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A Rise in Wealth for the Wealthy; Declines for the Lower 93% An Uneven Recovery, 2009-2011Richard Fry ,Paul TaylorWealthPew Research Center20132008NA to Government? The Impact of Housing Assistance on Program Participation of Welfare RecipientsBarbara A. Haley ,Aref N. DajaniProgram Participation, Housing, Labor ForcePOVERTY & PUBLIC POLICY20151996This research addresses the question of whether housing assistance provided a perverse incentive for welfare recipients to remain on the rolls following the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996. Merging the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) with HUD's administrative records provides a unique opportunity to test whether recipients of housing assistance were more likely to stay on the welfare program four years after the enactment of PRWORA. This dataset contains a nationally representative sample of welfare recipients. Quarterly data, including sources of income, were obtained from these families of welfare recipients for four years. Results indicate that in an era of plunging welfare rolls, receipt of housing assistance did not account for those who remained on Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). These data show that housing assistance was not a perverse incentive to remain on welfare in the aftermath of the welfare reform of 1996. Instead, those who failed to exit the rolls four years after TANF was enacted had high obligations to children, lacked prior participation in the labor force, and lacked access to an automobile.

Analysis of Attrition in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Survey of Income and Program Participation with an Application to a Model of Labor Market BehaviorJeffrey E. ZabelLabor Force, Survey MethodologyThe Journal of Human Resources19981984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992This paper analyzes attrition behavior in two major longitudinal surveys, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Significant indicators in a model of attrition include measures of mobility and variables that correspond to the interviewer and the interview process. There is evidence that surveys with more waves or higher frequency interviews experience higher attrition rates. The estimation results for a model of attrition and labor market behavior show little indication of bias due to attrition but there is evidence that the labor market behavior of attritors and nonattritors is different. and Monthly SNAP Participation RatesMark Prell, Constance Newman, Erik ScherpfSNAP, Program ParticipationUnited States Department of Agriculture20152008A key aspect of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service’s (FNS) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the extent to which it reaches its target population—the rate of participation among people who are eligible for SNAP benefits (eligibles). FNS publishes national and State-level estimates of participation among eligibles for an average month of the year. This report demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of estimating an annual SNAP participation rate, which counts the number of individuals who participated at some time during the year as a share of individuals who were eligible at some time during the year. An annual SNAP participation rate matches the annual timeframe that several Federal surveys adopt when collecting data on SNAP participation. It also captures how well the program reaches all people who are eligible for it at any time during the year, independent of the number of months they were eligible. The monthly rate tends to capture those who have relatively more months of eligibility during the year. Results show that the national annual SNAP participation rate among eligibles for 2012 (the most recent year with suitable data) is about 70.7 percent—more than 10 percentage points below the monthly participation rate of 83.1 percent. in Labor Participation and Household IncomeROBERT HALL, NICOLAS PETROSKY-NADEAULabor Force, IncomeFederal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 20162004, 2008The percentage of people active in the labor force has dropped substantially over the past 15 years. Part of this decline appears to be the result of secular factors like the aging of the workforce. However, the participation rate among people in their prime working years—ages 25 to 54—has also fallen. Recent research suggests this decline among prime-age workers can be attributed in large part to lower participation from among the higher-income half of U.S. households. Histories in Personal Visit Surveys: The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) Methods PanelNancy BatesSurvey MethodolgyU.S. Census Bureau20032001NA Advantage, Cumulative Disadvantage, and Evolving Patterns of Late-Life InequalityStephen Crystal, Dennis G. Shea, Adriana M. ReyesWell-Being, Age, Senior Population, Wealth, InequalityThe Gerontologist20161984, 2008Earlier studies have identified a pattern of cumulative advantage leading to increased within-cohort economic inequality over the life course, but there is a need to better understand how levels of inequality by age have changed in the evolving economic environment of recent decades. We utilized Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data to compare economic inequality across age groups for 2010 versus 1983–1984. ACTION FOR UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANT PARENTS: Analysis of DAPA’s Potential Effects on Families and ChildrenRandy Capps, Heather Koball, James D. Bachmeier, Ariel G. Ruiz Soto, Jie Zong, and Julia GelattImmigration, Family, Children, Labor ForceUrban Institute20162008NA CATCH-UP CONTRIBUTIONS INCREASE 401(K) SAVINGQi Guan, Matthew S. Rutledge, April Yanyuan Wu,Francis M. VitaglianoWealth, RetirementCenter for Retirement Research at Boston College20151996, 2001NA Entrepreneurship Pay? An Empirical Analysis of the Returns of Self-EmploymentBarton HamiltonLabor Force, IncomeThe Journal of Political Economy20001984Possible explanations for earnings differentials in self‐employment and paid employment are investigated. The empirical results suggest that the nonpecuniary benefits of self‐employment are substantial: Most entrepreneurs enter and persist in business despite the fact that they have both lower initial earnings and lower earnings growth than in paid employment, implying a median earnings differential of 35 percent for individuals in business for 10 years. The differential cannot be explained by the selection of low‐ability employees into self‐employment and is similar for three alternative measures of self‐employment earnings and across industries. Furthermore, the estimated earnings differentials may understate the differences in compensation across sectors since fringe benefits are not included in the measure of employee compensation. Conditions and Supplemental Security Income ApplicationsAustin Nichols, Lucie Schmidt, Purvi SevakSSI, Program Participation, Employment, Unemployment, Labor ForceMichigan Retirement Research Center Research Paper20141996, 2001, 2004, 2008The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program provides federally -funded income support for individuals with disabilities, and has become one of the most important means -tested transfer programs in the United States. In this paper we examine the relationship between economic conditions and adult disabled SSI applications between 1996 and 2010, using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) linked to Social Security Administration administrative data. Results from hazard models suggest that those who began their unemployment spell in a time of high unemployment are less likely to apply for SSI, consistent with the characteristics of the pool of newly unemployed varying systematically with the business cycle. Higher contemporaneous state unemployment rates have a large, positive effect on the risk of SSI application among jobless individuals. Our findings suggest that recessions can have long term fiscal implications for growth of the SSI program. Mobility of the StatesPew Charitable TrustsIncome, Wealth, Inome Mobility, Administrative RecordsPew Charitable Trusts20121984, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004NA Health Insurance: 2010Hubert JanickiHealth Insurance, EmploymentU.S. Census Bureau20132008This report uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine the characteristics of people with employer-provided health insurance coverage as well as characteristics of employers that offer health insurance. This documentation of the current distribution of employment-based health insurance coverage across socioeconomic characteristics is needed to establish the changes associated with recent health care legislation. The report is composed of two sections. The first section provides a brief overview of historical trends in employer-provided coverage rates by source of coverage as well as the reasons for nonparticipation in health insurance from 1997 to 2010. The second section focuses on data collected in 2010 and describes health insurance offer and take-up rates by employee and employer characteristics. In addition, the report describes the insurance status of workers not participating in an employer’s plan and the reasons for nonparticipation. Measurement Error in Annual Job Earnings: A Comparison of Survey and Administrative DataJohn Abowd, Martha StinsonIncome, Survey Methodology, Administrative RecordsThe Review of Economics and Statistics20131990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996We propose a new methodology that does not assume a prior specification of the statistical properties of the measurement errors and treats all sources as noisy measures of some underlying true value. The unobservable true value can be represented as a weighted average of all available measures, using weights that must be specified a priori unless there has been a truth audit. The Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) survey jobs are linked to Social Security Administration

earnings data, creating two potential annual earnings observations. The reliability statistics for both sources are quite similar except for cases where the SIPP used imputations for some missing monthly earnings reports. the Eligible -to -Naturalize PopulationManuel Pastor, Justin ScogginsImmigrationSouthern California (USC) Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration20162008This memo explains the method we at the University of Southern California (USC) Center for the Study of Immigrant Integration (CSII) use to estimate the eligible-to-naturalize population in the United States. This necessarily involves a rather lengthy discussion of estimating the undocumented population; that is the first and most crucial step to estimating the eligible-to-naturalize since once that group is determined, the remainder of the non-citizen foreign-born residents are mostly Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs) and the criteria that can then be applied to that group to determine LPRs eligible to naturalize is fairly straightforward. PENSION PORTABILITY REFORMS: THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1986 AS A NATURAL EXPERIMENT ABSTRACTVincenzo Andrietti, Vincent A. HildebrandRetirement, TaxesEconomic Inquiry20161984, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1996This article exploits a change in the vesting rules for employer-sponsored pension plans introduced by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 to identify the causal effect of pension portability legislation on workers' voluntary mobility decisions. We pool data from different years of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to estimate the impact of this reform using difference-in-differences methods. Our results suggest that the reform had a positive and significant impact on voluntary job mobility of the treatment group. Social Security Payment History Matched with the Survey of Income and Program ParticipationJames Sears , Kalman RuppSocial Security, Program Participation, Survey Methodology, Administrative RecordsSocial Security Administration20031996, 2001Since the pioneering 1973 CPS-IRS-SSA Exact Match Study (Kilss and Scheuren 1978), the use of linked data sets has been an important tool for analysts. Our current study is one of several recent efforts to improve understanding and usefulness of survey data matched to individual-level benefit records, and it is the first one involving actual payment histories from the Social Security Administration’s (SSA’s) Payment History Update System (PHUS) for Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI). The SSA administrative records have been matched to the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). In analyzing these matched data for elderly and working-age beneficiaries, we seek to identify specific factors primarily responsible for survey error and to assess the relevance of survey error for a range of different analytic objectives. Complexity among Children in the United StatesWendy D. Manning, Susan L. Brown, J. Bart StykesFamily, Poverty, ChildrenThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

20141996, 2001, 2004, 2008Researchers largely have relied on a measure of family structure to describe children’s living arrangements, but this approach captures only the child’s relationship to the parent(s), ignoring the presence and composition of siblings. We develop a measure of family complexity that merges family structure and sibling composition to distinguish between simple two-biological-parent families, families with complex-sibling (half or stepsiblings) arrangements, and complex-parent (stepparent, single-parent) families. Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we provide a descriptive profile of changes in children’s living arrangements over a 13-year span (1996–2009). SIPP sample sizes are sufficiently large to permit an evaluation of changes in the distribution of children in various (married, cohabiting, and single-parent) simple and complex families according to race/ethnicity and parental education. The article concludes by showing that we have reached a plateau in family complexity and that complexity is concentrated among the most disadvantaged families. Millennials, a bachelor’s degree continues to pay off, but a master’s earns even more Richard FryIncome, EducationPew Research Center20141984, 1986, 2008Millennials are the nation’s most educated generation in history in terms of finishing college.  But despite the stereotype that today’s recent college graduates are largely underemployed, the data show that this generation of college grads earns more than ones that came before it. Asset Ownership: The Case of Chinese and Indian Immigrants to the United StatesLisa A KeisterWealth, ImmigrationBusiness and Economics Journal20151984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004Financial asset ownership is important for a large number of scholarly and practical reasons including for understanding saving propensities, risk taking, personal financial strategies, inequality, the flow of funds across national borders, and organizational marketing strategies. Yet we know little about group differences in approaches to owning

various financial instruments. Chinese and Indian immigrants to the United States are large, growing, and diverse groups who are rapidly beginning to comprise a large portion of the U.S. population and whose unique financial asset ownership patterns offer insight into the factors that contribute to cross-group differences in this important behavior.

The article studies how members of these two important groups own particular assets. Use data from the U.S. Census

Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and find that, Chinese and Indian immigrants do, indeed,

exhibit unique asset ownership patterns when they are compared to native whites, African Americans, and other

immigrants. Their ownership of stocks and mutual funds, interest-earning bank accounts, retirement accounts and whole

life insurance. My findings demonstrate that age, tenure in the United States, education, and family traits are important

meditating in the relationship between country of birth and financial asset ownership. Insufficiency and Income Volatility in U.S. Households: The Effects of Imputed Earnings in the Survey of Income and Program Participation: Working Paper 2012-07Molly Dahl

Thomas DeLeire

Shannon Mok

Program Participation, Income, Food Stamps, Survey MethodologyCongressional Budget Office20121991, 1996, 2004This paper explores how the use of imputed earnings data to measure income in the Survey of Income and Program Participation affects the observed relationship between household income volatility and food insufficiency. The study finds that the inclusion of imputed earnings data when measuring income volatility substantially understates the association between large drops in household income and food insufficiency. After excluding observations with imputed earnings, large drops in income are associated with a 1.3 percentage point increase in the probability of food insufficiency, although the estimate is not statistically significant at conventional levels. SONS: NEW ESTIMATES OF INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY IN THE UNITED STATES USING SOCIAL SECURITY EARNINGS DATABhashkar MazumderSurvey Methodology, Administrative Records, Income, Wealth, Income Mobility, PovertyThe Review of Economics and Statistics20051984Previous studies, relying on short-term averages of fathers’ earnings, have estimated the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) in earnings to be approximately 0.4. Due to persistent transitory fluctuations, these estimates have been biased down by approximately 30% or more. Using administrative data containing the earnings histories of parents and children, the IGE is estimated to be around 0.6. This suggests that the United States is substantially less mobile than previous research indicated. Estimates

of intergenerational mobility are significantly lower for families with little or no wealth, offering empirical support for theoretical models that predict differences due to borrowing constraints. Identity and Relative Income Within HouseholdsMarianne BertrandGender, Income, Marriage, Administrative RecordsNBER WORKING PAPER SERIES20131984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001We examine causes and consequences of relative income within households. We establish that gender identity – in particular, an aversion to the wife earning more than the husband - impacts marriage formation, the wife's labor force participation, the wife's income conditional on working, marriage satisfaction, likelihood of divorce, and the division of home production. The distribution of the share of household income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp cliff at 0.5, which suggests that a couple is less willing

to match if her income exceeds his. Within marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline. Within couples, if the wife's potential income (based on her demographics) is likely to exceed the husband's, the wife is less likely to be in the labor force and earns less than her potential if she does work. Couples where the wife earns more than the husband are less satisfied with their marriage and are more likely to divorce. Finally, based on time use surveys, the gender gap in non-market work is larger if the wife earns more than the husband. and medical care among the children of immigrantsKathleen M. Ziol-Guest, Ariel KalilImmigration, Family, Children, HealthChild Development20121996, 2001, 2004, 2008Using data spanning 1996-2009 from multiple panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study investigates children's (average age 8.5 years) physical health, dental visits, and doctor contact among low-income children (n=46,148) in immigrant versus native households. Immigrant households are further distinguished by household citizenship and immigration status. The findings show that children residing in households with non-naturalized citizen parents, particularly those with a nonpermanent resident parent, experience worse health and less access to care even when controlling for important demographic, socioeconomic, and health insurance variables. Insurance Dynamics: Methodological Considerations and a Comparison of Estimates from Two SurveysJohn A. Graves, Pranita MishraHealth Insurance, Survey MethodologyHealth Services Research20162001, 2004, 2008OBJECTIVE: To highlight key methodological issues in studying insurance dynamics and to compare estimates across two commonly used surveys.DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Nonelderly uninsured adults and children sampled between 2001 and 2011 in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation. STUDY DESIGN: We utilized nonparametric Kaplan-Meier methods to estimate quantiles (25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) in the distribution of uninsured spells. We compared estimates obtained across surveys and across different methodological approaches to address issues like attrition, seam bias, censoring and truncation, and survey weighting method. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: All data were drawn from publicly available household surveys. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Estimated uninsured spell durations in the MEPS were longer than those observed in the SIPP. There were few changes in spell durations between 2001 and 2011, with median durations of 14 months among adults and 5-7 months among children in the MEPS, and 8 months (adults) and 4 months (children) in the SIPP. CONCLUSIONS: The use of panel survey data to study insurance dynamics presents a unique set of methodological challenges. Researchers should consider key analytic and survey design trade-offs when choosing which survey can best suit their research goals.

Assets and Food Stamp Program Participation Among Eligible Low-Income HouseholdsJin Huanga, Yunju Namb, Nora WikoffWealth, Program Participation, Food Stamps, PovertyJournal of Poverty20121996This study examines the association between asset ownership and Food Stamp Program participation among eligible households using a sample from a longitudinal national survey. This study employs two approaches: a multinomial logit regression on the level of program participation and an event history analysis on the duration of eligible nonparticipation spells. Analysis results show that asset ownership, especially vehicle ownership, is negatively related to program participation, suggesting that asset ownership may reduce the chance that eligible low-income households receive food assistance. It is recommended that program administrators simplify procedures and expand outreach to facilitate program participation among low-income asset owners. Household Investment Behavior and Country of Origin: A Study of Immigrants to the United StatesSayako Seto, Vicki L. BoganImmigration, Wealth, RetirementInternational Journal of Finance and Economics20102001Previous literature concerning immigrant financial market participation has typically treated the immigrant population as a homogeneous collective. However, the immigrant population in the United States is incredibly diverse, particularly in regards to country of origin. Using panel data, we test the hypothesis that differing information costs generate differences in U.S. immigrant asset market participation rates. We find significant variations (by country of origin) in the immigrant rates of holding stock, mutual funds, U.S. Savings Bonds, and other fixed income securities do exist. Our results provide support for the theory that information costs drive these differences.papers.sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1628176Impact of mathematics course taking during high school on earnings: Evidence from shocks to teachers' supplyAlfredo SosaEducation, Income, WealthUniveristy of Michigan20162004, 2008In this paper I exploit state and time variation in shocks to teachers' labor supply to identify the causal effect of high school mathematics courses on education and labor market outcomes. Many states have implemented programs aimed to recruit recent college graduates to ll up teaching positions especially in underprivileged geographic areas, and/or in high-returns fields such as mathematics and science. Students who enroll in these programs must teach math and science courses in public schools. The influx of new teachers, which is often accompanied by increases in course of earnings, induces marginal students to take math and science courses that otherwise would not have been taken. The results indicate that, on average, each additional year of math credits increases yearly income at age 28 by around $2,359 (9.37 percent), and by around $2,135 at age 29 (7.64 percent). These IV estimates should be interpreted as the Local Average Treatment E ects (LATE), in other words, they measure the impact of an additional year of math credits on income, only for individuals induced by the instrument to change their course taking behavior - in other words, compliers. Additional results indicate that math credits during high school also increase the probability of college attendance and degree completion as well as the likelihood of majoring in high earnings elds such as Engineering and Business. Small Area Estimates of Disability: Combining the American

Community Survey with the Survey of Income and Program ParticipationJerry J. Maples, Matthew BraultDisability, Survey MethodologyU.S. Census Bureau20132008The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) is designed to make national level estimates of changes in income, eligibility for and participation in transfer programs, household and family composition, labor force behavior, and other associated events. Used cross-sectionally, the SIPP is the source for commonly accepted estimates of disability prevalence, having been cited in the findings clause of the Americans with Disability Act. Because of its sample size, SIPP is not designed to produce highly reliable estimates for individual states. The American Community Survey (ACS) is a large sample survey which is designed to support estimates of characteristics at the

state and county level, however, the questions about disability in the ACS are not as comprehensive and detailed as in SIPP. We propose combining the information from the SIPP and ACS surveys to improve, i.e. lower variances of, state estimates of disability (as defined by SIPP). FAMILY COMPLEXITY AND VOLATILITY: THE DIFFICULTY IN DETERMINING CHILD TAX BENEFITSElaine Maag, H. Elizabeth Peters, Sara EdelsteinFamily, Children, Taxes, IncomeTax Poloicy Center20161996, 2008The American family is changing. Individuals marry later, divorce more frequently, or live together without being married (cohabit). Non-marital births, complex custody arrangements, and multiple generations of families living together are more common, but the tax system has not kept pace. Although tax benefits are an important pillar of support for children, understanding who in a complex family should claim them can be difficult. We document demographic trends and explain their importance with respect to tax filing and eligibility for child related benefits such as the earned income tax credit, child tax credit, dependent exemption and others. pension coverage a problem in the private sector?Alicia Haydock Munnell, Dina BleckmanRetirement, Administrative Records, Survey MethodologyCenter for Retirement Research at Boston College20141991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2008For decades, the government’s Current Population Survey has shown that, at any given point in time, a significant share of private sector workers is not covered by any type of retirement plan. Recently, commentators, relying on data from the government’s National Compensation Survey, have suggested that most employees – 80 percent – have access to a plan, even if not all of them chose to participate. Taking all the surveys and adjustments into account, our best estimate is that, at any given point, only about half of private sector wage and salary workers age 25-64 participate in any retirement plan. About 65 percent may have access to a plan through their current employer. Mobility among Parents of Children with Chronic Health Conditions: Early Effects of the 2010 Affordable Care ActPinka Chatterji, Peter Brandon, Sara MarkowitzFamily, Children, Health, Labor Force, Health InsuranceJournal of Health Economics20162004, 2008We examine the effects of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's (ACA) prohibition of preexisting conditions exclusions for children on job mobility among parents. We use a difference-in-difference approach, comparing pre-post policy changes in job mobility among privately-insured parents of children with chronic health conditions vs. privately-insured parents of healthy children. Data come from the 2004 and 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Among married fathers, the policy change is associated with about a 0.7 percentage point, or 35 percent increase, in the likelihood of leaving an employer voluntarily. We find no evidence that the policy change affected job mobility among married and unmarried mothers. care: Who gets it, who provides it, who pays, and how much?H. Stephen Kaye, Charlene Harrington, Mitchell P. LaPlanteRetirement, HealthHealth Affairs20102004Long-term care in the United States is needed by 10.9 million community residents, half of them nonelderly, and 1.8 million nursing home residents, predominantly elderly. Ninety-two percent of community residents receive unpaid help, while 13 percent receive paid help. Paid community-based long-term care services are primarily funded by

Medicaid or Medicare, while nursing home stays are primarily paid for by Medicaid plus out-of-pocket copayments. Per person expenditures are five times as high, and national expenditures three times as high, for nursing home residents compared to community residents. This suggests that a redistribution of spending across care settings might produce substantial savings or permit service expansions. And Marketplace Eligibility Changes Will Occur Often In All States; Policy Options Can Ease ImpactBenjamin D. Sommers, John A. Graves, Katherine Swartz, Sara Rosenbaum

Health Insurance, Program Participation, MedicaidHealth Affairs20142008Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), changes in income and family circumstances are likely to produce frequent transitions in eligibility for Medicaid and health insurance Marketplace coverage for low- and middle-income adults. We provide state-by-state estimates of potential eligibility changes (“churning”) if all states expanded Medicaid under health reform, and we identify predictors of rates of churning within states. Combining longitudinal survey data with state-specific weighting and small-area estimation techniques, we found that eligibility changes occurred frequently in all fifty states. Higher-income states and states that had more generous Medicaid eligibility criteria for nonelderly adults before the ACA experienced more churning, although the differences were small. Even in states with the least churning, we estimated that more than 40 percent of adults likely to enroll in Medicaid or subsidized Marketplace coverage would experience a change in eligibility within twelve months. Policy options for states to reduce the frequency and impact of coverage changes include adopting twelve-month continuous eligibility for adults in Medicaid, creating a Basic Health Program, using Medicaid funds to subsidize Marketplace coverage for low-income adults, and encouraging the same health insurers to offer plans in Medicaid and the Marketplaces. Hazard versus Liquidity and Optimal Unemployment InsuranceRajChettyProgram Participation, Unemployment, IncomeJournal of Political Economy20081985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996This paper presents new evidence on why unemployment insurance (UI) benefits affect search behavior and develops a simple method of calculating the welfare gains from UI using this evidence. I show that 60 percent of the increase in unemployment durations caused by UI benefits is due to a “liquidity effect” rather than distortions on marginal incentives to search (“moral hazard”) by combining two empirical strategies. First, I find that increases in benefits have much larger effects on durations for liquidity-constrained households. Second, lump-sum severance payments increase durations substantially among constrained households. I derive a formula for the optimal benefit level that depends only on the reduced-form liquidity and moral hazard elasticities. The formula implies that the optimal UI benefit level exceeds 50 percent of the wage. The “exact identification” approach to welfare analysis proposed here yields robust optimal policy results because it does not require structural estimation of

primitives. EARNINGS AND CHILDREN'S WELL-BEING: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY OF INCOME AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION MATCHED TO SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION EARNINGS DATABHASHKAR MAZUMDER, JONATHAN M. V. DAVISFamily, Children, Administrative Records, Income, HealthEconomic Inquiry20121984, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004We estimate the association between parental earnings and child well-being using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to Social Security Administration earnings records. We use very large samples on a wide variety of measures of child well-being that are also linked to long histories of parent earnings from administrative records. Consistent with previous studies, we find that the use of longer time averages of parent earnings leads to substantially higher estimated associations compared to using only a single year of parent earnings. Using 7-year time averages of parent earnings, we show, for example, that a doubling of parent earnings is associated with a reduced probability of a teenager reporting being in poor health by close to 50% and a decrease in the likelihood of a child repeating a grade by 39%. We also examine how the associations vary by the timing of when parental earnings are received during childhood. We find suggestive evidence that parental earnings received during the child's school-going years (ages 6 to 17) are more strongly associated with college enrollment and children's future earnings as adults than parent earnings received earlier or later in the child's life. of Income Instability Among Low- and Middle-Income Households with ChildrenSharon Wolf, Lisa A. Gennetian, Pamela A. Morris, Heather D. HillPoverty, Income, Children, FamilyFamily Relations20142004Concern about the effects of income and child poverty in the United States has spurred decades of research documenting the relationships between income level, family functioning, and children's development. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this study expands on this knowledge base by considering patterns of income change among low- and middle-income households with children, a population often targeted by social policies and one of growing vulnerability. A household-centered growth curve analysis first identified statistically significant variation in intrayear household income level over the period of the study. Cluster analysis was then used to distinguish between groups of households according to their distinct patterns of income instability using measures of frequency, magnitude, direction of income change, and income level. This work begins to establish a descriptive empirical evidence base of the realities of household income dynamics that has implications for future research, policy, and practice. of Interstate Migration in the United States from the Survey of Income and Program ParticipationRubén Hernández-Murillo, Lesli S. Ott, Michael T. Owyang, Denise Whalen MigrationFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 20111996, 2001, 2004The authors describe the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) as a data source for migration studies. The SIPP is a panel dataset that provides information on income, employment outcomes, and participation in government programs. PLAN PARTICIPATION AMONG MARRIED COUPLESIrena Dushi, Howard M. IamsRetirement, Wealth, MarriageSocial Security Bulletin20131996, 2008We present descriptive statistics on pension participation and types ofpensions among married couples, using data from the 1996/2008 Panels of the Survey ofIncome and Program Participation and Social Security administrative records. Previous research has focused on pension coverage by marital status, but has not examined couples as a unit. Because couples usually share income, viewing them as a unit provides a better picture of potential access to income from retirement plans. Our analysis compares 1998 and 2009 data because substantial changes occurred in the pension landscape over this decade that could have influenced the prevalence of different pension plans, although we observe modest changes in participation rates and types ofplans over the period. We find that in 20 percent of couples, neither spouse participated in a pension plan; in 10 percent, the wife was the only participant; and in 37 percent, the husband was the only participant. Housing, Section 8, and TANF: Exploring the Relationship Between Housing Assistance and TANF ReentryAkshay Sriram IyengarHousing Assistance, TANF, Poverty, Program ParticipationGeorgetown University Institutional Repository20142004Although welfare caseloads have declined substantially since the mid-1990s, reentry to the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program or TANF remains common among TANF leavers, suggesting that large numbers of TANF recipients fail to move into stable post-TANF employment. Many TANF-assisted families also reside in public housing or receive Section 8 housing vouchers. As a result, comparing TANF reentry among housing-assisted and non-housing assisted leavers could indicate whether housing assistance provides an income subsidy that serves as an economic stabilizer for low-income families, leaving them less vulnerable to future income shocks that necessitate TANF reentry. Furthermore, studying differences in TANF reentry between recipients of housing vouchers like Section 8 and traditional public housing could also indicate whether spatial mismatch and neighborhood effects produce differential TANF reentry rates.

In this analysis, data from the 2004 panel of the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation is used to evaluate whether TANF leavers' probability of reentering TANF differ based on receipt of housing assistance, using an ordinary least squares linear probability model. The results indicate no significant differences between housing-assisted TANF leavers and non-assisted TANF leavers in the probability that leavers will reenter TANF. This suggests that at the very least, housing assistance does not encourage TANF recipients to remain in the TANF system. No difference was observed between Section 8 leavers and publicly-housed leavers, which further suggests that potential spatial mismatch problems faced by TANF leavers are not being addressed by Section 8 benefits. and most common causes of disability among adults--United States, 2005Centers for Disease Control and PreventionDisabilityU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention20092004Since 1994, disability-related costs for medical care and lost productivity have exceeded an estimated $300 billion annually in the United States. To update previous reports on the prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults, CDC and the U.S. Census Bureau analyzed the most recent data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This report summarizes the findings of that analysis, which indicated that the prevalence of disability in 2005 (21.8%) remained unchanged from 1999 (22.0%); however, because of the aging of the population, particularly the large group born during 1946-1964 ("baby boomers"), the estimated absolute number of persons reporting a disability increased 7.7%, from 44.1 to 47.5 million. The three most common causes of disability continued to be arthritis or rheumatism (affecting an estimated 8.6 million persons), back or spine problems (7.6 million), and heart trouble (3.0 million). Women (24.4%) had a significantly higher prevalence of disability compared with men (19.1%) at all ages. For both sexes, the prevalence of disability doubled in successive age groups (18-44 years, 11.0%; 45-64 years, 23.9%; and >/=65 years, 51.8%). The number of adults reporting a disability likely will increase, along with the need for appropriate medical and public health services, as more persons enter the highest risk age group (>/=65 years). To accommodate the expected increase in demand for disability-related medical and public health services, expanding the reach of effective strategies and interventions aimed at preventing progression to disability and improving disability management in the population is necessary Error in Earnings An Analysis of the Survey of Income and Program Participation Matched With Administrative DataChangHwan Kim, Christopher R. TamboriniIncome, Administrative Records, Survey MethodologySociological Methods Research20142004This article examines the problem of response error in survey earnings data. Comparing workers’ earnings reports in the U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to their detailed W-2 earnings records from the Social Security Administration, we employ ordinary least squares (OLS) and quantile regression models to assess the effects of earnings determinants and demographic variables on measurement errors in 2004 SIPP earnings in terms of bias and variance. Results show that measurement errors in earnings are not classical, but mean-reverting. The directions of bias for subpopulations are not constant, but varying across levels of earnings. Highly educated workers more correctly report their earnings than less educated workers at higher earnings levels, but they tend to overreport at lower earnings levels. Black workers with high earnings underreport to a greater degree than comparable whites, while black workers with low earnings overreport to a greater degree. Some subpopulations exhibit higher variances of measurement errors than others. Blacks, Hispanics, high school dropouts, part-year employed workers, and occupation “switchers” tend to misreport—both over- and underreport—their earnings rather than unilaterally in one direction. The implications of our findings are discussed. Plan Participation: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) DataCraig CopelandRetirement, WealthEmployee Benefit Research Institute20132008This paper presents results from the latest Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data on retirement plan participation. SIPP is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau to examine Americans’ participation in various government and private-sector programs that relate to their income and well-being. These latest data are from Topical Module 11 of the 2008 Panel, fielded from December 2011-March 2012. The SIPP data have the advantage of providing relatively detailed information on workers’ retirement plans, but they also have the drawback of being fielded only once every three to five years. By comparison, the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey (CPS) provides overall participation levels of workers on an annual basis but does not provide information on the specific types of plans in which the workers are participating. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) National Compensation Survey annually surveys establishments’ offerings of employee benefit programs, including retirement plans; however, it has limited information on worker characteristics. The latest SIPP data show that 61 percent of all workers over age 16 had an employer that sponsored a pension or retirement plan for any of its employees in 2012, up from 59 percent in 2009. Workers participating in a plan increased to 46 percent in 2012, up slightly from 2009 (45 percent) but below 2003 (48 percent). The vesting rate (the percentage of workers who say they were entitled to some pension benefit or lump-sum distribution if they left their job) stood at 43 percent in 2012, up from 24 percent in 1979. This increase is largely due to the increased number of workers participating in defined contribution retirement plans (such as 401(k) plans), where employee contributions are immediately vested, and faster vesting requirements in private-sector pension plans. Defined contribution (401(k)-type) plans were considered the primary plan by 78 percent of workers with a plan. Defined benefit (pension) plans were the primary plan for 21 percent of workers. Primary plan is the plan type -- defined benefit (DB) versus defined contribution (DC) -- that retirement plan participants regard as their most important. The last section of the paper examines participation in, and contributions to, salary-reduction plans (401(k)-type plans). The workers in this study include those from both the private and the public sectors. Extreme Poverty in the United States and the Response of Federal Means-Tested Transfer ProgramsH. Luke Shaefer, Kathryn EdinPoverty, Program ParticipationNational Poverty Center20131996, 2001, 2004, 2008This study documents an increase in the prevalence of extreme poverty among U.S. households with children between 1996 and 2011, and assesses the response of major federal means-tested transfer programs. “Extreme poverty” is defined using a World Bank metric of global poverty: $2 or less, per person, per day. Using the 1996-2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), we estimate that in mid-2011, 1.65 million households with 3.55 million children were living in extreme poverty in a given month, based on cash income. This constituted 4.3 percent of all non-elderly households with children. The prevalence of extreme poverty has risen sharply since 1996, particularly among those most impacted by the 1996 welfare reform. Adding SNAP benefits to household income reduces the number of extremely poor households with children by 48.0 percent in mid-2011. Adding SNAP, refundable tax credits, and housing subsidies reduces the number 62.8 percent. by: Income and Program Participation after the Loss of Extended Unemployment BenefitsJesse Rothstein, Robert G. VallettaUnemployment CompensationFederal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 20142001, 2004, 2008Despite unprecedented extensions of available unemployment insurance (UI) benefits during the "Great Recession" of 2007-09 and its aftermath, large numbers of recipients exhausted their maximum available UI benefits prior to finding new jobs. Using SIPP panel data and an event-study regression framework, we examine the household income patterns of individuals whose jobless spells outlast their UI benefits, comparing the periods following the 2001 and 2007-09 recessions. Job loss reduces household income roughly by half on average, and for UI recipients benefits replace just under half of this loss. Accordingly, when benefits end the household loses UI income equal to roughly one-quarter of total pre-separation household income (and about one-third of pre-exhaustion household income). Only a small portion of this loss is offset by increased income from food stamps and other safety net programs. The share of families with income below the poverty line nearly doubles. These patterns were generally similar following the 2001 and 2007-09 recessions and do not vary dramatically by household age or income prior to job loss. in Retirement Continuing Challenges to Women’s Financial FutureJennifer Erin Brown, Nari Rhee, Joelle Saad-Lessler, Diane OakleyRetirement, Gender, Income, WealthNational Institute on Retirement Security20162008The foundation of middle class retirement security in the U.S. restss on a “three-legged stool” composed of Social Security, a pension, and personal savings for retirement. After decades of restructuring in retirement benefits and stagnant household incomes, this three-legged stool is broken, especially for women. They cannot make ends meet on Social Security alone, yet lack sufficient personal savings to get by, and—for the majority who work in the private sector—are less likely to have an employer-sponsored defined benefit (DB) pension. Baby boomer women—the first generation to approach retirement age under these conditions—find themselves in the workforce well into retirement age and facing poverty rates close to 12 percent.

Versus Actual SNAP Unit Composition in Survey Households in Two States John L. Czajka, Karen Cunnyngham, Randy RossoSNAP, Program Participation, Survey Methodology, Administrative RecordsMathematica Policy Research20152008The research described in this paper focuses on an aspect of eligibility simulation that has challenged researchers for decades —namely, the grouping of household members into the units whose eligibility is jointly determined. The research expands upon previous efforts to link SNAP administrative records to household survey data by including records from the administrative data that do not match directly to individuals in the survey data. With these additions, the data allow a fuller assessment of SNAP unit formation. Furthermore, our research generates findings that extend beyond SNAP eligibility simulation to the potential use of SNAP and other administrative records to improve the efficiency and accuracy of decennial census operations. Evidence on the Importance of Sticky WagesAlessandro Barattieri, Susanto Basu, and Peter GottschalkIncome, WagesNational Bureau of Economic Research20101996 Nominal wage stickiness is an important component of recent medium-scale structural macroeconomic models, but to date there has been little microeconomic evidence supporting the assumption of sluggish nominal wage adjustment. We present evidence on the frequency of nominal wage adjustment using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) for the period 1996-1999. The SIPP provides high-frequency information on wages, employment and demographic characteristics for a large and representative sample of the US population.

The main results of the analysis are as follows. 1) After correcting for measurement error, wages appear to be very sticky. In the average quarter, the probability that an individual will experience a nominal wage change is between 5 and 18 percent, depending on the samples and assumptions used. 2) The frequency of wage adjustment does not display significant seasonal patterns. 3) There is little heterogeneity in the frequency of wage adjustment across industries and occupations. 4) The hazard of a nominal wage change first increases and then decreases, with a peak at 12 months. 5) The probability of a wage change is positively correlated with the unemployment rate and with the consumer price inflation rate. of Children’s Insurance Coverage and Implications for Access to Care: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation Thomas C. BuchmuellerHealth insurance, MedicaidInternational Journal of Health Care Finance Economics20141996, 2001Even as the number of children with health insurance has increased, coverage transitions—movement into and out of coverage and between public and private insurance—have become more common. Using data from 1996 to 2005, we examine whether insurance instability has implications for access to primary care. Because unobserved factors related to parental behavior and child health may affect both the stability of coverage and utilization, we estimate the relationship between insurance and the probability that a child has at least one physician visit per year using a model that includes child fixed effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Although we find that unobserved heterogeneity is an important factor influencing cross-sectional correlations, conditioning on child fixed effects we find a statistically and economically significant relationship between insurance coverage stability and access to care. Children who have part-year public or private insurance are more likely to have at least one doctor’s visit than children who are uninsured for a full year, but less likely than children with full-year coverage. We find comparable effects for public and private insurance. Although cross-sectional analyses suggest that transitions directly between public and private insurance are associated with lower rates of utilization, the evidence of such an effect is much weaker when we condition on child fixed effects before the U.S. Senate Committee on FinanceRobert E. HallEmployment, Unemployment, Labor ForceU.S. Senate20151996, 2001, 2004, 2008At 5.6 percent in December 2014, the U.S. unemployment rate is back to normal. But the number of people at work is well below its historical growth path. Between 2011 and 2014, unemployed fell by a heartening 2.7 percentage points. This three-year decline was the second largest in the history of the unemployment survey, exceeded only by a decline in 1951 during the Korean War. But employment rose by only 4.6 percent over those three years. Normal three-year employment growth during expansions with large declines in unemployment has been 7.1 percent. The U.S. has su ered a severe employment shortfall despite the excellent progress in bringing unemployment back to normal since the depths of the Great Recession Decline, Rebound, and Further Rise in SNAP Enrollment: Disentangling Business Cycle Fluctuations and Policy ChangesPeter Ganong, Jeffrey B. LiebmanLabor Force, Employment, Unemployment, Food Stamps, Program Participation, PovertyNational Bureau of Economic Research20132004, 2008Approximately 1-in-7 people and 1-in-4 children received benefits from the US Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in July 2011, both all-time highs. We analyze changes in SNAP take-up over the past two decades. From 1994 to 2001, coincident with welfare reform, take-up fell from 75% to 54% of eligible people. The take-up rate then rebounded, and, following several policy changes to improve program access, stabilized at 69% in 2007. Finally, take-up and enrollment rose dramatically in the Great Recession, with take-up reaching 87% in 2011. We find that changes in local unemployment can explain at least two-thirds of the increase in enrollment from 2007 to 2011. Increased state adoption of relaxed income and asset thresholds and temporary changes in program rules for childless adults explain 18% of the increase. Total SNAP spending today is 6% higher than it would be without these increases in eligibility. The recession-era increase in benefit levels is also likely to have increased enrollment. Earned Income Tax Credit: Participation, Compliance, and Antipoverty EffectivenessJohn Karl ScholzTaxes, EITC, Administrative Records, IncomeInstitute for Research on Poverty19931990This paper examines the participation rate of the earned income tax credit (EITC). After examining a variety of data sources on EITC recipiency, my preferred estimates indicate that 80 to 86 percent of eligible taxpayers received the credit in 1990, which implies fewer than 2.1 million taxpayers entitled to the credit failed to receive it. I then examine factors correlated with nonparticipation and find that many are consistent with rational or voluntary explanations for nonparticipation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the labor market incentives and antipoverty effectiveness of the credit before and after the August 1993 expansion of the EITC. Effect of Participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program on Household Food Insecurity: An Analysis Using Data Following the Great RecessionAmanda LeeProgram Participation, SNAP, Well-BeingThe Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota20151996, 2001, 2004, 2008This paper estimates the relationship between participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and food insecurity to assess whether or not SNAP is reducing food-related hardship. Data come from the 1996, 2001, 2004, and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This paper takes a similar approach as a study done by Ratcliffe, McKernan, and Zhang (2011) that analyzed the effectiveness of SNAP participation to reduce food insecurity by modeling jointly the likelihood of participation in SNAP and the risk of being food insecure using a bivariate probit model. Using this model, the results of this study suggest that participation in SNAP reduces the likelihood of being food insecure by 11.3 percentage points and reduces the likelihood of being very food insecure by 4.9 percentage points. These results are in the same direction and of the same magnitude as those found by Ratcliffe et al. After performing robustness checks, this paper finds that these estimates are achieved through the functional form and assumptions of the bivariate probit model and are subject to bias. Future studies should aim for clean identification given the policy importance of this question. Effect of Unemployment on Household Composition and Doubling UpEmily E. WiemersUnemployment Compensation, Household Formation, Well-BeingNational Poverty Center20111996, 2001, 2004, 2008“Doubling up” (sharing living arrangements) with family and friends is one way in which individuals and families can cope with job loss, but relatively little research has examined the extent to which people use coresidence to weather a spell of unemployment. This project uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to provide evidence on the relationship between household composition and unemployment across working ages, focusing on differences in behavior by educational attainment. Using the SIPP panels, I find that individuals who become unemployed are three times more likely to move in with other people. Moving into shared living arrangements in response to unemployment is not evenly spread across the distribution of educational attainment: it is most prevalent among individuals with the less than a high school diploma and those with at least some college. Effects of Proposed Changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance

Program on Eligibility, Participation, and BenefitsJoshua Leftin and Karen CunnynghamProgram Participation, SNAP, TANFMathmatica20132008The recent upswing in the cost of the Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP) has pushed it toward the top of the congressional agenda as policymakers work to reauthorize federally funded agriculture and nutrition programs. Legislation now before Congress proposes to reduce federal spending on SNAP in two ways: (1) by restricting when the receipt of benefits from the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP) permits SNAP participants to use the Heating and Cooling Standard Utility Allowance (HCSUA) and (2) by eliminating categorical eligibility for SNAP conferred through Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs that provide a non-cash benefit. The estimated effects of these changes are discussed in Leftin et al. (2013). The report was supported by the Health Impact Project, a collaboration of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and The Pew Charitable Trusts (Health Impact Project 2013).

This issue brief updates and summarizes some of the estimates presented in that report. Great Recession and the Social Safety NetRobert A. MoffittProgram Participation, SNAP, TANF, Unemployment, Medicaid, EITCThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

20132008The social safety net responded in significant and favorable ways during the Great Recession. Aggregate per capita expenditures grew significantly, with particularly strong growth in the SNAP, EITC, UI, and Medicaid programs. Distributionally, the increase in transfers was widely shared across demographic groups, including families with and without children, single parent and two-parent families. Transfers grew as well among families with more employed members and with fewer employed members. However, the increase in transfer amounts was not strongly progressive across income classes within the low-income population, increasingly slightly more for those just below the poverty line and those just above it, compared to those at the bottom of the income distribution. This is mainly the result of the EITC program, which provides greater benefits to those with higher family earnings. The expansions of SNAP and UI benefitted those at the bottom of the income distribution to a greater extent. New Normal: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)Parke E. WildeProgram Participation, SNAPAmerican Journal of Agricultural Economics20122008The article describes some resulting implications for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program's (SNAP) participation levels, average benefits, role in the broader national economy, and budgetary politics. The SNAP caseload has grown rapidly during the recent financial crisis and recession, setting a new record every month since mid-2008. New estimates in this paper indicate that SNAP now plays a larger role than ever before in the overall US food economy. Because regression models might otherwise be confounded by observable and unobservable characteristics of states, econometric studies of SNAP participation generally use fixed-effects models that measure the effect of within-state changes in explanatory variables on within state changes in caseload outcomes. To understand the implications of SNAP caseload changes, it is also useful to consider the dynamics of program entry and exit. The recent period of caseload increases is attributable both to increased rates of program entry and to longer spell lengths.

Racial Wealth GapLaura Sullivan, Tatjana Meschede, Lars Dietrich, & Thomas ShapiroWealth, Race, Home OwnershipDemos20152008Until now there has been no systematic analysis of the types of public policies that offer the most potential for reducing the racial wealth gap. This paper pioneers a new tool, the Racial Wealth AuditTM, and uses it to evaluate the impact of housing, education, and labor markets on the wealth gap between white, Black, and Latino households and assesses how far policies that equalize outcomes in these areas could go toward reducing the gap. Drawing on data from the nationally representative Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) collected in 2011, the analysis tests how current racial disparities in wealth would be projected to change if key contributing factors to the racial wealth gap were equalized. in Income Insecurity Among U.S. Children, 1984–2010Bruce Western, Deirdre Bloome, Benjamin Sosnaud, Laura M. TachIncome, Children, WealthDemography20161984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2001, 2004, 2008Has income insecurity increased among U.S. children with the emergence of an employment-based safety net and the polarization of labor markets and family structure? We study the trend in insecurity from 1984–2010 by analyzing fluctuations in children’s monthly family incomes in the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Going beyond earlier research on income volatility, we examine income insecurity more directly by analyzing income gains and losses separately and by relating them to changes in family composition and employment. The analysis provides new evidence of increased income insecurity by showing that large income losses increased more than large income gains for low-income children. Nearly one-half the increase in extreme income losses is related to trends in single parenthood and parental employment. Large income losses proliferated with the increased incidence of very low incomes (less than $150 per month). Extreme income losses and very low monthly incomes became more common particularly for U.S. children of nonworking single parents from the mid-1990s.*~hmac=2ea69d986b0501cd5c329f2ee2faf420ad509cdeca788e4b031ef8c774ab7fe8To Apply or Not to Apply: The Employment and Program Participation of Social Security Disability Insurance Applicants and Non-applicantsAllison Thompkins, Todd Honeycutt, Claire Gill, Joseph Mastrianni, Michelle BaileyLabor Force, Program Participation, Disability, Administrative RecordsMathmatica20141996, 2001, 2004From 1992 to 2012, enrollment in the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program increased from 4.7 million people to 8.7 million people, but the number of beneficiaries leaving the program to return to work remained very small. The U.S. government has implemented several programs to reduce federal expenditures on DI and help beneficiaries return to work, but the limited success of these efforts has raised interest in approaches that help workers with disabilities remain in the workforce. The focus of this paper is to provide information on the services and supports used by workers with disabilities at risk of applying for DI and to help build the evidence base for policies that enable workers with disabilities to avoid applying for DI and for the supports necessary to keep them in the workforce. Using three panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to SSA administrative data, we answer questions about the demographic, employment, and program participation characteristics of DI; beneficiaries before and after they apply for DI, and of individuals at risk of applying for DI.  Inequality Among Immigrants: Consistent Racial/Ethnic Inequality in the United StatesMatthew A. Painter II , Zhenchao QianWealth, Immigration, Population Research and Policy Review20162001, 2004Despite unprecedented extensions of available unemployment insurance (UI) benefits during the "Great Recession" of 2007-09 and its aftermath, large numbers of recipients exhausted their maximum available UI benefits prior to finding new jobs. Using SIPP p*~hmac=67d8c83d501db288f502c0a57f54b73a0f10fdf9b63062a6030debae96974510Welfare Use by Legal and Illegal Immigrant HouseholdsSteven A. CamarotaImmigration, Program Participation, MedicaidCenter for Immigration Studies20152008This report is a companion to a recent report published by the Center for Immigration Studies looking at welfare use by all immigrant households, based on Census Bureau data. This report separates legal and illegal immigrant households and estimates welfare use using the same Census Bureau data as that study. This analysis shows that legal immigrant households make extensive use of most welfare programs, while illegal immigrant households primarily benefit from food programs and Medicaid through their U.S.-born children. Low levels of education — not legal status — is the main reason immigrant welfare use is high. Disability among Women: The Role of Divorce in a Retrospective Cohort StudyChristopher R. Tamborini, Gayle L. Reznik, Kenneth A. Couch

Gender, Income, Marriage, Divorece, Disability, Administrative RecordsAmerican Sociological Association20162004We assess how divorce through midlife affects the subsequent probability of work-limiting health among U.S. women. Using retrospective marital and work disability histories from the Survey of Income and Program Participation matched to Social Security earnings records, we identify women whose first marriage dissolved between 1975 and 1984 (n = 1,214) and women who remain continuously married (n = 3,394). Probit and propensity score matching models examine the cumulative probability of a work disability over a 20-year follow-up period. We find that divorce is associated with a significantly higher cumulative probability of a work disability, controlling for a range of factors. This association is strongest among divorced women who do not remarry. No consistent relationships are observed among divorced women who remarry and remained married. We find that economic hardship, work history, and selection into divorce influence, but do not substantially alter, the lasting impact of divorce on work-limiting health. Retirement Success Rates in the United States: Leveraging Reverse Mortgages, Delaying Social Security, and Exploring Continuous Work.Chia-Li ChienSuccess rates, Home equity conversion mortgages, HECM Delayed social security claiming, Human capital assets, Scaling factors Palgrave Pivot, Cham20192016Successful retirement per prior research is not outliving or outspending the portfolio of financial assets. Background and introduction to the enhanced retirement strategies of home ownership conversion to income stream and increases in social and human capital assets as they facilitate successful retirement are provided. Three research models (baseline, HECM, delayed Social Security and/or continuing employment) are introduced. Scaling factors, research questions, significance of the study, delimitations, and implications for financial planning practitioners are discussed.SBN 978-3-030-33619-6 ISBN 978-3-030-33620-2 (eBook)Hard Copy ................
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