FORM
|GRAMMAR CHART
Cornelia Paraskevas
WOU/2008 | |
|FORM (morph. and synt. criteria) |FUNCTION (position in construction) |
|VERBS |AUXILIARY VERBS (carry negation/move next to the subject in questions) |
|-can have suffixes: -ed, -s, |-Proper : |
|-ing |-HAVE + Ven/-ed (perfect) |
|-can be preceded by must |-BE+ Ving (progressive) |
|-can be made into imperatives (orders) |-BE + Ven/ed (passive) |
| |-Do (used when there is no other auxiliary for |
|a. FINITE/TENSED VERBS |negation/question) |
|-show tense (-s, -ed) or mood |-Modal (may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, |
|-can be preceded by subject personal |can/could) |
|pronoun (e.g. I) |LEXICAL VERBS: Transitive (DO/IO/OC) |
| |(intrinsic meaning) Linking (SC) |
| |Intransitive (often AC follows) |
|b. NON-FINITE VERBS |Completers |
|(Non-finite verbs are not marked for tense)|Subject: Not to be skeptical is hard. |
| |Extraposed subject: It is hard not to be skeptical. |
|A. INFINITIVE FORMS |Object: My father didn't like to waste anything. |
|(to + "V") or bare (base form) |Complement: The global aim of writing is to transform |
| |writer-based prose into reader-based prose. |
|i.e to be, to waste, to know |modifiers |
| |Adjectival (Postmodifier) : This is the only way to guarantee survival of the last |
| |stands of ancient forests. |
| |Adverbial: He enriches the soil with lime to lower its |
| |acidity. (Can be preceded by ‘in order’or can move) plement: I am happy to do|
| |so. |
|B. –ING /-EN FORMS |Completers (Gerunds) |
|(Participials and gerunds) |Subject: Running wire is the toughest step in extending |
| |your stereo's range. |
| |Object: Avoid placing speakers in a corner. |
| |Complement: The biggest threat to Sierra is logging. |
| | MODIFIERS (Participles) |
| |Adjectival modifier: (Often expanded to adjectival clause): Errors producing |
| |negative reaction occur with low frequency.(Expanded: Errors which are producing |
| |negative reaction occur with low frequency). |
|. |Adverbial modifier (Often expanded to adv. clause): |
| |Fearing for his life, he fled the country. |
| |(Expanded to: Because he feared for his life, he fled the country). |
|FORM |FUNCTION |
|NOUNS |Subject: Fires, droughts and mud slides are the risks that we |
|-possessive, plural |take by living in paradise. |
|-preceded by determiner |Object: Those hot winds have a romantic sound to them. (DO) |
| |We can smell the perfume of the sage (Obj. of prep.) |
|NOUN PHRASES |They will give 4-year colleges grants for research. (IO) |
|-can be replaced by single |Subject Complement: These are the risks we take by living in |
|noun/pronoun |paradise. |
|-Structure: |Indirect Object: They gave them three chances (They gave |
|DET NUM PREMOD. HN POSTMOD. |three chances to them) |
|- Determiners |Object Complement: They considered the teacher a genius. |
|-articles |Object of Preposition: The editor of the journal teaches |
|-demonstratives |English. |
|-wh-words |Adverbial Complement: They stayed home. |
|-possessives |________________________________________________ |
|-Numerals |Structure of Noun Phrase: |
|-ordinal |DET/Art DET/Num ADJ/PreM. HN PP/postmodifier |
|-cardinal |The five young children in the room |
|-Adjectival/Prenoun modifier | |
|-Adjective/AdjPhrase |DET/Poss PCP/PreM HN |
|-Noun |her convincing argument |
|-Participle | |
|Adjectival/ Postnoun modifier |AdjP/Prem N/PreM HN |
|-Prepositional phrase |well-crafted marble floor |
|-Relative clause | |
|-non-finite clause | |
| | |
|ADJECTIVES/ AP |Prenoun Modifiers: The hot, dry winds came down through the |
|-can have degrees (-er, -est) |mountain passes. |
|-can be preceded by degree words (very, too|Subject Complement: The students seemed happy. |
|etc.) with which they form an AP |Object Complement: They consider the teacher hard. |
|-Ven/Ved/Ving are adjectives if they can be| |
|preceded by very | |
|ADVERBS |The laboratory has also tentatively linked the typewriter found in the cabin to evidence from |
|-often end in -ly |several bomb scenes. |
|-usually can be moved around in a sentence |-Adjuncts (optional; can move) |
| |-Complements (required, can’t move) |
|ADVERBIAL PHRASES |-Conjunctive adverbs (join clauses; semicolon usually precedes) |
|-can be replaced by a single | |
|adverb | |
|PREP. PHRASES |Adjectival/Post noun modifier (modify noun/pronoun) |
| |No true Californian can be blind to the reality of life here. |
|(Deg) Prep. + NP |Adverbial modifier (modify verb) |
| |He described one of those hot dry winds that came |
|Followed by NP: |through the mountain passes. |
|No true Californian can be blind to the |Complement (required for completing verb) |
|reality of life here. |They live in Portland, Oregon. |
| |She put the shoes in the box. |
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Nominal function: any construction functioning nominally can be replaced with a pronoun
Adjectival function: any construction functioning adjectivally modifies a noun either as a premodifier (before the noun) or as a postmodifier (after the noun)
Adverbial function: any construction functioning adverbially modifies a verb and can usually/typically move around in the clause.
CLAUSES
Independent: Can be made into a Yes/No Question or Tag Question; can follow a construction such as "They believe the idea that….”; they do not function as part of another
clause
Dependent: Subordinate (Introduced with subordinating conjunction / Adverbial function/can be moved
Relative (Introduced with relative pronoun or adverb)/adjectival function
Content clauses (noun clauses)/nominal function (S, O, etc.)
Required “slots”/Complementation
Subject: The Clinton administration is making available $625 million to provide summer jobs for
539.500 disadvantaged young people.
Direct Object: Many of the partners just want to get their money out.
Subject Complement: For two decades, Skate Palace has been the place where Salem boys and
girls have strapped on wheels and encountered gravity.
Indirect Object: She showed the class an interesting film./ She showed an interesting film to the
class.
Object Complement: She considered their demands unreasonable.
Adverbial Complement: They gazed at the setting sun.
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