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Units 3 & 4: Cell Energy & Microbes and Disease

2nd- 6 Weeks Study Guide

I. Cell Energy Overview:

We looked at 2 processes: photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

A. Photosynthesis

|Goal |to make FOOD (glucose) for the plant |

|Location |Chloroplast (in plant cells) |

|Reactants (what goes in) |Carbon dioxide and water |

|Products (what is produced) |Oxygen and glucose |

|Chemical Reaction |6C02 + 6H2O --light--> 6O2 + C6H12O6 |

| |Reactants Products |

**Consider this: How many carbon dioxide and water molecules would a plant need to make 5 molecules of glucose?? Use your algebra. If you put a 5 in front of the glucose, you have to multiply every other component of the equation by 5. So, you would need 30 carbon dioxide and 30 water molecules.

Photosynthesis takes place in two parts (in order):

1) Light reaction:

a. Takes place in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

b. Chlorophyll is the pigment in the thylakoid that absorbs the light energy. It reflects green- so plants appear green.

c. Water and light go into the light reaction

d. Water is SPLIT to produce oxygen and…

e. ATP and NADPH are created and are used to power the Calvin Cycle

2) Calvin Cycle:

a. Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

b. Carbon dioxide goes into the reaction

c. Glucose is made during this part

d. ADP and NADP go back to be recycled in the light reaction

**Think – if you prevent a plant from taking in carbon dioxide, what will it NOT be able to make? Carbon dioxide goes into the Calvin Cycle – what is made?

[pic]

**I recommend you draw out the picture above 3x, or until you can do it without looking. You NEED to know what goes on in each stage – what goes in, what comes out, and where they both happen.

B. Cellular Respiration

|Goal |To make useable ENERGY (ATP) for all cells |

|Location |Mitochondria (in plants AND animals) |

|Reactants (what goes in) |Oxygen and Glucose |

|Products (what is produced) |Carbon dioxide and Water |

|Chemical Reaction |6O2 + C6H12O6 ----> 6C02 + 6H2O |

| |Reactants Products |

Cellular respiration occurs in 3 stages and makes a total of 36 ATP molecules from 1 molecule of glucose.

1. Glycolysis – 2 ATP produced

2. Krebs Cycle – 2 ATP produced

3. Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP produced

The BIG Picture.

• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related. Products of one are the reactants for the other. In other words, what one process needs, the other process makes.

• Plants go through photosynthesis to make food. They then go through cellular respiration to make energy. We eat food (thank you, plants!) and then go through cellular respiration to make energy.

Energy Conversions

• Plants undergo energy conversion when they use photosynthesis to convert light energy into food energy (in the bonds of glucose). Light is the main energy source. Location – chloroplast.

• ALL cells undergo energy conversion when they use cellular respiration to convert food energy into useable cell energy (as ATP). Glucose is the main energy source. So, the energy in the bonds of glucose is converted into energy in the bonds of the phosphate molecules of ATP. Location – mitochondria.

• **Think – if you have an animal cell with more mitochondria, that cell can produce more energy. Heart cells have many mitochondria. If you have an animal cell with fewer mitochondria, that cell will be limited in how much energy it can produced.

II. Microbes & Disease (study the chart)

|Bacteria |Virus |

|Living |Non-living |

|Prokaryotic cell – |Not a cell. |

|remember, Pro – No! (no nucleus) | |

|Consists of: DNA but NO NUCLEUS, ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, |Made up of capsid (protein coat), and genetic info (DNA or RNA) |

|flagella (to help them move), capsule | |

|Antibiotics can kill |Antibiotics don’t work |

|Asexually reproduce on their own through binary fission |Reproduce only if infected in a host cell |

|Strep throat, tooth decay, tetanus are examples. |HIV, influenza, and ebola are examples. |

Bacteria Facts to Know:

1. Classified into two Kingdoms: Archaebacteria (old, extreme environment) and Eubacteria (normal bacteria).

2. They serve many helpful roles: food production, food digestion (in our guts), decomposition, and nitrogen fixation with plants

Virus Facts to Know:

1. The organism that is infected is called the HOST.

2. Viruses are cell and species specific. Think about the flu. Do flowers get the flu? Who gets it? Achoo! You! This is an animal virus (yes, you count as an animal ().

3. Vaccines can be used to prevent/treat viral and bacterial infections.

4. Anti-viral meds can target proteins that allow viruses to enter cells and can be used to treat or manage infections by HIV and other viruses.

Viral Reproduction

Viruses reproduce using two different cycles.

A. Lytic Cycle: Know these steps!

1. Virus attaches to a host cell

2. Virus inserts its DNA or RNA

3. Viral DNA directs the cell to make copies of the virus

4. The viruses are assembled within the host

5. There are so many virus copies inside the host cell – it lyses, or bursts

[pic]

B. The Lysogenic Cycle: (Remember, LySogenic = SLOWER, think LySLOWgenic)

1. First two steps are the same as the lytic cycle

2. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA

3. The viral DNA is copied each time the host cell goes through mitosis (cell division)

4. Something triggers the virus to move into the lytic cycle (this can take years)

Examples: Lytic: Influenza, Ebola. Lysogenic: HIV, herpes

Big Picture:

o Viruses, bacteria, fugi, and parasites are all considered pathogens.

o Pathogens are disease causing agents - they cause infectious diseases.

o Antibiotics kill bacteria. Vaccines work on viruses and bacteria.

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