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ADDICTION THEORY NETWORKCriticisms of the Brain Disease Model of Addiction (BDMA)Annotated Reading ListHall, W., Carter, A., & Forlini, C. (2014). The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises? Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 105-110. The authors answer to the questions in their subtitle is ‘no’. Volkow, N., & Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: why is it so controversial? Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 677-679. Prominent advocates of the BDMA (the Directors of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism) reply to criticisms by Hall et al.. They cannot understand why the BDMA should be criticised.Hall, W., Carter., A, & Forlini, C. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: misplaced priorities? Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 867. Hall and colleagues reply to the reply. Volkow, N.D., Koob, G.F., & McLellan, AT. (2016). Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374, 363-371. A further defence of the BDMA by Volkow and colleagues, including in an appendix their attempt to refute what the authors take to be the main criticisms of their model of addiction. Heather, N. (2017). Is the concept of compulsion useful in the explanation or description of addictive behaviour and experience? Addictive behavior Reports, 6, 15-38. An analysis of evidence bearing on the concept on which disease models of addiction, and the BDMA in particular, crucially rest. Heather, N. (2017). Q: Is addiction a brain disease or a moral failing? A: Neither. Neuroethics, 10, 115-124. A protest against the idea, promoted by supporters of the BDMA, that the only alternative to seeing addiction as a brain disease is to see it as a moral failing. Heather, N, & Segal, G. (2017). Addiction and Choice: Rethinking the Relationship. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Although not a direct critique of the BDMA, this book is a collection of essays that try to understand addiction without portraying it either as completely involuntary or as completely freely chosen but as somewhere in between. Heyman, G.M. (2009). Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Cambridge MS: Harvard University Press.An influential presentation of an alternative to the disease view of addiction.Kalant, H. (2010). What neurobiology cannot tell us about addiction. Addiction, 105, 780-789. This article by a distinguished neuroscientist shows that the postulation of neural mechanisms given causal roles in the portrayal of addiction as a brain disease caused by chronic exposure to drugs has not been experimentally or clinically supported.Levy, N. (2013). Addiction is not a brain disease (and it matters). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00024. A reasoned critique of the BDMA by an eminent philosopher.Levy, N. (Ed.) (2013). Addiction and Self-control: Perspectives from Philosophy, Psychology and Neuroscience. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press.A collection of fascinating essays analysing the relationship between the concepts of addiction and self-control. Lewis, M. (2015). The Biology of Desire: Why Addiction Is Not a Disease. New York: PublicAffairs.A neuroscientist argues that the brain changes all the time and that the changes brought about by chronic drug ingestion are similar in kind to learning any new habit or way of behaving. Lewis, M. (2017). Addiction and the brain: development, not disease. Neuroethics, 10, 7-18. Another presentation of Lewis’ ideas which forms the basis for an important special issue of Neuroethics giving a range of commentaries on his developmental-learning model of addiction. Peele, S. (2015). Is addiction a brain disease? The Fix, 16 March. One of many critiques of the BDMA from a pioneer of objections to biological reductionism in the addictions field.Satel, S., & Lilienfield, S.O. (2013). Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. New York NY: Basic Books.A sustained critique of ‘neurocentrism’.Satel, S, & Lilienfield, S. (2014). Addiction and the brain-disease fallacy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4(141). One of several penetrating critiques of the BDMA by these authors. Satel, S, & Lilienfeld, SO. (2017, June 22). Calling it ‘brain disease’ makes addiction harder to treat. Boston Globe. An eloquent newspaper feature commenting on the current ‘opioid epidemic’ in the USA.Wiens, T.K., & Walker, L.J. (2015). The chronic disease concept of addiction: helpful or harmful? Addiction Research & Theory, 23, 309-321. A useful analysis of some of the main claims of the BDMA. ................
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