Fourth Grade Instructional Framework

[Pages:26]North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5 Cluster 6 Cluster 7 Cluster 8 Cluster 9

Fourth Grade Instructional Framework Build a math community through real data Explore multiplicative comparison, area and perimeter, factors, and multiples Use place value strategies to add and subtract whole numbers Develop multiplication/division strategies Extend the understanding of fractions Connect to decimal notation Understand operations with fractions and decimals Apply geometric concepts Use place value to understand metric measurement

Introduction The purpose of this document is to connect and sequence mathematical ideas to enable teachers to plan learning opportunities for students to develop a coherent understanding of mathematics. Clusters and sequencing are designed to foster students' meaning making of the connections among mathematical ideas and procedures. This meaning making occurs over time. Therefore, the concepts are included in multiple clusters with increasing depth. They build across the year beginning with conceptual understanding and moving toward procedural fluency.

Each cluster includes a list of related content standards and a range of suggested duration. Standards indicate the mathematics expectations of students by the end of the school year. Standards are introduced and developed throughout the year, so the fact that a content standard is listed in a particular cluster does not indicate that it is to be mastered in the cluster. In some clusters, strikethroughs in the content standards denote the portion of the standard that will be taught later. In other clusters, the full standard appears, but suggestions about the intended focus are noted in the cluster descriptions. Because standards may be included in clusters long before mastery is expected, formative assessment is an essential tool for instructional planning and reporting student progress. This assessment naturally occurs as teachers elicit students' mathematical thinking and reasoning while doing mathematics.

Particular Standards for Mathematical Practice are indicated in bold for each cluster. The suggestions are a guide for teachers. While the bolded practices may lend themselves particularly well to the cluster's content, this does not imply that they are the only practices students will use. Students doing rich mathematical tasks will naturally engage in many mathematical practices as they do mathematics. During instruction teachers may observe and decide to highlight the other practices students are using beyond those bolded in the cluster.

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Each cluster includes a section called "What is the mathematics?" that describes the significant concepts and connections within the standards necessary for students to make sense of and use the mathematics. A second section called "Important Considerations" provides guidance based on student learning progressions as well as ideas and models for teaching within problem-solving situations. Problem-solving and mathematical reasoning define what it means to do mathematics. Rich tasks (including word problems) provide students with concrete contexts to use as they are introduced to new mathematics. Later, work within such tasks allows students to develop understanding and eventually to demonstrate mastery. Rich tasks with multiple entry and exit points allow for natural differentiation of instruction and are accessible for all students.

The initial cluster at each grade includes a focus on building mathematical community. Learning mathematics involves productive struggle during problem-solving and meaningful discourse as students share strategies and explain their thinking. This requires individual students to have a mathematical mindset, a belief that they can learn and do mathematics, so they will take risks when solving non-routine tasks. Collectively, students must share ideas publicly as they critique mathematical ideas with peers and teacher. A safe community where mistakes and struggles are valued as learning opportunities is essential. Mathematical norms about how students do and talk about mathematics need to be explicitly established in the same way that other routines and expectations are introduced at the beginning of a school year.

NC.4.OA.3 is addressed on an ongoing basis throughout the year. Students should engage in solving story problems daily, not as a separate unit. Students continually reason and reflect on their work, which includes the use of estimation strategies. Representing problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity should also occur regularly, but may not be stressed during beginning exploration of new concepts. Interpretation of remainders in word problems should take place during work with division. Ensuring students continually monitor their ability to contextualize the numbers they compute will help make this a natural part mathematics.

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Cluster 1: Building a Math Community through Real Data

Duration: 1-2 weeks

Content Standards: This list includes standards that will be addressed in this cluster, but not necessarily mastered, since all standards are benchmarks for the end of the year. Please note strikethroughs and recommendations in the Important Considerations section for more information.

Represent and Interpret Data NC.4.MD.4 Represent and interpret data using whole numbers.

Collect data by asking a question that yields numerical data. Make a representation of data and interpret data in a frequency table, scaled bar graph,

and/or line plot. Determine whether a survey question will yield categorical or numerical data.

Supporting Standards: NC.4.NBT.4 Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers up to and including 100,000 using the standard algorithm with place value understanding. Mathematical Practices: 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others 4. Model with mathematics 5. Use appropriate tools strategically 6. Attend to precision 7. Look for and make use of structure 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. What is the mathematics? The focus of this cluster is building an effective math environment. Representing and interpreting data will be the content used to begin the development of a classroom culture where students respect and value each individual's contribution to the classroom.

Consider the following elements when preparing for an effective math environment: 1.) Develop mathematicians with positive attitudes about their ability to do mathematics by:

Creating opportunities to develop an appreciation for mistakes Seeing mistakes as opportunities to learn Teaching students to take responsibility for their learning 2.) Develop mathematicians who respect others by: Demonstrating acceptance, appreciation, and curiosity for different ideas and approaches Establishing procedures and norms for productive mathematical discourse Considering various solution paths 3.) Develop mathematicians with a mindset for problem solving by: Encouraging student authority and autonomy when problem solving Emphasizing questioning, understanding, and reasoning about math, not just doing math for

the correct answer Asking follow-up questions when students are both right and wrong

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Allowing students to engage in productive struggle

During this cluster: Students will generate data by formulating a question(s) (Example: Favorite summer vacation, number of siblings, weight of backpack, how many minutes you are on a device in a week, favorite flavor of ice cream, etc.). Students will determine whether a survey question will yield categorical data (favorite summer vacation, favorite flavor of ice cream) or numerical data (number of siblings, weight of backpack, hours on device). Students will design a plan to collect and represent the data (ex: using frequency tables, scaled bar graphs, and/or line plots). Students will analyze and interpret their data. Students will apply computation skills when asking and answering questions about the data.

Important Considerations For success, significant time should be spent setting up the classroom. This includes: Developing classroom norms for communication (ex: non-verbal signals, listening and speaking expectations, talk moves for math discussions). Developing math routines (ex: number of the day, number talks, number strings, and other appropriate math routines). Setting various expectations for the structure of the math block (ex: expectations for whole class instruction, cooperative learning, independent learning, etc.). Math discourse needs explicit modeling and practice. This includes students: Sharing their thinking Actively listening to the ideas of others Connecting to others' ideas Asking questions to clarify understanding In Grade 2, students solve simple put-together, take-apart, and compare problems in a data context using information presented in a picture and bar graph. In Grade 3, students solve one and two step `how many more and how many less problems' using the information from graphs. In third grade, students add and subtract numbers up to and including 1,000. The numbers in this unit should be limited to numbers students have worked with as new content related to addition and subtraction will be the focus of Cluster 3. In NC.4.MD.4, the line plot is a new representation of data. Integrate the data standard throughout the year and across content areas when possible. Students should use relevant real-world data to make conjectures about activities related to the world around them. Take advantage of opportunities to incorporate data standards with Science and Social Studies. Both additive (ex. How many more fish does class A have than class B) and multiplicative (ex. Class A had three times as many fish as class B, vanilla ice cream had two times more votes than chocolate ice cream) comparisons can be made and asked based on the data. Students use the language of times as much or times as many to lay a foundation for the focus on multiplicative comparison in Cluster 2.

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Cluster 2: Explore multiplicative comparison, area and perimeter, factors, and multiples

Duration: 3-4 weeks

Content Standards This list includes standards that will be addressed in this cluster, but not necessarily mastered, since all standards are benchmarks for the end of the year. Please note strikethroughs and recommendations in the Important Considerations section for more information.

Represent and solve problems involving multiplication and division. NC.4.OA.1 Interpret a multiplication equation as a comparison. Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparisons using models and equations with a symbol for the unknown number. Distinguish multiplicative comparison from additive comparison.

Gain familiarity with factors and multiples. NC.4.OA.4 Find all factor pairs for whole numbers up to and including 50 to:

Recognize that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors. Determine whether a given whole number is a multiple of a given one-digit number. Determine if the number is prime or composite.

NC.4.MD.3 Solve problems with area and perimeter.

Find areas of rectilinear figures with known side lengths. Solve problems involving a fixed area and varying perimeters with a fixed perimeter and

varying areas. Apply the area and perimeter formulas for rectangles in real world and mathematical

problems.

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems. NC.4.OA.3 Solve two-step word problems involving the four operations with whole numbers.

Use estimation strategies to assess reasonableness of answers. Interpret remainders in word problems. Represent problems using equations with a letter standing for unknown quantity.

Mathematical Practices: 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others 4. Model with mathematics 5. Use appropriate tools strategically 6. Attend to precision 7. Look for and make use of structure 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



What is the mathematics? In third grade, students focus on equal group and array multiplicative situations. In fourth grade, multiplicative thinking is expanded to include multiplicative comparison. Multiplicative comparison problems describe the relationship between two quantities, in which one is a multiple of the other (times as many, times more/less than). Data and scaled bar graphs from the previous cluster can be used as a context to represent and discuss both additive and multiplicative comparisons and to help students distinguish between the two. In fourth grade, students continue to develop the concept of area based on the array model and use that model to explore factors and multiples.

Students will investigate and explain the difference between multiplicative comparisons and additive comparisons (ex: What is the difference between saying 3 times as many/3 times less than and 3 more/3 less than?).

Students will explore multiplicative relationships through multiple contexts and models (ex: area model, tape diagram, scale bar graph, measurement situations, money situations).

Students will solve both unknown product and unknown factor situations (ex: Keenan is 4 feet tall, the tree he planted is now 5 times taller than he is. How tall is the tree?; Keenan is 4 feet tall. The tree is 24 feet. How many times taller is the tree than Keenan? In both examples, students should draw a diagram to show the relationship between Keenan's height and the height of the tree.)

Students will explore finding factors using the array/area model (ex: Find all the rectangles that can be made using exactly 24 tiles. For rectangles with an area of 24, the side lengths of the rectangles are factors of 24).

Students will verify that some numbers can be made into more than one rectangular array (composite numbers) and some numbers can only be represented by rectangular arrays with 1 row (prime numbers); then use that understanding to define prime and composite numbers.

Students will investigate and discover that a whole number is a multiple of each of its factors (ex: Make a rectangle to show that 4 is a factor of 24? How do you know?; How many hops of 6 on a number line does it take to get to 24? So, 24 is 4 times as many as six. What other equal hops could you make to reach 24?).

Students will explore and compare fixed areas and fixed perimeters and formulate conclusions about the relationship between area and perimeter.

Important Considerations: The work in this cluster builds off the 3rd grade focus of multiplication as repeated addition and equal groups and includes a new interpretation in 4th grade of multiplication as comparison. Multiplicative comparison situations in this cluster should be limited to comparisons within 100 focusing first on building foundational language and conceptual understanding of this new interpretation. Placing this cluster early in the year will allow for time to review multiplication facts within 100 to further develop fluency. When exploring multiplicative comparison, the phrases how many times more than/less than, how many times fewer than, and times as many help connect the understanding that the comparison is based on one set being a multiplier of the other. Using a tape diagram (also known as bar model) can help develop this idea. (ex: If four times as many 3rd grade students ride the bus to school compared to the 10 that walk to school, how many students ride the bus?)

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Many rich contexts can be used to practice multiplicative comparison (ex. Building off data collection from cluster 1, if twice as many people ride in cars to school compared to walking; review customary measurement from grade 3 to discover that a quart is four times as much as a cup and twice as much as a pint; In pattern-finding, the number of blocks in a shape pattern can be 3 times the term number or the number of eyes in 6 dogs is twice as many as the number of eyes in 3 dogs).

Multiplicative comparison can also be used in area and perimeter investigations (ex: A rectangle is 2 tiles wide. It is 5 times as long as it is wide. Create a model to find the rectangle's length; A dog kennel is 5 feet wide. It is 4 times as long as it is wide. What is the perimeter of the kennel?).

There are many misconceptions related to the concepts of area and perimeter. It is important that formulas are not preceded by the understanding of each unique measure. Provide hands-on experiences, where students manipulate and measure shapes to discover students that it is possible to change the area of a figure without changing its perimeter.

Students will investigate and explain that it is possible to have different rectangles with the same perimeter but different areas and vice versa (ex: Students investigate how many different rectangles can be made with 36 tiles. Find and record the perimeter of the rectangle. Also, using 24 cm of string, students investigate the different rectangles that can be made with the fixed perimeter. Find and record the area.).

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North Carolina Collaborative for Mathematics Learning (NC2ML)



Cluster 3: Use place value strategies to add and subtract whole numbers

Duration: 3-4 weeks

Content Standards This list includes standards that will be addressed in this cluster, but not necessarily mastered, since all standards are benchmarks for the end of the year. Please note strikethroughs and recommendations in the Important Considerations section for more information.

Generalize place value understanding for multi-digit whole numbers.

NC.4.NBT.1 Explain that in a multi-digit whole number, a digit in one place represents 10 times as much as it represents in the place to its right, up to 100,000.

NC.4.NBT.2 Read and write multi-digit whole numbers up to and including 100,000 using numerals, number names, and expanded form.

NC.4.NBT.7 Compare two multi-digit numbers up to and including 100,000 based on the values of the digits in each place, using >, =, and < symbols to record the results of the comparisons.

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to perform multi-digit arithmetic. NC4.NBT.4 Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers up to and including 100,000 using the standard algorithm with place value understanding.

Use the four operations with whole numbers to solve problems. NC.4.OA.3 Solve two-step word problems involving the four operations with whole numbers.

Use estimation strategies to assess reasonableness of answers Interpret remainders in word problems Represent problems using equations with a letter standing for the unknown quantity.

Supporting Standards: NC.4.OA.1 Interpret a multiplication equation as comparison. Multiply or divide to solve word problems involving multiplicative comparisons using models and equations with a symbol for the unknown number. Distinguish multiplicative comparison from additive comparison.

NC.4.MD.8 Solve word problems involving addition and subtraction of time intervals that cross the hour.

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