SECTION CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP 4.1 Study Guide

SECTION

4.1

CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

Study Guide

KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

VOCABULARY

ATP

ADP

chemosynthesis

MAIN IDEA: The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. 1. What do all cells use for energy?

2. What is ATP?

3. What is the relationship between ATP and ADP?

Fill in the four parts of the cycle diagram below to take notes on the relationship between ATP and ADP.

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

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Unit 2 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology

Study Guide 31

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

Copyright ? McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED

MAIN IDEA: Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Use the table below to organize your notes about the different types of molecules that are broken down to make ATP.

Type of Molecule Carbohydrates

Role in ATP Production 4.

Lipids

5.

Proteins

6.

MAIN IDEA: A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.

7. What is chemosynthesis?

Vocabulary Check

8. The prefix tri- means "three," and the prefix di- means "two." How do these prefixes tell you the difference between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?

9. The prefix chemo- means "chemical," and synthesis comes from a Greek word that means "to put together." How do these meanings tell you what chemosynthesis does?

32 Study Guide

Unit 2 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

SECTION

4.1

CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

Power Notes

Phosphate added.

1. Adenosine triphosphate

Energy 4.

3.

Adenosine diphosphate

Molecule Type 5. Carbohydrate

Energy

Details

Phosphate removed.

Energy

2.

6. Lipid

7. Protein

Chemosynthesis is:

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Unit 2 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology

Power Notes 33

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

Copyright ? McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

SECTION

4.1

CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP

Reinforcement

KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

All cells need chemical energy for their functions. The energy that your cells need comes indirectly from the food you eat. The chemical energy used by all cells is carried by a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of molecules in food to cell processes.

A molecule of ATP has three phosphate groups. The energy carried by ATP is released when the third phosphate group is removed from the molecule by a chemical reaction. When the phosphate group is removed and energy is released, ATP is converted into a molecule called adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. ADP is a lower-energy molecule that can be changed back into ATP by the addition of another phosphate group.

Different types of carbon-based molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) can be broken down to produce ATP. The breakdown of the different molecules produces different amounts of ATP. Carbohydrates, especially the simple sugar glucose, are most commonly broken down to make ATP. The breakdown of a lipid produces many more ATP molecules than does the breakdown of a sugar. Proteins are the molecules least likely to be broken down, but they store about the same amount of energy as carbohydrates.

Many organisms must eat other organisms to get the carbon-based molecules they need to make ATP. Some organisms, such as plants, use a process called photosynthesis to make their own food molecules. Other organisms that survive without light can make their own food molecules through a process called chemosynthesis.

1. What is the function of ATP?

2. What is ADP?

3. Which types of carbon-based molecules can be broken down to make ATP?

34 Reinforcement

Unit 2 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology

CHAPTER 4 Cells and Energy

SECTION

4.2

OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Study Guide

KEY CONCEPT

The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

VOCABULARY photosynthesis chlorophyll thylakoid

MAIN IDEA: Photosynthetic organisms are producers. 1. Why are some organisms called producers?

2. What is the function of photosynthesis?

3. What is chlorophyll?

light-dependent reactions light-independent reactions

MAIN IDEA: Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. 4. What are chloroplasts?

5. In which two parts of a chloroplast does photosynthesis take place?

6. What are thylakoids?

7. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis. Then explain what the equation means and identify the reactants, products, and the meaning of the several arrows.

Copyright ? McDougal Littell/Houghton Mifflin Company.

8. What are the differences between the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions?

Unit 2 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology

Study Guide 35

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