端，远在好望角和新西兰之南。该线和南极洲之间分布着一些小岛，但是，这里的海域被水手们称为“狂啸的60度”，因为这里障碍物很少，阻挡不了“世界环风”。
7. In contrast, in the northern hemisphere, the lands lying above the sixtieth parallel of latitude include much of Scandinavia, Siberia and Alaska, all of Greenland and Iceland, with a total population of several million. Great mountains help subdue the winds; a spur of the Gulf Stream and part of the Japan Current temper the frigid airs of this polar region. This, and the presence of the Arctic Ocean in the center of the great land mass, give the area a markedly different conformation and climate from that around the opposite pole.
7、与之相对的北半球，北纬60度平行线以北区域，包括斯堪的纳维亚半岛、西伯利亚和阿拉斯加的大部分地区，以及格陵兰岛和冰岛的全部，人口总数几百万。高山阻碍了风的前进；墨西哥湾流和部分日本洋流使这里的极地寒冷空气有所缓和；再加上北冰洋又处在大块陆地的中央。这一切使得这块区域相对于地球另一端来说，在构架和气候方面存在显著的不同。
8. Antarctica seems a vast basin of rock, filled and overflowing with a load of ice. In the heart of the continent it is almost as high as the summits of the Alps, yet soundings show that in places that rock floor is below sea level.
8、南极洲看似一个巨大的石盆，被冰所覆盖。大陆的中心几乎与阿尔卑斯山等高，然而，超声探测显示，岩石底部的许多地点都低于海平面。
9. Actually, the ice accumulation is less than it was perhaps 1,000 years ago. Its seaward flow is not so voluminous as it once was, and as a result there are patches of bare rock here and there along the coast and inland. They were scoured clear of soil ages ago, but one may sometimes find moss or lichens growing, though virtually no flowering plants.
9、事实上，与1000年前相比，这些冰的堆积物减少了许多，尤其是朝向大海的一面已经不像以前那么多了，在海岸边和陆地上留下一片片裸露的岩石。很多年前这里的土壤已经被冲刷干净，实际上已找不到开花植物的踪影，但有时还能发现地衣和苔藓。
10. In all this barrenness and cold, what is there of value? First, Antarctica is bound to have mineral resources comparable to those of other great continents. Coal—much of it of poor quality—has been found at many points along the 2,000 mile mountain system known as the Great Antarctica Horst. A writer has found a small deposit of manganese ore and rock specimens flecked with uranium or stained green by copper. These finds are important only as indications that further exploration would be worthwhile, and such a systematic effort has begun under SCAR (the Special Committee on Antarctic Research). This group is an outgrowth of the International Geophysical Year (I.G.Y.); but its program has broadened from geophysics to include mapping and biology.
10、这样一个空旷寒冷的地方，到底有什么价值?首先，南极洲的地下一定有能与其它几个主要大陆相媲美的矿产资源。在被称为南极大地垒的山脉附近，沿线2000英里范围内已有多处找到了煤，尽管大多数质量很差。一名作家还发现了一个不大的锰矿堆积体和一些粘染有铀痕迹或者带着铜绿斑痕的矿石标本。这些发现的重要性在于它表明在这一地区进行深入的勘探是很有价值的，并且在“南极洲研究特别委员会(SCAR)”的指导下，系统的工作已经开始了。这个组织是国际地球物理学年会(LGY)的一个派生机构，但是它的项目已经从地球物理学拓展到地图测绘和生物学。
11. There are other possible economic values. Several intercontinental air routes lie across portions of Antarctica. Strange antibiotics have been found in the drifting plants of the Antarctic seas; the Russians are reported to be carrying in live herring to be dumped overboard in an attempt at sea "farming."
11、除此之外还有其他的经济价值。有数条洲际航线经过南极上空；在南极海洋的浮游植物里已发现了一些前所未知的抗生素；据报道，俄国人要将鲱鱼苗倒进海洋，尝试在南极“放养”。
12. But for the immediate future the great value of Antarctica may lie in other lines of research—from the common cold to problems of outer space. The former is under scrutiny at a biological laboratory at McMurdo Sound, where clues to certain viruses are being sought in the study of epidemics among the utterly isolated members of scientific parties.
12、但是，就近期看来，南极洲的重要价值却存在于其他的研究领域：从普通的感冒到外层空间的问题。对于感冒的研究已经在位于麦克默多湾(McMurdo Sound)的生物学实验室里紧锣密鼓地进行，一群完全与外界隔绝的科学组织的人员正从流行病学的角度寻找一些特殊的病毒。
13. Investigations of the weather's origins and patterns are being pressed. There is no question that Antarctica plays an important role in the weather that affects the destinies of those living south of the equator; some believe its effects are felt in the north as well.
13、对于气候的形成和模式的研究也正在加速进行。毫无疑问，在气候方面南极洲扮演着一个重要的角色，与生活在赤道以南的人们息息相关；甚至有人认为它的影响也同样波及到了北半球。
14. As to space research, there is no place on earth better suited than the South Pole for certain kinds of observation. Here is a firmly fixed point, in contrast to the drifting floes that cover the North Pole; from it all directions are north, and during the six months of darkness the stars circle around a point directly overhead. The United States established an observatory there in 1957 for the I.G.Y. and has maintained it ever since.
14、在空间研究方面，南极是地球上最适宜的进行观察的地方。与北极上；覆盖的漂流浮冰相比，这里是一个稳定的点。这里所有的方向都是北，在长达六个月的黑夜中，星星围绕的中心点就在头顶。1957年，美国为国际地球物理学年会在此处建立了一个观测站，并且一直维持至今。
15. Now it is an ideal space tracking station. Any vehicle on a mission in the southern half of the heavens remains continuously "visible" to an antenna at the pole. Such a station is also able to play a unique role in interrogating earth satellites in orbit over both poles.
15、现在，这里是最理想的空间跟踪站。在南半球的太空中执行任务的所有飞行器都可被极点上的天线持续追踪。同时，这个观测站还在监视两极轨道上的地球卫星方面发挥不可替代的作用。
16. Such satellites—maintaining their steady sweeps as the earth revolves beneath them—cover all parts of the globe and hence are ideal for weather observation, communications and other tasks. The South Pole would be the check point on each circuit, snatching the data from space, processing them in computers within seconds and relaying them to the rest of the world.
16、这些卫星处在平稳旋转的地球上空，几乎可以对全球的所有地区进行稳定的扫描，因此能很好地完成气象观察、通讯以及其它任务。南极点将成为这些卫星环球轨迹的检查站，从太空采集数据、通过电脑在几秒钟之内处理数据，并传送到世界各地。
17. On all these counts, the scientists justify their voyages to Antarctica and the vast sums needed. But essentially their argument is a simple one. The great continent to the south is still largely unknown. In the quest for fundamental knowledge, which is the heart and soul so all science, it cannot be ignored.
17、综上所述，科学家们认为应当进行南极勘探，同时需要大量的资金。但是，他们最根本的论据很简单：南方的这块大陆在很大程度上仍是个迷。为了探索基础知识—而探索基础知识也正是科学的核心和灵魂所在—这个地区不容忽视。
56. I've Thumbed My Last Ride.
56、我的最后一次蹭车、
1.I stood in the cold rain near Oklahoma City, trying to thumb a ride home for the weekend. Cars kept speeding by. Without knowing it, I was playing a dangerous game. And the car that finally stopped was just the same as a loaded gun.
1、我站在俄克拉荷马城附近的冷雨里，试着竖起大拇指蹭车回家过周末。(美国风俗，站在路边竖起大拇指，意思是搭便车。)路上的车一辆辆飞速闪过。我不知道，我正在玩一场危险的游戏。终于一辆车猛停下来，如同上了膛的枪。
2.The guy in the Buick opened the door.” Crawl in-you'll get wet out there."
2、别克车里的人打开门。“爬进来，你在那儿会湿透。”
3.He had a two or three days' growth of beard. I guess that was the first thing I saw. He was driving a nice car. I expected him to look better. He glanced at me as he pulled back on the road.
3、他大概两三天没刮胡子。我想这是我看见的第一件事。他开着一辆漂亮的车。我觉得他应该看上去更入眼些。他在重新上路前瞄了我一眼。
4."Where you headed?"
4、“你向哪儿去?”
5."Frederick."
5、“费德瑞克。”
6.He drove on without saying anything for a while, a slight frown on his face as if he were thinking.
6、他有一阵子没再说话继续开车，当他思考的时候轻微地皱着眉头。
7."How far is that from Clinton?"
7、“它离克林顿镇有多远?”
8.I didn't know, I told him. It was quite a ways, since Clinton is west of Oklahoma City and Frederick is about 150 miles southwest. He mentioned Clinton another time or two as we drove along. It didn't make too much sense to me. If he was interested in going to Clinton, he was certainly taking an odd way.But it was none of my business. As long as he was headed in the direction I wanted to go, I was willing to ride.
8、我告诉他我不知道，实际上两地相距一大段路，因为克林顿镇在俄克拉荷马城的西边，而费德瑞克在西南150英里。当我们继续前进的时候，他又一两次提到克林顿镇。这些对我来说没多大意义。如果他有意去克林顿镇，他走的是一条奇怪的路线。但是这不关我的事。只要他朝我要去的方向开，我就愿意继续蹭车。
9.When we came to the next highway, though, he turned west, onto 37. That wasn't the way I usually went. I didn't say anything. There were several routes. Then we passed through Tuttle, and still he kept heading west.
9、当我们到达下一条高速公路时，他转向西方，走上37号高速路。这不是我常走的一条路，但是我没有说任何话。这一带有好几条路。然后我们穿过陶镇，继续向西开。
10.The route was getting a little too roundabout for me. I wanted to make time on the trip home. I made plans to stop at the next town. He was going somewhere at a pretty good clip. Something about his manner made me hesitate to ask where. He hadn't said anything for a while. Suddenly he glanced my way.
10、对我来说，路有些太绕弯了。我想尽快回家。我计划在下一个小镇下车。一个非常漂亮的回型圈上他转向一个什么方向。由于他身上什么东西令我犹豫片刻，然后问他我们在哪里。有一阵子他什么也没说。突然他瞥了我一眼。
11."You know the back roads into Clinton?" my stomach felt funny. I found myself staring at that beard again. "No," I said. "I'm not going in that direction. I've got to go south, through Chickasha."
11、“你知道进克林顿镇的后路吗?”我的肚子里一下子要笑崩了。我发现自己又开始凝视他的胡子。“不，”我回答。“我不是去那个方向。我必须向南走，穿过切克沙镇。”
12.He didn't answer, and I made a note of where the door handle was. At the next town I thought I might make a hurried departure.
12、他没有回答，同时我开始注意门把手在什么地方。在下个镇，我想我应该快速离开。
13.Instead of going on to next town, though, he turned south on the first road we came to leading to Chickasha. That was the way I wanted to go. It was the way I had to go to get home. But somehow that didn't help much. His turning south toward Chickasha, right after I'd said that was the way I wanted to go, struck me as more than a little odd. I moved closer to the door on my side.
13、他没有开往下一个镇，而是在第一个路口向南转，我们的方向开始指向切克沙镇。那才是我想要去的路。这条路是我回家必须走的路。但是这一切，不知怎么地并没有给我什么帮助。我刚刚告诉他这条路是我想要走的路，他就突然南转开向切克沙镇，这狠狠噎了我一口。我移得靠紧我这边的门。
14.I guess he sensed that, because he started to talk. I was beginning to think maybe he had a screw loose, but he sounded all right now, and I began to relax. You don't have to know a guy's life history just to thumb a ride with him. We talked about one thing and another, and then he asked me what kind of work I did.
14、我认为他觉察出来，因为他开始讲话。我开始觉得也许他精神太紧张，现在听上去他挺好，于是我又放松下来。当你仅仅为打个便车，你没有必要了解开车人的生活历史。我们东拉西扯地聊起来，之后他问我做过什么样的工作。
15."I'm studying bookkeeping," I told him.
15、“我正在学习记帐员”，我告诉他。
16."That's an awfully boring life, isn't it?"
16、“那是个痛苦无聊的工作，是不是?”
17.That burned me plenty. I'd just finished a four year hitch in the Navy, and now I was studying hard. But I'd asked for the ride, and there was no point in getting hot under the collar because I didn't think the way he did. I made some answer or other and let it go, but the stopped after that.
17、这句话伤害了我。我在海军刚刚完成四年兵役，现在正努力读书。但是我仍然是个得乞求搭便车的人，不过，也不存在使我在领子下面浑身发热的理由，因为我不认可他的方式。于是我想漫不经心地回答他的话，或者干脆让话从耳边刮过。但是其后谈话停止了。
18.The next time he spoke we were going toward Chickasha. The rain was coming down good and strong now and he was trying to see over the steering wheel. "I guess you'll have to stay in Chickasha tonight."
18、他再次讲话的时候，我们正在开往切克沙镇。刚才的雨就不小，现在越来越大，他探身越过方向盘试着看得更清楚些。“我看今天晚上你必须呆在切克沙镇了。”
19.That wasn't the first thing he'd said that didn't make full sense to me. Maybe he meant he was turning in another direction now. "I'll make it on in" I told him.
19、这句话不是他说的第一句对我来说没有多大意义的话。也许他的意思是现在他要转往其它方向。我告诉他，“我有办法到达目的地的。”
20.Suddenly I heard a siren behind us. He glanced in the rear mirror and gave the Buick the gas. The traffic light at the next corner turned red, but he whipped right at the corner without slowing. I grabbed the dashboard to brace myself and I watched the speedometer climb. He hit sixty coming out of the business district with that siren coming closer behind us. With a sudden turn we left the pavement and roared up a rain-soaked gravel street. The Buick took it somehow, flying over the wet gravel like a drunken rocket.
20、突然我听到警笛在后面响起来。他扫了一眼后视镜，同时给别克猛加油。下一个路角的交通信号灯转成了红色，但是他毫不减速在路角猛力右转。我撑住仪表板去稳住自己，同时我看到速度表在窜升。从商业区冲出来的时候他的车速达到了60英里，尾后的警笛仍然步步逼近。一个急转之后，我们离开了人行道，轰叫着开上了浸透雨水的碎石路。别克在湿漉漉的碎石路上，怎么说呢，简直是在飞，像个喝醉了的火箭。
21.We hit a low stretch at top speed, and water swept over the car as he blasted through. The car skidded as he came out and I heard him cursing and saying something about the windshield wipers. They weren't working any more. It was still pouring down rain. He fought for control of the car. I hoped he would stop now. I figured the cops were after him for speeding, and I thought he was stupid to try to outrun them.
21、我们以最高速冲入一个低洼，他不要命地强行穿过，水劈头盖脸砸向汽车。他不得不探出身去看，汽车车轮在打滑，我听到他的咒骂，说着雨刷怎么了，它们停止工作了。天上下着瓢泼大雨。他奋力控制着汽车。我希望现在他能停下来。我想后面的警察是因为他超速追他。我觉得他尝试逃脱他们十分愚蠢。
22."No sense in you getting us both killed!" I yelled at him.
22、“你就是把我们两个都撞死也没有任何意思。”
23.I heard the siren again, closer. About the same time, I heard a pistol. I whirled around, and he jerked a gun from his coat, driving with one land.
23、我再次听到警笛在接近。几乎在同时，我听到一声枪响。我急转身，看到他也从他的外衣里拔出手枪，用一只手开着车。
24."Shut up and sit tight!"
24、“闭嘴，坐稳了!”
25.A cold knot came to my middle, right where that gun was pointed. I knew now he wasn't running from any speeding ticket. From the sound of that siren, the police car was right on our tail. The guns started barking again, and I heard slugs slamming into the Buick body. My throat felt like brass. I ducked down as low as I could, knowing one of those slugs could connect at any minute. The guy had his head half out of the window, trying to see where he was going. I had a white handkerchief in my pocket, and I jerked it out and started waving it out the window on my side. Then my breath choked off. I saw the sharp, hairpin turn, and I knew he was going too fast to make it.
25、一个冷硬疙瘩捅到我身体的中间，我想那儿顶着的是手枪。我现在知道他不是为一张超速罚单逃跑。从警笛的声音判断，警车已经紧跟我们后面。枪声再度响起，我听到子弹击中别克的车身。我的喉咙好像卡了块铜。我尽可能的缩低身子，知道子弹可能在任何时刻射过来。他把半个头伸出窗外，想知道他在往哪开。我的裤袋里有一块白手帕，我抽出它从我这边的窗户伸出去手开始摇晃它。突然我的呼吸憋住了。我看到前面是一个突然的急转弯，我知道他开得太快转不过去了。
26.The car went into an awful turn and then we crashed into a deep ditch with a bone-twisting smash. The Buick slammed to a stop against some railroad tracks, and this guy kicked the door open and started running.
26、汽车做了一个可怕的急转之后掉入深沟，接着就是拧骨头似的猛摔。别克砰的一声撞上铁轨停住了，这家伙踢开车门撒腿就跑。
27."Stop!" I heard somebody yell. "Drop your gun!"
27、“站住!”我听到什么人大叫。“扔掉你的枪!”
28.I sat right where I was, weak, half-sick with relief that he'd wrecked the car before we'd stopped some of those bullets. I didn't hear any more shots. I guessed he'd decided against running. I felt a hand dig into my shoulder and then I was jerked from the car. My arms were yanked forward. Handcuffs were snapped around my wrists.
28、我坐在原处没动，浑身发软，但是他在我们被子弹打坏前撞坏了车治好了我一半的不舒服。再也没有听到枪声，我猜想他已经停止逃跑了。我感觉到一只手抓进我肩膀上的肉里，之后我被从车里猛拽出来。我的胳臂被拉向前去，手铐铐住了我的手腕。
29.We were taken to the Chickasha jail, over my repeated protests that I was just a hitchhiker. About dark four detectives from Oklahoma City arrived, and they took us to the Oklahoma City jail. Finger-printing, lineups, then back to the cell. Next morning my door opened.
29、我们被带到切克沙镇监狱。我一遍遍抗议说我仅仅是个搭便车的旅行者。大约天黑时从俄克拉荷马城来了四个侦探。他们把我们带回俄克拉荷马城监狱。按手印、列队检查、之后回到牢房。直到第二天早晨门才打开。
30."We want to get you out of here, fella," one of the cops said, and I told him I was ready.
30、“我们想让你这个家伙从这儿出去，”一个警察说。我告诉他我已经准备好离开。
31.I learned that the Buick driver, one Kenneth Paul "Lucky" Aycock, a former convict, had been released from the Oklahoma county jail in Oklahoma City only a week before on $5,000 bond on a narcotics charge. In the line-up, he'd admitted robbing Dick Colbert at a used car lot in Oklahoma City. He had taken the car. That was about fifteen minutes before he picked me up. Joe Sisson, Chickasha police chief, and Officer Harold Kuku had heard the statewide alarm for the Buick and were waiting for it.
31、我知道了别克的司机是个外号叫“好运气”的前罪犯，住在卡耐思保儿镇的额寇卡。一周前他刚刚被从俄克拉荷马城监狱保释出来，原因是非法麻醉品交易罪，抵押保释金5000美元。在排队检查时，他已经承认他在俄克拉荷马城二手车市场的停车场上抢劫了迪克·考伯特先生，开走了他的车。这件事仅仅发生在他让我搭车前15分钟。切克沙镇警长乔·西森，警察哈罗德·库库，他们听到对别克车的全州警报，正等着拦截它。
32.Aycock later said that he'd never have been caught if he hadn't thought that my waving that handkerchief out the window during the shooting was funny. I've taken some kidding about that, but it's fine with me. It was the only thing I knew to do try to show the cops shooting at us that I wasn't part of the deal. And if Aycock is right, maybe it kept me or both of us from getting killed.
32、额寇卡后来说，如果他不是认为双方互相射击时我在窗外摇手帕实在可笑，他绝不会被抓住。我受了一点嘲弄，但是对我来说没关系。这是我所知道唯一在警察向我们开枪时能表明我不是你们事件中一分子的方法。同时，如果额寇卡说得对，也许它使我或者使我们都幸存下来。
33.That night I left again for home. This time I went by bus. I don't hitchhike anymore.
33、那天晚上我离开后再次回家。这次我乘公共汽车，我再也不搭便车了。
57. Listening Faults .
57、聆听的误区、
1. Have you ever thought of listening as something you could do right or wrong? Few people had, until recently. Now it is being proved that most of us aren't letting our ears do all they should to help us. And we are losing out in ways both large and small, which is too bad when we realize that good listening can be very valuable indeed. In fact it is surprising just how big a part our two listening ears play in our success in school, in our careers, in our relations with family and friends.
1、你是否想过聆听也有对错之分?至今，很少有人思考过这个问题。目前已经证明，大多数人没能让耳朵尽其所能来帮助我们。当我们意识到有效的倾听是多么重要时，我们才知道自己在很多方面都有所损失，这真是太糟糕了。事实上，两只耳朵在我们的学匀、工作和与家庭、朋友的关系里扮演的角色之重要，实在令人惊讶。
2. Therefore, how we listen is extremely important. Yet it has been proved that most of us are guilty of from one to nine bad listening habits.
2、因此，如何聆听极其重要。然而，事实证明下面提到的九个聆听坏习惯中或多或少都能在大多数人的身上找到。
3. Few of us want to be poor listeners or even realize that we are—until we meet up with situations which show us.
3、没有人愿意做一个不会听话的人，即便就是这样的人，本人也意识不到，除非事实明摆在眼前。
4. Take Janet, for instance.
4、以简尼特为例。
5. It came as a horrid shock to her to learn on the way to Sunday school one morning that she was to have read certain chapters in the Bible and be prepared with a little talk on them that day. And no wonder Janet was surprised. She thought she had been listening in class the week before. But apparently the words had bounced right off her ears. Why? How had she listened wrong?
5、一天早晨，在去教会的周日学校的路上，她突然记起他应该要读过《圣经》中的几个章节，并且还要准备好在那天就这几个章节作一个小小的发言，这让她非常震惊。也难怪简尼特有此反应。她以为一个星期前自己在课堂上认真听讲，但很显然，这些话只是从她耳边掠过。为什么?她错在哪里?
6. There are about nine ways of listening that net us nothing but trouble, according to Dr. Ralph Nichols of the University of Minnesota. If we recognize and try to conquer them, we can step up our listening ability by about twenty-five percent and thereby greatly increase our chances for success in our daily lives.
6、明尼苏达州立大学的Ralph Nichols博士认为，有9种聆听的情形给人们造成麻烦。如果认识到并且努力克服它们，我们的聆听能力就能提高25％，从而大大增加我们在日常生活中成功的机会。
7. Unless you are very unusual indeed, says Dr. Nichols, you must plead guilty to several of the following bad listening habits:
7、RalphNichols博士认为，除非你非常特殊，否则的话，你一定会承认自己有下面提到的坏习惯。
8. Daydream Listening: You can think about four times as fast as the average person speaks. So you have quite a bit of spare thinking time while waiting for the words to come in. Unconsciously, you use this time, if you are a poor listener, to let your thoughts drift elsewhere.
8、白日梦式聆听：人思考的速度比平均的说话速度快4倍。因此，在等待别人说出下一句话时，你会有一段空余的思维时间。如果你是一个差劲的聆听者，你的思绪就会不知不觉地在这段时间飘走。
9. For instance, your teacher is giving you some background material on American history. Your mind is with him at first. Then other thoughts drift into that spare thinking space. Without warning, they have taken over your mind entirely... I mustn't forget to go downtown after school for Mother. If only my bike was fixed! Maybe I can get Joe to come over Saturday and help me... Your thoughts drift on. Suddenly, with a jolt, you hear these words: "Now we'll have a little test on what I have been explaining." Ouch!
9、比如说，你的老师正在讲述美国历史的背景资料。起初你注意地听着；之后，其他的念头就会进入那段空余的思维时间；然后在没有任何预兆的情况下，完全占据你的整个大脑……“一定别忘记放学后替母亲进城办事”。“要是我的自行车修理好了该多好!，“也许能让Joe星期六过来帮我……”你的思绪就这样漫无目的地飘荡，突然间，你听到这样令人震惊的话：“现在，就我刚才讲的进行一个小测验。”真糟糕啊！
10. So what to do to keep daydreams from filtering in? One way is to put that extra thinking time to work—on the subject. Sum up what the speaker is saying; look for major points. Pretend you are going to have to repeat his ideas. Put his words into your words. It isn't easy. It takes effort and time to learn. But the results are sure to surprise and please you.
10、那么，怎样做才能控制“白日梦”钻进来呢?一个方法是把这些多出来的思维时间用来考虑一些跟主题有关的事。例如，概括一下发言人说的话；找出他的发言要点；假定你要重复他的观点，将他的话用自、己的方式重新复述一遍。要做到这些并不容易，你必须付出时间和精力去学习。但是，结果肯定是出乎意料和愉快的。
11. Shut-Ear Listening: Maybe you feel you already know what the speaker is going to say. Or his subject couldn't interest you less. You turn off your ears—and who knows what you may be missing or when a little knowledge on that subject may come in mighty handy? Anyway, why take the risk?
11、充耳不闻式聆听：可能你觉得早已经知道发言者将要说什么；或者，他讲的主题根本不能吸引你，因此你“关闭”了耳朵—那么，谁知道你可能错过了什么?谁又知道什么时候他讲的可能会派上用场?不管怎样，为什么要冒这样的风险呢?
12. "That's-What-You-Think" Listening: You have your own pet ideas on certain subjects. You don't like to hear anything which might make you question them. So when anyone begins arguing on the other side, you simply stop listening. Instead you plan what you are going to answer. Anyone who refuses too often to listen to the other side of a question risks becoming narrow-minded—an exasperating and unattractive trait in the other fellow. Is it any more becoming to you? No thanks, you say, and decide to hear the other fellow out. Maybe he is right. Maybe you are. But you can give him a better argument on your viewpoint if you hear what he says.
12、内心排斥式聆听：对于某些主题你会有自己的观点，就不愿意听到与之相左的见解。因此，当别人开始陈述与你相反看法时，你干脆不再听。只是思考着自己该怎样回应。那些经常拒绝倾听对立意见的人往往会变得思维狭窄—这在别人眼中是一种令人恼怒和厌烦的表现。你现在还想成为这样的人吗?你会说，当然不。然后决定去认真地听完别人的阐述。可能他是正确的，也可能你是正确的。但是，如果你听了他的观点，你就可以用自己的观点更好地去反驳他
13. Fake Listening: You pretend to be giving close attention. You toss in a few nods and yeses at the right moments, you hope. This is a common faulty listening habit that fools no one. Your eyes give you away, if your absent-minded answers don't. And can you think of anything more infuriating than to be given the same treatment? Also, it is extremely difficult to respond satisfactorily to words you didn't hear. Good conversations, if not friendships, have been sacrificed to this habit.
13、佯装式聆听：你假装在注意听；还期望自己在恰当的时刻能够点头附和。这种常见的坏的聆听习惯欺骗不了任何人。即使那些不着边际的回答没露馅，你的眼睛也会出卖你。有什么能比受到(听众)这样的对待更让人生气呢?而且，对自己没有认真聆听的问题做出满意的回答是极其困难的。这样一个坏习惯让你失去的可能不仅仅是交流，甚至可能是与别人的友谊。
14. Over-My-Head2 Listening: You are convinced that the subject is beyond you, so you depart, at least in spirit. You may be right. And then again you may be wrong. If you let the words enter your mind, you may be surprised to discover that they make sense. But even if they are as strange as Greek to you, you should try to listen and understand. Otherwise you may find some day that you must attempt to grasp an over-your-head idea and be totally unable even to try.
14、不知所云式聆听：你确信正在谈论的主题超过了你的理解范围，于是你起身离开，至少也是心猿意马。你可能做的对；但你也可能是错的。如果你用心去听，就可能会惊讶地发现这些话很有道理。即使这些词句像希腊语般晦涩难懂，你还是应该尽力去聆听和理解。否则有一天你会发现自己处在这样一种境地：必须要听懂某些艰深的内容，但自己却连基本的能力都没有。
15. Memory Test Listening: Some people think that trying to memorize a series of facts is good listening. They are wrong. For instance, you are getting a story for your school paper on an assembly speaker. He makes a series of points. You try to memorize them. But while you are busy planting facts A, B, and C in your mind, repeating them over and over, you are losing out on facts D and E. Better to look for main ideas. You will find them more useful and easier to recall later.
15、记忆测试式聆听：有人认为有效的聆听就是将所有的细节都记住。他们错了。比如，你想从某人的大会发言中为自己的论文汲取素材。他罗列了很多点，你努力去记住它们。当你忙着重复一条条观点，想把它们牢牢地记在脑子里时，却恰恰忽略了其余内容。最好的方式是抓住要点，你会发现它们更有用，而且更容易帮助你回忆。
16. Take-It-All-Down Listening: When you try to get too many of the speaker's words on paper, part of your mind must be concerned with your note-taking. You are unable to concentrate fully on what he is saying. You risk losing valuable points. Where note-taking is necessary—and you may be surprised to find out how often it isn't if you concentrate fully on listening—try to jot down only a memory-jogging word or two. Or put the main ideas on paper after the speaker has finished. The more complete attention you give the speaker, the easier it will be to recall his ideas later.
16、全部记录式聆听：当你奋力记录说话人的尽可能多的词句时，一部分注意力必然会集中在“笔记”之上。因此，你不会全力倾听，就可能错过有价值的信息。如果你全神贯注地听，并不时记下一两点内容以帮助记忆，你会惊讶地发现，并不是所有的东西都需要记录，甚至可以在演讲结束后再记下要点。对发言者的关注越多，事后就越容易回忆起他的主要观点。
17. Personality Listening: You become so concerned with the way the speaker looks or how he talks that what he says fails to penetrate. Perhaps unconsciously you decide that a person who dresses or speaks like that can't have much to say. That could be a very false conclusion. Who knows what you may be missing? It's the old story: you can't judge a gift by the package. Better to judge him after you have heard him out.
17、关注个人式聆听：过分关注讲话者的长相或是他说话的方式，那么他所说的内容就很难入心。也许你会下意识地认为这样穿着或这样讲话的人不会说出什么有见地的话来。这样的结论实属错误。谁能知道你会错过什么?俗话说，不要从包装来判断礼物的价值(人不可貌相)。最好在倾听完之后再作评价。
18. Half-An-Ear Listening: Often other sounds compete for your attention—and win. Your father gives you a list of errands. But his voice must compete with, say, your favorite song on the radio. Later, you find that half an ear wasn't enough. You didn't listen to your father's words closely enough to hear and remember them. You have to telephone home for a repeat performance. And you can't really blame your father for being irritated. Better to turn off the radio, shut the door on competing noises, if possible. If not, guard against your tendency to listen to distracting sounds.
18、半个耳朵式聆听：常常会有其他的声音来吸引你的注意力——还占了上风。比如，父亲正在给你交待要办的事情，他的声音不得不与收音机里传来的你最喜欢的歌声相抗衡。后来你发现这样“半个耳朵听”根本不行，因为你没有听到并记住父亲的话，于是只能打电话回家再次询问。你实在不能责怪父亲为此发火。如果可能，最好关掉收音机、关上门挡住繁杂的噪音。如果不可能，管住你自己不要被这些声音所吸引。
19. So there are the forces—some within ourselves, some outside—that work against us in our efforts to listen. But once we learn what they are and how to fight them, we are well on our way to getting rid of wasteful listening habits.
19、所以，某些因素—既有内在的，也有外在的——总是阻碍我们去全力倾听。然而，一旦认识了它们并了解如何去克服，我们就一定能够改掉这些耗时低效的坏习惯。
58. Three Days to See .
58、假如给我三天光明、
1. All of us have read thrilling stories in which the hero had only a limited and specified time to live. Sometimes it was as long as a year; sometimes as short as twenty-four hours, but always we were interested in discovering just how the doomed man chose to spend his last days or his last hours. I speak, of course, of free men who have a choice, not condemned criminals whose sphere of activities is strictly delimited.
1、我们大家都读过一些惊心动魄的故事，其主人公死期已定，生日无多。有的长达一年，有的短至24小时。但是我们总是有兴趣搞清楚：这个寿数将尽的人究竟愿意怎样度过他的最后的时日。当然，我所指的是能进行选择的自由的人，而不是活动范围受到严格限制的囚犯。
2. Such stories set us thinking, wondering what we should do under similar circumstances. What events, what experiences, what associations should we crowd into those last hours as mortal beings? What happiness should we find in reviewing the past, what regrets?
2、这些故事启迪我们思考，诱发我们想象：我们处于这类情况，该做什么呢?作为注定要死的人，我们在最后的时刻会忙不迭地干些什么，体验些什么，联想些什么?在回首往事时，我们又能领略到何种快慰，何种悔恨呢?
3. Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto of "Eat, drink, and be merry," but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.
3、有时我想，如果我们度过每一天时都假定明天即将去世，这将是个极好的准则。这样的处世态度会明显突出生命的价值。我们就会高雅地、朝气蓬勃地、感受强烈地来度过每一天，而当我们眼前时光悠悠，不绝流逝，岁月昼夜，绵绵无期，我们反而因此做不到上述种种。当然，在前面提到的假定情况下，有些人会奉行享乐主义的“吃喝玩乐”的信条。然而大多数人则会因迫在眉睫的死亡必定来临而感受到鞭策。
4. In stories the doomed hero is usually saved at the last minute by some stroke of fortune, but almost always his sense of values is changed. He becomes more appreciative of the meaning of life and its permanent spiritual values. It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.
4、在故事中，那个命定要死的主人公通常是在最后时刻交上好运气被搭救了。但他的价值观几乎总是发生了变化。他变得更加欣赏生命的意义以及其永恒的神圣价值。人们已常常注意到，那些在死亡的阴影下生活着的人给他所做的每一件事都添上甜美的色彩。
5. Most of us, however, take life for granted. We know that one day we must die, but usually we picture that day as far in the future, when we are in buoyant health, death is all but unimaginable. We seldom think of it. The days stretch out in an endless vista. So we go about our petty task, hardly aware of our listless attitude towards life.
5、然而，我们中间大多数，则把生命视作为理所当然的。我们知道，总有一天我们会死去，但通常我们又把那一天想象为遥远的未来。当我们身强力壮欢快活泼时，死亡是件难以想象的事。我们几乎想不到它。来日方长，无边无涯。因此我们忙于种种琐事，几乎意识不到我们对待生活的漠然的态度。
6. The same lethargy, I am afraid, characterizes the use of our faculties and senses. Only the deaf appreciate hearing, only the blind realize the manifold blessings that lie in sight. Particularly does this observation apply to those who have lost sight and hearing in adult life. But those who have never suffered impairment of sight or hearing seldom make the fullest use of these blessed faculties. Their eyes and ears take in all sights and sound hazily, without concentration, and with little appreciation. It is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it, of not being conscious of health until we are ill.
6、我们在应用我们的感觉功能时，恐怕也同样持有这种冷漠态度。只有聋者才知道听觉的重要，只有盲人才理解到视觉所包涵的千姿百态的赏心乐事。这一观点特别适用于那些在成年后才丧失视觉和听觉的人。而那些视觉和听觉从未受到损害的人则很少充分利用这些有幸获得的官能。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地、漫不经心地、不加欣赏地容纳入所有的景象和声音。还是那句老话：失后方知难得，病时倍思健康。
7. I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
7、我常常想，如果每个人在刚成年时的某个时候能失明或失聪几天，这或许是件大好事。黑暗将使他更深刻地感受景象，而寂静将教会他领略声音的欢乐。
8. Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see. Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed. "Nothing in particular," she replied. I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.
8、我不时考问我的有视力的朋友，以了解他们所见的情况。最近有一个极好的朋友来看我，她是在林中溜达了好一会才回来的，我问她观察到了些什么。“没有什么特别的东西。”她回答说。要不是我对类似的反应已习以为常的话，我是会感到难以置信的。我之所以不觉为奇，是因为我早已得出结论：有视力者所见甚少。
9. How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch. I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf. I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, or the rough shaggy bark of a pine. In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening Nature after her winter's sleep. I feel the delightful, velvety texture of a flower, and discover its remarkable convolutions; and something of the miracle of Nature is revealed to me. Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently in a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song. ! am delighted to have cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers. To me a lush carpet of pine needles or spongy grass is more welcome than the most luxurious Persian rug. To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.
9、我问自己，在林中溜达了一个小时而竟没有看到什么值得注意的东西，这怎么可能呢?我这个看不见东西的人，仅凭触摸就发现千百种使我感兴趣的东西。我感觉到叶片的精致的对称。我用手爱抚着光滑的白桦树皮，或是粗糙的松树皮。春天里，我满怀希望地触摸树枝，冀求找着一颗幼芽—大自然经过冬日沉睡重又苏醒的最早的征兆。我摸着花朵的可爱的天鹅绒般的质地，并发现它的花瓣一圈圈叠合得那么巧妙，于是我领略到了某种大自然的神奇。偶尔，如果我十分幸运的话，我把手轻轻搭在一棵小树上，能感到一只小鸟儿尽情歌唱的欢愉的颤动。我非常高兴让清凉的溪水流过我的张开的手指。对我来说，那厚密的松针层或茂盛松软的绿茵地比豪华的波斯地毯更惬意。对我来说，四季的奇瑰变幻犹如一出动人心弦的永不落幕的话剧，它的情节似水般徐徐从我指尖流过。
10. At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things. If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight. Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. The panorama of color and action fill the world is taken for granted. It is human, perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light and the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather that as a means of adding fullness to life.
10、我的心时时在呼号，渴望见到所有这一切。如果我单靠触摸就能获得如许乐趣，那么通过视觉又将能领略到多少美景呀。可是，那些双目完好的人显然所见甚少。大干世界中的五光十色的千姿百态被认为是理所当然的。对已获得的不以为意，而对未获得的却引颈企盼，这一点或许是人类的特性，可是，非常遗憾，在光明的世界里，天赋的视力只被当成一种单纯的方便，而不是一种使生活臻于完美的手段。
11. If I were the president of a university I should establish a compulsory course in "How to Use Your Eyes". The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them. He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.
11、如果我是大学校长，我就要开设一门必修课：“如何使用你们的眼睛”。教授应尽力向学生说明，如何做到真正看见那些从他们面前不知不觉溜掉的东西，从而为自己的生活增添快乐。他将尽力唤醒他们那些昏睡懒散的感官。
12. Suppose you set your mind to work on the problem of how you would use your own eyes if you had only three more days to see. If with the oncoming darkness of the third night you knew that the sun would never rise for you again, how would you spend those three precious intervening days? What would you most want to let your gaze rest upon?
12、假定你在开动脑筋研究这一问题：如果你只有三天的视力了，你将如何使用你的眼睛呢?如果你知道当第三个夜晚的黑暗降临，太阳就永远不再为你升起，你将如何度过其间宝贵的三天呢?你最愿意让你的目光落在何处?
13. I, naturally, should want most to see the things which have become dear to me through my years of darkness. You, to, would want to let your eyes rest long on the things that have become dear to you so that you could take the memory of them with you into the night that loomed before you.
13、我当然最愿意看看那些在我整个失明的岁月里对我已变得亲切的东西。你也会想让你的目光长久地落在那些对你已变得亲切的东西上，这样你就可以把对它们的记忆带进已隐约逼近你的漫漫长夜中去。
14. I should want to see the people whose kindness and gentleness and companionship have made my life worth living. First I should like to gaze long upon the face of my dear teacher, Mrs. Anne Sullivan Macy, who came to me when I was a child and opened the outer world to me. I should want not merely to see the outline of her face, so that I could cherish it in my memory, but to study that face and find in it the living evidence of the sympathetic tenderness and patience with which she accomplished the difficult task of my education. I should like to see in her eyes that strength of character which has enabled her to stand firm in the face of difficulties, and that compassion for all humanity which she has revealed to me so often.
14、我要看看那些待我仁慈、温和、友好，从而使我的生活变得有价值的人们。首先，我要好好地端详我的老师安·沙利文·梅丝夫人的脸，她在我年幼的时候就来替我打开了外部世界。我不仅想看她的脸形，以便能把它珍藏在我的记忆中，而且还想细细揣摩这面容，并从中找出她的柔肠与耐心的活生生的证据—她正是用这种柔肠和耐心完成了教育我的艰巨任务。我想在她的眼中看到那种使她坚定地面对各种困难的人格力量，以及那种她经常在我面前流露出来的对全人类的同情心。
15. I do not know what it is to see into the heart of a friend through that "window of the soul", the eye. I can only "see" through my finger tips the outline of a face. I can detect laughter, sorrow, and many other obvious emotions. I know my friends from the feel of their faces. But I cannot really picture their personalities by touch. I know their personalities, of course, through other means, through the thoughts they express to me, through whatever of their actions are revealed to me. But I am denied that deeper understanding of them which I am sure would come through sight of them through watching their reactions to various expressed thoughts and circumstances, through noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and countenance.
15、我不知道，透过“心灵之窗”，即眼睛，来探视一个朋友的心是怎么回事。我只能通过我的指尖来“看”一张脸的轮廓。我能探察到欢笑、忧伤和许多其他明显的感情。我根据触摸脸庞的感觉来辨认朋友，但是我不能靠触摸来真正描绘出他们的全貌。当然，我通过其他手段，通过他们向我表达的思想，通过他们向我表现出的任何行动来了解他们的个性。但是，我无法对他们有更深的理解，因为我确信，要达到这种更深的理解，必须要目视他们，观察他们对各种所表达的思想及情况所作的反应，留意他们眼睛里和脸上那种瞬间和稍纵即逝的反应。
16. Friends who are near to me I know well, because through the months and years they reveal themselves to me in all their phases; but of casual friends I have only an incomplete impression, an impression gained from a handclasp, from spoken words which I take from their lips with my finger tips, or which they tap into the palm of my hand.
16、我熟悉那些和我亲近的朋友，因为长年累月以来他们向我显露了自己的各个方面，然而对于偶而结识的朋友我只有一种不完全的印象，这是仅凭握手以及言语所获得的印象。那些言语我又是靠用指尖触摸他们的嘴唇，或是靠他们叩击我的手掌而获悉的。
17. How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand. But does it ever occur to you to use your sight to see into the inner nature of a friend or acquaintance? Do not most of you seeing people grasp casually the outward features of a face and let it go at that?
17、比较起来，你们这些能看见的人，通过观察表情的微妙变化、肌肉的颤动和手的措置来迅速地把握别人的本质特点，就容易得多了，满意得多了。但是，你们可曾想到要用自己的视力去看穿一个朋友或熟人的内在性格?你们这些有视力的人中的大多数不就是随便抓住一张脸的外部特征而就此为止了吗?
18. For instance, can you describe accurately the faces of five good friends? Some of you can, but many cannot. As an experiment, I have questioned husbands of long standing about the color of their wives' eyes, and often they express embarrassed confusion and admit that they do not know. And, incidentally, it is a chronic complaint of wives that their husbands do not notice new dresses, new hats, and changes in household arrangements.
18、举例来说，你能准确地描绘出五个好朋友的脸形吗?你们中有些人可以，但许多人不行。作为试验，我曾向一些结婚多年的丈夫询问过他们妻子眼睛的颜色，但他们常常表现出尴尬困惑的神色，承认不知道。这里顺便提及，做妻子的老是埋怨她们的丈夫不注意她们的新服装，新帽子以及房间布置中的变化。
19. The eyes of seeing persons soon become accustomed to the routine of their surrounding, and they actually see only the startling and spectacular. But even in viewing the most spectacular sights the eyes are lazy. Court records reveal every day how inaccurately "eyewitnesses" see. A given event will be "seen" in several different ways by as many witnesses. Some see more than others, but few see everything that is within the range of their vision.
19、有视力者的眼睛很快就对他们周围日常事物感到习惯，因此他实际上只见到一些惊人的、壮观的景象。但是，哪怕是在看最壮观的场面时，他们的眼睛也是懒洋洋的。法院的记录每天都表明“目击者”所见是多么的不准确。一个特定事件可能被几个目击者从几个不同方面“看到”。有一些人比别人看得多些，但几乎没有人看到他们视野之内的一切。
20. Oh, the things that I should see if I had the power of sight for just three days!
20、哦，如果我能有即使仅是三天的视力，我该见到多少东西啊!
59. Inventions and Inventors.
59、发明和发明者、
1. If we wrote down the names of all the things people have invented since the beginning of the world, we would have a very long list. We would find that most of these items are improvements on previous inventions. We would also see that many of them have limited use for a particular field purpose.
1、如果我们写下有史以来人们发明的所有事物的名字，我们会有一个很长的名单。我们会发现其中很多东西都是对以往发明的改进。我们也会看到它们其中很多发明都只是在特定领域或对特定目的的有限用途。
2. Occasionally, however, there are inventions which change the way we live. Controlled fire and the wheel are two such inventions which allowed our ancestors to live a better life in safety. Agricultural tools invented about 10,000 years ago helped people learn to grow enough food to feed large populations. They actually led to the development of cities.
2、然而，偶尔有发明会彻底改变我们的生活方式。受控制的火以及车轮就是这样两种发明，它们使我们的祖先在安全上获得更好的生活。大约发明于一万年前的农业工具帮助人们学会生产足够的食物以养活庞大的人口。它们事实上导致了城市的发展。
3. We don't know about the inventors of fire and the wheel, but we can read about the people who invented other things which are important to our everyday lives. In one way or another, all of our lives are affected by their inventions.
3、我们不知道是谁发明火和轮子，但是，我们可以通过阅读得知是谁发明了其它那些对我们日常生活很重要的东西。这些发明以这样或那样的方式，影响着我们所有人的生活。
4. For more than 3,000 years, ships were powered by sails. Then in 1793, an American named Robert Fulton became interested in an idea which would mean the end of sailing ships. Many People knew how to built steamships, but the only ones they could build were small and impractical. No one truly believed that ships run by steam power would replace the beautiful and colorful sailing ships. They were wrong.
4、在三千多年的时间里，船一直依靠帆获得动力。1793年，一位名叫罗伯特·富尔顿的美国人对一个想法产生了兴趣，这个想法意味着帆船时代的终结。很多人知道如何建造蒸汽船，但是他们只能建造一些小而不实用（的蒸汽船）。没有人真正相信以蒸汽为动力的船会取代漂亮而又种类繁多的帆船。他们错了。
5. Fulton worked in France and England for a number of years, perfecting his ideas. Then in 1806, he returned to the United States and began to build the Clermont. It was an experiment to see if anyone could build a ship and operate it successfully as a business. Making money was the true test, since shipbuilders would not invest their money unless they knew that they could make a profit.
5、富尔顿先生在法国和英国工作了许多年，他的想法逐渐完善。之后，在1806年，他返回美国开始建造克莱蒙特号（蒸汽船）。这是一次试验，确定是否可以建造一艘可成功地进行商业运行的蒸汽船。赚钱是真正的试验标准，因为除非造船商知道可以获利，否则不会把他们的钱投进去。
6. The Clermont was 130 feet long, 16 1/2 feet wide and 4 feet deep. On August 11, 1807, the first commercial steamship traveled up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. It made the round trip of 300 miles in 62 hours. That seems slow to us today, but 200 years ago it was a remarkable speed.
6、克莱蒙特号蒸汽船有130英尺长，16、5英尺宽，4英尺深。1807年8月11日，第一艘商业蒸汽船从纽约市沿哈德逊河逆流而上，驶往阿尔巴尼。它花了62小时完成了300英里往返航行。今天在我们看来航行是缓慢的，但是200年前，这速度是异乎寻常的。
7. Thousands of people watched the event, and most realized immediately how important it was. Within a few years, there were steamships in most parts of the world. Only four years later, the first steamship crossed the Atlantic Ocean. From that time to the present, sails have been used only for pleasure and sporting boats.
7、成千上万的人观看了航行，大多数人立刻意识到这件事是多么重要。几年内，蒸汽船遍布世界上大多数地方。仅仅四年之后，第一艘蒸汽船横渡了大西洋。从那时起到现在，帆船的用途就仅限于娱乐和体育用船了。
8. Travel and transportation were changed when the steamship was invented, and they were changed even more when the locomotive was invented by George Stephenson in 1814.
8、发明蒸汽船之后，人们的旅行和交通运输都改变了。而在1814年，乔治·史蒂芬逊发明蒸汽机车后，变化更大了。
9. Stephenson had seen something like a locomotive at a mine near his home in Killings worth, England. He like the idea and decided that he could build a better one. He changed the tracks from wood to steel and made the locomotive much larger. He had some help from a mine owner, and by July 25, 1814, he was ready.
9、在英国金斯伍斯，史蒂芬逊先生曾经在家附近的某个矿场看到过类似蒸汽机车的东西。他喜欢这个主意，并且决定制造一个更好的蒸汽机车。他把路轨从木头改为钢轨，并且增大了机车体积。他得到了一位矿主的帮助，到了1814年7月25日，他已经准备就绪。
10. The Blucher went only 4 miles per hour, but it pulled a load of 30 tons of coal up hill. It was only the beginning. Within eleven years, there were railroads all over England pulling large amounts of supplies and cargo in short spaces of time. On September 27, 1825, the first full passenger railroad went into operation. It had thirty cars and 300 passengers, and it traveled 15 miles per hour.
10、布吕歇尔号蒸汽机车的时速只有4英里，但是它拖载了30吨煤上山。而这仅仅是开始。在此后11年内，可在很短的时间里运输大量商品和货物的铁路遍布全英国。1825年9月27日，第一条完全用于载客的铁路投入使用。客车有30个车皮、300名旅客，时速达15英里。
11. Stephenson's railroad was efficient and profitable, and a new method of transporting freight and people was here to stay.
11、史蒂芬逊的铁路有效且赚钱，一种运货和载人的新式交通方式面世了。
12. The basis for our modern system of communication began when Samuel Mores invented the telegraph, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, and Guglielmo Marconi invented the telegraph without wires. All of these eventually led to the later inventions radio and the television and of electronics after them.
12、现代通信系统的起点是从萨缪尔·摩尔斯发明电报、亚历山大·格雷汉姆·贝尔发明电话、以及古格里莫·马可尼发明无线电报开始的。所有这些发明最终导致了此后的飞机、电视和其后的电子元器件的发明。
13. Morse was born in Massachusetts shortly after the Revolutionary War. He "invented" the telegraph while he was still a college student at Yale, but it was thirty-four more years until the first telegraph system began operating between Baltimore, Maryland, and Washington D.C. .
13、摩尔斯在美国革命战争后不久在麻省出生。当他还是个耶鲁大学学生时，就“发明”了电报，但是直到三十四年以后，第一个电报系统才开始在马里兰州的巴尔的摩与华盛顿特区之间运行。
14. As with most inventions, Morse borrowed from the ideas of many others in making his telegraph. In 1827, Harrison Grey Dyer used a form of the telegraph on long Island, New York, but he gave up the idea. The problem facing most inventors was finding a good source of electricity to make the telegraph work.
14、如同大多数发明一样，摩尔斯在制作电报借用了许多其他人的想法。1827年，哈里森·格雷·戴尔曾在纽约长岛使用了一种电报形式，但是他放弃了这个想法。当时大多数发明者面临的问题是寻找一个使电报工作的好电源。
15. Morse found that source of power, and he also invented a system for using the telegraph, the Morse code. He was responsible for our first system of communication based on electricity. Morse's system linked most major cities in the United States and Europe, and it is still used today.
15、摩尔斯找到了那种电源，同时他还发明了“摩尔斯码”系统用于电报。他是我们的第一台电力通信系统的创造者。摩尔斯的电报连接着美国和欧洲的大多数主要城市，甚至直到现在被使用。
16. Thirty years after Morse's invention, a man came along who wanted to improve the telegraph. Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant, Thomas Watson, were working on something they called the multiple telegraph. By accident, they allowed two points of their experiment to become stuck together. When they tried to remove the two pieces, they heard a human voice come out of one end of a wire in the other room. It was Watson's voice!
16、在摩尔斯的发明出现30年后，一个人想改进电报，亚历山大·格雷汉姆·贝尔及他的助手托马斯·华生，致力于研究多路电报。他们很偶然地让实验装置的两个点粘在了一起。当他们试图分开这两片实验装置时，他们听到了在另一个房间的线端传出人的声音。那是华生的声音！
17. They tried it again and realized that they had discovered how to send human sounds over a wire. It took another year to make it work perfectly, but by 1876 Bell was able to show the world his telephone.
17、他们又试了一次，意识到自己发现了“如何通过线路传递人的声音”的方法。此后他们又花了一年的时间完善这种方法，到1876年，贝尔已经能够向世界展示他的电话。
18. The first actual telephone call also had something to do with an accident. Bell and Watson had everything set for their first test of the invention. Bell had his phone in one room and Watson had his in another. Bell had decided that the first words over his phone should be from Shakespeare. He started to read a line from the play Hamlet. "To be or not to be; that is the question." Instead, Bell spilled some acid on his coat. He was afraid it would burn his skin, so he called over the telephone, "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you!" it would not be the last time that someone made an emergency phone call!
18、第一次真正的电话通话时也发生了一个意外。贝尔和华生为第一次测试他们的发明做好了一切准备。贝尔拿着话机在一个房间，华生拿着他的话机在另一个房间。贝尔决定，他通过电话说的第一句话应当来自莎士比亚。他开始读戏剧《哈姆雷特》中的话：“做，或者不做，这才是问题的关键。”然而，这时贝尔泼翻了一些酸液，溅到他的外套上。他害怕酸液烧伤他的皮肤，他通过电话喊道，“华生先生，到这里来！我需要你！”这不会是人们最后一次打紧急求救电话！
19. Guglielmo Marconi was born in Bologna, Italy, the year the telephone was invented. He came from a poor family, but he had a good mind and he studied all of the great inventions of the day. He was particularly interested in the idea of a wireless telegraph.
19、古格里莫·马可尼出生于意大利的博罗格那，在电话被发明的那一年。他家境贫寒，但很有才智，他研究了当时所有重大发明，他对无线电报的想法特别感兴趣。
20. Marconi studied books by many inventors, including Heinrich Hertz, who discovered what we now call radio waves, and Michael Faraday, the inventor of the dynamo for producing electrical energy. He experimented for years in his own laboratory, and while he was still a young man, he invented wireless telegraphy.
20、马可尼研究了许多发明家的著作，包括海因里希·赫兹的书，他发现了我们现在所称的无线电波，以及迈克尔·法拉第的书，他是产生电能之发电机的发明者。他在他自己的实验室里成年累月的作实验，之后，当他还是个年轻人的时候，他发明了无线电报。
21. First Marconi sent the Morse code letter S a distance of 300 feet. Then he sent the sounds of bells a little farther. In 1897, he sent a signal a distance of nine miles in England. He sent a message across the England Channel to France two years later, and in the same year he sent the first message from a ship to the shore.
21、马可尼首先将摩尔斯码的字母S发送了300英尺远。然后他把铃声发送得稍远些。1897年，他在英国将一个信号发送了9英里远。两年以后，他将一条消息经过英吉利海峡发送到法国。同年，他第一次将消息从船上发送到岸上。
22. Marconi was very successful with his invention. With all the money he made, he improved the system, and in 1901, he was able to send a signal across the Atlantic Ocean. Again, it was the letter S, and it traveled 1,800 miles from England to New-foundland, Canada. Marconi continued to improve his system. In 1905, when he was only thirty-one years old, he sent a signal from England to the United States—a distance of 3,000 miles. Marconi's invention was the beginning of a new age.
22、马可尼的发明获得巨大成功。他将赚来的所有钱用来改进这个系统。1901年，他能够越过大西洋发送信号。再一次，他将字母S从英国发送到加拿大的纽芬兰，长达1800英里。马可尼继续改进他的系统。1905年，当他31岁时，他把一个信号从英国发到了美国，距离远达3000英里。马可尼的发明标志着一个新时代的开始。
60. Excerpt from President Hu Jintao's Yale Speech .
60、胡锦涛主席耶鲁大学演讲节选、
Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear friends,
女士们、先生们、朋友们！
1. The Chinese and Americans have always had an intense interest in and cared deeply about each other. The Chinese admire the pioneering and enterprising spirit of the Americans and their proud achievement in national development. As China develops rapidly and steady headway is made in China-U.S. cooperation, more and more Americans are following with great interest China's progress and development.
1、长期以来，中美两国人民一直相互抱有浓厚的兴趣和友好的感情。中国人民欣赏美国人民的开拓进取精神，钦佩美国人民在建设国家中取得的骄人业绩。随着中国的快速发展和中美合作的不断拓展，越来越多的美国人也把目光投向中国，更加关注中国的发展进步。
2. Understanding leads to trust. Today, I would like to speak to you about China's development strategy and its future against the backdrop of the evolution of the Chinese civilization and China's current development endeavor. I hope this will help you gain a better understanding of China.
2、了解是信任的基础。今天，我愿从中华文明历史流变和现实发展的角度，谈谈当代中国的发展战略和前进方向，希望有助于美国人民更全面、更深入地了解中国。
3. In a history that spans more than five millennia, the Chinese nation has contributed significantly to the progress of human civilization. But its course of national development has been an arduous one. In particular in the 160 years and more since the Opium War in 1840, the Chinese people have fought courageously and unyieldingly to rid themselves of poverty and backwardness and to realize national rejuvenation, thus profoundly changing the destiny of the Chinese nation. Ninety-five years ago, the Chinese people launched the Revolution of 1911 that overthrew the feudal autocracy which had ruled China for several thousand years and opened the door to China's progress.
3、在5000多年的历史长河中，中华民族为人类文明进步作出了巨大贡献，同时也走过了曲折艰辛的道路。特别是从1840年鸦片战争以来的160多年间，中国人民为摆脱积贫积弱的境遇，实现民族复兴，前仆后继，顽强斗争，使中华民族的命运发生了深刻变化。95年前，中国人民通过辛亥革命推翻了统治中国几千年的君主专制制度，为中国的进步打开了闸门。
4. Fifty-seven years ago, the Chinese people succeeded in winning liberation after protracted and hard struggle and founded New China in which people became their own masters. Twenty-eight years ago, the Chinese people embarked upon the historic drive of reform, opening-up and modernization and have made phenomenal progress through unremitting efforts. Between 1978 and 2005, China's GDP grew from $147.3 billion to $2.2257 trillion. Its import and export volume went up from $20.6 billion to $1.4221 trillion and its foreign exchange reserve soared from $167 million to $818.9 billion. During this period, the number of its poor rural population dropped from 250 million to 23 million. The above review of the profound changes in these 160 years shows one thing, namely, by carrying out persistent and hard struggle, the Chinese people have both changed their own destiny and advanced the cause of human progress.
4、57年前，中国人民经过长期浴血奋斗实现了民族独立和人民解放，建立了人民当家作主的新中国。28年前，中国人民开始了改革开放和现代化建设的伟大历史进程，经过艰苦创业取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就。从1978年到2005年，中国国内生产总值从1473亿美元增长到22257亿美元，进出口总额从206亿美元增长到14221亿美元，国家外汇储备从1、67亿美元增加到8189亿美元，农村贫困人口由2、5亿人减少到2300多万人。回顾这160多年来中国发生的沧桑巨变，可以说，中国人民经过艰苦探索和顽强奋斗，既改变了自己的命运，也推动了人类进步事业。
5. On the other hand, I need to point out that, despite the success in its development, China remains the world's largest developing country, with per capita GDP ranking behind the 100th place. The Chinese people are yet to live a well-off life and China still faces daunting challenges in its development endeavor. Therefore it requires sustained and unremitting efforts to transform the country and make life better for its people. In the next 15 years, we will strive to make new progress in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way that will benefit China's one billion and more population. We aim to raise China's GDP to $4 trillion by 2020, averaging $3,000 per person. By then, China's economy will be better developed and its democracy will be further enhanced. More progress will be made in science and education. Its culture will be further enriched, the society will become more harmonious and the people will lead a better life.
5、必须看到，中国尽管取得了巨大的发展成就，但仍是世界上最大的发展中国家，人均国内生产总值仍排在世界100名之后，中国人民的生活还不富裕，中国的发展还面临着不少突出的矛盾和问题。要彻底改变中国的面貌和改善中国人民的生活，需要继续持之以恒地艰苦奋斗。中国将在未来15年集中力量全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会。具体来说，就是要使中国国内生产总值到2020年达到40000亿美元左右，人均达到3000美元左右，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
6. To realize these goals, China has adopted a new concept of development in line with its national conditions and the requirement of the times. That is, to pursue a scientific outlook on development that makes economic and social development people-oriented, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable. We will work to strike a proper balance between urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, development of man and nature, and domestic development and opening wider to the outside world. Greater emphasis will be put on addressing issues affecting people's livelihood, overcoming imbalances in development and resolving key problems that have occurred in the course of development. We will pursue a new path to industrialization featuring high technology, good economic returns, low resource-consumption, low environment pollution and full use of human resources. We will bring about coordinated economic, political, cultural and social development. And we will endeavor to ensure sustainable development by boosting production, improving people's life and protecting the environment.
6、为了实现我们的发展目标，中国根据本、国国情和时代要求明确了自己的发展理念，这就是树立和贯彻以人为本、全面协调可持续发展的科学发展观，统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，更加注重解决民生问题，更加注重克服发展的不平衡性，更加注重解决发展中存在的突出矛盾，致力于走科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路，推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设协调发展，努力实现生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展格局。
7. This concept of scientific development is based on the experience China has gained in its modernization drive and put forth in response to the trends of the times. It is also rooted in the cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.
7、科学发展的理念，是在总结中国现代化建设经验、顺应时代潮流的基’础上提出来的，也是在继承中华民族优秀文化传统的基础上提出来的。
8. The Chinese civilization is one that has continued uninterrupted for more than 5,000 years. The distinct cultural tradition of the Chinese nation that developed in the long course of history has exerted a strong influence on contemporary China, just as it did on ancient China. Putting people first, keeping pace with the times, maintaining social harmony and pursuing peaceful development: these values that are being pursued in China today are derived from its tradition. But they also give expression to the progress of the times.
8、中华文明是世界古代文明中始终没有中断、连续5000多年发展至今的文明。中华民族在漫长历史发展中形成的独具特色的文化传统，深深影响了古代中国，也深深影响着当代中国。现时代中国强调的以人为本、与时俱进、社会和谐、和平发展，既有着中华文明的深厚根基，又体现了时代发展的进步精神。
9. The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to the people and respect for people's dignity and value. Centuries ago, the Chinese already pointed out that "people are the foundation of a country; when the foundation is stable, the country is in peace." "Nothing is more valuable in the universe than human beings." The ancient Chinese emphasized the value of serving the people, enriching them, nourishing them, and benefiting them. We are pursuing today a people-oriented approach toward development because we believe that development must be for the people and by the people and its benefit should be shared among the people. We care about people's value, rights and interests and freedom, the quality of their life, and their development potential and happiness index because our goal is to realize the all-around development of the people. Ensuring the right to survival and development remains China's top priority. We will vigorously promote social and economic development, protect people's freedom, democracy and human rights according to law, achieve social fairness and justice and enable the 1.3 billion Chinese people to live a happy life.
9、——中华文明历来注重以民为本，尊重人的尊严和价值。早在千百年前，中国人就提出“民惟邦本，本固邦宁”、“天地之间，莫贵于人”，强调要利民、裕民、养民、惠民，今天，我们坚持以人为本，就是要坚持发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。关注人的价值、权益和自由，关注人的生活质量、发展潜能和幸福指数，最终是为了实现人的全面发展。保障人民的生存权和发展权仍是中国的首要任务。我们将大力推动经济社会发展，依法保障人民享有自由、民主和人权，实现社会公平和正义，使13亿中国人民过上幸福生活。
10. The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to unremitting self-improvement, reform and innovation. As an ancient Chinese motto puts it, "As Heaven keeps vigor through movement, a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement." Throughout its 5,000-year history, it is thanks to their perseverance, determination, stamina and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity. The Chinese people have shown enterprising spirit and reform and opening-up creativity in national development and great tenacity in overcoming difficulties on the road to progress. And all this gives expression to the spirit of ,unremitting self-improvement embodied in China's cultural tradition.
10、——中华文明历来注重自强不息，不断革故鼎新。“天行健，君子以自强不息。”这是中国的一句千年传世格言。中华民族所以能在5000多年的历史进程中生生不息、发展壮大，历经挫折而不屈，屡遭坎坷而不馁，靠的就是这样一种发愤图强、坚忍不拔、与时俱进的精神。中国人民在改革开放中表现出来的进取精神，在建设国家中焕发出来的创造热情，在克服前进道路上的各种困难中表现出来的顽强毅力，正是这种自强不息精神的生动写照。
11. The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to social harmony, unity and mutual assistance. Back in the early days of the Chinese nation, the Chinese already advocated that "harmony is most valuable." They strove for harmony between man and nature, among people and between man's body and soul, and yearned for an ideal society where "everyone loves everyone else, everyone is equal and the whole world is one community." Today, China is endeavoring to build a harmonious society. It is a society of democracy and rule of law, fairness and justice, integrity, fraternity, vitality, stability, order and harmony between man and nature. It is a society where there is unity between the material and the spirit, democracy and rule of law, fairness and efficiency, and vitality and order. The Chinese people take the maintenance of ethnic unity and harmony as their bounden duty and the defense of the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity their sacred mission. Any act that promoted ethnic harmony and national unity will receive the warm welcome and support of the Chinese people. On the other hand, any act that undermines China's ethnic harmony and national unity will meet their strong opposition and resistance.
11、——中华文明历来注重社会和谐，强调团结互助。中国人早就提出了“和为贵”的思想，追求天人和谐、人际和谐、身心和谐，向往“人人相亲，人人平等，天下为公”的理想社会。今天，中国提出构建和谐社会，就是要建设一个民主法治、公平正义、诚信友爱、充满活力、安定有序、人与自然和谐相处的社会，实现物质和精神、民主和法治、公平和效率、活力和秩序的有机统一。中国人民把维护民族团结作为自己义不容辞的职责，把维护国家主权和领土完整作为自己至高无上的使命。一切有利于民族团结和国家统一的行为，都会得到中国人民真诚的欢迎和拥护。一切有损于民族团结和国家统一的举动，都会遭到中国人民强烈的反对和抗争。、
12. The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to good neighborliness. The Chinese nation cherishes peace. In foreign relations, the Chinese have always believed that "the strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor" and advocated that "all nations live side by side in perfect harmony." The Chinese held that "one should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers" and called for drawing upon the strength of others. Today, China holds high the banner of peace, development and cooperation. It pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and commits itself firmly to peaceful development. It seeks to accelerate its development by upholding world peace. The world peace is, in turn, enhanced by China's development. China firmly pursues a strategy of opening-up for mutual benefit and win-win outcomes. It genuinely wishes to enter into extensive cooperation with other countries. It is inclusive and is eager to draw on the strength of other civilizations to pursue peace and development through cooperation and play its part in building a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.
12、——中华文明历来注重亲仁善邻，讲求和睦相处。中华民族历来爱好和平。中国人在对外关系中始终秉承“强不执弱”、“富不侮贫”的精神，主张“协和万邦”。中国人提倡“海纳百川，有容乃大”，主张吸纳百家优长、兼集八方精义。今天，中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，坚定不移地走和平发展道路，既通过维护世界和平来发展自己，又通过自身的发展来促进世界和平。中国坚持实施互利共赢的对外开放战略，真诚愿意同各国广泛开展合作，真诚愿意兼收并蓄、博采各种文明之长，以合作谋和平、以合作促发展，推动建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
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