Personality



Personality

Test Tips

Mostly multiple choice and matching on Monday. We will do an activity on Wed and profile a character for a part II.

1. Read/ review Chapter: Study all fact sheets and notes. Any terms in bold are also good to look at. Check out some of the charts in the chapter. They will help you get a visual of the theory.

Remember: There is not on way to describe or interpret personality. The theories all explain certain aspects of personality and apply different approaches to determine what it is. Ex: Psychoanalytic approaches focus more on the inner drives, past experiences and the unconscious in terms of personality. However, the theories differ on this. Karen Horney looked at how parenting influenced personality whereas Freud believed that we had inner unconscious forces that battled within us.

2. Approaches & main theorists chart

Trait- Big Five, Eysenk, Cattell, Allport

Psychoanalytic: Freud (not as much on him as the quiz), Jung, Adler, Horney, Humanistic: Maslow, Rogers

Behavioral/ Social Cog: Watson, Bandura, Skinner

Evolutionary- don’t have to know-

Biological- just know there’s a link between biology and personality.

3. For each approach KNOW:

- Common aspects/ ideas of the approach- for example:

Trait theory- does not consider the biology of where traits come from, just that they exist. All trait theorists agree upon that human have certain ranges of traits

Allport- made 3 categories out of dictionary terms, Cardinal, Central, Secondary

Cattell- has 16 source traits that are important (you took this personality test)

Eysenck- 3 ranges (Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism)

Big Five- OCEAN- 5 ranges, a modern theory

Psycho-analytics deals with the unconscious, past experiences, certain inner conflicts, therapies for getting to the root of these conflicts, dreams etc.

Freud- Id, Ego Superego(Iceberg), development stages (oral anal phallic latent genital) and defense mechanisms (including repression, displacement etc.), free association and couch therapy

Jung- Freud’s close friend, collective unconscious/ archetypes and personal unconscious, Did a lot with dreams, and came up with 4 personality ranges (that later became the Myers Briggs)

Adler- Inferiority and superiority complexes,

Horney- 10 neurotic needs, healthy self ( balanced)and neurotic self( goes between despised and ideal elf), womb envy, can help yourself/don’t need a psychologist

Humanists all believe that humans are innately good and striving for their best (that is a criticism of the theory by the way). Humans are constantly and consciously looking at their experiences and evaluating their circumstances. Free will decisions.

Maslow- Self-actualization, pyramid of needs

Rogers- unconditional and conditional positive regard, and incongruent self

Behavioral- believe that environment and stimulus shape and condition a persona beliefs and behavior. Does not deal with unconscious behavior.

Watson- Baby Albert, classical conditioning

BF skinner- operant conditioning (worked with animals, can reinforce or extinguish behaviors. Skinner Box. He didn’t believe we could do higher order thinking.

Bandura- Social Learning, Bobo Doll experiment, we observe and learn behaviors (model them), and we can affect our environment and it can affect us. We have cognition.

KNOW:

- Aspects of how each theorist differs

For ex: how Freud, Horney, Adler and Jung differ on their beliefs.

- Ex: Eysenck has three ranges of traits whereas Cattell has the 16 pf.,

-Adler believes in inferiority and superiority complexes rooting from childhood, while -Horney believes in Neurotic Needs

-Know a little bit of background on each theorist and how it impacts their theories. For example: Bandura’s most famous experiment was the Bobo Doll Experiment, or Watson’s famous quote” Give me 12 infants….” Or Adler’s childhood sicknesses and how they influenced his own theories or inferiority.

OR that Honey had a crush on her brother and was severely depressed.

- Know advantages and shortcomings of each approach and the theories with them. For example, trait theories do not explain where traits come from and it can place a certain label on humans, but an advantage of trait theory is that is allow us to place people in the proper job preferences,

OR that humanistic theory is hard to scientifically measure, but can explain certain human behaviors very well that all of us can relate to in our own lives.

Jungian theory has become more philosophical and mystical in nature and not scientific.

Watson’s theory does not take into account and biological or physiological influence on behavior.

4. You do NOT have to know:

Types of personality testing from last section including the MMPI, psych tests and the ink blots etc.

5. You DO need to know the different theorists whose indicator test you took. You should complete the linked sheet by the quiz.

6. Sample questions:

______1. Unlike psychodynamic approaches to personality, the learning/ behavioral approach emphasizes

A. latent personality structures.

B. self-actualization processes.

C. the outer person and environment

D. biological traits.

______2. Who would be most likely to say that a person's dishonesty is caused by environmental factors?

A. Skinner

B. Freud

C. Rogers

D. Jung

______3. Bandura’s social cognitive theory of personality stresses the observation of adult behaviors as well as the concept of _____ in the development of a child’s personality?

A. genetics

B. the unconscious

C. conditioning

D. modeling.

_____4. According to Bandura, self-efficacy represents a person’s belief that

A. the environment regulates human behavior.

B. the unconscious id dominates personality.

C. people can master situations and produce positive outcomes.

D. the effects of negative childhood experiences cannot be overcome.

_____6. In Carl Rogers’s humanistic personality theory, anxiety is the outcome of

A. subconscious conflict between the id and the superego.

B. one’s striving for self-actualization.

C. discrepancy between one’s self-concept and actual experiences (Incongruence)

D. disagreement between surface traits and source traits.

7. Helpful terms to study in alphabetical order

Archetypes

Psychoanalysis

Archetypes

Behaviorism

Cardinal, Central, Secondary

Collective unconscious

Compensation

Conditional regard and unconditional regard

Conscious

Defense mechanisms

Despised Self/ Ideal Self

Ego, ID/ Superego

Extraversion/ Introversion

Fixation

Five Factor Model

Hierarchy of Needs

Humanism

Healthy Self/ Neurotic Self

Incongruence (versus congruence)

Inferiority/ Superiority Complex

Modeling/ Observational learning

Neurotic Needs

Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Psychoticism

Operant Conditioning (Skinner)

OCEAN- 5 ranges

Oedipal/Electra Complex

Parental indifference

Personal Unconscious

Positive/ negative reinforcement, extinguish, punishment ( all Skinner)

Self actualization

Self efficacy

Traits

Unconscious

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