Morfopatologie.usmf.md



1. Opportunistic infections occur when: pathogen do not infect the host bacteria cause infectious disease in immunocompromised persons bacteria are spread by poor hand hygiene bacteria spread among hopitalized patientsbacteria affect persons in condition of low temperature2. An epithelialized track connecting the midportion of the jejunum and a point on the skin three cm left of the umbilicus is an example of a(n):autolysischoristomacystfistula abscess3. The "acute phase reaction" in acute inflammation is a group of biochemical changes mediated by:dilatation of small blood vesselsfactors released from macrophages histamine and complement components neutrophil injury to tissuethe increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate4. What's the characteristic cell in inflammation caused by worms:eosinophil lymphocytemacrophageneutrophilplasma cell5. Which of the following is associated with acute inflammation:neutophilsmacrophageslymphocytestissue fibrosistissue sclerosis6. Acute inflammation may be triggered by infections, trauma, physical or chemical agents, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions. Which of the following is NOT seen in acute inflammation:modification in vascular caliber decreased blood flowstructural changes in the microvasculature (edema)plasma proteins and leukocytes leaving the circulationleukocytic infiltrate to eliminate the offending agent7. Vascular changes associated with acute inflammation include ____ and ____ vascular permeability.vasoconstriction; decreasedvasoconstriction; increasedvasodilatation; decreasedvasodilatation; increasedvasodilatation; normal8. Which of the following is NOT a general principle of the chemical mediators of inflammation:mediators originate either from plasma or from cellsthe production of active mediators is triggered by microbial products or by host proteinsone mediator can stimulate the release of other mediators by target cells themselvesmediators can act on one or few target cell typesonce activated and released from the cell, most of these mediators last a long time (long-lived) 9. Which of the following is NOT true regarding contribution to inflammation:lysosomal constituents increase vascular permeability and tissue damageoxygen free radicals amplify the cascade that elicits the inflammatory responseneuropeptides help initiate and propagate the inflammatory responsethe response to hypoxia decreases vascular permeabilitythe response to necrotic cells is pro-inflammatory10. One possible outcome of acute inflammation is resolution, with the other outcomes being chronic inflammation and fibrosis (loss of function). Which of the following is NOT associated with resolution:agenesis clearance of mediators and acute inflammatory cellsreplacement of injured cellsnormal functionangiogenesis11. Which of the following develops, histologically, as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads or sometimes as an amorphous coagulum:serous inflammationfibrinous inflammationsuppurative inflammationulcersgangrenous inflammation12. Which of the following is characterized by the production of large amounts of pus consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid:serous inflammationfibrinous inflammationsuppurative inflammationulcersgangrenous inflammation13. Which of the following is marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that, depending on the size of injury, is derived from either the plasma or the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities:serous inflammationfibrinous inflammationsuppurative inflammationulcersgangrenous inflammation14. Granuloma is a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages. Which of the following are cause of an infectious granulomas and NOT a foreign body granulomas:talcsuturesmicrobessodium urate viruses 15. Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of inflammation:fever increased acute-phase proteinsleukocytosisdecreased pulse and blood pressurecytokine release (IL-1 and TNF)17. On autopsy, the central focal area of coagulative necrosis of the myocardium surrounded by proliferating fibroblasts and angioblasts indicates that the infarction occurred:1 to 2 hours before death7 to 24 hours before death7 to 14 days before death 25 to 48 hours before deathmore than 5 months before death18. The pain associated with an inflammatory reaction can best be explained by:damage to nerve endings in direct contact with the inflammatory agentcombined effect of increased tissue pressure and certain chemical mediators (e.g. bradykinin)eliberation of serotonin from mast celldirect action of lysosomal eenzymesdirect action of histamine and fragments of complement21. Which of the following is not considered to be a cardinal sign of inflammation:painheatcoldreddnessswelling22. The cardinal signs of inflammation are most likely associated with:acute inflammatory reactionschronic inflammatory reactionsgranulomatous inflammatory reactionswounds healing subacute inflammatory reactions23. The cell type that occurs with the least degree of frequency in a chronic inflammatory reaction are:fibroblastsangioblastsmacrophageslymphocytesneutrophilsThe characteristic cell found in granulomatous inflammation is:myofibroblastepithelioid cell plasma cellgiant cell activated mast cellEpithelioid cells are derived from:microglial cellsblood monocytesT-lymphocytesactivated basophilesgiant cells26. The inflammatory cell type considered to be the "hallmark" of acute inflammation is:epithelioid cellmyofibroblastsneutrophilsB-lymphocyteseosinophils27. Which of the following cells have the capacity to reproduce at the site of injury:neutrophiles and macrophageslymphocytes and eosinophilsbasophiles and neutrophilsmacrophages and lymphocytesplasma cells and macrophages29. The characteristic feature of early hemodynamic changes in acute inflammation is:decreased flow of blood to the affected tissueincreased permeability of capillaries and venulesrelease of histamine into the affected tissueexudation of neutrophilsincreased blood flow to the affected tissue30. At the early stages of acute inflammation, histamine is responsible for increased permeability in:veins and capillariesvenules and capillarieslarge arteries and arteriolesarterioles and venulesveins and large arteries31. Which of the following cell types is not an active component of inflammatory process:neutrophilsbasophileserythrocytesmonocyteseosinophils36. The process by which mobile leukocytes escape from the blood vessel lumen into perivascular tissue is appropriately referred to as:endocytosis migration marginationphagocytosis chemotaxis37. The engulfment of foreign particulate matter by inflammatory cells is appropriately referred to as:migration phagocytosischemotaxisleukocytosis anaplasia38. Each of the following is true for fibrinous exudate, except:fibrin is the major constituent of fibrinous exudate fibrinous exudate is associated with inflammatory reactionsfibrinous exudate is a major constituent of a phlegmonfibrinous exudate occurs primarily on mucous and serous membranesfibrinous exudate serves as a framework for repair processesEach of the following is a feature of suppurative exudation except:presence of neutrophilespresence of pyogenic bacteriadeath of cellsliquefactiondiphtheric membranes40. An exudate characterized by excessive production of mucin is appropriately referred to as:catarrhal exudate serous exudatenon-inflammatory exudatehemorrhagic exudatepurulent exudate41. Which of the following has the greatest capacity to regenerate:renal glomerulicardiomyocytes skeletal muscle cellsneurons of the central nervous systemhepatocytes42. Which of following are the types of exudative inflammation:fibrinous inflammationgangrenous inflammationinterstitial inflammationgranulomatous inflammationpurulent inflammation 43. Which of following are etiological factors of fibrinous inflammation:diphtheria bacillusstreptococcus anthrax bacillus endointoxication e. staphylococcus 44. Which of following exudates is characteristic for diphtheritic inflammation:purulent exudateserous exudatefibrinous exudate hemorrhagic exudate e. catarrhal exudate 45. Inflammation is classified in the following types depending on the nature of exudate:specific inflammationnonspecific inflammationacute inflammation chronic inflammation invasive inflammation46. Which of the following are acute inflammation types:catarrhal inflammation interstitial inflammationhemorrhagic inflammation fibrinous inflammation granulomatous inflammation47. Phlegmon is characterized by:catarrhal inflammationfibrinous inflammationfibrous-connective delimitation pyogenic membrane presencepresence of diffuse purulent inflammation48. Which of the following is the initial inflammatory stage:exudationproliferationalteration phagocytosispinocytosis49. Specify the morphological forms of inflammation:proliferative inflammation mesenchymal inflammationmixed inflammationexudative inflammation post-necrotic inflammation50. Phlegmon commonly occurs in:subcutaneous adipose tissuelax fibrous-connective tissuebrain tissueliver myocardium51. Identify the etiology of hemorrhagic inflammationanthraxpeptic ulcerflu thyrotoxicosis pest 53. Specify the types and varieties of purulent inflammation:abscesssoft phlegmonhard phlegmoncrupous inflammationdiphteric inflammation54. The successive phases of inflammation include:petrificationinduration agglutination exudationproliferation55. In purulent exudate, unlike the serous one prevail:exfoliated cells of the surface epithelium exfoliated cells of the mesothelium neutrophils mucus bacteria 56. At the microcirculation level the following changes may occur as a result of increased vascular permeability:exudation of plasmaexicosisemigration of intravascular cellsexudate and cellular infiltrate formation cadaveric hypostasis57. Which of the following are acute inflammation types:putrid inflammation crupous inflammation diphtheric inflammation proliferative inflammationproductive inflammation58. Specify exudative inflammation type that is typical for upper respiratory tract in diphtheria:purulentcatarrhalcrupous diphthericputrid 59. Abscess is characterized by:focal character of purulent inflammationdiffuse character of purulent inflammationpresence of necrotic tissue in the focus of inflammation availability pf pyogenic membraneabsence of pyogenic membrane60. Which of the following are the types of phagocytosis:complete phagocytosis incomplete phagocytosis direct phagocytosisindirect phagocytosisendocytosis 61. Identify etiology of fibrinous inflammation:uremiadiphtheriadysentery anemiaerythremia62. Which of the following bacteria may cause nonspecific inflammation:streptococci mycobacteria tuberculosismeningococcitreponema palidumsaphylococci63. Crupous inflammation is usually localized at the level of:oral cavitytonsilspharynxtracheabronchi 64. Which inflammation types are characterized by cell multiplication:alterative inflammationexudative inflammationproliferative inflammationparenchymatous inflammationproductive inflammation65. Acute purulent inflammation is characterized by the following:fistulasthrombophlebitiscellulitis ichthyosis amyloidosis66. Which processes reflect the migration of blood cells during inflammation:pinocytosisphagocytosisleukocytes diapedesis endocytosis erythrocytes diapedesis 67. Identify types of acute inflammation:crupous inflammation putrid inflammation granulomatous inflammationabscess purulent cellulitis 68. Depending on evolution, the inflammation is classified into: acute inflammation fibrinous inflammationchronic inflammation specific inflammationnonspecific inflammation69. Identify etiology of serous inflammation:thyrotoxicosis amyloidosissclerosisuremiatuberculosis70. Which of the following are examples of exudative inflammation:parenchymatous inflammationpurulent inflammation catarrhal inflammation interstitial inflammationgranulomatous inflammation71. Dyphtheric inflammation is typically localized in:pharynxtonsilsesophagusstomachintestine 72. Successive steps of the inflammatory process are:coagulationalterationexudationinfiltrationproliferation74. Granulomatous inflammation is a type of:productive inflammationexudative inflammationinterstitial inflammationproliferative inflammationalterative inflammation75. Which of the following cells are identified in tuberculous granuloma:neutrophilslymphocytesepithelioid cellseosinophilsmast cells77. In which pathological processes develops specific inflammation:rheumatic feversyphilis tuberculosistyphoid feverdysentery 78. Which of the following are comprised in tuberculous granuloma:Virchow cellsLanghan’s cellsamyloidcaseous necrosisfibrinous necrosisEchinococcosis primarily affects the:lungskidneysliverstomach eyesWhich type of inflammation usually occurs in tissue which surrounding parasites:alterative inflammationexudative inflammationproductive inflammationspecific inflammationnonspecific inflammation85. Heart?in cuirass” is characterised by:fibrinous inflammationorganization and calcification of exudate suppuration adherence formationserous inflammationThe most frequent cause of purulent inflammation are:viruses toxinsprotozoa chemicalsstaphylococci Microscopically purulent exudate is represented by a large number of:monocyteslymphocytesneutrophils erythrocytes thrombocytes Causes of purulent inflammation are the following pathogens, EXCEPT:staphylococci viruses escherichia colistreptococci klebsiellaPhlegmonous cellulitis is referred to the following type of inflammation:catarrhal purulentcrupousgangrenousdiphtheric Which of the following are examples of exudative inflammation:fibrinous inflammation purulent inflammationgangrenous inflammationinterstitial inflammationgranulomatous inflammationExudate containing a large amount of neutrophilic leukocytes is called:seroushemorrhagicpurulentfibrinousgangrenous ................
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