FADE UP:



"History is far more than the excitement of battle, the flags and guns and desperate assaults.”

Dwight Eisenhower

ADAMS COUNTY USA

Script (Final)

April 17, 2002

By

Jake Boritt

Farm by the Ford

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325

(917) 617-4401

jb@

|Black | | |

|Titles |Music: Jim Beer-Indian flute | |

| |ADAMS COMMUNITY TELEVISION | |

| |and | |

| |ADAMS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY | |

| |present | |

| |A JAKE BORITT FILM | |

| |in association with | |

| |MOON HOUSE MEDIA, INC. | |

|Black | | |

|1-1 |JIM BEER, Lenape Nation: | |

| |Nuwat lowat nuchink, neolo gomeek. | |

| |In our tradition we always say at the beginning of any story that all things begin and end with the creator. In | |

| |that way we remember who we are—where we come from—and where our stories come from—and the importance of history| |

| |all the way back to creation. | |

|1-2 |NARRATOR | |

| |An old legend comes down to us from a time when Indians lived on the land that we now call Adams County. It | |

| |tells of a young brave ordered to the top of a rocky mountain to watch for the approach of a war party. He falls| |

| |asleep and fails to see the enemy. His people are massacred. | |

| |An old medicine man survives and turns the young Indian to stone. The stone sentinel is still atop that mountain| |

| |looking for the enemy – ever watching the land. | |

|Black | | |

|Main |ADAMS COUNTY USA | |

|Title | | |

|2-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1682 an English Quaker named William Penn sailed up the Delaware River to begin a colony. Penn dealt fairly | |

| |with natives, purchasing ground before allowing Europeans to settle it. Soon settlers flocked to the colony | |

| |called Pennsylvania. | |

|2-3 |JIM BEER: | |

|LT |In the beginning when the Europeans came here they were approached in peace by the Indian people. They were | |

| |approached with a hand out, a hand of peace. To live together, to share their land together. And that peace | |

| |always wound up being taken advantage of. The white man was like a great monster. And what that monster ate | |

| |was land. | |

|2-4 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The land that would become Adams County was almost entirely covered in trees. Here Indians hunted and fished, | |

| |sheltered, traded, and made war. As Europeans moved deeper into this wilderness they cleared the land and built | |

| |farms. With them also came a land dispute. | |

|2-5 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

|LT |Both Pennsylvania and Maryland claimed a strip of land about seventy miles wide. That seventy-mile strip | |

| |included a sizable part of what is now Adams County. | |

|Title |The Line | |

|2-6 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Among the settlers eager for Pennsylvania’s abundant land and religious freedom was a German named Martin | |

| |Kitzmiller. | |

|2-7 |GABOR BORITT: | |

|LT |Kitzmiller is an immigrant. He is escaping the old world, looking for a new world. Looking for America. He’s | |

| |looking for what in a later day people called the American Dream. | |

|2-8 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the 1730s Kitzmiller bought land deeded by Pennsylvania and built a mill along the Little Conewago Creek. | |

| |The property abutted a massive parcel granted by Maryland to an Englishman of noble blood named John Digges.[1] | |

|2-9 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

| |John Digges was obviously land hungry. He was thoughtless, he was essentially uncaring. | |

|2-10 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Digges believed he owned Kitzmiller’s land. Soon, the two were at odds. | |

|2-11 |JOHN DIGGES: | |

| |I proved by unquestionable evidences my possession of the very spot where Martin Kitzmiller lives. [2] | |

|2-12 |MARTIN KITZMILLER: | |

| |Digges daily threatens us, unless we pay him. We are under daily terror lest we should be carried into | |

| |Maryland.[3] | |

|2-13 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

| |I think it was easy to look upon this land as, next to life itself, our most prized possession. We have thrown | |

| |sweat into that land. We have perhaps thrown blood into that land. And someday we want to turn it over to our | |

| |children. And so, we’re going to fight for it. | |

|2-14 |NARRATOR: | |

| |John Digges raised a band of men that included his son Dudley. They seized Martin Kitzmiller at his mill, | |

| |claiming he was under arrest. | |

|2-15 |MARTIN KITZMILLER | |

| |I called out for help. My son Jacob Kitzmiller, having a rifle gun, come out. Two of the men seized Jacob to | |

| |take his gun from him. My wife come out, the men tore hair from her head, and beat her. In this confusion the | |

| |gun in Jacob’s hands shot Dudley Digges in the belly.[4] | |

|2-16 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The Digges boy died within hours. | |

|Black | | |

|2-17 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The Kitzmillers were tried for murder in Pennsylvania. They were found not guilty. | |

|2-18 |GABOR BORITT: | |

| |The fact that Kitzmiller wins shows that this is a new world. It shows that a poor man, a miller, can get | |

| |justice against a well-to-do nobleman. This is America. | |

|2-19 |NARRATOR: | |

| |His son in the ground, John Digges left his land and returned to Maryland. The Kitzmiller family continued to | |

| |operate their mill on the Little Conewago for the next one hundred years.[5] | |

|2-20 |NARRATOR: | |

| |To end the colonies’ dispute, two Englishmen surveyed the boundary. In time their efforts grew to have a | |

| |significance far greater than a simple surveyor’s line. | |

|2-21 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

|LT |When you say Mason-Dixon line it goes beyond this boundary, Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary. It just means slave | |

| |states on one hand and free states on the other. | |

|2-22 |NARRATOR: | |

| |A century later a young nation would erupt over this divide, reaching its climax in a battle fought less then | |

| |ten miles from where Jacob Kitzmiller killed Dudley Digges. | |

|Black | | |

|3-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The land dispute did not prevent others from venturing into the wilderness. Scotch-Irish began settling near | |

| |Marsh Creek. Among them was the Jemison family. While sailing to America, Jane Jemison had given birth to a | |

| |daughter. It was later said that the life of Mary Jemison would be as stormy as the ocean upon which she was | |

| |born. | |

| | | |

|Title |TWO VOICES FALLING | |

|3 –2 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the isolation of the South Mountains, the Jemisons cleared the land and built a farm. Mary grew to be a | |

| |strong girl of 15 years. | |

|3-3 |Mary Jemison: | |

| |Vigor and strength characterized our little paradise. Nothing to alarm save the midnight howl of the wolf, or | |

| |the shriek of the panther. | |

|3-4 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1755, North America erupted in a war for control of the New World. In Western Pennsylvania, French and Indian| |

| |forces defeated an English army. | |

|3-5 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

| |The English retreated back to Philadelphia leaving the frontier open to attack by French and Indians, anywhere, | |

| |anytime. | |

|3-6 |JIM BEER- PETOKOAH: | |

| |A lot of tribes were never so violent as they became when the European people came here. Never before, but they | |

| |had to stand up for who they were or else be obliterated. | |

|3-7 |NARRATOR: | |

| |French and Indian raiding parties terrorized settlers. | |

|3-8 |Mary Jemison | |

| |The storm gathered faster; murders were committed; and many captives were exposed to meet death in its most | |

| |frightful form. But as yet we had not heard the death-yell. | |

|3-9 |NARRATOR | |

| |Despite the looming threat of an Indian attack on his family, Thomas Jemison chose to stay on his land. | |

|3-10 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

| |It may very well be that Thomas Jemison thought that he could deal with this situation if it got worse. It did | |

| |get worse. | |

|3-11 |NARRATOR: | |

| |On an April morning in 1758, Mary returned from a neighbor’s house. | |

|3-12 |Mary JEmison: | |

| |Our family was employed about their common business. Father was shaving an axe-handle. Mother was making | |

| |breakfast. Breakfast was not ready…the discharge of guns…mother almost fainted…everyone trembled with | |

| |fear…Indians…they secured my father…rushed into the house…made prisoners of mother, the three children, and | |

| |myself…then commenced plundering. | |

|3-18 |Narrator: | |

| |They herded the captives into the woods and away from the new life they had begun. | |

|3-14 |Mary Jemison: | |

| |On our march an Indian went behind us with a whip. He frequently lashed the children to make them keep up. We | |

| |traveled till dark without a mouthful of food or a drop of water. Whenever the little children cried for water,| |

| |the Indians would make them drink urine or go thirsty | |

|3-15 |Narrator: | |

| |The party marched for two days before reaching a dark and dismal swamp. | |

| |Narrator: | |

| |An Indian led Mary away. | |

|3-17 |MARY JEMISON: | |

| |The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me beside the| |

| |still waters. He restoreth my soul; he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name’s sake. Yea, | |

| |though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me; | |

|Black | | |

|3-18 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The following night Mary sat by the fire and watched her captors dry scalps, one of them red-haired. | |

|3-19 |MARY JEMISON:[6] | |

| |The Indians took the scalps, wet and bloody, held them to the fire and commenced scraping the flesh till they | |

| |were dry and clean. They combed the hair in the neatest manner. My mother’s hair was red. | |

|Black | | |

|3-20 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In Western Pennsylvania Mary was traded to two Seneca women. They adopted her as their sister, giving her the | |

| |name De-kee-wa’nis. It means “two-voices-falling.” | |

|3-30 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Mary Jemison lived among the Seneca people for the rest of her life, witnessing the formation of a new country | |

| |and the decline of the Indian people as their land was taken in the name of a young country’s manifest destiny. | |

|Black | | |

|4-3 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1775, a large group of men packed into a crossroads tavern run by a Scotch-Irishman named Sam Gettys. The | |

| |crowd was in a frenzy. The American Revolution was beginning. The men enlisted, and marched to join George | |

| |Washington’s army near Boston. Too young to go with them was the tavern keeper’s son, 16-year-old James. | |

|4-4 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Six years later, in his father’s tavern, James Gettys, was made an officer in the militia. It marked the | |

| |beginning of his long service to the community. | |

|Title |GETTYS’ TOWN | |

|4-6 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The war put Sam Gettys in severe debt. His property was auctioned at a sheriff’s sale. James bought a parcel of| |

| |his father’s land that included the crossroads tavern. | |

| |In 1786 he began selling lots at ten dollars each. | |

|4-7 |JAMES GETTYS:[7] | |

| |All those who have purchased lots are desired to call for their deeds, as they are now in readiness. James | |

| |Gettys | |

|4-8a |HARRY STOKES: | |

|LT | came at a time when the best good for the people of this land was to build towns and develop communities. | |

|4-3b |DAVID SITES: | |

|LT |He created centralization of populace, which is what most people, most land planners, are probably advocating | |

| |today. | |

|4-9 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Gettys’ Town was then part western York County and governed from the county seat some 40 miles east | |

|4-10 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

| |Their experiences during the revolution, with its emphasis upon liberty and self-government, increasingly | |

| |convinced the people in the western part of York County that they were entitled to their own county government. | |

|4-11 |HARRY STOKES: | |

| |It was a matter of either growing or dying, and to become a county seat would secure the future of the town. | |

|4-12 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Hunterstown and New Oxford vied with Gettys’s town to be named the county seat. | |

|4-13 |JAMES GETTYS: | |

| |We transfer to the new county all ground rent and a lot for the jail on the condition that Gettys‘ Town be fixed| |

| |as the seat of justice. | |

| |NARRATOR: | |

| |On January 22, 1800, a new county was formed, named for President John Adams, and Gettysburg was its seat of | |

| |government. | |

| | | |

|4-14 | NARRATOR: | |

| |James Gettys was elected to the state legislature. Over time, he served as sheriff, treasurer, mayor, and bank | |

| |director. By the end of his career, he was known to all as General James Gettys. | |

|4-15 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Late in the winter of 1815 a fever spread through the Gettys family. James’s mother Isabella died on a Sunday; | |

| |James, on a Monday; and his wife Mary, on the following Friday. | |

|4-16 |ADAMS SENTINEL: | |

| |As a husband and a father Mr. Gettys was peculiarly affectionate and indulgent, as a friend he was sincere and | |

| |as a companion, polite social and cheerful. Gettysburg Sentinel. | |

|4-17 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Listed in James Gettys’ will was a mulatto girl, held in slavery, named Sidney. | |

|4-18 |BEVERLY STANTON: | |

|LT |I’m proud to go back to a woman – because I’m a strong black woman – and I like the fact of starting, being able| |

| |to start my line from a woman. From Sidney. | |

|4-21 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Whites continued to own slaves in Adams County into the nineteenth century. Slowly they were emancipated. The | |

| |growing population of free blacks settled in the southwestern section of Gettysburg and on a rise of ground in | |

| |Quaker Valley known as Yellow Hill. | |

|Black | | |

|5-2 |NARRATOR: | |

| |A year after James Gettys’ death, a tall man with an awkward limp arrived in Gettysburg. Thaddeus Stevens had | |

| |come to practice law. Work was scarce and he was about to leave, when a farm hand killed a fellow worker. | |

| |Stevens took the case, the first murder trial in the county, and argued it so ably that the fact that his client| |

| |was found guilty—and hanged at the intersection of the Baltimore and Emmitsburg | |

| |pikes—did not slow the young lawyer’s rise in the community. | |

|Title |FREE AS AIR | |

|5-5 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the time he lived in Adams County, Stevens helped establish a library, published a newspaper, served as a | |

| |bank director, and became one of the largest property owners in the area, including an iron forge he called | |

| |Caledonia. Eventually his influence would extend far beyond Adams County. | |

| |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |“Some deem it of much more importance, that the mud holes in their roads should be filled up, than that the | |

| |rubbish of ignorance be cleared away from the intellects of their children.” | |

|5-6 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

|LT |Stevens believed in public education because it liberates people’s potential. Until you have the opportunity to| |

| |get more education you can’t know what you can be. And he wanted all Americans, black and white, rich and poor,| |

| |to have the opportunity to reach the limit of their potential. | |

|5-7 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1833, Stevens was elected to the state legislature. In his first term, he secured funds for a new school in| |

| |Gettysburg, known then as Pennsylvania College. [8]The following year, citizens, upset by increased taxes, | |

| |presented the legislature with 30,000 signatures urging the repeal of the “free-school” law.[9] Stevens | |

| |addressed the legislature. | |

|5-8 |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |It would seem to be humiliating to be under the necessity, in the nineteenth century, to prove the utility, and | |

| |to free governments, the absolute necessity of education. | |

|5-9 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

|LT |You can have education without a real democracy. But you can’t have a democracy without education. | |

| |It’s an indispensable prerequisite for the development of a democratic society. | |

|5-10 |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |I trust that when we come to act on this question we shall take lofty ground and so cast our votes that the | |

| |blessings of education shall be carried home to the poorest child of the poorest inhabitant of the meanest hut | |

| |of your mountains. | |

|5-11 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Public schools were saved, and Stevens would be known forever as the “father of free education.” | |

|5-12 |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |Education ought to be free as air to every human being.[10] | |

|Black | | |

|5-13 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Around this time a new book was published. It was the story of a woman who had lived her life among the Indians.| |

| |She had married twice, the second time to one of the fiercest Seneca warriors. She had had eight children, and | |

| |come to own nearly 18,000 acres of land in upstate New York.[11] A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison is| |

| |still in print today. | |

|5-14 |MARY JEMISON: | |

| |I feel as though I could lay down in peace a life that has been checked with troubles of a deeper dye, than are | |

| |commonly experienced by mortals. | |

|5-15 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Mary Jemison died at the age of 90. Over the years she had declined numerous opportunities to return to the | |

| |white world, preferring to stay with her children in the mother-centered society of the Seneca people. | |

|Black | | |

|Title |A LOCAL QUESTION? | |

|6-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Having achieved victory in education, Thaddeus Stevens joined the growing movement to abolish slavery. | |

|6-2 | MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

| |Adams County occupied some uneasy middle ground during the 1840s and 1850s. Precisely because it lay at the | |

| |border between slavery and freedom. | |

|6-3 |MOSES McCLEAN-ESQUIRE: | |

| |We have no slaves here, so why come down here to disturb our boroughs with discussions of slavery? | |

|6-3 |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |So, then human liberty is become merely a local question, is it? | |

|6-9 |NARRATOR: | |

| |An illegal network of safe houses, called the “Underground Railroad,” helped runaway slaves reach freedom. For | |

| |many, Adams County was the first stop north of the Mason-Dixon line. | |

|6-10 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

| |Slaves would escape from their masters and their masters would come after them. Folks in Adams County sometimes| |

| |sympathized with the masters sometimes they sympathized with the slaves. | |

|6-11 |NARRATOR: | |

| |A black woman named Mag Palm lived in Gettysburg.[12] | |

|6-12 |MAG PALM: | |

| |I was attacked by a group of men who made the attempt to take me south where they expected sell me. I’m powerful| |

| |woman, and they would have derived quite a profit. I was fighting them as best as I could with my hands tied. | |

| |I succeeded in catching a thumb in my mouth. Bit that thumb off. And drove those kidnappers off. | |

|6-13 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

| |They wanted their freedom. It was as simple as that. They wanted their freedom. | |

|6-14 |NARRATOR: | |

| |A free black man named Basil Biggs worked a farm along Marsh Creek, where he hid fugitives. At night he took | |

| |them to the black community on Yellow Hill. From there, they were guided to meet other agents of the Underground| |

| |Railroad. Among these were the Wrights, a Quaker family living above York Springs. | |

|6-15 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

| |It was very elaborate, very difficult, very trying, very dangerous for there were the bloodhounds, and the slave| |

| |catchers, and everything on your heels all the time. | |

|6-16 |NARRATOR: | |

| |One evening the Wrights took in a panicked family of fugitives. As the slave catchers approached the | |

| |runaways were scattered into hiding places. But their baby cried. The slave catchers entered the house and began| |

| |searching. One barged into the bedroom and found Mrs. Wright in bed with a baby wrapped in a | |

| |blanket. Embarrassed he apologized and the slave catchers left. Afterwards, Mrs. Wright said simply “I am glad | |

| |they did not see the baby.”[13] It is claimed that 1,000 runaway slaves passed through the Wright house to | |

| |freedom. | |

|6-17 |BEVERLY STANTON: | |

| |Most of the people who tried to escape slavery didn’t make it. Most were taken back. | |

|6-18 |DAVID BARROW-SLAVE OWNER: | |

| |“We trailed him about a mile, treed him, made the dogs pull him out of the tree, bit him badly, think he will | |

| |stay home for a while.” [14] | |

|6-19a |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |The only place they can find equality is in the grave. There all God’s children are equal. | |

|6-19b |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1858, the last slave owned in Adams County, a 93-year-old woman known as Old Tacy Hack, died. Her given name| |

| |had been Patience. | |

|Black | | |

|7-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1860, a 17-year-old Gettysburg schoolteacher began keeping a diary with the words “let love and truth indite | |

| |– whatever here I write.” And indeed Sallie Myers would write – keeping a diary until she died in 1922. | |

|7-2 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |November 6 – 1860 Hurrah for Lincoln! Everyone is rejoicing over the great triumph the Republican party has | |

| |achieved. | |

|7-3 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The election of Abraham Lincoln led to the formation of the Confederacy and the beginning of the Civil War. | |

|7-4 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The young men of Adams County went to war. Among those who joined Company K of the Pennsylvania Reserves were | |

| |Sallie Myers’s brother Jefferson Myers, George Kitzmiller, the great-grandson of the man who killed Dudley | |

| |Digges, and a teacher, educated at Pennsylvania College, named Henry Minnigh .[15] | |

|7-5 |HENRY Minnigh: [16] | |

| |We rendezvoused at Gettysburg and entered an experience, which few suspected would last.- Private Henry | |

| |Minnigh. | |

|7-6 |JAY UNGAR-singing: | |

| |I put my knapsack on my back my rifle on my shoulder and headed down to Gettysburg town and they made me a | |

| |soldier. | |

|7-7a |HENRY MINNIGH: | |

| |We moved north west of Washington city. And now followed many weary days, consisting of drill. The boys were | |

| |eager to, whip the Jonnies, and then go home. - Orderly Sergeant Henry Minnigh | |

|Black | | |

|Title |IN REBELDOM | |

| |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |June 15: The town is all in an uproar. Merchants are packing their goods & sending them off and every one | |

| |shares in the confusion caused by the news ‘The rebels are coming | |

|7-8 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In June of 1863, Robert E. Lee marched his Confederate army across the Mason-Dixon line and into Adams County. | |

|7-11 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |June 21: Blacks are skeedaddling. Their fear of the rebels is caused by the belief that they will be captured | |

| |and sold as slaves. Oh dear, I wish the excitement was over. | |

|7-12 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

| |Not only the slave runaways, but any black person was liable to be swept up and taken back. | |

|7-13 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Many blacks, including Basil Biggs fled, some to the secluded Yellow Hill settlement. Though now a Congressman | |

| |from Lancaster, Thaddeus Stevens was tending his ironworks at Caledonia. As rebels approached he rushed away. | |

| |The invaders, offended by Stevens’s anti-slavery beliefs, burned the operation to the ground.[17] | |

|7-14 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |June 26 – In Rebeldom…the long looked for Rebels made their appearance with their old red flag flying and | |

| |yelling like fiends. | |

|7-15 |HENRY MINNIGH: | |

| |We had seen enough of the ravages of warfare in the south-land, to cause us to be anxious for the welfare of our| |

| |loved ones. First Lieutenant Henry Minnigh | |

|7-16 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |June 29 – Rebel campfires can be seen in the Mountains. We may expect a battle both near and soon. May God help | |

| |us! For surely our cause is one of justice and humanity. | |

| |FADE INTO MORNING: | |

|7-17 |NARRATOR: | |

| |On the morning of July first, the greatest battle of the American Civil War began in a farmer’s field outside | |

| |Gettysburg. | |

|7-18 |SALLY MYERS:[18] | |

| |At ten-o-clock a horse was led past our house covered with blood. The sight sickened me. I’ve never been able | |

| |to stand the sight of blood. | |

|7-19 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Fighting would rage for three days, citizens hid themselves however they could. On the second day Company K | |

| |arrived in their homeland. | |

|7-21 |HENRY MINNIGH: | |

| |Some of the company began to recognize well known faces. One said “Vy chon, for vat de defil you left dem repels| |

| |soljers gum up heyr, hey?” John’s reply was “Why! Uncle Sam, it was all planned out so that I could get home to | |

| |see my Mammy. | |

|7-22 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Casualties swelled in some of the most brutal fighting of the war. | |

|7-23 |GABOR BORITT: | |

| |Nearly every house, barn, structure is used as a hospital. | |

|7-24 |SALLIE MYERS:[19] | |

| |I went into the Church. The men were scattered all over it, some lying in pews and some on the bare floor. The | |

| |suffering and groans of the wounded and dying were terrible to see and hear. I knelt by one and said, ‘What can| |

| |I do for you?’ He looked at me with mournful, fearless eyes and said, “Nothing; I am going to die.” …I went out,| |

| |sat down on the church step, and cried. | |

|Black | | |

|7-25 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The dying man was Sergeant Alexander Stewart. Sallie Myers brought him back to her house to care for him. | |

| |BLACK | |

| |NARRATOR: | |

| |A union position on a hill south of Gettysburg came under heavy attack. | |

| |COL. JACOB SHEADS: | |

| |It dominates everything, if the Confederates had captured Little Round Top they could have put their guns there | |

| |and fired enfilade fire right down the union line. | |

|7-28 |HENRY MINNIGH: | |

| |We were hurried at a double quick to the extreme left, at the Round tops. At the word of command we swept down | |

| |the face of the hill, meeting rebels as they came rushing forward. | |

| |COL. JACOB SHEADS: | |

| |Down the slopes of Little Round Top, down into, thru the valley of the death, off to the peach orchard. | |

| |NARRATOR: | |

| |The union held Little Round Top. | |

|7-30 |COL. JACOB SHEADS: | |

| |If hadn’t been for the Unions winning Little Round Top we’d be going to Richmond instead of Washington. | |

|7-31 |SALLIE MYERS: [20] | |

| |That night we were ordered to the cellar. Stewart insisted on my going, but I could not leave him. A Minie ball| |

| |came through two walls and struck the floor where I had been sitting but a few minutes before. I would have been| |

| |struck through the neck. | |

|7-33 |NARRATOR: | |

| |July third dawned with more intense fighting. Believing that one massive final attack would defeat the Union | |

| |army and possibly win the war, General Lee pointed to a copse of trees and ordered 13,000 Confederate soldiers | |

| |to charge the union center. It was a slaughter. Pickett’s charge was repulsed. The battle ended. | |

|7-34 |COL. JACOB SHEADS: | |

| |The union was born in Philadelphia in 1776 but preserved in Gettysburg in 1863. | |

|7-35 |NARRATOR: | |

| |That night Henry Minnigh braved enemy pickets to visit his home.[21] | |

|7-36 |HENRY MINNIGH: [22] | |

| |I entered into the main building and found no-one. I turned to the cellar and saw father and mother, four | |

| |sisters and a brother, each a perfect image of dejection. I revealed the state of affairs and brought them from | |

| |that lower world into the light and comfort of the upper world. That night the Confederate army began the | |

| |evacuation of Gettysburg. | |

|Black | | |

|8-1 |SALLY MYERS: | |

| |The rebels have left and we are again in possession of the town. I have never spent a happier fourth. It seemed| |

| |so bright. | |

|Title |A NEW BIRTH | |

|8-2 |NARRATOR: | |

| |On the Fourth of July, 1863 it rained. The Confederate army retreated, the Union army regrouped, and Adams | |

| |Countians began to come to terms with what had happened on their land. Dead and dying men outnumbered the | |

| |citizens of Gettysburg 10 to one. Sallie Myers continued to care for Alexander Stewart. | |

|8-3 |SALLIE SITES THOMAS: | |

|LT |It is hard to imagine what she must have felt to have taken this soldier, from the very first encounter she had | |

| |to have taken him into her heart. She took care of him, she wrote his family. She must have felt toward him as| |

| |one would feel toward a brother. | |

|8-4 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |July 6–He has been sinking gradually all morning. I held him in my arms until nearly 11 when his head sank on | |

| |the pillow and he died with only a slight struggle. I have never been so much interested in a stranger.[23] | |

|8-5 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Sallie Myers continued tending wounded soldiers. In late July she received a letter from Sergeant Alexander | |

| |Stewart’s younger brother Henry. It marked the beginning of a close relationship. | |

|Black | | |

|8-8 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The burning of his ironworks cost Thaddeus Stevens over $75,000. | |

|8-9 |THADDEUS STEVENS: | |

| |We must all expect to suffer by this wicked war. If, finally, the government shall be reestablished over our | |

| |whole territory; and not a vestige of slavery left, I shall deem it a cheap purchase. | |

|8-10 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Over time the destruction would be replaced by a new economy centered upon the memory of the battle. | |

|8-18 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the midst of the nation’s greatest crisis the Northern states chose to honor their dead by creating a | |

| |national cemetery. One of the men hired to haul bodies was Basil Biggs. | |

|8-14 |GABOR BORITT: | |

|LT |Basil Biggs has an awful job. He’s digging up decaying bodies. He’s carting them to a cemetery. But there | |

| |Lincoln would speak about “a new birth of freedom.” The road ahead would be long. But in our time, African | |

| |Americans would become the heads of universities, corporations, and are beginning to take their rightful place | |

| |in society. | |

|8-12 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In November the dedication of the new cemetery brought 15,000 spectators to Gettysburg. President Lincoln rode | |

| |in the procession to Cemetery Hill. | |

|8-18 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |The long looked for 19th is here at last. I went up the street and saw the procession going out to the cemetery | |

| |and then came home to work. Saw the President and a great many distinguished men but had little time to look at| |

| |them. | |

|8-19 |NARRATOR: | |

| |On the treeless hill south of town, Abraham Lincoln spoke for barely two minutes. | |

|8-20 |ABRAHAM LINCOLN: | |

| |Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty | |

| |and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal | |

|8-21 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

| |In a very few words he sums up the whole cause for which the nation has been fighting for. | |

|8-22 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

| |It turned a war for Union into a war for freedom. | |

| | | |

|8-24 |JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN: | |

| |It’s a masterful statement. | |

|8-25 |ABRAHAM LINCOLN: | |

| |…shall have a new birth of freedom and government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not | |

| |perish from the earth. | |

|8-26 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Less then a year most of Adams Countians would vote against Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election. | |

|Black | | |

|8-27 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Abraham Lincoln was reelected. In June of that election year Company K was mustered out of service. | |

|8-28 |HENRY MINNIGH: | |

| |Three years before we had gone forth fully strong, and now we were merely a hand-full, then full of life and | |

| |buoyancy, now war-worn and battle-scarred veterans. Brevet Major Henry Minnigh[24] | |

|8-29 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the same month, Sallie Myers received a visit from Henry Stewart who been wounded in the war. | |

|8-30 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |June 1864 – Mr. Stewart and I had a delightful walk and conversation, yet I fear it is the forerunner of | |

| |trouble. It seems as though the happiness is almost too great. | |

|Black | | |

|8-31 |NARRATOR: | |

| |A year later, in the spring of 1865 the Civil War ended. Like the rest of the country, Adams Countians moved on.| |

| |Henry Minnigh became a minister and published a history of Company K. Thaddeus Stevens died in 1868. He was | |

| |buried beside blacks in a non-segregated cemetery in Lancaster. | |

| |Sallie Myers married Henry Stewart, but her husband continued to suffer from a war wound | |

|8-34 |SALLIE SITES THOMAS: | |

| |His condition was so bad that he was essentially bedridden. So there she was with a husband who was critically | |

| |ill. The baby was growing, about to be born the following fall. I’m sure her situation was desperate. | |

|8-35 |SALLIE MYERS STEWART: | |

| |October 17, 1868 – One year ago today I left home a happy bride. This morning the cold snow is falling thick | |

| |and fast upon my precious husband’s grave. | |

|8-36 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Ten days later, Sallie Myers Stewart gave birth to a boy she named Henry Alexander—for a father he would never | |

| |know and an uncle killed at Gettysburg. | |

|Black | | |

|8-41 |NARRATOR: | |

| |With the money he earned burying union dead, Basil Biggs bought his own farm. He began clearing the land and | |

| |was about to cut down a thicket when it was explained to him that they were the same trees Robert E. Lee had | |

| |pointed to when he ordered Pickett’s charge. Biggs let the trees stand. In the years that followed the | |

| |battlefield became the center of a thriving tourist industry. | |

|8-42 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Sallie Myers Stewart supported herself and her son by teaching black children. Her support for integration of | |

| |schools made her unpopular with many in the county. | |

|8-43 |BEVERLY STANTON: | |

| |And she saw that there’s something wrong with two different educational systems in the town that had the Civil | |

| |War, with the Gettysburg Address, “all men are created equal.” | |

|8-45 |SALLIE MYERS STEWART: | |

| |It has made me so much trouble that I feel that it best for them and me, not to teach the school again. So, I | |

| |have laid down the burden.[25] | |

|8-46 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Blacks faced other problems. For reasons unknown, the Yellow Hill community disappeared. Why these people left| |

| |has never been explained. | |

|Black | | |

|9-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1878, neighbors living north of Cashtown were puzzled by a strange site. A farmer named Noah Sheely had | |

| |planted 2,000 apple trees. It was by far the largest orchard in the county. | |

|Title |ADAMS’ APPLES | |

|9-2 |NARRATOR: | |

| |It was said of Noah Sheely that there is a right way, a wrong way, and Noah’s way. Many looked upon his orchard| |

| |as an absurd venture. Small orchards had been a staple on farms since the first settlers, but by the last | |

| |decades of the 19th century a glut in the fruit market depressed prices. Worthless apples were left to rot. | |

|9-3 |NOAH SHEELY: | |

| |I don’t know what I’m going to do with my apples when harvested.[26] Noah Sheely | |

|9-4 |NARRATOR: | |

| |As the dawn of a new century approached America was changing. | |

|9-5 |CHARLES GLATFELTER: | |

|LT |More immigrants are coming. More Americans are moving into cities and there is a demand for fruit. The primary | |

| |fruit is the apple. | |

| |TOM CLOWNEY: | |

| |The soil is ideal for apple growing. It’s rare to have so much of it. | |

|9-6 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The sunny slopes and rich soil of the South Mountain foothills combined with a mild climate made Adams County | |

| |ideal for apple growing. In 1884, a railroad was built in the northern part of the county. Now there was an | |

| |efficient way to ship apples out of the county. – | |

| |It was time for Noah Sheely to sell his crop. Fittingly, he would find his buyer in no ordinary way. | |

|9-8 |JOHN SHEELY LINN: | |

| |What happened was, Grandfather Noah went out to Chicago to this World’s Fair and got to blowing off about what | |

| |wonderful apples were in Pennsylvania, and this J.H. Bunker Company took him up and said, “I’m coming in to | |

| |see,” and Grandfather said, “Well, come on!” | |

|9-9 |J.H. BUNKER: | |

| |I have this day bought of Noah Sheely all of his apples 2 inches and over in diameter and free of worm holes in | |

| |the sides.[27] | |

|9-10 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Noah Sheely had made the first large commercial sale of Adams County apples. As word of his success spread | |

| |around the county, other farmers began planting large orchards. | |

|9-11 |GETTYSBURG NEWS: | |

| |Mr. Sheely well deserves his name as the “Apple King of Adams county,” not only for his personal success but | |

| |also for the interest he has taken in bringing Adams County into prominence as a fruit growing county. | |

|9-12 |NARRATOR: | |

| |By the time Noah Sheely died in 1907, farmers had planted peaches, cherries, pears, plums, and apricots. | |

| |Factories were set up to can fruit, pack fruit, and produce barrels for shipping. In 1880, Adams County had | |

| |ranked 47th in apple production among Pennsylvania counties. By 1920, it ranked first. | |

|Black | | |

|9-13 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the fall of 1914, neighbors were again struck by a curious site on the Sheely farm. The preceding year the | |

| |barn had burned. The Sheely brothers, following in their father’s innovative footsteps, decided to replace the | |

| |burnt barn with a structure like no other in the county. | |

|9-14 |HARRISBURG PATRIOT NEWS: | |

| |The barn is a symbol of innovation, symbolic of the cyclical nature of agriculture in this part of Adams | |

| |County[28] | |

|9-15 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The Round Barn still stands, a testament to Noah Sheely’s enterprising spirit and his 2,000 apple trees. Today, | |

| |there are over 1 million apple trees in Adams County. | |

|Black | | |

|10-2 |NARRATOR: READ BOTH: | |

| |In 1915, Henry Minnigh died at the age of 77. That same year, another soldier saw Gettysburg for the first time,| |

| |touring the battlefield with his West Point class. The young cadet would return sooner than he expected. | |

|Title |ESCAPE FROM CONCRETE | |

|10-3 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER [29] | |

| |My chief said he was impressed by my “organizational ability.” I was directed to take the troops who would not | |

| |be going overseas, and proceed to an old, abandoned campsite in, of all places, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. My | |

| |mood was black. | |

|10-4 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

|LT |Ike didn’t want to be in Gettysburg in 1918. He wanted to be in Europe fighting with the officers he trained | |

| |with at West Point. But he took the assignment as he took all assignments—with good grace. And he did his best | |

| |with it. | |

|10-6 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Eisenhower lived in Gettysburg with his young wife Mamie. In October, he received orders to depart for Europe. | |

| |A week before he was to leave, the war ended. | |

|10-7 |SALLIE MYERS STEWART:[30] | |

| |November 11, 1918: The town is wild over the news, “It is over.” A wonderful, fantastic parade. Thank God. | |

|10-8 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER: | |

| |I suppose I’ll spend the rest of my life explaining why I didn’t get into this war. By God! From now on I’m | |

| |cutting myself a swath that will make up for this. | |

|10-9 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The swath cut by Dwight Eisenhower would reach Europe, the White House, and ultimately return to Adams County. | |

|Black | | |

|10-10 |SALLIE MYERS STEWART: | |

| |July 31, 1920 – ‘Registered for voting!!!”[31] | |

|10-11 |SALLIE SITES THOMAS: | |

|LT |She was able to actually cast a vote. After spending her entire life serving other people, working hard, being | |

| |independent, earning her own paycheck, raising her own family and yet it was not until she was 76 years old that| |

| |she was even able to vote for the leaders who made the decision that governed her. | |

|10-12 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Two years later she wrote in her diary for the final time. | |

|10-13 |SALLIE MYERS: | |

| |January 12, 1922: Usual work and a little washing, but spent most of the day doing personal writing. | |

|10-14 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The following Saturday, Sallie Myers Stewart died.[32] | |

|Black | | |

|10-15 |NARRATOR: | |

| |On a battlefield where thousands had died, a gathering was held. | |

|10-16 |BEV STANTON: | |

| |What happened in the twenties still goes on. It’s just we don’t wear white sheets, we don’t wear hoods | |

| |anymore.It’s not uncommon for black people to be called niggers. | |

|10-17 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1938, another type of gathering was held on the same field. To mark the battle’s 75th anniversary, Civil War | |

| |veterans North and South met for a final reunion. Their average age was 94. At a patriotic ceremony, President | |

| |Franklin Roosevelt dedicated a memorial to “Peace Eternal in a Nation United.”[33] | |

|10-18 |FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT: | |

| |I accept this monument in the spirit of brotherhood and peace. | |

|10-19 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Three years later, Roosevelt sent Americans into the greatest war the world has ever seen. The man he chose as | |

| |supreme commander of the allied forces was General Dwight David Eisenhower. He lead the allies to victory and | |

| |returned from Europe a world hero. | |

|10-20 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER:[34] | |

| |Mamie and I began to think about buying a house and farm to which we could retire. For my part, I wanted an | |

| |escape from concrete into the countryside. | |

|10-21 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Ike and Mamie fell in love with a rundown farm on the edge of the battlefield. In 1951 they purchased the | |

| |property. | |

|10-37 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER:[35] | |

| |When I die, I am going to leave a piece of ground better than I found it.[36] | |

|10-27a |NARRATOR: | |

| |A year later Eisenhower was elected President. He used the farm as a weekend retreat. | |

|10-24 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

| |It was a place he took world leaders to work one-on-one with them. He was always convinced that, if I can get a| |

| |man alone and look him in the eye and be in a relaxed circumstance with him, I can do business with that man. | |

|10-25 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In the summer of 1956, Eisenhower examined photos of his farm taken by a U-2 spy-plane. A month later, the | |

| |planes began flying secret missions over the Soviet Union. Still, Eisenhower searched for a path toward peace | |

| |and away from nuclear war. | |

|10-26 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In September of 1959, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev came to the United States. | |

|10-26a |ED HERLIHY: | |

| |A full dress welcome is mustered for the red premiere, with President Eisenhower on hand for the ceremonies… | |

|10-26b |NARRATOR: | |

| |Meetings between the leaders stalled. Eisenhower wanted time alone with his Soviet counterpart. They headed to | |

| |the farm. | |

|10-27 |SUSAN EISENHOWER: | |

| |So they came down from Camp David in a helicopter and landed on the lawn there at the Gettysburg farm and | |

| |Khruschev was brought out onto the sun porch and he sat on one of the white chairs there. | |

|10-28 |MICHAEL BIRKNER: | |

| |Eisenhower introduced his grandchildren three girls and a boy to Nikita Khruschev – the leader of the Communist | |

| |world. Khruschev was quite smitten with the four Eisenhower grandchildren and immediately began making | |

| |conversation through an interpreter with them. | |

|10-29 |SUSAN EISNHOWER: | |

| |Khruschev made a huge fuss over me individually because he was saying that there wasn’t really the name | |

| |equivalent of Susan in Russian—but Susanna—and he made a fuss and I felt very special. And then the next part | |

| |of the conversation I remember very well was Khruschev’s invitation to us to come to Moscow. | |

|10-30 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The Eisenhowers accepted the invitation. It seemed that the Cold War was thawing. But a month before the | |

| |scheduled visit, a U2 was shot down over the Soviet Union. Khruschev was enraged. The Eisenhowers’ trip was | |

| |canceled. And the Cold War continued for the next 30 years. | |

|Black | | |

|10-31 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER:[37] | |

| |After President Kennedy repeated the traditional, “So help me God,” Mamie and I made our way toward an exit. We | |

| |were free. We left the capitol and followed the route, now grown familiar to us, through the suburbs, through | |

| |the countryside. And so came to the farm where we expected to spend the remainder of our lives.” | |

|10-31 |NARRATOR: | |

| |The Eisenhowers would spend the rest of their lives living on the farm, always aware of those who had worked the| |

| |land before. | |

|10-35 |DWIGHT EISENHOWER: [38] | |

| |The ground on which my house stands is a tie that binds me to their memory. I feel a kinship to them that is | |

| |very real and has excited my curiosity to learn more about them. | |

|10-36 |NARRATOR: | |

| |Eisenhower died in 1969 at the age of 79. Mamie lived on the farm until her death ten years later. | |

| |DWIGHT EISENHOWER: | |

| |History is far more quote | |

| | | |

|Black | | |

|11-1 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1960, two months before Dwight Eisenhower retired to Gettysburg, a | |

| |young farmer arrived with wife, two children, and twenty four dairy cows to begin a new life. They had left the| |

| |family farm in eastern Pennsylvania. | |

|11-2 |TOM CLOWNEY; Farmer: | |

| |We couldn't continue farming. Housing started in the area. Land prices | |

| |started to go up, and we knew there was no future in Montgomery County, | |

| |so we decided to look elsewhere. | |

|11-3 |NARRATOR: | |

| |They bought a farm in Adams County, far removed from suburban development. They named it Lagging Stream and | |

| |there they began rearing a family. | |

|Title |LAGGING STREAM | |

|11-5 |TOM CLOWNEY: | |

| |If I were the brain of Einstein I would never give up what I'm doing now. I want to do things right, but I | |

| |enjoy being on the farm and being actually out ther planing and harvesting and part of that farm. | |

| |That's what I am. | |

| |I do look at it as a steward of the land and that I have an obligation to pass this farm on to the next | |

| |generation to try to improve on it and make it better than what it was when we first took over. | |

|11-6 |NARRATOR: | |

| |As Tom Clowney’s family grew so did Adams County. Some of the development necessary to support all the new | |

| |people began to take on the character of suburban sprawl. Taxes went up. Some farmers began selling their land| |

| |to developers. | |

|11-7 |HARRY STOKES: | |

| |I am worried about the direction we are going in we are changing so rapidly and I’m worried that if we don’t | |

| |learn how to control this change it’s going to change us. | |

|11-8 |NARRATOR: | |

| |By the year 2000 Adams County seemed poised to follow the course of Montgomery and other eastern Pennsylvania | |

| |counties from which Tom Clowney had fled only a few decades earlier. | |

|11-9 |TOM CLOWNEY: | |

| |The housing industry and shopping malls just took over and from the very land that we farmed and owned there is | |

| |not one acre of ground left. that's available to farm. And it gets a little depressing when we go back to | |

| |visit our relatives and you have memories but that's all you have. You can't see the open farms anymore. They | |

| |are completely gone. | |

|11-10 |HARRY STOKES; County Commissioner: | |

| |I've lived through it. I've seen it happen all over the country. It doesn't have to happen to Adams County. | |

|11-11 |DAVID SITES: | |

| |The county needs to get together and step back for a year or two and actually stop for a second to take a look | |

| |at whit is up and coming. If you try to do it while the train is rolling, the break-man can't stop | |

| |the train. | |

|11-12 |HARRY STOKES: | |

| |We've got to look at better land use planning and zoning. We've got to use our land preservation program. | |

| |We've got to try to protect our open land and valuable farms | |

|11-13 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In 1990 Tom Clowney became the first president of the Adams County Farmland Preservation Board. A year later | |

| |his farm was one of the first pieces of ground protected by this new organization. Over the next decade 10,000 | |

| |acres of Adams County farmland was preserved. Still much of the county remains vulnerable to sprawling | |

| |development. | |

|11-14 |TOM CLOWNEY: | |

| |I do think we are going to continue to see growth in the county. Nobody wants to stop that completely. But we| |

| |also have the attitude that we can't develop every inch of ground. | |

|11-15 |SUSAN EISENHOWER: | |

| |It's magical. It's a magical county. it's one of the most beautiful places in the United States. | |

|11-16 |JIM BEER: | |

| |Everyday a little bit of the earth is covered up whether it’s a sidewalk or a parking lot, foundation for a | |

| |home. Every single day a little piece of the earth is covered up. And what’s that going to lead to. | |

|11-17 |BEVERLY STANTON: | |

| |Do we have an unlimited supply of land in which we want to see cookie cuttered up sowe look like the Virginia | |

| |countryside outside Washington. | |

|11-18 |SALLIE SITES THOMAS: | |

| |You want it to stay beautiful for your children. You want it to stay beautiful for your grandchildren. I think | |

| |it’s important and I think it's a gift that I can give to my | |

| |children, so that someday they can at least say that mom tried. | |

|11-19 |NARRATOR: | |

| |In his 40 years in Adams County, Tom Clowney's farm and family have | |

| |prospered. Four of his five children continue to work the land. Someday, his grandchildren may as well. | |

|11-20 |TOM CLOWNEY: | |

| |It just give you a terrific feeling to seethe contours of the grain of the corn and the alfalfa fields | |

| |blending together. And that's a lot of satisfaction I'm hoping we can stay here the rest of our lives. This | |

| |is our home. | |

| | | |

-----------------------

[1] Jan Bankert; “Digges’ Choice”/intro by Fred Weiser- p. viii-ix

[2] Pennsylvania State Archives 1752; p.74-

[3] PA Archives page 28 vole II ; note that third person changed to first person from :McPherson p. 36 ;

[4] .PA archives vol. II p. 80

[5] On Sept. 17, 1759 – the Penn Estate granted Martin Kitzmiller a deed for the land he built his mill on – was he a squatter? – land grant warrant from 1747.

[6]Mary Jemison and James Seaver; “The Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison” p. 38-

[7] Newspaper classified ad 1786; Adams County Historical Society.

[8] PA History - vol 60-number 2- april 1993-C Glatfelter – T. Stevens case for education – Gettysburg years

[9] “Thaddeus Stevens: 19th Century Egalitarian” by Hans Trefousse p.52.

[10] This made her one of the largest female landowners in the country.

[11] Mag Palm file at ACHS; Blacks in Gettysburg paper by Pete Vermilyea, ACHS; Legend has it that she was called Maggie Bluecoat for the War of 1812 officer’s coat she wore while guiding slaves.

[12] “Stories From the Underground Railroad” By C. Caba; p. 94

[13] “Runaway Slaves,” John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweniger; p.162.

[14] “A History of Adams County”’ Robert Bloom; p. 190.

[15] “A History of Company K.”; Henry N. Minnigh; p. 30.

[16] Trefousse-p.134

[17] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas FAG p.54.

[18] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas; p.152 .

[19] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas; p.153.

[20] A History of Adams County”’ Robert Bloom; p.210/ “A History of Company K.”; Henry N. Minnigh; - p.34-37)

[21] “A History of Company K.”; Henry N. Minnigh; p.144

[22] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas;”p. 154.

[23]“A History of Company K.”; Henry N. Minnigh; p.66-67

[24] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas; p. 266

[25] Interview with Frederick Greist by Frederick Tilberg/ ACHS file – Apples.

[26] Interview with John Linn by Frederick Tilberg/ ACHS file – Apples.p.4

[27] Arentsville Bicentennial Booklet - John’s Pursuit.

[28] “At Ease: Stories I Tell My Friends”; Dwight Eisenhower; p. 137

[29] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas p. 271

[30] “The Ties That Bind: Diaries of Sallie Myers Stewart,” Sarah Sites Thomas; p. 271

[31] At the National Association of Army Nurses convention the angels of mercy carried her portrait on their badge.

[32] Diane Loski, Gettysburg tour booklet 1999

[33] “At Ease: Stories I Tell My Friends”; Dwight Eisenhower; p. 358.

[34] “At Ease: Stories I Tell My Friends”; Dwight Eisenhower; p. 193.

[35] The Eisenhower Book, T.W. Burger.

[36] “Waging Peace”; Dwight Eisenhower; p.618-619.

[37] “At Ease: Stories I Tell My Friends”; Dwight Eisenhower;p.49.

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