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Chapter 30: The Great Depression and the Authoritarian ResponseDecline of GlobalizationShakiness of Western democraciesEconomic depression and political change led directly o WWIIThe Global Great DepressionGreat Depression= international crisisCausationWar-induced inflationFarmers faced chronic _________________________ of food and resulting low pricesLoans from US banks to various European enterprises helped sustain demand for goods but on condition that additional loans pour in to help pay off the resultant debts.European govt. and businesses organized their ______________________ colonies for more profitable exploitation, set up large estates, but production exceeded demand.Colonies and dependant economies were unable to buy many industrial exports, which weakened the demand for Western productsThe DebacleOct 29, 1929 “________________ Tuesday” collapse of the New York stock marketDuration of Great Depression was unprecedented, really only ended with the forced production schedules from WWIIUnemployment levels unprecedentedPopular culture escapism: movies, comic books (Superman)USSR did not have a depression in the 1930’s, had cut many economic ties with rest of world. Japan: heavily dependent on the _____________ of silk- with new materials, demand for silk decreased. Severe unemployment in Japan, coupled with poor harvests.Latin America: Depression stimulated new kinds of effective political action: greater state involvementJapan: looked to win more secure markets in Asia, instead of depending on the WestResponses to the Depression in Western EuropeCounterproductive responses: raising national ________________, cut spendingFrance: socialist and communist parties expanded, unified and formed the Popular Front in 1936, and won the election but were resisted by conservative republicans, stalled action.The New DealHoover: higher tariffs and cut spending, not effective, and tried to accelerate war dept repayments from EuropeFranklin D. Roosevelt: 1933 “New Deal”: more direct aid to Americans at risk, increased unemployment benefits, public works projects, Social Security system, rapid govt. growth.Great Depression didn’t actually end until WWII and the stimulus of wartime economyNazism and FascismGermany: new fascist regime was a product of war. Attacked the weakness of parliamentary democracy.Proposed a strong state ruled by a powerful leader who would revive the nation’s forces with vigorous foreign and military policy.Adolf Hitler: emerged as leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) regime in Germany.Need for unity, weakness of _______________________________ govt.Promised a return to more traditional waysFirm stance against socialism and communismScapegoated the Jewish populationWanted to undo the wrongs of the _______________________ TreatyRose to power in 1932-33Constructed a Totalitarian State: government exercises massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects.Eliminated opposition partiesPurged the bureaucracy and military: installing loyal NazisSecret police, the Gestapo, arrested hundreds of thousands of political opponentsGovt. economic planningWell-staged propagandaStrident nationalism, incessant attack on Germany’s large Jewish minorityAnti-Semitism: intensified in GermanyForced to wear special emblemsProperty was attacked and seizedIncreasing numbers were sent to ghettos and then concentration campsAfter 1940: Hitler’s policy turned to the literal elimination of European Jews with the HolocaustWanted to recoup Germany’s WWI losses- created land empire, especially towards the east, saw Slavic peoples as inferior.Violated limits on German armamentsAnnexed neighboring territoriesHitler suspended German reparation paymentsWithdrew from League of Nations1935: announced German rearmament1938: Hitler announced a union, Anschuluss, with Austria___________________ Conference, Hitler met with Chamberlain in 1938 and he would be satisfied with the heavily German populated Sudetenland in Czecholsolakia…Great Britain allowed and Chamberlain claimed there would be “peace in our time.” Appeasement: giving in to demands in order to try and maintain peaceMarch 1939: Hitler’s forces dismantled the rest of Czechoslovakia and pressed Poland for territory. Sept. 1, 1939, Hitler attacked __________________________The Spread of Fascism and the Spanish Civil WarNazi triumph in Germany spurred fascism elsewhereFascist movements in Hungary and RomaniaItaly: under Benito MussoliniAggressive foreign policy, new nationalist glories1935: Mussolini attacked ______________________, (to avenge earlier loss in the 1890’s)League of Nations condemned the action, but did not respond with forceItalians won a new colony, after much Ethiopian resistanceSpain: Spanish Civil WarForces supporting a parliamentary republic had feuded with a military-backed authoritarian state1936: outright Civil War broke outSpanish military forces, led by General Francisco Franco, backed by the fascist Falange party, as well as conservative landowners and Catholic leaders.Republican forces had peasant and worker support, as well as Communists and anarchists. There were also some volunteers from the US, western Europe and USSRBitter fighting in Spain for 3 years.German and Italian forces bombed several Spanish citiesFranco’s forces won in 1939, and resulting regime was authoritarian and catered to the landlords, church, and army for the next 25 years.The Great Crash and Latin American ResponsesAfter world financial crisis: export sales dropped rapidlyReform movements gained momentumRise of conservative response: hostile to class conflict and supported by church and military leaders. Corporatism: emphasized the organic nature of society, with the state as a mediator adjusting the interests of different social groupsLazaro Cardenas (1934-1940): ____________________: redistributed more than 40 million acres of land, created communal farms, and a credit systemExpropriated foreign oil companies and created a state oil monopoly.Cuba: nationalist movement aimed at social reform and breaking the grip of the USThe Vargas Regime in Brazil1929: short civil warGetulio Vargas (1872-1954) took over as presidentPromised liberal reforms, elimination of abuses from old system1937: New constitution with the Estado Novo (New State), based on ideas from Mussolini’s Italy.Authoritarian regime within the context of nationalism and economic reformsLimited immigration and eliminated parties and groups that resisted national integration or the govt.Vargas eventually joined the Allies during WWII, supplied based to the US and sent troops to Italy.Brazil obtained arms, financial support for industrial development, and trade advantages.Criticized by right and left, committed suicide in 1954…”I was a slave to the people, and today I am freeing myself for eternal life.”Argentina: Populism, Peron, and the MilitaryStruggle with various military coupsIndustry was growing, so was the numbers and strength of industrial workersConservative govts. Backed by the traditional military held power through 1930’s1943 new military coupnationalists who wanted to industrialize and modernize ArgentinaColonel Juan D. _______________ (1895-1974) helped out workers as he served in the Ministry of Labor. Married to Eva Duarte, known as Evita, she became a pubic spokesperson for Peron.Peron did sympathize with the Axis powers during WWIIDescamisados, poor and downtrodden, Evita was a symbolPeronist party became increasingly radical: campaign against the Catholic ChurchEvita died at age 33, from cancer1955: Peron sent into exile1973: Peron and new wife Isabel won the presidential and vice-presidential election.The Militarization of Japan1939: Depression hit JapanJapanese military conquest of Chinese province of ManchuriaVarious nationalist groups emergedSome called for more Shinto/ Confucian valuesMay 1932: group of younger army officers attacked key govt and banking officers and murdered the Prime MinisterRenewed wars between China and Japan __________________Japanese forces quickly occupied the cities and railroads of eastern China Devastating bombing raidsBy the end of 1938, Japan was in control of Manchuria, Korea, and TaiwanJapanese especially harsh in KoreaSuppress Korean cultureJapanese language forced on Korean teachersYoung men pressed into Labor groups“training to endure hardship”Industrialization and RecoveryDue to this expansion, Japan suffered far less than many Western nations did during the Depression decade as a wholeMinister of Finance, Korekiyo Takahashi: increased spending to provide jobsProduction of iron steel and chemicals soaredBy 1937: Japan had the 3rd largest and newest merchant marineStalinism in the Soviet Uniontotalitarian state emerged in the 1920’sPressures to step up industrialization, plus autocratic hand of new leader resulted in a police state1927 Stalin took power: wanted authoritarian control and to veer economy back towards socialism (away from NEP)______________________: wealthy, commercially oriented peasants who controlled the bulk of the land, and were attuned to profit-based market agricultureStalin wanted a fully industrialized USSR, but under full control of the stateWanted modernization, but with a revolutionary, non-capitalist twistEconomic PoliciesCollectivization of agriculture: creation of large state, run farmsNeeded to take resources from peasants, through taxation, to provide capital for industryResistance from many kulaks, destruction of property, famineMillions of kulaks were killed or deported to Siberia during the early 1930’sAgricultural production remained a major weakness in the Soviet economy_______________________ Plans: set clear priorities for industrial development with expected output levels and new facilitiesMassive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric powerToward an Industrial Societyincreasing numbers of people were crowded into the citiesfactory discipline was strictIncentive programs were introduced to motivate workers to higher productionWelfare services that rivaled the westStrikes were outlawed, and the sole trade union movement was controlled by the PartyUsed force and authority, but also recognized the importance of maintaining working supportTotalitarian RuleSocialist realism: dominant school of art, emphasizing heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasantsScience was controlled: said evolutionary biology was wrong because it contradicted MarxismReal and imagined opponents of his version of communism were executedGreat Purge of party leaders, hundreds of people were intimidated into confessing imaginary crimes against the state, and most were executed. Many thousands more were sent to Siberaian labor campsNews outlets controlled by the state Secret police force: MVD_______________________: party congresses/ executive committee became rubber stamps to Stalin’s policiesAtmosphere of terror spreadStalin’s purges weakened nation’s ability to respond to growing foreign policy problems (for example the rising threat of Hitler)1939: Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact: USSR had time to mobilize and attack Poland and Finland to try and regain territories lost in WWI.New Political and Economic RealitiesDepression further weakened western EuropeJapan rallied, with authoritarian leadership and growing reliance on militaryNew initiatives in Latin America, along with severe economic dislocationMovements against Western colonialism continuedTurkey: Kemal Ataturk had many reforms: traditional Islamic habits were challenged, quest for a secular state. Abolished the fez, traditional cap of upper-class men. Secular education and suffrage for womenTurkey and Persia (Iran in 1935) promoted industrializationArab world: growing nationalism against efforts of European efforts to rule under MandatesARTDiego Rivera- “Tenochtitlan”Diego Rivera- Mural in Presidential PalacePablo Picasso- “Guernica”Soviet Realism Poster ................
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