FORM



|GRAMMAR CHART

Cornelia Paraskevas

WOU/2008 | |

|FORM (morph. and synt. criteria) |FUNCTION (position in construction) |

|VERBS |AUXILIARY VERBS (carry negation/move next to the subject in questions) |

|-can have suffixes: -ed, -s, |-Proper : |

|-ing |-HAVE + Ven/-ed (perfect) |

|-can be preceded by must |-BE+ Ving (progressive) |

|-can be made into imperatives (orders) |-BE + Ven/ed (passive) |

| |-Do (used when there is no other auxiliary for |

|a. FINITE/TENSED VERBS |negation/question) |

|-show tense (-s, -ed) or mood |-Modal (may/might, will/would, shall/should, must, |

|-can be preceded by subject personal |can/could) |

|pronoun (e.g. I) |LEXICAL VERBS: Transitive (DO/IO/OC) |

| |(intrinsic meaning) Linking (SC) |

| |Intransitive (often AC follows) |

|b. NON-FINITE VERBS |Completers |

|(Non-finite verbs are not marked for tense)|Subject: Not to be skeptical is hard. |

| |Extraposed subject: It is hard not to be skeptical. |

|A. INFINITIVE FORMS |Object: My father didn't like to waste anything. |

|(to + "V") or bare (base form) |Complement: The global aim of writing is to transform |

| |writer-based prose into reader-based prose. |

|i.e to be, to waste, to know |modifiers |

| |Adjectival (Postmodifier) : This is the only way to guarantee survival of the last |

| |stands of ancient forests. |

| |Adverbial: He enriches the soil with lime to lower its |

| |acidity. (Can be preceded by ‘in order’or can move) plement: I am happy to do|

| |so. |

|B. –ING /-EN FORMS |Completers (Gerunds) |

|(Participials and gerunds) |Subject: Running wire is the toughest step in extending |

| |your stereo's range. |

| |Object: Avoid placing speakers in a corner. |

| |Complement: The biggest threat to Sierra is logging. |

| | MODIFIERS (Participles) |

| |Adjectival modifier: (Often expanded to adjectival clause): Errors producing |

| |negative reaction occur with low frequency.(Expanded: Errors which are producing |

| |negative reaction occur with low frequency). |

|. |Adverbial modifier (Often expanded to adv. clause): |

| |Fearing for his life, he fled the country. |

| |(Expanded to: Because he feared for his life, he fled the country). |

|FORM |FUNCTION |

|NOUNS |Subject: Fires, droughts and mud slides are the risks that we |

|-possessive, plural |take by living in paradise. |

|-preceded by determiner |Object: Those hot winds have a romantic sound to them. (DO) |

| |We can smell the perfume of the sage (Obj. of prep.) |

|NOUN PHRASES |They will give 4-year colleges grants for research. (IO) |

|-can be replaced by single |Subject Complement: These are the risks we take by living in |

|noun/pronoun |paradise. |

|-Structure: |Indirect Object: They gave them three chances (They gave |

|DET NUM PREMOD. HN POSTMOD. |three chances to them) |

|- Determiners |Object Complement: They considered the teacher a genius. |

|-articles |Object of Preposition: The editor of the journal teaches |

|-demonstratives |English. |

|-wh-words |Adverbial Complement: They stayed home. |

|-possessives |________________________________________________ |

|-Numerals |Structure of Noun Phrase: |

|-ordinal |DET/Art DET/Num ADJ/PreM. HN PP/postmodifier |

|-cardinal |The five young children in the room |

|-Adjectival/Prenoun modifier | |

|-Adjective/AdjPhrase |DET/Poss PCP/PreM HN |

|-Noun |her convincing argument |

|-Participle | |

|Adjectival/ Postnoun modifier |AdjP/Prem N/PreM HN |

|-Prepositional phrase |well-crafted marble floor |

|-Relative clause | |

|-non-finite clause | |

| | |

|ADJECTIVES/ AP |Prenoun Modifiers: The hot, dry winds came down through the |

|-can have degrees (-er, -est) |mountain passes. |

|-can be preceded by degree words (very, too|Subject Complement: The students seemed happy. |

|etc.) with which they form an AP |Object Complement: They consider the teacher hard. |

|-Ven/Ved/Ving are adjectives if they can be| |

|preceded by very | |

|ADVERBS |The laboratory has also tentatively linked the typewriter found in the cabin to evidence from |

|-often end in -ly |several bomb scenes. |

|-usually can be moved around in a sentence |-Adjuncts (optional; can move) |

| |-Complements (required, can’t move) |

|ADVERBIAL PHRASES |-Conjunctive adverbs (join clauses; semicolon usually precedes) |

|-can be replaced by a single | |

|adverb | |

|PREP. PHRASES |Adjectival/Post noun modifier (modify noun/pronoun) |

| |No true Californian can be blind to the reality of life here. |

|(Deg) Prep. + NP |Adverbial modifier (modify verb) |

| |He described one of those hot dry winds that came |

|Followed by NP: |through the mountain passes. |

|No true Californian can be blind to the |Complement (required for completing verb) |

|reality of life here. |They live in Portland, Oregon. |

| |She put the shoes in the box. |

MAJOR FUNCTIONS

Nominal function: any construction functioning nominally can be replaced with a pronoun

Adjectival function: any construction functioning adjectivally modifies a noun either as a premodifier (before the noun) or as a postmodifier (after the noun)

Adverbial function: any construction functioning adverbially modifies a verb and can usually/typically move around in the clause.

CLAUSES

Independent: Can be made into a Yes/No Question or Tag Question; can follow a construction such as "They believe the idea that….”; they do not function as part of another

clause

Dependent: Subordinate (Introduced with subordinating conjunction / Adverbial function/can be moved

Relative (Introduced with relative pronoun or adverb)/adjectival function

Content clauses (noun clauses)/nominal function (S, O, etc.)

Required “slots”/Complementation

Subject: The Clinton administration is making available $625 million to provide summer jobs for

539.500 disadvantaged young people.

Direct Object: Many of the partners just want to get their money out.

Subject Complement: For two decades, Skate Palace has been the place where Salem boys and

girls have strapped on wheels and encountered gravity.

Indirect Object: She showed the class an interesting film./ She showed an interesting film to the

class.

Object Complement: She considered their demands unreasonable.

Adverbial Complement: They gazed at the setting sun.

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