Erik Erikson Discussion Activity
Erik Erikson Psychosocial Development Activity
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development
Below are the eight stages of Psychosocial Development, as presented by Erik Erikson. Read each stage carefully to complete parts I and II of the activity.
Part I – Summarize each stage in one to three sentences (your own words). You will not receive credit if you have the same answers as a fellow student. (5 points each)
1. Trust Versus Mistrust (Hope)
This crisis occurs during the first one or two years of life. The child, well – cared for, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly cared for, s/he becomes insecure and mistrustful.
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2. Autonomy Versus Shame (Will)
The second psychosocial crisis, Erikson believes, occurs during early childhood, probably between about 18 months or 2 years and 3½ to 4 years of age. The "well - parented" child emerges from this stage sure of self, elated with his/her new-found control, and proud rather than ashamed.
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3. Initiative Versus Guilt (Purpose)
Erikson believes that this third psychosocial crisis occurs during what he calls the "play age," or the later preschool years (from about 3½ to, in the United States culture, entry into formal school). During these years, the healthily-developing child learns: (1) to imagine, to broaden skills through active play of all sorts, including fantasy (2) to cooperate with others (3) to lead as well as to follow. The negative outcome occurs when, immobilized by guilt, the child is: (1) fearful (2) hangs on the fringes of groups (3) continues to depend unduly on adults and (4) and is restricted both in the development of play skills and in imagination.
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4. Industry Versus Inferiority (Competence/Self-Esteem)
Erikson believes that the fourth psychosocial crisis is handled, for better or worse, during what he calls the "school age," presumably up to and possibly including some of junior high school. Here, the child learns to master the more formal skills of life: (1) relating with peers according to rules (2) progressing from free play to play that may be elaborately structured by rules and may demand formal teamwork, such as baseball and (3) mastering social studies, reading, arithmetic. Homework is a necessity, and the need for self-discipline increases yearly. The child who, because of successive and successful resolutions of earlier psychosocial crisis, is trusting, autonomous, and full of initiative will learn easily enough to be industrious and emerge with a sense of competence and high self-esteem. However, the mistrusting child will doubt the future and is likely to experience defeat and feelings of inferiority.
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5. Identity Versus Identity Diffusion (Sense of Self )
During adolescence, from about 13 or 14 to about 20, the adolescent, learns how to answer satisfactorily and happily the question of "Who am I?" But even the best - adjusted of adolescents experience some role identity confusion: most boys and probably most girls experiment with minor delinquency; rebellion flourishes; self - doubts flood the youngster, and so on. Erikson believes that during successful early adolescence, mature time perspective is developed; the young person acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt. He comes to experiment with different - usually constructive - roles rather than adopting a "negative identity" (such as delinquency). He actually anticipates achievement, and achieves, rather than being "paralyzed" by feelings of inferiority or by an inadequate time perspective. In later adolescence, clear sexual identity - manhood or womanhood - is established. The adolescent seeks leadership (someone to inspire him), and gradually develops a set of ideals (socially congruent and desirable, in the case of the successful adolescent). Erikson believes that, in our culture, adolescence affords a "psychosocial moratorium," particularly for middle - and upper-class American children. They do not yet have to "play for keeps," but can experiment, trying various roles, and thus hopefully find the one most suitable for them.
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6. Intimacy Versus Isolation (Love)
The successful young adult, for the first time, can experience true intimacy - the sort of intimacy that makes possible good marriage or a genuine and enduring friendship.
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7. Generativity Versus Self-Absorption (Care)
In adulthood, the psychosocial crisis demands generativity, both in the sense of marriage and parenthood, and in the sense of working productively and creatively.
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8. Integrity Versus Despair (Wisdom)
If the other seven psychosocial crisis have been successfully resolved, the mature adult develops the peak of adjustment; integrity. He trusts, he is independent and dares the new. He works hard, has found a well - defined role in life, and has developed a self-concept with which he is happy. He can be intimate without strain, guilt, regret, or lack of realism; and he is proud of what he creates - his children, his work, or his hobbies. If one or more of the earlier psychosocial crises have not been resolved, he may view himself and his life with disgust and despair.
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Part II – Use Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development to complete part II – 4 points each.
Each of the situations below represents a negative outcome of one of Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages. Determine which psychosocial stage resulted in each set of behaviors described below; speculate as to what circumstances may have resulted in the negative outcome; and describe what behaviors would be indicative of a positive outcome of that same stage.
9) Jason is a 14-year-old seventh grader who moved to Saint Cloud this summer from another state. He has recently been referred to the school psychologist because of concerns about both his academic performance and school behavior. A review of his school records shows that Jason repeated kindergarten and third grade. His elementary school grades were primarily S's ("Satisfactory") and N's ("Needs Improvement"). His current teachers state that they are unsure of Jason's academic skills because he typically does not turn in assignments and appears to "clown around" and not take exams and assignments seriously.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
10) Brenda is a 5th-year undergraduate student at the College of Saint Benedict. She began her post-secondary education at CSB as a nursing major, but decided she wanted to pursue a career in special education, so she transferred to Saint Cloud State University. After a year at SCSU, she discovered that special education was not for her, so she transferred back to CSB where she registered for courses in the Social Science-Secondary Education sequence. She is now a Liberal Studies major, and will graduate in May. Brenda has thought about applying to law schools, but recently decided she really didn't want a career in law. At this point she has no firm career plans. Rather, she had decided to work as a waitress for at least a year, and after that, who knows?
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
11) Carrie is a 36-year-old woman who is currently being seen for counseling at the community mental health center. Her second marriage recently ended in divorce, and she has sought counseling so that she might "find" herself and get her life "back on track." Carrie married for the first time at age 18, but she and her husband grew increasingly apart and found they had little in common, other than their two children! She remarried shortly after her first divorce as she felt "empty" being alone and thought both she and her children needed a man in the house, but that marriage also proved unsuccessful. She is now thinking of attending college, and is trying to figure out what to do "with the rest of her life."
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
12) Eric's kindergarten teacher is very concerned about him. He is hesitant to get involved in group activities, and though he seems bright verbally, he tells his teacher he "can't" do the work and will not start assignments unless the teacher is there to help and reassure him. Additionally, he always waits for the teacher to help him put on his coat and boots, even though she has encouraged him to do so himself.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
13) Anna is currently enrolled in the "Special Needs Program for Children with Severe and Profound Developmental Delays." She is four years old and has been diagnosed as suffering from a "Pervasive Developmental Disorder." Her behavior is often "autistic-like" as she avoids eye contact, makes repetitive and bizarre hand movements, and her speech is often echolalic. A review of her developmental history shows that her development was apparently "normal" for the first six months of her life. It was at that time Anna's mother developed severe depression and spent a year in a mental institution. During that year, Anna was left in the care of an aunt, who reportedly abused her both physically and psychologically. It was after her mother was released from the hospital that Anna was first seen at the mental health center and diagnosed as developmentally delayed.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
14) Joe is a college junior with a mediocre academic record. Though he is very intelligent, his teachers often describe him as lacking in initiative and creativity. He does well in lecture classes, but is hesitant to participate in group discussions and has difficulty coming up with ideas for independent learning projects. He is hesitant to take chances and try new things, though he often would like to try them.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
15) Karl is a 78-year-old widower who lives in a senior-citizens apartment complex. Though he is reasonably healthy, both physically and mentally, Karl rarely gets out and typically does not take part in activities offered through the local senior citizens center. Rather, he mostly sits at home and broods. He rarely interacts with his neighbors in the apartment complex, and even his children and grandchildren avoid visiting him because all he does is complain about how bad his life has been.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
16) John is a 36-year-old divorced man whose ex-wife has custody of their three children. Though John has visitation rights, he rarely exercises them. Even when the family lived together, he was only minimally involved with his children as he was always "too busy." His job often required long hours and extended travel, but even when he was not working, John found little time for his kids. However, he always seemed to find the time for golf outings, poker night, and hunting and fishing trips with his buddies.
Negative Outcome is:__________________________________________________________________________
Psychosocial Stage is:_________________________________________________________________________
Circumstances that resulted in the negative outcome are:______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
Behaviors indicative of a positive outcome for that stage are: __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
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