Organism
Disease |Cause/Risk Factors |Symptoms |Buzzwords |Other | |
|Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn |Antigen incompatibility between fetus |Anemia, Liver Failure, Hypoproteinemia |Rh (D) Antigen |Incompatability doesn’t become problematic until second pregnancy|
| |and mother |CHF (Hydrops Fetalis) | | |
| |Rh (treatable) |Jaundice | | |
| |ABO (not treatable) | | | |
|Hyaline Membrane Disease |Preterm |Immature Lung, Decreased Surfactant |Ground Glass CXR |Most Common Cause of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome |
| |Maternal Diabetes & C Section |Hyaline Membranes |PDA |Resuscitation at birth→Normal→Respiratory Distress in 30 min. |
| | |Difficult Respiration, Expiratory Grunt | |Treated with corticosteroids (induce maturation) |
| | |Cyanosis, Fine Rales, Ground Glass CXR | |Risks: PDA, Retrolental Fibroplasia, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |
|Retrolental Fibroplasia |Hyaline Membrane/RDS |Retinal Vessel Proliferation on return to room | | |
| |↑ O2 |O2 | | |
| |↓Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor | | | |
|Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia |Very Low Birth Weight |O2 Dependence at 28 days, | |Prevented using High Frequency Ventilation, Extracorporeal |
| | |Persistant Respiratory Distress at 3 months | |membrane oxygenation, Liquid Ventilation |
| | |Epithelial Hyperplasia, Squamous Metaplasia | | |
| | |Alveolar thickening, Interstitial Fibrosis | | |
|Necrotizing Enterocolitis |Gut Immaturity, Oral Feeding |Abdominal Distension, Tenderness, Ileus, | | |
| |Colonization with bacteria |Bloody Diarrhea, Pneumatosis intestinalis | | |
| |Mucosal Injury |Mucosal Sloughing, Necrosis & Inflammation | | |
| |Impaired blood flow | | | |
|Hirschsprung’s Disease |Down’s Syndrome |Failure to pass meconium | |Male Predominance |
| |Neurologic Defect |Abdominal Distention, Constipation | | |
| |Abnormal Migration of neural crest |Absence of ganglionic nerves in | | |
| | |submucosal/myenteric plexi | | |
|Cystic Fibrosis |CFTR Defect (7q31-32 – ΔF508) |↓ Resorption/↑ Sweat NaCl |ΔF508 |Most Common Lethal Genetic Disease in White Population |
| | |Pulmonary Infections (Pseudomonas) |Elevated Sweat Chloride | |
| | |Pancreatic Insufficiency; Male Infertility | | |
| | |Cirrhosis; Malabsorption | | |
|Sudden Infant Death Syndrome |URIs, Prone Sleeping Position |Unexplained Death < 1 year old | | |
| |Thermal Stress, Males |Agonal Petechiae | | |
| |African American, Prematurity |Astrogliosis of brainstem | | |
| |Maternal Smoking/Drug Abuse | | | |
|Child Abuse/Neglect | | | |Shaken Baby: Subdural & CN II Hemorrhages, Posterior Fractures |
| | | | |Battered Child: Bruises, Pattern Injury, Abdominal Trauma, |
| | | | |Fractures of varying ages, Lacerated Frenulum |
| | | | |Sexual Abuse: Geniral trauma, torn hymen |
|Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy | | | |Caregiver simulates illness in child for secondary gain |
| | | | |Unwitnessed Events & Repeat Hospitalizations |
|Hemangioma | | | |Benign |
| | | | |Common in infancy, spontaneously regresses |
| | | | |Associated with Tuberous Slcerosis & von Hippel Lindau |
|Lymphangioma | |Deep neck, axilla, mediastinum or | |Benign |
| | |retroperitoneal | |Usually cystic or cavernous |
Pediatric Pathology
|Disease |Cause/Risk Factors |Symptoms |Buzzwords |Other |
|Teratoma | |Teeth, hair, bone, skin | |Benign cystic to malignant solid |
|Sacrococcygeal Teratoma |Congenital Anomalies |Teeth, hair, bone, skin | |75% mature, benign; |
|Neuroblastoma | |Adrenal Mudulla mass, fever, weight loss |Homer-Wright Pseudorosettes |Most common malignant tumor 40% of left ventricle |
| |Chronic Ischemia & Inflammation |Tachycardia; ↑ Angiotensin II | |function |
| | |Pre-renal Azotemia; Ischemic Colitis | | |
| | |Liver Necrosis, Muscle Wasting; Lung Edema | | |
|Ischemic Heart Diseaes |Atherosclerosis; Arterial Spasm |Assymptomatic (Diabetes) | |Right Coronary Artery: Posterior LV & AV Node |
| |Hypotension |Arrythmias, Mitral Insufficiency | |Left Anterior Descending: Anterior LV &AV Node |
| |Aortic Valve Disease: |Pericardial Tamponade, Aneurysm, Thrombus | |Left Circumflex: Lateral LV & Papillary Muscles |
| |(Syphilis, Polyarteritis, Kawasaki) |Pericarditis | | |
|Stable Angina Pectoris |Exertion (Relieved by Rest) |Pain with exertion | |Reversible Ischemic Injury |
| |Stenosis | | | |
|Atypical Angina (Prinzmetal’s) |Spasm |Pain at rest (spontaneous reduction in supply) | | |
|Myocardial Infarction |Underperfusion |↑ Troponin (1st), CK (later) | |Subendocardial: |
| |Severe atherosclerotic narrowing |↑ ST ,Q Waves, Loss of R Waves, Arrhthmias | |Transmural: Full thickness of wall, more common |
| | |Leukocytosis, ↑ SR | |Troponin I & T are gold standard sensitivity (elevated for days) |
| | |Pain(Squeezing), Radiation, Diaphoresis, N&V | |LDH1>LDH2 after 24 hours |
|Rheumatic Heart Disease |Genetic? |Arthritis, Rash, Nodules & Chorea | |Pancarditis (Bread & Butter), Myocarditis, Endocarditis |
| |Group A Strep |B Cell Alloantigens | | |
| | |Verrucae on Vavles (Mitral Stenosis) | | |
| | |Aschofff Bodies (no organisms) | | |
|Mitral Stensosis |Rheumatic Fever (Disease) |Diastolic Murmur with opening snap | | |
| |Young Females |“Fishmouth” appearance | | |
| | |Atrial Fibrillation | | |
|Mitral Prolapse |Marfan’s Syndrome |Late Systolic Murmur with Midsystolic click | |Can cause CHF, Arrhythmias, Sudden death & endocarditis |
| |Post MI LV Dilation | | | |
Cardiac Pathology (contd 2)
|Disease |Cause/Risk Factors |Symptoms |Buzzwords |Other |
|Bacterial Endocarditis |Diseased Valves |Fever, Splinter Hemorrhages, Osler’s Nodes | |Staph, Pneumonia & Gonococcus are especially destructive |
| |Congenital Defects |Heart Failure, Hemiplegia, Changing Murmur | |Biggest problem is septic emboli |
| |IV Drug Use |Anemia, Hematuria, + Culture | | |
|Valve Replacement |Fen-Phen | | |Porcine: 5-10 year durability |
| | | | |Mechanical: Requires anti-coagulation; concern for hemolysis |
|Cardiac Myxoma | | | |Usually benign |
| | | | |Polypoid, pedunculated, extends into chamber |
|Hypertension |Renovascular, Chronic Renal Disease, |Normal ................
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