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Grammar Chapter 8: Clauses

Directions: While following the Prezi, take notes (marking the definitions) of the following terms and providing examples when necessary. When examples are not provided on the Prezi, it is your responsibility to create your own examples.

What is a Clause? Every clause has a subject and verb. Clauses are either independent or dependent.

Example: This is English class.

Because I said so.

Predicate: Expresses what is said about the subject.

Independent Clause: Has a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.

Example: Mount Everest is in the Himalayas.

Dependent Clause: Has a subject and verb and expresses an incomplete thought.

Example: Where they climbed Although it is cold

Adjective Clause: Subordinate (Dependent) clause that functions as an adjective. It modifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective clause almost always follows the word it modifies.

Example: Mrs. Garcia, who is my neighbor, is a chef.

Adverb Clause: Subordinate clause that functions as an adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverb clauses, like adverbs, tell how, how much, when, where, why, to what extent, and under what circumstances.

Example: The house is quiet when it is empty. (The clause modifies the adjective quiet by telling when it is quiet.)

Noun Clause: Subordinate clause that functions as a noun.

Example: Which coat to choose is Mohammed’s dilemma.

Four types of sentences:

1. SIMPLE = 1 independent clause and 0 dependent clauses

Example:

An eye has a pupil to let in light, a lens to focus light, and a retina for changing light images into nerve signals.

What changes in school policies could bring about better behavior in schools?

2. COMPOUND = 2 or more independent clauses, 0 dependent clauses

Example:

Images on the retina are upside down, but nerve signals to the brain flip them.

Serious offenses include physical violence, and non-serious offenses include cheating on tests.

3. COMPLEX = 1 independent clause and at least 1 dependent clause

Example: When I read about the human eye, I learned about the optic nerve.

4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX= 2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clause

Example:

The outside layer of the eye is the sclera, which is a protective coating; it covers about five-sixths of the surface of the eye.

The best change in policy appears to be strict punishment, which decreased nonserious and serious offenses by eighteen percent; it also brought about a nineteen percent decrease in drug offenses.

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