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United States History

Chapter 11

Section 2: Plantations and Slavery Spread (pages 332 – 337)

1. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. This machine revolutionized the cotton cleaning process. A worker could clean just one pound of cotton by hand in a day. With the machine as much as 50 pounds could be cleaned in a day.

2. English textile mills had created a large demand for cotton. The short-fibered cotton that grew in -the South was hard to clean by hand but with the cotton gin it became a commercial product that changed Southern life.

3. The cotton gin changed life in the South in four important ways:

(1) It triggered a vast move westward. Plantations spread into Florida, Alabama, Miss, LA & Arkansas & then Texas.

(2) Cotton was valuable, so planters grew more of it, and cotton exports increased.

(3) More Native Americans were driven off Southern land as it was taken over for plantations.

(4) Growing cotton required lots of manpower, so the number of slaves increased. Many slaves from the east were sold south and west to the new plantations

4. As cotton production rose, so did the number of _enslaved people. The South raised millions of bales of cotton each year for the textile mills in England and the American Northeast. From the 1820’s to the 1830’s, earnings from cotton exports rose from $20 million to $200 million dollars or were nearly 10 times greater.

5. As cotton earnings rose so did the price of slaves. By the 1830’s a male field hand cost $1000 dollars. Even though after 1808, it became illegal to import Africans to be used for slaves, the trading of slaves already in the country increased.

6. As you read pages 334 – 336 list details about Slaveholding Whites and Non-slaveholding whites below.

|Slaveholding Whites |Non-slaveholding Whites |

|Few in number. |The majority were small farmers. |

|Those with large plantations were the |Most supported slavery & hoped to be able to |

| wealthiest & most powerful people in the south |purchase slaves at some point. |

|Only about 1/3 of white families owned slaves. | |

|Of those, only 1/10 owned 20 or more slaves. | |

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7. As you read pages 334 – 336 list details about Enslaved blacks and Free blacks below

|Enslaved blacks |Free blacks |

|Formed about 1/3 of the South’s population in 1840 |In 1840, about 8% of African Americans were free. |

|About ½ worked on large plantations. |They were either born free, been freed by an owner, or purchased their |

| |freedom. |

|Some worked as domestic servants, skilled |Many lived in Baltimore and Washington D.C. |

|craftsmen, factory hands, & day laborers. |Some states made free blacks leave. |

|Sometimes they were hired out and allowed to |Most states did not permit them to get an education. |

|keep part of their earnings. |Many employers refused to hire them. |

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8. Armed rebellion was an extreme form of resistance to slavery. The most famous rebellion was led by Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831. Turner and 70 followers killed 55 white men, women, and children.

9. When the rebellion ran out of ammunition most of the men were captured, and 16 were killed. After Turner was captured, he was tried and hanged.

10. After Turner’s rebellion, fearful whites killed more than 200 African Americans. Harsh laws were passed by state legislatures that kept African Americans from having weapons or buying liquor. Slaves could hold religious services only if whites were present. Antislavery publications were not delivered by postmasters.

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