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g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§ .

;f/f+zM

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;/sf/nfO{ bIf / pko'Qm hgzlQm pknJw u/fpg] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj k"/f ug{ ljut %% jif{b]lv

;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hgdfg;af6 cfh{g u/]sf] ljZjf; / of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfPsf r'gf}tLnfO{

;Daf]wg ug{ cfof]un] cfpbf lbgdf cfˆgf] sfo{e"ldsfnfO{ c? ;lqmotf;fy lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn} hf/L

ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]usf] sfo{If]qnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;d]t

lj:tf/ u/]sf]n] kl/jlt{t lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ cfof]un] s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng' cfjZos 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df ;fdlos Pj+

Jofjxfl/s ljZn]if0f ug{df k|:t't n]v s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .

k[i7e"ldM

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf nuQ} lj=;+ @))* df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljlwjt :yfkgf

ePsf] xf] . ljutdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljleGg ;+ljwfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfnfO{

:yflkt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6

u/L ;/sf/nfO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfo{df ljut %% jif{b]lv of] cfof]u ;+nUg 5 . sfd

ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljutdf slx st} sdL q'l6 ePsf xf]nfg . t/ klg cfof]un] hgdfg;df h'g ;fv

:yflkt u/]sf] 5 Tof] huhfx]/} 5 . cfof]usf] dxTj / o;n] ljutdf :yflkt u/]sf] d"No dfGotf /

;fvnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] o; ;+:yfnfO{ Ps :jtGq ;+j}wflgs

lgsfosf] ?kdf O+lst u/]sf] 5 .

pk/f]St cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@% df g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 h;df

cWoIf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf]

l;kmfl/zdf k|wfgdGqLn] cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . cfof]usf ;b:ox¿

dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf

/x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g,

;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w cg';Gwfg, cWoog jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{

u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'Qm ul/g] k|fjwfg 5 . cfof]udf lgo'lQm kfpg]

;b:ox¿l;t tf]lsPsf If]qdf aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf] cg'ej x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfgn] jo:s /

cg'elj JolQmTjsf] rog ug{ 7f]; cfwf/ to u/]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{ If]qM

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo' lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;+rfng ug'{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf] wf/f !@^ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]

. dfggLo ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

2

5 . lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg jf ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb

tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb jfx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c?

;j} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .

cfof]usf] sfo{If]q :ki6 ub}{ b]xfosf ljifodf ;/sf/n] cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg

;+ljwfgd} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,

-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{

l;4fGtsf] ljifodf,

-u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]

pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

-3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf

cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]

pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

-ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{

ljifodf, /

-r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf .

k|:t't cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^ df cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/jf/] b]xfo cg';f/

yk Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 M

!= ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm /

a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'

kg{]5 .

@= s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf]

;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf]

ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]

k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 .

:ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L

z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .

o;}u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf] wf/f !@& df cfof]un] cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{

kg]{ lgsfo / ;f] k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/f !@&

sf] -!_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ æk|To]s jif{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg

k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;dIf k]z ug]{

Joj:yf ug]{5 .Æ

3

;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f @ df æpkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf]

cltl/Qm nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] jif{el/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf

pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{

ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf] sfd eP gePsf]

ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGo

l;4fGtsf] af/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f

;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .Æ

yk lhDd]jf/Lsf] cg'e"ltM

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ljutdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] k[i7e"lddf k|ltlglw ;ef, /fHo Joj:yf

;ldltn] lghfdtL ;]jf h:t} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf cfk"lt{ ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ;?jf

;DaGwL sfo{df Ps?ktf / lgikIftf sfod ug{ æhgrfxgf, cf}lrTotf / j} 7sdf JoQm efjgf

;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf x'g] lgo'lQm / a9'jf ;DaGwL ljifo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q

leq ;d]6\g ;fGble{s, ;dof]lrt Pj+ Gofof]lrt x'g] b]lvPsf] Æ egL lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; l;nl;nfdf

/fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] ;fj{ hlgs ;+:yf Pj+ ;+:yfgdf x'g] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf Pj+ ;b:ox¿sf]

lgo'lQm, ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;lxt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{df Ps?ktf Nofpg] h:tf

ljifonfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq ;d]6\ g] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf x'g / hf/L ug{

g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L x'g' k"j{b]lv g} ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] a9'jf

;ldlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf j9'jf ;ldlt, Gofo ;]jf cfof]u, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lti7fg, ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf

!@ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldlt, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;] jf cfof]u, g]kfn

/li6«o lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fg, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno, kf] v/f

ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] a9'jf ;ldlt, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f

k|lti7fgsf ;fy} cGo ljleGg #@ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / ;:yfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf]

k|ltlglwTj hgfpb} cfPsf] Joxf]/f ;j{ ljlbt} 5 . o; k|sf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx¿n]

k|ltlglwTj u/]sf ;+:yfdf s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L sd{rf/L 5gf} 6 ug]{ k|lqmofdf s]xL sdL q'l6x¿

gkfOPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . cfof]usf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt u/fP/ klg k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL cfof]un]

Jojxf/df NofPsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'z/0f gul/lbbf o:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf x'g . cfof]un] :yflkt

u/]sf] k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k|lqmof cg'z/0f ug{ yf]/}dfq kxn ug]{ xf] eg] ;+:yfgx¿sf] sd{rf/L

egf{ sfo{df lgs} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .

sd{rf/L 5gf}6 sfo{ lgs} hl6n / ;Da]bgzLn ljifo xf] . ctM o; l;nl;nfdf sfo{ ubf{

w]/} kIfdf Wofg k' ¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . pDd]bjf/n] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] ljj/0f, lghl;t

x'g'kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf, kf7\oqmd, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / df] 8/]zg, k/LIff ;+rfng / o;df z'4tf,

pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k/LIf0f, ;+k/LIf0f, cGtjf{tf{ / o; sfo{df rog ul/Psf lj1x¿sf] k[i7e"ld cflb

ljljw kIf ;DalGwt 5g . t/ oL ;j} ljifo eGbf klg tf] lsPsf] s'g} klg lj1fkg k|sflzt ubf{

;f] kbsf nflu cfj] bg lbg] pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof jf/] ;d]t jf]w ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . cToflws

pDd] bjf/ /x]sf 7fpdf l;ldt ;+Vofdf 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ ePdf k/LIff k4ltd} ljljwtf ckgfpg' kg]{

x'G5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof] un] o;} k[i7e"lddf ljut s]xL jif{ otf k|f/lDes k/LIffsf] yfngL u/]sf]

4

xf] . o; k|fjwfgsf lj?4 lghfdtL ;]jf P] gsf] c8\rgsf sf/0f ljut @ jif{df !) jif]{ a9' jfsf

;DaGwdf cfof] un] w]/} sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofo lbg g;s]sf] hgu'gf;f] JofKt 5 . tLg÷rf/ ;o

sd{rf/Lx¿ dWo] jf6 cGt/jf{tf{ / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d" Nof+sg -sf=;=d"_ sf] cfwf/df dfq @,# hgf

sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug'{ nfO{ Tolt ;xh dfGg ;lsGg . pQm !) jif]{ j9'jf k4ltdf oxL cj:yf

ljBdfg /Xof] . cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf eP ul/Psf] k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] xs

:yflkt ug{ pSt sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/n] P] g lgod th'{ df ubf{ To:tf kIfdf ;d]t

Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] eP kl/0ffd leGg / sd cfnf]lrt jGg ;SbYof] . o;}u/L ljifout

-Subjective_ / j:t'ut -Objective_ k/LIff k| 0ffnLsf] kl/0ffddf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . j:t'ut

k/LIff k|0ffnL h'g xb;Dd cr's, oyfy{, j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ x'G5, ljifout k| 0ffnLdf tL ;j}

ljz]iftf gkfOg ;lsG5 . o; oyfy{nfO{ klg :jLsfg}{ kb{5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|To]s cfly{s jif{df nueu Ps 8]9 nfv ;+Vofdf pDd]bjf/x¿sf]

k/LIff ;+rfng sfo{sf] k|jGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . ;Lldt ef}lts >f]t;fwg, sd{rf/Lx¿df k|f]T;fxg

Joj:yfsf] Go"g cfsif{0f cflb cj:yfdf s'g} pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ kfOGg eg] cfof]udf sfdsf] rfk

lgs} 5 . o;} jf:tljstfnfO{ jf]w u/L /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] xfn} hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zgdf ælghfdtL

;]jf leq x'g] lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ;]jf kl/jt{g h:tf ljifodf dfq ;+nUg x'+b} cfO/x]sf] nf]s ;]jf

cfof]unfO{ xfnsf lbgx¿df ljleGg P]gaf6 ljleGg lgsfox¿df ;+nUg u/fpb} cfO/xsf] / cj

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;d]t ;+nUg ug'{ kg]{ kfl/l:ylt b]vfk/]sf] ;Gbe{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf

lgikIftf, ljZj;gLotf / tbf?stfk"j{s sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ kl/l:yltnfO{ cem} ;xh / ;'ud t'Nofpg

cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm Pj+ hgzlQmnfO{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/

nufotsf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy pknAw u/fpg k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;hu / ;r]t /xg]Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .

pk/f]Qm cg';f/ eP u/fPdf / cfof]udf ljBdfg ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof j9f]Q/L ul/Pdf

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 sfo{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] gug{ ;Sg] xf]Og .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf /fhlglts lg0f{o u/L ;+rfng ;ldlt Pj+ Joj:yfkgx¿sf] lgo'lQm x'g] /

To;/L lgo'Qm eP ul/Psf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtf ls6fg gul/Psfn] klg ;d:o emg hl6n

jGb} uPsf] cfefif kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;+:yfgdf lgo'Qm ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof klg

kf/bzL{ gePsf sf/0f hgdfg;df s]xL e|d :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd ;fj{hlgs

;+:yfgdf lgo'Qm ul/g] Joj:yfks Pj+ ;+rfns ;ldltsf] rog k|lqmofsf] 7f]; / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ to

ul/g' kb{5 .

ljutsf] cg'ejM

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL ljutsf]

cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ xf] eg] s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L Tolt ;Gtf]if lng] 7fp b]lvGg . w]/} h;f] ;+:yfdf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] pkl:ylt cf}krfl/stfdf l;ldt /x]sf] u'gf;f] :jo+ ;+:yf k|ltlglwTj ug]{

kbflwsf/Ljf6 ;'Gg kfOG5 . l;4fGtdf sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL ;j} k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] hgfpg] /

Jojxf/df cfTdk/s 9+un] sfo{ ug]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . ctM s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yfdf

sd{rf/L egf{ ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] cfof]u xf]; jf cGo s'g} kbk"lt{ ;ldlt ;j}n] lgikIf / t6:y eO{

sfd ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . cx+ ;jfn sd{rf/L egf{ lng] sfo{nfO{ /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] jGbL jgfOg' x'b}g .

5

o;sf] cy{ sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL c? ;+:yfn] u/]sf] sfo{df vf]6 nufpg] w[i7tf ul/Psf] klg

xf]Og . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt / Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbbf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf / kmfF6sf]

sd{rf/L egf{sf] sfo{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lbg' x'b}g eGg] wf/0ff JoQm ul/Psf] klg xf]Og . hxfF h;n]

of] sfo{ u/]klg Toxf OdfGbf/Lsf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf s]xL ;+:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]

lnlvt k/LIff lng] / cGo kIfsf] k/LIff ;DalGwt lgsfon] lng] u/sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt k/LIffsf] eGbf

cGo k/LIffsf] c+sef/ j9L /fVg] cflb ubf{ kl/0ffd ck]lIft x'g g;Sg] k|i6 5 . o:tf kIfdf ;d]t

Wofg k'¥ofO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ sxfF s;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] jf/] lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .

gof+ kl/j]zsf] r'gf}tLM

lghfdtL ;]jfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv vf;u/L j|fXd0f, g]jf/ / If]qL hftLn] em08} *% k|ltzt

:yfg cf]u6\b} cfPsf] tYof+s k|:t't 5 . cflbjf;L, hghftL / blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Hofb} Go"g 5 .

To;}u/L cfwf hg;+Vof cf]u6]sf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj klg *÷( k|ltztdf l;ldt 5 . ;dli6df

o:tf] lrq0f k|:t't ul/P tfklg k|fljlws ;]jftkm{ eg] of] cj:yf s]xL leGg 5 . o; jf:tljstfnfO{

x[boËd u/L cGo If]qdf h:t} lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|:tfj /flvPsf] 5 . of]

:jfutof]Uo s'/f xf] . t/ of]Uotf k|0ffnL / ;dfj]zLs/0f oL b'j} j]Unfj]Un} wf/ x'g . oL b'j} ljifonfO{

;Fu} /fv]/ sd{rf/L egf{ jf/] lg0f{o lng' sl7g eP klg cfpbf lbgdf oL b'j} ljifodf s] s:tf]

/0fgLlt clVtof/ ug]{, lzIff, tflnd ;DaGwdf s:tf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{, kf7\oqmddf s:tf] kl/dfh{g

ug]{ , k/LIff k|0ffnL s:tf] to ug]{ cflb ljljw ljifodf ulDe/ 5nkmn, cGtlqmof / ljj]rgf u/L

lg0f{o lng' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

ljut s]xL ;do otf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L egf{ sfo{df ;}lgs / :yfgLo lgsfodf

;d]t k|ltlglwTj hgfpb} cfPsf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cof]usf] ljBdfg ;+u7g :j?k, sd{rf/L ;+Vof,

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cflb kIfsf] pko'Qmtf jf/] vf;} ;dLIff gu/L pk/f]St sfo{ ;d]t ;'lDkbf vf;u/L

:yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg cfof]unfO{ lgs} xDd] kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfof{no

c~rn :t/df ;Lldt ul/Psf] / ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf ;d]t kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n]

o:tf] l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . ctM yk ul/Psf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf cfof]unfO{ rflxg] sd{rf/L

/ ljljw k"jf{wf/df ;d]t ;/sf/n] j]n}df Wofg k'¥ofpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] gofF sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwdf lj1fkg ubf{ ck|fljlws ;]jf tkm{

k|ltefx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf Go"g tna eQf, j[lQ ljsf;sf] lemgf]

;+efjgf, sfdsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg gx'g' cflb sf/0f b]vfO{ vf;u/L jf]l8{ª sn]hdf pRr cWoog xfl;n

u/]sf k|ltefx¿n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf Hofb} Go"g b/vf:t lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L ;] jfdf b/vf:t

glbg] / k|ltef knfog x'g] u/]jf6 /fi6«n] eljiodf 7"nf] Iflt ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . knfog ePsf jf

ul/Psf k|ltefx¿ :jb]zdf kms{g] ;Defjgf klg Go"g k|ltztdf b]lvG5 . jf]l8{ª, sn]hdf c+u|] hL

dfWodaf6 lzIf0f xfl;n u/]sf k|ltefx¿n] g]kfnL efiffdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zg ;d]t ga'‰g] cflbsf sf/0f

o:tf] ljifd kl/l:ylt >[hgf ePsf] oyfy{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . c+u|]hL efiffdf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug]{, c+u|] hL

efiffdf g} pQ/ lbg kfOg] cflb jf/] j}slNks Joj:yf yfngL ug]{ jf/] sfof{Gjog kIfsf] t s'/}

5f8f}+ cfof]usf] j}7sdf o;jf/] 5nkmn / lrGtg pRrf/0f ubf{ ;d]t To;sf] cfnf]rgf g]kTYoaf6

x'g] ub{5 . k/LIffyL{sf] dfu, cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cflbjf6 ;w} 6f9f /x]/ sfo{ ubf{ cfof]un]

kl/jt{gsf] jf]w ug{ ;Sg] b]lvGg . efiff / lnlksf] ;Ldf sf]/L oyfl:yltdf lx8\g] k|of; u/]df

6

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'udf g]kfnn] cfkm"nfO{ ljZjhutdf kl/ro u/fpg / cfˆgf] ljz]if klxrfg

:yflkt ug{ cem} lgs} ;do s'g'{ kg]{5 .

gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ef]lnsf] lbgdf /fHo ;+3fTds 9fFrfdf ;+rfng ug]{ tof/L

x'b}5 . o; tkm{ klg clxn]b]lv g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . /fHon] ;+3fTds k|0ffnL cg'z/0f ug]{

ljlQs} jt{dfg cfj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo txaf6 ;+rflng ljleGg ;+:yf Pj+ lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k /

sfo{If]qdf klg cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] ePdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg cfˆgf If]qLo, c~rn

sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/df j9f]Q/L ug'{ kg]]{ x'G5 . o:tf] lg0f{o ePdf If]q jf k|b]z h] gfdfs/0f

ul/P tfklg To; ef}uf]lns If]qleq cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L pknAw eP;Dd tb\ tb\ k|b]z leq}jf6 lng]

Joj:Yff ug'{ j9L k|hftflGqs / Gofof]lrt 7x5{ . o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u nufot cGo

;j}+wflgs cËl;t ;dod} k/fdz{ lnO{ j}slNks /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

pk;+xf/

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] :yfkgf kl5 ljut %% jif{df :yfkgf u/]sf] ;fvsf sf/0f o;sf]

nf]slk|otf hgdfg;df j9\b} uPsf] xf] . cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLdf leqL jflx/L

h'g;'s} If]qjf6 eP ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ dgg u/L hgefjgf cg'?k o;n] cfˆgf] sfo{ cufl8

j9fpg' kb{5 . cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ;DaGwL ;j} sfo{ uf]Ko /fVg] ePsf]n] o;sf eP b]lvPsf

q'l6x¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g g;s]sf x'g eGg] ts{l;t klg vf;} ;xdlt hgfpg ldNb}g . cfof]un]

;Dkfbg u/]sf ;j} lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{sf gfddf hg;dIf /fVg klg ldNb}g . o;} cf=j=df cfof]un]

u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf lj?4 k/]sf] ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿ ;dfj]z ePsf]

5fgjLg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgjf6 klg cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfd

sf/jfxL lgod;Ddt ePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .

cfof]un] xfn}dfq k|ltlglw;ef, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltdf cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg 5nkmn ubf{

;ldltnfO{ cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf

/fHoJoj:Yff ;ldlt cyjf cGo s'g} clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfojf6 cfof]usf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] k|lqmof

cjut u/]df s;/L cfof]un] cfˆgf] ;fv hgdfg;df :yfkgf ug{ ;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] oyfy{ k|i6

x'g]5 . cfof]usf lg0f{o / sfo{;+rfngsf l;nl;nfdf s'g} q'l6 g} 5}gg eGg] l6Kk0fL ug{ vf]lhPsf]

klg xf]Og . o; qmddf cf}NofPsf q'l6x¿ ;Rofpg] k|oTg ;d]t cfof]un] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ctM

cfkm"n] b]v]sf sdL q'l6 / ;'wf/sf nflu eljiodf klxrfg ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / d;f}bf pknAw

u/fP/ cfof]usf] ;fvnfO{ lr/:yfoL t'Nofpg' ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g hfG5 .

;Gbe{u|GyM

!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#

@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] $& cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^@.^#

#= k|ltlglw ;ef, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^#.*.@* df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf x'g] lgo'lQm

/ j9'jf ;DaGwL ljifodf hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg kq .

$= 5fgljg ;ldltn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k|:t't u/]sf] æ5fgljg k|ltj]bg @)^#Æ .

7

/fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf / ;+ljwfg;efM

Ps ;"qfTds kl/rrf{

8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=.

;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|Zg Pp6f gofF ljifo eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|Zg eg]

gofF xf]Og t/ oL b'j}sf aLrsf] ;dfgtfrflxF s] xf] eg] oL b'j} k|Zg g]kfnsf nflu clgjfo{ t/ hl6n ljifo

x'g\ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf eGgfn] ljleGg hfthfltaLr zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / ;fem]bf/L eP tfklg To;sf] 9Ffrf

s:tf] x'g] / ;j} hftLo ;d"xnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zL t'Nofpg] eGg] ljifo ;/n k|Zg xf]Og . ;fdfGotof e"–

;f+:s[lts agf]6sf cfwf/df To:tf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ug{ ;lsg] cfd wf/0ff eP tfklg ckjfbafx]s /fHosf]

s'g} klg If]qdf s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] ax'dt g/x]sf] sf/0f s]jn ctLtsf] e"–; +:s[lts agf]6sf cfwf/df s;/L

To; hfltnfO{ :jfoQtf lbg ;lsG5 Tof] k|Zg lgZro g} sd hl6n ljifo xf]Og . To;afx]s Hofb} 7"nf]

;+Vofdf /x]sf nf]kf]Gd'v / cNk;+Vos ;fdflhs ;d"xsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ k|Zg klg sd hl6n /x]sf]

5}g . To;}u/L a]Unfa]Un} wflds{ ;d"xx¿sf] efjgfnfO{ klg o; k'gM;+/rgfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{5 .

o;sf nflu k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLotf / lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pko'Qm l;4fGt x'g

;Sg] eP tfklg To;sf] k|lqmofsf af/]df d'n'ssf] af}l4s ju{ cem} klg Psdt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5|}g .

f

!= /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf lsg <

/fHosf] cToflws ;+s]lGb|t gLltsf] sf/0f If]qLo ljsf;df klg TolQs} Jojwfg x'g k'u]sf]

5 . ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn b]zsf] ;du| hg;+Vofn] ;dfg 9+un] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] 5}g . ufpFsf] ah]6

zx/lt/ To;df klg d'Vo ?kdf s7df8f}+ s]lGb|t x'g] k|lqmofn] ubf{ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aLnfO{ cToflws

a9fPsf] 5 . kmntM dfgj ljsf;sf] b[li6n] zx/ / ufpFaLr Jofks c;Gt'ng b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

o;k|sf/ ljsf;sf] k|lqmofn] Pp6f If]q / ;x/nfO{ dfq s]Gb|ljGb' dfGg] cfly{s–/fhgLlts kl/j]zsf]

lgdf{0fsf] sf/0f b]zleq c;Gt'li6, c;Gt'ng / tgfj a9]sf] k'li6 eg]sf] dfcf]jfbL ;df:of xf] .

jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bgx¿n] klg pko'Qm c;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{

af/Daf/ b]vfPsf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ O{= @))$ sf] tYof+s cg';f/ lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt

sf7df8f}+, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/sf] ^%, %(, / %* x'Fbf sflnsf]6, afh'/f / d'u' sf #@, #! / #) /x]sf]

lyof] . To;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg cg';f/ s0ff{nL c~rndf nff]Ug] dfG5]sf]

cfo' %) jif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8f}+sf] &! jif{ /x]sf] 5 lsgeg] O{= !(&*÷&( df sf7df8f}+

pkTosfleq ljsf; vr{ #$ s/f]8 lyof] eg] To;kl5sf] @) jif{leq of] a9]/ emG8} !) cj{ k'Uof] .

kmntM s'n ljsf; vr{sf] @@ k|ltzt sf7df8f}+df dfq vr{ x'g yfNof] . To;}n] of] sf7df8f}+ jf zx/

s]lGb|t ljsf; jf:tjdf ljsf; g} xf]Og . s0ff{nL / tfKn]h'ªsf ;f]emf / lg/Lx hgtfsf] ufF; sf6]/

ul/Psf] ljsf;nfO{ jf:tljs ljsf; dfGg ;lsg] 5}g . To;df blnt / dw];L ld;fPkl5 t l:ylt

. k|fWofks, lq=lj= sLlt{k'/

8

c? ljs/fn aGg k'U5 . To;}n] o:tf] c;Gt'lnt cfly{s tyf ljsf; ;+/rgfnfO{ tf]8\g /fHosf]

k'gM;+/rgf clgjfo{ ag]sf] 5 . To; qmddf /fHosf] cfo:tf / j}b]lzs ;xof]unfO{ If]qLo cg'kftsf

cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ljt/0fåf/f l;Ëf] hgtfdf ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn k'¥ofpg] ;+/rgf g]kfnsf nflu

clgjfo{ sfo{;"rL ag]sf] 5 .

jf:tjdf /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfåf/f o;nfO{ ;+3Lotfdf n}hfFbf cfd hfthfltsf] o;df

a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf x'g hfbf /fHon] s]xL klg u'dfpg' kb}{g . kmn:j?k /fli6«o Pstf emg\

;'b[9 aGg hfG5 . To;n] ljv08g xf]Og /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf emg\ k|an x'g hfG5 . ljleGg

hfthfltsf] ;xeflutfaf6 /fHo ljvl08t xf]Og c? ;'b[9 aGg yfN5 .

/fHok|lt P]Soa4tf / ckgTjefj hfu[t x' g uO{ /fli6«o efjwf/f cem k|jn aG5 t/ clxn]s}

cj:yf sfod /xg] xf] eg] To;sf] ljk/Ltefj hfu[t x'g yfN5 . g]kfnsf] ;LdfGtLs[ t ;d"x cfh

ToxL cj:yf, ;f]r / lg0f{osf] ;+3f/df plePsf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf] clk|o cj:yfaf6 /f]Sgs} nflu

xfdLn] /fHo k'gM;+/rgfdf hfg'k/]sf] xf] / cj xfd|f nflu of]eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk afFsL g} 5}g . o;}n]

To:tf] ljrf/ kl/Tofu u/L nlrnf] eP/ /fHo k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;fd]nL k|hftGqsf] ;f]rdf hfg l9nfO{

ug'{ x'Gg . of] g} ;dosf] ;xL dfu / b[li6sf]0f klg x'g hfG5 .

@= ;+ljwfg ;ef lsg <

d"ntM dfcf]jfbLnfO{ /fhgLltsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg, /fhtGq / k|hftGqaLrsf] åGånfO{ xn

ug{ / /fHosf] c;dfj]zL rl/qdf kl/jt{g NofO{ To;nfO{ ;dfj]zL kf/]/ ;Defljt lx+;f;d]tnfO{

Joj:yfkg ug{ klg g]kfnnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] xf] . hgcfGbf]n–@ df ljleGg ju{

/ tx–tKsfsf hg;d"bfon] /fHo k'gM ;+/rggf ug]{ Jofks ;xeflutf hgfP/ cfˆgf] cfsf+Iff

k|blz{ t u/]sf x'g\ . Toltn] gk'u]/ dlxnf, cGwf, ckf+u / ls;fg dhb'/;d]tn] o;df cfˆgf] cfsf+Iff

k|blz{ t u/]sf lyP . ctM ca oL ;a} ju{ / txsf k|ltlglw ;fd]n u/]/ ;a}s]f rfxgf, efjgfnO{

;d]6\g] s]Gb| ljGb'sf ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ /fi6«sf] st{Jo ag]sf] 5 . lgDg sf/0fn]

b]znfO{ ;+ljwfg ;ef cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

-s_ ;+ljwfg ;ef / /fhtGqsf] eljio lgwf{/0fsf] k|Zg

@#* jif{b]lv xfn;Dd g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|Lo ljifoj:t' oxfFsf] /fhtGq /lxcfPsf] 5 .

Oltxf;sf] Pp6f sfnv08df o; /fi6«sf] PsLs/0f u/]/ o;n] Pp6f k|ultzLn e"ldsf v]n]sf] eP

tfklg To;kl5 of] ;+:yf lg/Gt/ hgtfaf6 6fl9g] u¥of] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf æg]kfnsf] s'g} klg dGqL

sfn ultn] dg{ kfpFb}gÆ eGg] Pp6f pvfg 6'Ssf g} aGof] . lsgeg] o; ztfAbLsf ;j{lht /fgf,

sLlt{dfgl;+x a:Goft, bfdf]b/ kf08], eLd;]g yfkf, /0fh+u kf08], dfyj/l;+x yfkf / uugl;+x vjf;

;a} g} b/afl/of 3ft k|lt3ftsf l;sf/ ag] . cGttM O{ !*$^ ;]K6]Da/ !$ sf] sf]tkj{df ;Dk"0f{

ef/bf/x¿nfO{ Ps} lrxfg kf/L h+uaxfb'/ s'j/sf] vnsn] g]kfnsf] /fHo;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnof] .

cj;/jfbL dGqL h+uaxfb'/ of t oL ;a} if8\oGqsf] lx:;f lyof] xf]Og eg] hl6n kl/l:yltnfO{

rnfvLk"j{s cfˆgf] :jfy{df k|of] u u/]/ zf;gflwsf/ xTofpg rfxGYof] . cGttM p;}sf] r+u'ndf k/L

/fhf/fgL sfzL k|:yfg ug{ afWo eP . tTsfn h+uaxfb'/ g]kfnsf sdfG8/ Og lrkm agfOP eg]

9

Ps dlxgfkl5sf] e08f/vfn kj{kl5 pgL b]zsf k|wfgdGqL klg agfOP . emG8} @ jif{ kl5sf] cnf}

kj{n] sfzLaf6 g]kfn kmsL{ h+uaxfb'/nfO{ x6fP/ k'gM zlQmzfnL x'g] bfpdf nfu]sf /fhf /fh]Gb|

zfxL s}bLsf ?kdf sf7df8f}+ NofOP eg] o'j/fh ;'/] Gb| s7k'tnL /fhf dfq /x] . O{= !*%^ df

h+uaxfb'/ sf:sL / ndh'ªsf >L # dxf/fh klg agfOP . o;/L h+uaxfb'/n] g]kfndf sF'j/ vnssf]

kfl/jfl/s x's'dL zf;g sfod u/] hf] !)$ jif{;Dd s7f]/ / bdgk"j{s g]kfnL hgtfdfly nflbof] .

tyflk bfz{lgs k[i7e"ldaf6 x]l/bf zfx /fhfx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnsf] ;fdGtL Joj:yf Hofb}

cnf]slk|o ePsf]n] gofF ef/bf/sf] g]t[Tjdf To;sf] cnf]slk|otfdfly 9fs5f]k ug{ g} ;fdGtL ju{sf

gofF ef/bf/sf] g]t[Tjdf To;nfO{ k'gM u7g u/]sf] xf] . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfndf k"FhLjfbL

k|hftGqsf] hu t a;fNof] t/ Tof] Hofb} sdhf]/ l;4 eof] . @))&–!& ;Ddsf] /fhtGq /

k|hftGqsf] nf8fO{df cGttM /fhtGqs} lht eof] . @)!& k'; ! ut] k'gM b]zdf x's'dLtGq nflbof]

hf] @( jif{;Dd sfod /x\of] . @)$& ;fndf k'g:yf{lkt k|hftGq klg !@ jif{eGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g .

k'gM k|hftGq / /fhtGqaLr åGå z'? eof] / @)%( df3 !* sf lbg !@ jif{kl5 g} b/af/n]

;+ljwfgdfly anft\ cfqmd0f u/]/ zf;gflwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf lnof] t/ a]Un} cGt/f{li6«o k[i7e"ld,

;"rgf / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf; / gful/s Pj+ af}l4s ju{sf] hfu/0fsf] sf/0f o;k6s

rfFlx b/af/nfO{ $ jif{ a9L g]kfnL hgtfdfly cfˆgf] x}sd / dWoo'lug zf;g–zf]if0f rfn' /fVg

;Dej ePg . @)^@ r}q @$ b]lv @)^# a}zfvf !! ;Dd hDdf !( lbgsf] hgcfGbf]gn] g} To;nfO{

w/fzfoL kf/L hgtfsf] ;fd' e'mSg ljjz kf¥of] . zfx /fhfx¿sf] @#* jif{sf] Oltxf;df of] p;sf]

zd{gfs k/fho / cfTd;dk{0f lyof] . ;j{k|yd p;n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fHo zlQmsf] ;|f]t g]kfnL

hgtf g} ePsf] / g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf g} lglxt /x]sf] tYonfO{

x[bo+ud ug{ ;xdt x'Fb} /fHoflwsf/af6 klG5g tof/ eof] . To;kl5sf ljleGg 3f]if0ffx¿dfkm{t

k|ltlglw ;efn] /fhfnO{ clwsf/ ljxLg / gfd dfqsf] cfn+sfl/s /fhfdf ;Lldt ul/;s]sf] eP

tfklg o;nfO{ s;/L ;+ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug]{ jf pGd"ng ug]{ < of] k|Zgsf] rfFlx cem} xn ug{ afFsL

5 / Tof] sfd ;+ljwfg ;efn] ug]{5 .

csf]{tk{m @)^@ d+l;/ & ut]sf] bn–dfcf]jfbL !@ a'Fb] ;xdltdf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTosf]

dfq s'/f u/]sf] eP tfklg cfd hgtf / ljb|f]xL kIf rfFlx /fhtGqsf] ;d"n cGTo / u0ftGq

g]kfnsf] :yfkgfsf] kIfdf plePsf] x'Fbf o; b]zdf cem} klg k|hftGq / /fhtGqsf aLrsf] åGåsf]

lg/fs/0f geO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . To;}n] klg ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|Zg

HjnGt ag]sf] 5 . o;n] g} g]kfnsf] /fhtGqsf] klg eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5 . tbg'?k hgtfn]

u0ftGqsf] kIfdf ax'dt lbP eg] /fhtGqn] To; lg0f{onfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ . vfnL k|Zg s:tf]

k|sf/af6 To;nfO{ lj36g ug]{ eGg] dfq ePsf] 5 . To;sf nflu xfdL;Fu Pp6f b[i6fGt O6fnLn]

lbPsf] 5 . cfheGbf ^) jif{ cl3 ePsf] O6fnLsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhtGqsf] af/]sf] hgdt ;+u|x /

;+ljwfg ;efsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] rog Ps};fy ubf{ ax'dt hgtfn] /fhtGqsf] ljkIfdf dtbft u/] .

o;/L O6fnLsf] /fhtGq ljlwjt\ lj36g x'g k'Uof] . ^) jif{kl5 g]kfnn] klg oxL df]8n ckgfP/

/fhtGqaf/] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .

10

-v_ ;+ljwfg;ef / /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] k|Zg

ljutdf ;/sf/–dfcf]jfbLaLr ;DkGg ePsf b'O6} jftf{x¿ ljkmn x'g k'Ug'sf] k5fl8 Pp6}

sf/0f lhDd]jf/ lyof]– ;+ljwfg ;ef k|lt /fhtGqsf] uDeL/ c;xdlt .

-u_ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] af/]df

g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt a]nfotL 9/f{sf] ax'dtLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] xfd|f] h:tf] ax'nafbL

;dfhsf] efjgfnO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g eGg] tYo xfn;Ddsf %÷^ -@)!%, @)#*, @)$@, @)$*, @)%!

/ @)%^_ j6f k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o k~rfotsf lgjf{rgx¿n] k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df

xfdL;Fu ;+ljwfg ;efsf nflu O6fnL, ef/t, k|mfG; / Sofg8fnufotsf #)–$) d'n'ssf

lgjf{rgx¿ klg b[i6fGtsf ?kdf Oltxf;df c+lst ePsf 5g\ . ldxLg 9+un] x]/]sf] v08df oLdWo]

s'g d'n'ssf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu cg's/0fLo x'g ;S5 eGg] kf7 xfdLn] u|x0f

ug{ g;Sg] xf]Og . lgZro g} To;sf] 7f8f] gSsn plrt x'Fb}g t/ To;nfO{ g]kfnL df6f] /

jf:tjlstfdf 9fn]/ k|of]u ub}{df To;nfO{ csf{sf] gSsn ul/Psf] klg dflgg' x'Fb}g . Totfaf6 x]l/bf

xfd|f] nflu O6fnL, ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf / Oi6 l6df]/sf 9fFrfx¿ lgs} g} pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf / Oi6 l6df]/s} h:tf] g]kfn klg ax'njfbL ;dfh xf] . To;}n] xfd|f

nflu j]:6ldlg:6l/no df]8nsf] ax'dtLo k|0ffnLeGbf tL b]zx¿s} h:tf] cfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

pko'Qm x'G5 . To;sf nflu xfdLn] pko'Qm lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf hfg'

/fd|f] x'G5 . To;afx]s xfn}sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf ;a} hfthflt, dw];L, blnt / dlxnfsf] cltl/Qm

cGwf ckf+u, o'jf ljBfyL{ / dhb'/ ls;fg ju{n] lbnf] Hofgn] ;xeflutf b]vfPsf] sf/0f o;

lgjf{rgdf ltgsf k|ltlglwx¿n] klg lgjf{lrt eP/ hfg] af6f] agfpg' /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . ctM

zL3|ftLzL3| cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ hgrfxgf cg'?ksf] Joj:yfåf/f ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g'

;dosf] dfu ePsf] 5 . To;f] ePsf] v08df dfq ;j} ju{ / txtKsfn] ;+ljwfgdfly cfˆgf] ckgTj

hgfpg ;Sg]5g\ .

#= gful/stf ;d:of / gofF hgu0fgfsf] k|Zg

s]xL cfwf/e"t sf/0fn] ubf{ gful/stf ;d:ofnO{ xn gu/L gx'g] ePsf] 5 . klxnf] t o;

;d:ofaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿df t/fO{sf d';x/, 8f]d, s';'afl8of, rdf/, b';fw, tTdf / sf]r], d]r],

lwdfn, emFfu8 / ;tf/h:tf Hofb} lk5l8Psf, lg/If/ tyf cflbjf;L dw];Lx¿ g} o; clwsf/af6

al~rt /lxcfPsf] l:ylt 5 . t/fO{s} klg /fhk't, emf, df/jf8L, sfo:y, a+ufnL, a|fXd0f /

algofFh:tf 6f7faf7f dw];Lx¿ aLr of] ;d:o Hofb} gu0o 5 . logn] k|efj, kxF'r / k};fsf] andf

gful/stf nufotsf cGo ;'ljwf kfOg} /x]sf 5g\ eg] ul/a, k5f}6], blnt / cflbjf;L dw];Lx¿

o:tf] ;'ljwfaf6 d"ntM al~rt 5g\ . ckjfb:j?k @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xtfsf tTsfnLg

;Qfwf/L k~rfotL ;/sf/n] lgb{nLo kIfnfO{ ljhoL t'Nofpg klg s]xL ljb]zL gful/sx¿nfO{ klg

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;"rLdf ;fd]n u/fPsf] k|;+u lgZro g} ljjflbt ljifo xf] t/ To:tf] gfdfjnL

;"rL ag]sf] klg clxn] @& jif{ JotLt eO;s]sf] 5 / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ klg !% jif{;Ddsf]

a;f]af;kl5 s'g} klg dflg;n] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . of] gful/stf ;d:of kfln/fVg'

11

gx'g] csf]{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] o:tf] gful/stf bfjf ug]{x¿sf] ;"rL k|ltjif{ a9]/ uPsf] 5 . @)#^

;fndf o;/L bfaL ug]{ dw];Lx¿sf] ;+Vof #@ nfv lyof] eg] s]xL ;do cl3 o:tf] ;+Vof $) nfv

/x]sf] atfOof] t/ xfn of] ;+Vof ^) nfv atfOFb}5 . csf]{tkm{ kl5Nnf] k6s cfly{s jif{ )^#.^$ sf]

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|:t' t ug]{ qmddf hgcfGbf]ngsf] anaf6 k'g:yf{lkt Joj:yfsf] ;/sf/sf

cy{dGqL 8f= /fdz/0f dxtn] u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;d]t bf]xf]/f] gful/stf lbOg] gLlt

NofPsf 5g\ .

cf7 bnn] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df @)$^ r}q d;fGt;Dd g]kfndf hlGdPsf hf] s;}n]

gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] u/L cToGt} v's'nf] Joj:yf ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;cg';f/ j+zh /

c+uLs[t b'j} tl/sfn] hf] s;}n] klg cToGt ;/n k|lqmofaf6 gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] u/L cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *–!! df Joj:yf ul//fv]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ emG8} &) nfv ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf]

gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] :jtGq ljZn]ifsx¿n] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . ctM cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQm

Joj:yf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;r]t / b]zeQm g]kfnLn] e/;s u}/ g]kfnLn] gful/stf gkfpg eGg]

tkm{ e"ldsf v]Ng'afx]s csf]{ pko b]lvb}g .

$= /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|Zg

/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / /fHo ;+oGqdf ;dfj]zLotfsf] k|Zg ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf]

;a}eGbf hl6n / clgjfo{ sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf] ljifo xf] . /fHon] o;nfO{ clgjfo{tM ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{

ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L o; ljifodf cfd /fli6«o ;xdlt klg alg;s]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] df]8n s] / s:tf]

x'g] eGg] ljifosf] ax; eg] clxn] 6+'lu;s]sf] 5}g . tyflk s;} s;}n] ;+ljwfg ;ef cl3 g} o;

k|sf/sf] k'gM ;+/rgf ul/g'kg]{ dfu klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmofsf] yfngL klg

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmof;Fu} yfngL ul/g'kg]{ klg ltgsf] dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ltgLx¿n] /fHo

;+/rgfdf ;a} g]kfnL ;xefuL aGg kfpg] / /fHosf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg lgdf{0f ug{ k'gM

;+/rgfåf/f g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lotfdf nu]/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

lgjf{rg ul/g'kg]{ dfu /fv]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ltgn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgd} tbg'?ksf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]/

xfnsf] lgjf{rg If]qdf klg cfjZos x]/km]/ u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hfg dfu u/]sf 5g\ .

t/ /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifo pk]Iff ug}{ g;lsg] HjnGt ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb}

klg o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ljGb' ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] ls gx'g] eGg] ljifodf rfFlx ;a}n] Wofg

lb'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;/L x]bf{ 5f]6f] ;dodf To:tf] ;Dej b]lvb}g . To;}n] xfnnfO{ k|rlnt lgjf{rg

If]q, hgu0fgf / dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ cBfjlws t'NofO{ ;dfg'kflts ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf

cfwf/df ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt u/]/ NofO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} qmddf /fHosf] k'gM

;+/rgf / k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ;+ljwfg ;efs} qmddf kf6L{, df]rf{

/ JolQmx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] /fhgLlt, /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfsf] vfsf, wd{ / cGo gLltut b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy

cf–cfˆgf 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t hfgtfdf hfg' a9L k|hftflGqs / ;xL klg x'G5 . To;/L lgjf{lrt eP/

cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] g} hgtfsf] hgfb]zsf] klg k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . lsgeg] lgjf{rgsf] qmddf

ltgLx¿n] cˆgf] ljrf/, gLlt l;4fGt, efiff, wd{, hflt / k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff klg ljsf;

u/]sf x'G5g\ . tbg'?k hgfb]z klg cfpF5 .

12

%= lgjf{rg k|ljlw

;j{k|yd sfg"gljb, ;+ljwfgljb Pj+ ;'ema'em /fVg ;Sg] JolQmx¿ /x]sf] Ps ;+ljwfg ;ef

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] u7g ul/G5 . To;n] tf]lsPsf cfwf/df r'gfj If]q tf]Sg] sfd u5{ . To;f] ubf{

hg3gTj ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfwf/ aG5 . To;kl5 hfltut, wfld{s, k];f, ef}uf]lns / cNk;+Vos Pj+

blnt ju{sf cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q to ug{ ;lsG5 . clg ;xdltsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n]

;+ljwfg ;efsf] ltly to u5{ . o;sf nflu ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL, gful/s ;dfh, ;ft bnsf

JolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ x'g] / p;sf] k|d'v bfloTj g} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg

u/fpg' x'g] t :jo+l;4 g} 5 . hxfF;Dd r'gfj If]qsf] k|Zg 5, To; k|of]hgsf nflu xfn k|ltlglw

;efsf nflu tf]lsPsf] r'gfj If]qnfO{ g} klg sfod ug{ ;lsg] / ;do, ;|f]t / Jofjxfl/stfsf

b[li6sf]0fn] of] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk x'g] klg xfd|f] dfGotf 5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL sf/0fn] dtbftfsf]

cfwf/ klg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* nfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ dfq

cBfjlws u/]/ cl3 a9\g ;lsG5 . dtbftfx¿sf] pd]/ xb !^ jif{ cg'ko'Qm x'Fb}g .

o;sf] ljk/Lt xfdLsxfF hgu0ftGqfTds, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds, cfn+sfl/s

/fhtGqfTds / ;lqmo /fhtGqfTds s:tf] d'2fdf r'gfjdf hfg] / /fhtGqsf] d'2fnfO{ s;/L

6'+Uofpg] eGg] h:tf k|Zg k|an ?kn] v8f 5g\ . o:tf] ;d:of O6fnLdf klg t]l;{Psf] lyof] .

/fhtGqsf] k|ZgnfO{ @)^@ d+l;/ & ut] bn–dfcf]jfbL !@ a'Fb] ;xdltdf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGt /

k"0f{ nf]stGq :yfkgfaf/] ;xdlt eP tfklg /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5}g . t/ xfn

b]zsf hgtfsf] cledt rfFlx /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf] kIfdf b]vf kb}{5 . o;n]

ubf{ klg cf;Gg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf of] sfo{;"rL k|d'v ?kdf k|:t't x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o; k6ssf] lgjf{rg ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq, cfn+sfl/s /fhtGq / u0ftflGqs Joj:yfsf aLr

k|lt:kwf{ x'g] k|foM lglZrt b]lvPsf] 5 . tbg'?k kf6L{x¿n] cf–cfˆgf] dfGotf / sfo{;"rL lnP/

hgtf;dIf Psn jf df]rf{ut 9+un] lgjf{rgdf hfg'kg]{ 5 / ;"rLs[t / ldl>t cfwf/df 5gf]6

ul/Psf cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu dt dfUg'kg]{ 5 . jf:tjdf of] cfkm} Ps k|sf/sf] hgdt ;+u|x

klg x'g]5 lsgeg] ;a} kf6L{ jf df]rf{n] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq jf u0ftGqsf] kIfdf dt dfUg] x'Fbf h'g

kIfn] hlt dt kfpF5 Tof] g} /fhtGqsf] kIf jf ljkIfsf] dt x'g hfg]5 . tbg'?k u0ftGq kIfw/sf]

kIfdf ax'dt cfPsf] v08df To;kl5 aGg] ;+ljwfgdf /fhtGqsf] s'g} :yfg gx'g] x'Fbf Tof] :jtM

;dfKt x'G5 . cGoyf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq oyfjt\ /xg] b]lvG5 .

hxfF;Dd lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf] s'/f 5 To; k|sf/ ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg cfof]usf] u7g

eO;s]kl5 kf6L{ jf df]rf{x¿n] lgjf{rgsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof kZrft ljhoL pDd]bjf/x¿n] Pp6f

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgdf{0f u5{g\ / ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u5{g\ .

^= gofF ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7g

pko'{Qm 9+un] k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt eO{ cfPkl5 To;sf] klxnf] a}7sn] cfkm"dWo]sf] Ho]i7

;b:oaf6 c:yfoL cWoIfsf] rog u/L clwj]zgsf] cf/De u5{ g / :yfoL cWoIfsf] rog u5{g\ .

To;kl5 :yfoL cWoIfsf] ;efkltTjdf a;]sf] klxnf] a}7sdf b]zsf nflu s:tf] k|0ffnLsf] s:tf]

13

9fFrf cg'?ksf] zf;g Joj:yf / ;+j}wflgs :j?kdf uOg] xf] To;af/]sf] Pp6f ;du| dfu{lrq

;+ljwfg ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt df]rf{ jf kf6L{sf g]tfn] k|:t't ub{5g\ . To;kl5 ;efdf h'g kf6L{sf]

hlt :yfg 5 ;f]xL cg'kftsf JolQmx¿ lgjf{lrt eO{ ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;xdt

x'G5g\ . To:tf k|ltlglwx¿sf] cg' kft !)M! dflgof] eg] !) k|ltlglw a/fa/ cd"s kf6L{n] Ps

k|ltlglw d:of}bf ;ldltdf k7fpg ;S5 / ;+ljwfg ;ef @)) sf] eof] eg] @) hgf ldn]/ To;

k|sf/sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt aG5 . tt\ kZrft\ ;ldltn] lj1 JolQmx¿ lnP/ ljleGg pk;ldlt

u7g u/L ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|lqmof cf/De u5{

g]kfnL hgtfn] :jo+nfO{ o; /fi6«sf] dflns agfpg] 5g\ / km]l/ slxNo} klg s;}sf] bf;

aGg'kg]{ 5}g lsgeg] jf:tjdf cfk"m zfl;t x'g] ljwfg cfkm}n] r'g]sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;efåf/f

agfpg] / hf/L ug]{ ljlw g} ;+ljwfg;ef xf] . To;}n] o;n] g} dfq jf:tljs ?kdf hgtfnfO{

;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ /fhsLo ;Qf ;DkGg agfpg ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] klg o; k|lqmofaf6 ;+ljwfg

agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ k"FhLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGtn] ljsf; u/]sf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] ljlwdWo] ;a}eGbf a9L

k|hftflGqs ljlw dflgPsf] xf] . o;sf] Wo] on] g} o;nfO{ ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg / /fhsLo clwsf/ k|fKt

kf/]sf] x'G5 . kmntM To;n] agfPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s;}n] vf]:g ;Sb}g .

&= zf;g k|0fffnLsf lg?k0f

;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|of]u xfdLn] klxnf] k6s ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;'vb kIf s] ePsf] 5

eg] ca of] ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg]df s'g} ljjfb /x]g . ;jf{+lwsf/ ;DkGg k|ltlglw ;efn] ;+sNk k|:tfj

kfl/t ul/;Sof] eg] ;a} kf6L{x¿ o;sf nflu k|lta4 dfq xf]Og of] g} /fi6«sf] ;femf Go" gtd

sfo{qmd ePsf] cj:yf 5 . /fhf b]lv dfcf]jfbL;Dd o;df ;xdt ePsf 5g\ lsgeg] bn–

dfcf]jfbLaLr o; ljifodf !@ Pj+ * a'Fb] ;xdlt sfod eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] a}zfv !! ut]sf] zfxL

3f]if0ffåf/f /fhfn] klg ;ft bnsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|Zg ca ;+ljwfg

;ef ug]{ gug]{ xf]Og Tof] slxn] / s:tf] ljlwåf/f ug]{ eGg] txdf k'lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . a9L eP

s'g kIfn] o;df afwf lj/f]w k'¥ofpg / ljnDa ug{ ;S5 t/ of] x'gaf6 b]znfO{ s;}n] kl5 ws]Ng

;Dej 5}g . kmntM o;sf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :j?k s:tf] x'g] eGg] k|Zg oltv]/

;fdlos eP/ cfPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu xfdL;Fu ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] cEof; u/]sf PsfTds

-la|6]g_, ;+3fTds-cd]l/sf_, c4{;+3fTds -ef/t_ / ;x;+3fTds -blIf0f clk|msf_ h:tf k|0ffnLx¿

b[i6fGtsf ?kdf k|:t't klg 5g\ t/ xfdLn] rfFlx o;nfO{ g]kfnL 9/f{d} ?kfGt/0f u/]/ o;nfO{ g]kfnL

ljlzi6tf / ljz]iftfn] o'Qm t'Nofpg ;Sg'k/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf ul/;s] kl5 xfdL

zf;g k|0ffnLsf] txdf k|j]z u5f}{ . hf] ljZjdf cWoIffTds -/fi6«klt zlQmzfnL x'g] cd]l/sfsf]

h:tf] k|0ffnL_ / k|wfgdGqLo -/fi6«klt gfddfqsf] / k|wfgdGqL zlQmzfnL x'g] ef/tsf] h:tf]

k|0ffnL_ k|0ffnLsf ?kdf ljZjdf k|rlnt ePsf] kfOG5 . k|mfG; / cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf

/fi6« klt g} ;j]{;jf{ x'G5g\ eg] ef/tsf] /fi6« ktLo k|0ffnLdf rfFlx k|wfgdGqL g} jf:tljs clwsf/L

x'G5g\ . w]/} ljrf/ ubf{ xfdLn] rfFlx ef/tsf] h:tf] /fi6«klt gfddfqsf] / k|wfgdGqL jf:tljs

clwsf/L x'g] k|0ffnL ckgfpg' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 . lsgeg] /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLaf6 b]znfO{

;Gt'lnt 9+un] rnfpgdf of]ubfg k'Ug] cj:yf x'G5

14

oL cg'ejsf cfwf/df dfq xf]Og xfd|f] 7f]; ;fdflhs agf]6sf cfwf/df klg g]kfnn]

ldl>t k|0ffnL ckgfpg'kg]{ t clgjfo{ h:tf] g} ePsf] 5 . vfln o;sf] :j?k s;/L lgwf{/0f ug]{

eGg] k|Zg dfq afFsL 5 / Tof] bfloTj klg ca ;/sf/s} ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf xfdLn] ;dfg'kflts

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfj]zL k|0ffnLdf 9fNg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;n]

dfq d'n'snfO{ lbuf] zflGt lbg ;S5 eGg]df ;a} tx tKsf / hflt hghflt ;xdt ePsf 5f}+ .

To;}n] ca xfdLn] clw/fHoLo ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;+3fTds ljz]iftf ;lxtsf] :jfoQ zf;g

k|0ffnLdf Nofpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;f] ubf{ Tof] hftLo klxrfgsf] ;+/rgfdf hfg] ls e"agf]6sf

cfwf/ k' gM;+/rgf u/L ;+3Lotdf hfg] eGg] k|Zgdf rfFlx /fi6«n] clxn];Dd klg 7]ufg ug{ ;ls/x]sf]

5}g .

/fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnL / k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|Zgdf h:tf];'s} k|:tfj cfPsf] eP tfklg Tof]

;dfg'kflts cfwf/df ;dfj]zL / ;+ 3Lo 9/f{sf] x'g'kg]{df Pp6} dt ag]sf] 5 t/ sDtLdf !)!

hfthflt ePsf] o; b]znfO{ s;/L jf:tljs cy{sf] ;dfj]zL x'g ;Dej kfg]{ eGg] k|Zg rfFlx cem}

klg ax;d} 5 . t/ o;sf nflu klg xb};Dd hfg'k5{ / To; qmddf ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, :jfoQtf

/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjn] ;Dej ePg eg] ljz]if pkfo klg ul/g'k5{ eGg] ltgsf] /fo 5 . o;/L

dfq g]kfn ;fFrf] cy{df ;a}sf] g]kfn x'g ;S5 . clxn];Dd b]z ;a}sf] ePklg /fHo ;a}sf] x'g

;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ;dfj]zLotfsf cfwf/df /fHonfO{ klg ;a}sf] agfpg'k5{ . To;sf nflu

;+3Lotf ;jf]{Qd af6f] xf] .

*= k|fb]lzs ljefhgsf] cfwf/

;+3Lo cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g'k5{ eGg]df af}l4s ju{aLr s'g} k|sf/sf] dte]b

geP tfklg To:tf] k'gM;+/rgf s'g cfwf/df slt k|b]zdf ug]{ eGg]df rfFlx cem} lgSof]{n ePsf]

5}g . vf;u/L clw/fHosf] hftLo 3'ng ldng Pj+ ;lDdngsf] k|lqmof Hofb} cGt/+u eO;s]sf] /

s'g} Ps hfltsf] gfddfqsf lhNnfx¿df cTolws ax'dt eP tfklg clwsf+z lhNnfx¿df ltgsf]

;fdfGo ax'dt;Dd g/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . t/fO{sf df]/ª / sf7df8f}+df dw];L / g]jf/sf] ax'dt g/xg'

Tof] l:yltsf] k|ltlglw pbfx/0f xf] . kmntM hftLo cfwf/df k|fb]lzs k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ td'jfgdf

td'sf] / lnDa'jfgdf lnDa'sf] ax'dt gx'g] cj:yfdf s;/L hftLo cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{

;lsG5 eGg] k|ZgnfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg' x'Fb}g . t/ hghfltsf cleoGtfx¿ cfˆgf] e"–;f+:s[lts

agf]6sf cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf b]lvG5g\ .

k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf hfg' / k|fb]lzs ljwfg ;efnufotsf k|b]zsf ;a} ultljlw

/ kbx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . To;qmddf ck]Iffs[t 7"nf]

;+Vof ePsf] ;d"xnfO{ k|b]zsf] g]t[TjbfoL c+ udf k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt lnOg'k5{ eg] nfkf]Gd'v,

k5f}6] / ;fgf] ;d"xsf nflu ;+/If0f / cf/If0fsf] gLlt lnOg'k5{ . of] gLlt dlxnf, blnt / kfvf

k/]sf] wfld{s ;d"xsf xsdf klg nfu" x'G5 . t/ ;a} cf/If0f hftLo cfwf/df xf]Og cfly{s

cfwf/df lbOg'k5{ . /fHo:t/Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u, k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u, ;}lgs ;]jf

cfof]u / ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]udf cf/If0fsf] gLltåf/f :yfgLo txaf6 g} k5f}6], blnt / kfvf

k/]sf] ;d"bfonfO{ /fHodf ;xefuL u/fOg] gLltåf/f ;Gt'tngsf] l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

15

( gofF ;+ljwfgsf cGt/j:t'

/fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' g} d'Vo ?kdf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v ljifoj:t' eP

tfklg To;sf cGtj{:t'af/] rfFlx cem} klg ax; ljjfb rNb} g} 5 . ptf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgn]

g]knnfO{ u0ftGqfTds :j?k lbg] xf] ls cfn+sfl/s /fhtGqfTds agfpg] xf] eGg] k|Zg klg g]kfnL

hgtfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t g} to ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . tyflk /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf b[li6sf]0fn] rfFlx

k|d'v /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿aLr k|foM ;xdlt alg;s]sf] l:ylt 5 / Tof] ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|0ffnL x'g]

ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL kIfn] klg cfjlws lgjf{rg, dfgj clwsf/, jfs tyf k|sfzgsf] :jtGqtf,

sfg"gL /fhnfO{ dfg]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yfsf] d"n k|jfxdf cfpg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;Gbe{df

ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf k"FhLjfbL nf]stflGqs Joj:yfcGtu{t g} /fHonfO{ s;/L ;fdflhs Gofok"0f{

agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ ;f]Rg' Pp6f Go"gtd ljGb' ePsf] 5 .

pQm k[i7e"lddf /fHosf] rl/q PsfTds xf]Og ;+3fTdstfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ 5 eg] To:tf]

;+3fTds klg hfltut xf]Og k|fb]lzs rl/qsf] x'g a9L j}1flgs b]lvG5 lsgeg] xfd|f] b]zsf] s'g}

klg e"efudf Pp6} hfltsf] cTolws ax'dt 5}g a? ldl>t rl/qsf] 5 . hxfF;Dd /fHo k|0ffnLsf]

k|Zg 5 To;df sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksLo b[li6sf]0fn] @! cf}+ ztfAbL cg's"nsf] /

xfn;Dd ljZjn] cjnDag u/]sf ;f] ;DaGwL Jojxf/af6 lzIff lng] 9+usf] x'g ;Sg' cgk]lIft

xf]Og . o;f] ubf{ /fHosf] ;+oGqnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg'?ksf] ;dfj]zL agfpg' plrt eP

tfklg ltgsf aLrdf s;/L zlQm ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ / /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c+unfO{ s;/L r':t, b'?:t

/ Jofj;flos kfg]{ eGg] Woo] klg ;Fu;Fu} cfpg'k5{ . k|ltlglw ;ef Ps;bgfTds g} a9L ldtJooL

x'G5 . gful/snfO{ vfg kfpg], /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] Uof/]G6L lbg'k5{ . s/sf] bfo/faf6 sf]xL

klg 5'6\g' x'Gg . efiff, wd{ / hflt ljz]ifnfO{ cf}lrTo / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+/If0f, cf/If0f /

ljz]ifflwsf/ lbg ;lsP tfklg To;sf lglZrt cfwf/x¿ tf]lsg'k5{ . /fi6« wd{ lg/k]If / lqeflifs

gLltsf cfwf/df rNg'k5{ . gf/L ju{nfO{ k|ltztsf] eGbf klg x}l;ot cg';f/sf] ;xeflutf lbg'k5{ .

a? ltgsf] x}l;ot p7fpg]tkm{ ljz]if cf/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] g} g]kfnsf dlxnfn] %) k|ltzt

bfloTj wfGg ;Sg] l:ylt ag]sf] 5}g t/ ;+ljwfgdf gful/s ju{aLr 5"te] b / ln+ue]b x'g] 5}g eGg]

rfFlx pNn]v ul/g'k5{ .

!)= ;a} ljifosf] l5gf]kmfgf]sf] cfwf/ /fhgLlts lg0f{o

clxn] d'n'sn] ug]{ u/]sf sltko lg0f{osf] j}wflgstfsf ;DaGwdf obfsbf k|Zgx¿ p7fpg]

u/]sf] klg ;'Gg] ul/G5 . jf:tjdf To;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . oyfy{df xfn d'n'sdf hf] h] eO/x]sf] 5

tL ;a} xfn}sf] hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ hgfb]z lbOPadf]lhd ePsf] xf] .

lsgeg] pQm hgcfGbf]ngsf] sf/0f /fhf d'n'ssf] /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf >L % df xf]Og

hgtfdf /x]sf] :jLsf/ ug{ afWo ePsf lyP / ;f]xL cfwf/df dl/;s]sf] k|ltlglw ;efnfO{

Jo'tfOPsf] lyof] .

To;}n] k|Zg lgod sfg"gn] lbG5 lbFb}gsf] xf]Og . k|Zg lbuf] zflGt / ljlwsf] af6f] /

hgrfxgf cg'?k ePsf] 5 5}g rfFlx xf] . To;}n] ;a} lg0f{o sfOt] cfwf/df xf]Og /fhgLlts

lg0f{osf cfwf/df lgsf; Nofpg] Wo]oaf6 ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ctM xfn hf] h] ePsf] / x'g] u/]sf 5g\

16

ltgsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ xf]Og /fhgLlts cfwf/sf] dfq vf]hL ul/g'k5{ t/ g]t[Tjn] To;f] ubf{

c/fhstf / clwgfosjfbL ;f]r xf]Og cGt/f{li6«o k/Dk/f, ljj]s / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df dfq

ug'{k5{ .

!!= /fhtGqsf] k|Zg

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# wf/f !%( -! b]lv % ;Dd_ df /fhfaf/] ;':ki6 Joj:yf pNn]v

ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h; cg';f/ clxn] g} klg g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] ;f+:s[lts dxTjdfq afFsL

/x]sf] 5 . pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ p;nfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf s'g} clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5}g . To;}u/L

pkwf/f -%_ df /fhfsf] x}l;otdf k|fKt ;a} ;DklQsf] /fli6«os/0f x'g] pNn]v 5 . ptf pkwf/f -#_

n] /fh;+:yf /fVg] g/fVg] lg0f{o klg ;fwf/0f ax'dtåf/f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] lg0f{o ug]{

elgPsf] 5 . o:tf]df /fh ;+:yfaf/] ca g]kfnL hgtf g} GofofwLz ePsf] :ki6 5 . ctM rgfvf]

eO{ ;a}n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lnP/ cfˆgf] dt /fVg] ;do cfPsf] 5 .

!@= /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / b[li6sf]0fsf] k|Zg

/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf lsg / s;/L ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] k|Zgdf cGof]n b]lvG5 . hghfltx¿sf]

nuftf/sf] cfqmf]z / ljb]zLx¿sf] c;Gt'li6af6 To; k|sf/sf] k' gM;+/rgf ug}{kg]{ afWotfdf k/]sf]

eP tfklg To;sf] :ki6 vfsf 5}g . k'gM;+/rgf hftLo cfwf/df ug]{ ls ef}lulns cfwf/df <

eGg]df klg :ki6tf 5}g . lxhf] %( jf ^! hghfltx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ubf{ klg :ki6 cfwf/lagf g}

ul/Psf] cg'ej x'G5 . kmn:j?k Psflt/ vf]n} lkR5]sf hghftL ePeg] ;"rLs[ t ul/g'kg]{

v;nufotsf sltko ;d"xx¿ 5'6\g k'u] .

!#= oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug}{kg]{

g]kfndf slxNo} klg hftLo /fHosf] cl:tTj /x]g . u'Kt sfn / ls/fFt sfnsf] ;dsIfsf

ldlynf ;Eotf / zfSo–sf]lno ;Eotfx¿ ;doqmddf e+u eP . ls/fFtx¿ k"j{tkm{ nfu] eg]

lnR5ljx¿n] PsLs[t g]kfnsf] klxrfg agfP . k"j{ / klZrdsf ;fdGtx¿n] 6fpsf] p7fpg vf]Hbf

ltgn] zlQmsf ;fy ljv08gsf/Lx¿sf] bdg u/] . lnR5lj /fHosf] ;Ldf olsgk"j{s eGg g;lsP

tfklg Tof] sDtLdf k"j{df sf]zLkfl/ / klZrddf u08sL kfl/;Dd /x]sf] rfFu'gf/fo0f :tDen] k'li6

u/]sf] 5 . t/ sfnqmddf ljzfn lnR5lj /fHo k|s[ltleq ljlng eof] . ldlynf / zfSo ;Eotfx¿

klg To;}u/L x/fP/ uP . cf}nf]sf] sf/0f dw]; If]qaf6 klg dfgj a:tLx¿ phfl8g yfn] .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]vf{sf] ljho cleofg yfNb} ubf{ t/fO{ k|b]zdf cnu /fHosf] cl:tTj

b]vf kb}{g . af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6 cflb If]qx¿ dsjfgk'/ /fHosf tnx§Lsf ?kdf lyP / tL cjwsf]

gafjnfO{ dfn u'hf/L lt/]/ ;]g /fhfx¿ pkef]u uy]{ . oxL s'/f a'6jn–:o'/fhtkm{sf] t/fO{sf nflu

kfNkfnL ;]g /fhfx¿ uy]{ . l;/xf–;Kt/L cDa/k'/sf t/fO{ If]q rfFlx rf}b08L /fHosf] dftxt lyP .

kxf8tkm{sf ls/fFt If]qdf klg cnu ls/fFt /fHo lyPgg\ . ltgLx¿ lahok'/ / rf}b08L /fHo

cGtu{t :jfoQ Onfsfsf ?kdf /x]sf lyP . ;]g /fhfx¿ kfn}kfnf] /fO{ / lnDa'nfO{ cfˆgf] /fHosf]

dGqL agfP/ hftLo ;Gt'ng ldnfpFy] .

17

sf7df8f}+df dWosfnaf6 g]jf/x¿sf] k[ys /fHo sfod ePsf] ;To xf] t/ oxfFsf /fhfx¿

;b}j /fhk"t 7s'/L j+zaf6 x'g] u/] . To;}u/L ;f]xL tfsf jl/kl/ b]lv oxfF v; efifLx¿ klg

a;f]af; u/L cfP . o;} klg g]jf/ /fHosf] ;/xb g'jfsf]6 / bf]nvf;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] / Ps ;do t

oIf dNnn] o;nfO{ ltAatsf] leqL efu;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP . pQfkl§ afx|f}+ ztfAbLs} jl/kl/ blIf0f

ef/tsf] rfn'So zf;ssf ;]gfklt gfGob]jn] O{= !)(& df xfn af/f lhNnfdf kg]{ l;d|f}g9u9nfO{

s]Gb| agfO Pp6f csf]{ /fHosf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . oxfFsf afl;GbfnO{ …8f]oÚ dflgGYof] . t/ of] /fHo

klg @ ;o jif{eGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g . O{= !@@$ lt/ lbNnLsf jfbzfx uof;'l2g t'unsn] o;nfO{

Wj:t agfOlbP . oxfFsf zf;s xl/l;+xb]j rfFlx Hofg arfpg sf7df8f}+tkm{ nfUbf af6}df d/] t/

logsf /fgL b]jnb]jL / 5f]/f hutl;+xnfO{ sf7df8f}+sf /fhf ?b| dNnn] z/0f lbP . kl5 oL hut

l;+xsf] ljjfx dNn /fhs'df/L gfosb]jL;Fu ;DkGg eof] . o; hf]8Ln] /fhNnb]jLnfO{ hGd lbPsf]df

logsf] ljjfx hol:ylt dNn;Fu eof] / cGttM log} dNn sf7df8f}+sf] /fhu2Ldf a;] . logL

aflx/af6 lemsfOPsf pRr s'nsf JolQm eP tfklg logsf] j+z kl/ro eg] cem} klg x'g ;s]sf]

5}g .

tyflk Pp6f s'/f :ki6 5 oL dNn g]jf/ s'nsf eg] cjZo klg lyPgg\ . sfnqmddf

g]kfn d08nsf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt aGg k'u]sf] …g]jf/ /fHoÚ klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq} ;Lldt x'g

k'Uof] . of] …g]jf/ /fHoÚ elgP klg o;sf cGt/j:t', ;+:s[lt / ;dfh Joj:yf k"0f{ tM lxGb" d"No

dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] tYonfO{ clxn];Ddsf] g]jf/L ;dhn] klg af]ls/x]s} 5g\ .

ptfkl§ xfnsf] h'Dnf pkTosfdf kg]{ l;~hfnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ gfu/fhn] klg bzf}+÷P3f/f}+

ztfAbLlt/ ljzfn v; ;fd|fHosf] u7g u/] . o; If]qdf v; hfltsf] k|fwfGotf /x]sf]n] of] /fHo

…v; b]zÚ sf] gfdaf6 k|l;4 ePsf] lyof] . pTsif{sf lbgdf of] k"j{df lqz'nL gbL / klZrddf

s'dfp–u9jfn clg pQ/df ltAatsf] u'Fu] k|fGt;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . t/ kGw|f+} ztfAbL;Dddf o;

ljzfn ;fd|fHodf klg ljv/fj b]vfk¥of] / cGttM of] afO;L–rf}aL;L /fHosf ?kdf 6'lqmg k'Uof] .

c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWodf log} /fHox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] jt{dfg g]kfnsf]

/rgf u/]sf x'g\ . tTsfnLg ;dodf la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] vfF8f] hfUb} u/]sf] / oxfFsf clwsf+z zf;s

k/:k/sf] o'4df lnKt /x]sf] sf/0f o; b]znfO{ arfP/ /fVg] pkfosf ?kdf To;sf] …Plss/0fÚ

afx]s csf]{ ljsNk x'g g;Sg] :ki6} 5 . To;}n] pgsf] uf]vf{ lj:tf/ t'ngfTds k|ultzLn sbd

lyof] / pgsf]] c+u|]h lj/f]wL cleofgsf] sf/0f of] b]z elQmk"0f{ cleofgdf km]l/g k'u]sf] xf] . t/

pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] rfFlx gjlgld{t g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;d'Ggt / k|ultzLn agfpg ;s]gg\ .

kl5af6 /f0ffx¿n] emg\ o; /fHonfO{ kmf;LjfbL gLlt lnO{ PswdL{, Ps hflt / Ps ;+:s[ltsf]

kof{o agfOlbP .

To;}n] ca xfdLn] Oltxf;sf] To; e"naf6 l;s]/ o; /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;dfj]zL /

;femf b]z agfpg' g} xfnsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 t/ To:tf] k' /{rgf hftLo cfwf/df xf]Og ef}uf]lns

cfwf/df x'g' a9L j}1flgs / ;xL x'g]5 . Oltxf;af6 g} lzIff lng] xf] eg] Psk6ssf] v;, ls/fFt,

zfSo / sf]lnoafx]s cGo cj:yfdf o; b]zdf slxNo} klg hftLo cfwf/df /fHo ag]g] / ldlynf /

l;d|f]gu9 /fHonfO{ ckjfb dfGg] xf] eg] o; b]zsf] t/fO{df klg slxNo} cnu /fHo ag]g\ . o;

18

k[i7e"lddf xfnsf] g]fknsf] ldl>t / s'g} klg hflt s'g} Ps If]qdf k"0f{ ax'dtdf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf

hftLo cfwf/df /fHosf] u7gn] o; b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s dd{nfO{ klg k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b]lvb}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

k'l:tsf

• g/xl/ cfrfo{, /fHosf] nf]stflGqs/0f, @)^@

• g/xl/ crfo{, ;+ljwfg;ef, @)^@

• hok|sfz u'Ktf / c?, g]kfnL dw];Lsf ;d:of rf/ ljrf/, @)^)

• hok|sfz u'Ktf, dw]; ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lje]b hgu0fgf–@))!, @)^!

• z+s/ kf]v/]n, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn, @)^!

• s[i0f vgfn, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf Ps k|:tfj, @)^!

• e/t/fh pk|] tL, ;+ljwfg;ef / o;sf r'gf}tLx¿, @)^#

• k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL, /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ cfwf/kq, @)^!

• t'n;Lnfn cdfTo, g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfg s:tf] x'g'k5{ Leb| zdf{, gofF If]q lgwf{/0f / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|Zg, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ !@

• >Ldg gf/fo0f, ;+ljwfg;efsf] ofqf M ck]Iff / ;Defjgf, /fhwfgL -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ &

• >Ldg gf/fo0f, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3fTds zf;g k|0ffnL, /fhwfgL -b}=_, @)^# h]7 !)

• ;'/]Gb|s'df/ dxQf], ;dfg'kflts ;+ljwfg;ef, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# h]7 @^

• uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L, ;+ljwfg;ef M e|d / jf:tljstf, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# j}zfv !*

• nlntaxfb'/ a:g]t, k|;+u ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf], g]kfn -;f=_, @)^# c;f/ !*

• bLksaxfb'/ u'?ª, clk|msL ;+ljwfg;ef, sflGtk'/, -b}=_, @)^# j}zfv @!

• k|ef a:g]t, lghfdtL ;]jf M 36\bf] gf/L ;xeflutf, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^)

19

jt{dfg cy{tGqdf OGwg ;d:of

/fhf/fd ;]9fO{+ .

;f/f+z

g]kfnsf] cy{tGq phf{df cfwfl/t eP/ hfg] qmd;+u} hLjg k|0ffnL klg OGwg ljgf rNg g;Sg]

ePsf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vof, pGgt k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / pkef]u k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] phf{sf] dfunfO{

lbgk|ltlbg tLj| kf/]sf] 5 . d'n'sleq pknJw ckf/ hn;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf Psftkm{ OGwg

cfk"lt{sf nflu ldq/fi6«x¿;+usf] lge{/tf a9\b} 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ j]nf j]nfdf x'g] cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of /

cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf x'g] u/]sf] k]6«f]lnod d"No ptf/ r9fjn] pkef]Qmf d"No:t/nfO{ klg k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 .

OGwg cfk"lt{sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo g]kfn cfon lgud cfˆg} ;d:ofn] u|:t 5 . k|:t't n]v g]kfndf

OGwg cfk"lt{sf ;Gbe{df g]kfn cfon lgudsf sdhf]/Lsf] ljZn]if0f / ;'wf/sf nflu Jojxfl/s pkfo

;'emfpgdf s]lGb|t 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

;j{;fwf/0f b]lv pRr:t/ ;Dd tyf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ OGwgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . OGwg eGgfn] cGo b]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf dl§t]n, k]6«f]n, l8h]n, Pn=lk=lh=

-Uof;_ xjfO{ OGwg cflbnfO{ hgfp5 . oL ;a} g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ldq

/fi6«x¿af6 k"0f{ ?kdf cfoft ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf 5 . o;sf s]xL ljsNksf ?kdf bfp/f, sf]Onf /

ljB'tLo zlQmnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL :jb]zdf g} kfpg ;Sg] j:t' ePtfklg / sf]Onf vfgL w]/} jif{

cl3b]lv :jb]zdf b]vf k/]tfklg To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ k|of; ePsf] kfOb}g .

ljB'tLo zlQm Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ljsNk xf] . xfd|f] b]z hnzlQmsf] cToflws wlg ePtfklg o;nfO{

;xL tl/sfn] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . hnzlQmsf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] k|of; ul/Ptfklg OGwgsf]

ljsNksf] ?kdf Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f ug{ klg sl7gfO{ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xL /

;'ky tl/sfaf6 cufl8 a9fpg g;Sg' g]kfnL dfqsf] b'ef{Uo xf] eGg' kg]{ afWotf 5 .

ljB'tLo zlQm pTkfbgsf] nflu ldq/fi6«x¿af6 7"nf] ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] 5 . lqz'nL,

vf]kf;L, ;'gsf]zL, h:tf hnljB't of]hgf ldq /fi6«x¿n] g} lgdf{0f u/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

o;sf cltl/Qm cg'bfg ;xof]u, ;x'lnot b/df C0f, k|fljlws ;xfotf h:tf ;xof]u tyf cfˆg}

cfo>f]taf6 7"nf of]hgf ;+rfng ul/Ptfklg pTkfbg nfut a9\ gfsf] sf/0fn] OGwgsf] ljsNksf]

?kdf xfn;Dd ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /fxt k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

dflg;n] hGd lnPb]lv lrtfdf ghn];Dd k|To]s kfO{nfdf OGwg zlQmn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{ OGwg zlQm j]u/ s'g} klg ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g .

o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgnfO{ b]zn] ;ts{tf ckgfpg g;Sgfsf] sf/0fn] clwsf+z OGwg zlQm ldq

/fi6«x¿af6 cfoft ug'{ kg]{ afWotf 5 . o:tf cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] cfoft tyf vktdf /fHon]

. lgjt{dfg pk–dxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no .

20

k"/f Wofg lbg g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 lbg k|ltlbg o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf g} hl6n ;d:of b]vf kf/]sf]

5 .

b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'sf] kl/k"lt{ tyf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ tLj| ?kdf cufl8 a9fO{ ;j{

;fwf/0fnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] @))& ;fnsf] sDkgL sfg"gnfO{ vf/]h u/L

;do ;'xfpbf] sDkgL P]g, @)@! k|sfzdf NofOof] . olx P]gsf cfwf/df @)@&÷(÷@^ df g]kfn

cfon skf]{/]zg -cfon lgud_ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] sfg"gL

Joj:yfsf] Oltxf;df sDkgL P]g, @)@! n] ljz]if dxTj /fv]sf] 5 .

g]kfn cfon lgudsf] :jfldTj

OGwg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] / klxn]b]lv ;fx" dxfhgx¿af6 cfoft ug{ nufO{ laqmL

ljt/0f ul/b} cfPsf]df ;j{ ;fwf/0fnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf pknJw u/fpg tyf a9\bf] pBf]u wGbf /

ljsf; sfo{x¿nfO{ ;j{;'ne tl/sfaf6 OGwg laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ?= ! s/f]8sf]

nufgLdf cfon lgudsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . ljleGg k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ u/L b]zdf b}jL eljtAo,

;+s6, cfkQL cfO{k/]df s]xL cjlw;Dd df}hbftaf6 ;+rfng ug{ ljb]zaf6 k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ cfotf

u/L ljqmL ljt/0fåf/f ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo /fvL lgud ;+rfngdf NofPsf] xf] . lguddf

;/sf/n] z]o/ nufgL jfkt ?=( s/f]8 %! nfv tyf ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf j}b]lzs C0f ? #(

s/f]8 $@ nfv pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

sfg"gL ;d:of M b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿

sfg"gL bfo/fdf hLljt /xG5g\ . sfg"gn] k|To]s gful/ssf] lqmofsnfkdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x

u/]sf] x'G5 . sfg"gL ;fgfltgf q'l6af6 eljZodf gs/fTds c;/ b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] pbfx/0f g]kfn

cfon lgudnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f -!@@_ n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf

u/]sf] tyf wf/f !@# df sfd st{Jo clwsf/ tf]sL lbPsf] 5 .

wf/f !@# sf] pkwf/f @ df ækrf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfo h]yfdf ;/sf/sf]

:jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs;+u

k/fdz{ ul/g] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .

n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &, pkbkmf @ df ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf]

;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ n]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs sDkgLsf] nufgLdf krf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L eGg] zAb / n]vf k/LIf0f P]gdf

clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+ :yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vf

k/LIfssf] k/fdz{;Dd lng] sfg"gL k|lqmofn] ubf{ /fi6«sf] 7"nf wg/fzL nufgL ePsf ;fj{hlgs

;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ bfo/faf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ cnu ul/Psf] 5 .

21

k|hftflGqs b]zx¿df /fHosf] nufgL / ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+3 ;+:yf tyf

;j{ ;fwf/0fnfO{ cTofjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;jf]{Rr n]vf

k/LIf0f lgsfosf] bfo/f leq kb{5 .

n]vf k/LIf0f k/fdz{ M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@# sf] pkwf/f @ / n]vf k/LIf0f

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf @ cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t

;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . k/fdz{ ln+bf ckgfpg' kg]{

k|lqmof tyf n]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ n]vfk/LIf0f l;4fGt ;DaGwL s'/fx¿

dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . n]vf k/LIfsn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf] ! k|lt ;DalGwt

;+:yfn] dxfn]vf k/LIfsdf ;d]t k7fpg' kb{5 . k|fKt k|ltj]bgdf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] ;DalGwt

;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] s'/f;d]t ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

sfg"gn] tf]ls lbPcg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsn]] @)%% cfiff9 !% df lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf]

b]lvG5 . t/ lgb]{zgnfO{ clwsf+z ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf w]/} h;f] ;+:yfx¿af6 kfngf ePsf]

b]lvPg . lgb]{zg kfngf ug{ ljefuaf6 k6s k6s kqfrf/ ubf{ ;d]t lglb{i6 ;dofjlwdf k|lqmof

k'¥ofO{ n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ k/fdz{ dfu u/]sf] b]lvb}g . hfgsf/L k|fKt eP;Ddsf] cfwf/df

;/sf/sf] clwsf+z nufgL ePsf] @% ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ .

pQm @% ;+:yfx¿ dWo] !* n] dfq k/fdz{ lng] u/]sf] cGo & ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ g} glnPsf]

dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj] bg @)^! sf] ;f/ ;+If]kdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{ lng]df

lgDg ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ M

!= s[lif ljsf; Af}+s

@ lgIf]k ljdf tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgud

#= cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8

$= /fli6«o pTkfbsTj cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb| ln=

%= g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln=

^= g]kfn d]6n sDkgL ln=

&= ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s

*= g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud

(= g]kfn cfon lgud

!)= gu/ ljsf; sf]if ;ldlt

!!= lrlnd] hnljB't sDkgL

!@= ;femf :jf:Yo ;]jf

!#= dWodf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s

!$= 3/]n' l;Nksnf laqmL e08f/ ln=

!%= d]rL, ;u/dfyf wfg, rfdn lgof{t s+=ln=

!^= /fli6«o ljdf ;+:yfg

!&= g]kfn cf}Bf]lus DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=

22

k/fdz{ glng] ;+:yf M

!= j'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgf

@= lxdfn l;d]G6 pBf]u ln=

#= uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u

$= k"jf{~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s

%= klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s

^= dWo klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s

&= ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;]tL dxfsfnL wfg rfdn s+=ln=

sfg"gL q'l6n] ubf{ /fHon] clwsf+z nufgL u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0fdf dxfn]vf

k/LIfssf] k/fdz{ dfq lng] k|lqmofn] ;+:yf cfkm}n] kfl/>lds tyf sfo{ tf]Sg] kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ g]kfn

cfon lgud h:tf dxTjk" 0f{ ;+:yfx¿ ;jf]{Rr n]vf k/LIf0f lgsfosf] bfo/f aflx/ /flvg' h:tf

sfo{af6 b]zsf] cy{tGqdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . k/fdz{ ;dodf lnO{ n]vf k/LIf0f

gu/fpg] tyf k/fdz{ g} glng] pk/ s'g} sf/afxL ePsf] b]lvb}g .

g]kfn cfon lgudsf] n]vf k/LIf0f M dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^! sf] ;f/–;ª\If]kdf

pNn]v eP cg';f/ g]kfn cfon lgudsf] cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df ?= &^ s/f]8 &@ nfv % xhf/

v'b gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df ?=^ s/f]8 $* nfv @) xhf/ gf]S;fgL u/]sf]

5 . @)%(÷^) sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg e} g;s]sf]n] lgudsf] cfly{s l:ylt pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf]

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^@ df cfly{s jif{ @)%(÷^) sf] dfq n]vf k/LIfs

lgo'lQmsf] k/fdz{ lnPsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]n] n]vf k/LIf0f h:tf] sfo{df ;+:yfx¿ sfg"gtM

:j]R5frf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;DaGwL sfo{ k|ult tyf nIo ljj/0f cf=j=@)^!÷)^@–

)^#÷)^$ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt @)^# df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgudsf] v'b gf]S;fgL

cf=j=@)^!÷)^@ df dfq @ cj{ $@ s/f]8 cf=j=@)^@÷)^# df ? # c/j @@ s/f]8 @! nfv

;+rfng 3f6f cg'dfg b]vfPsf] 5 . cf=j=@)^#÷)^$ df ? $ c/j $@ s/f]8 @$ nfv ;+rfng

3f6f k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .

cf=j=@)%*÷)%( sf] n]vf k/LIf0fn] b]vfP cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] l:y/ ;DklQsf]

ef}lts k/LIf0f gu/]sf], kDk 6}+s l8n/ u|fxssf] ljj/0f tof/ gu/]sf], yfgsf]6 / kf]v/f l8kf]sf]

;DklQsf] k"FhLs/0f gu/]sf], ;fd'bflos ljdf jfkt /fli6«o ljdf ;+:yfgnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{

lk|ldod cd]l/sg 8n/ !& xhf/ ^ ;o lx;fadf n]vf+sg gu/]sf], t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfofltt

k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ef/tLo cfon lgudnfO{ Psd'i7 ljqmL ubf{ lgudn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ gf]S;fgL Plsg

u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] . ;Demf}tf gu/]sf] Po/nfOG;x¿nfO{ klg pwf/f] xjfO{ OGwg laqmL u/]sf],

Pn=lk=lh=Uof;sf] vl/b laqmLdf ?= #$ s/f]8 !^ nfv ^@ xhf/ gf]S;fgL tyf cGonfO{ ?=! c/a

$ s/f]8 && nfv %^ xhf/ ltg'{ kg]{ afFsL pNn]v ePsf] . zfvf lx;fa ldnfg gu/]sf], ljleGg

JolQm / ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] k]ZsL ;fk6L, w/f}6L / clu|d e'QmfgL ;d]t ?=! c/a ! s/f]8 %(

nfv (& xhf/ cz'n km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 .

23

cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df pNn]lvt /sd gfkmf cfh{g b]vfO{ 7"nf] c+z jf]g; ljt/0f u/]sf]

;+:yf @)%*÷%( df g} ?=^ s/f]8 $* nfv @) xhf/ gf]S;fgL b]vfpg' h:tf sfo{n] ut jif{ jf]g;

ljt/0f ug{ dfq sfNklgs gfkmf b]vfPsf] jf b}jL eljtJo tyf cGt/f{li6«o d"No j[l4 s] s:tf

sf/0faf6 Ps} jif{df pNn]lvt gf]S;fgL b]vfOof] o;sf] vf]hLgLlt ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 eP u/]sf]

b]lv+b}g . lgudn] ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg], ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ df}g /xg] h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{

/fli6«o ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ / k|To]s gful/ssf] rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf] o:tf] ;+:yf gfh's l:yltdf k'Ubf

/fli6«o cy{ tGqdf g} hl6n ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn cfon lgudsf] lj1lKt M

g]kfn cfon lgudn] efb| ^, @)^#, sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf lbPsf] lj1lKt lgDg pNn]v 5 M

ljut s]xL ;do otf o; lgudsf] jf/]df ljleGg e|dk"0f{ cfwf/lxg tYo /lxt cleJolQm Pj+

;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf]df lgudn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf e|d gk/f]; elg lgudn] vl/b ljqmL tyf 3f6fsf]

ljj/0f lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .

ljj/0f k]6«f]n ?=

ld=ln=

l8h]n ?=

ld=ln

dl6[t]n ?=

ld=ln=

Pn=lk= ?=

d]=6g

xjfO{ OGwg ?=

ld=ln=

k/n d"No ?=

-ljleGg vr{ ;/sf/L

/fh:j ;lxt_

&^,*^&.@*

-@^,@%!.$@_

^#,&^$.*%

-!!,!^*.%&_

%,)$&.@!

-@),(#&.@^_

^(,!!$.*$

-!@,((%.*^_

^!,*@).&@

-!),)^&.$&_

laqmL d"No clej[l4

s/ ;d]t

^#,($(.!#

-&,#%*.(*_

%),$&$.@%

-%,*)^.&&_

$%,%!(.^(

–

%),^!@.@^

-%,*@@.^$_

%%,))).

-^,#@&.$#_

lgudnfO{ 3f6f –!@,(!*.!% –!#,@().^) –(,%@&.%@ –!*,%)@.#* –^,*@).&@

3f6f k|ltln6/ jf

l;n]08/

–!@.(@ –!#.@( –(.%# –@^@.&$ –^.*@

gf]6 M ;/sf/L s/ /fh:j tyf d"No clej[l4s/ sf]i7 leq b]vfOPsf] 5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf lgudn] b]vfPsf] 3f6fsf] cfwf/df lgudnfO{ pNn]lvt OGwgsf] d"No j[l4

ug{ ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lbPkl5 lgudn] @% k|ltzt;Dd d"No j[l4 u/L laqmL d"No lgwf{/0f u/]kl5

o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0fb]lv pBf]u wGbf tyf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df ;d]t c;/ kg{ uof] . o;nfO{

g]kfnL hgtfn] dfGg tof/ ePgg\ . kmn:j?k ;/sf/n] d"Noj[l4nfO{ oyfjt /fVg jfWo x'g' k¥of] .

cGt/f{li6«o d"Nodf lge{/ M

;/sf/n] klxn] g} lgu/fgL ;fy hf+r sld6L u7g u/L tYo hgdfg;df k'¥ofpg' kg]{ lbzf

tkm{ ;f]r ljrf/ k'Ug g;s]sf]n] jfWotfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{o ePtf klg hgtfsf] efjgf

24

cg'?k lkmtf{ lng jfWo x'g' k¥of] . ;/sf/ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ of] lgud ;d:ofsf] ?kdf

b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL dfqsf] b'ef{Uo, clwsf+z OGwg cGo b]zaf6 cfoft ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf / k|fs[lts

>f]tsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sgfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ OGwgsf] d"No cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df e/ kg'{ kg]{

jfWotf 5 . t]nsf] d"No cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g} j[l4 ePsf]n] d"No j[l4 ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

ldq /fi6« ef/tsf ;Ldfgfx¿df t]nsf] d"No g]kfndf eGbf lgs} a9L ePsf] / g]kfn ef/t v'nf

l;dfgfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnaf6 ef/t tkm{ lgsf;L x'g] s'/fdf k'/} /f]sfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 elg ljZjf;

ug{ ;lsb}g . k|ToIf ?kdf /f]sfj6 ePtfklg ck|ToIf ?kdf s]xL c+z e/tdf g} k'Ub5 .

t]nsf] d"No oyfjt sfod /fVbf lgudn] xfn;Dd ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt

gePsf] ljleGg dfWodaf6 hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lnPsf] /fh:j tyf d"No clej[l4 s/

5'6 lbP/ dfq klg of] ;d:of xn x'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lv+b}g . 5'6 lbg' ;/sf/sf] s/ ;DaGwL gLlt

ljk/Lt x'g cfp5 . cfon lgudnfO{ hLljt} /fvL oyfjt t]n cfoft ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] 7"nf]

/sd cg'bfg lbg' kg]{ jf cGo ljsNk vf]Hg' kg]{ l:ylt b]vf k/]sf] 5 . cg'bfg lbPdf ck|ToIf ?kn]

hgtfn] g} ef/ af]Sg' kg]{ / t]nsf] d"No j[l4 ePdf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu

;/sf/n] uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]r ljrf/ u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ cu|;/ x'g' kg]{ cfhsf]

cfjZostf 5 .

g]kfn cfon lgudsf] sdhf]/ kIf M

lgudn] ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ ;dodf gu/fPsf] sf/0faf6 lgDg sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvPsf] 5 M

!= lx;fa kf/bzL{ gx'g' M lgudsf] cfo Joo ljj/0fsf] ;fy} lgudaf6 ePsf sf/afxL kf/bzL{

x'g g;Sgfsf] sf/0f tyf lgudsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] lx;fa ;dodf 7Ls;+u g/flvPsf]

tyf jf:tljstf k|rf/df gcfPsf]n] hgdfg;df lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ k|lt ljZjf;

b]vf gkg'{ h:tf sfo{nfO{ lgudn] uDeL/tf k"j{s lng' kg]{ cfjZostf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .

@= lgudsf] Psflwsf/ M o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgrf;f]sf] ljifonfO{ lgudsf] Psflwsf/

dfq gu/fO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yfsf] cjnDjg ug{ g;Sg' h:tf sfo{n] ubf{ lgud

:jR5frf/L aGg k'Uof] . lgud jf:tljstfd} cfwfl/t ePtf klg lgudn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf

ljZjf; lbnfpg ;s]g .

#= ;/sf/sf] cg'udgsf] sdL M ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ /fHon] cfoft ug]{ dWo] ;a}

eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo tyf cjf}+{ c/jsf] sf/f]jf/ x'g] j:t'df ;/sf/sf] cg'udg x'g ;s]g .

?= &^ s/f]8 eGbf a9L kmfObf b]vfO{ 7"nf] c+z af]g; ljt/0f tyf To;}sf] kl5Nnf] jif{

sl/j ?= ^ s/f]8 eGbf gf]S;fgL b]vfp+bf klg o; k|lt ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg cfslif{t

x'g ;s]g . kmn:j?k jt{dfg cj:yfdf o;n] eofjx l:ylt b]vf k¥of] .

$= cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] sdL M lgudsf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f tyf cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f e/kbf]{

gePsf]n] lgudn] /fVg' kg]{ lx;fa lstfa ;dodf 7Ls;+u g/fv]sf], cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f

25

e/kbf]{ gePsf], lng' lbg' kg]{ lx;fa ;dodf /fkm ;fkm gu/]sf], l:y/ ;DklQsf] ef}lts

k/LIf0f gu/]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lgudn] cfˆgf] ljZjf;lgotf hgtfnfO{ lbnfpg ;s]g .

%= ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg' M n]vf k/LIf0f kf/blz{tfsf] 7"nf] dfWod xf] . ;dodf n]vf

k/LIf0f u/fpg] tkm{ Wofg glbg' of] lgudsf] Hofb} 7"nf] sdhf]/Lkg ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

lgudn] @)%*÷%( ;Ddsf] dfq n]vf k/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5 . @)%(÷^) sf] n]vf k/LIfs

lgo'lQm ug]{ k/fdz{ ;Dd lnPsf], n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg e} g;s]sf]n] lgudsf] cfly{s l:ylt

pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt lgsfoåf/f k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . o; l:yltnfO{

dWogh/ ug]{ xf] eg] hgdfg;df t'?Gt} lgudn] ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sg] cfwf/ b]lvb}g .

pNn]lvt sld sdhf]/Lsf] lg/fs/0f u/L jf:tljstf hgdfg;df Nofpg' kg]{

cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 . ;/sf/n] xfn} k"j{ cy{ ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf jf:tljstfsf] hfFr

ug{ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] jf:tljstf kQf nufO{ kf/blz{tf b]vf kfb{5 eGg]

cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .

;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj

!= ljsNksf] vf]hL M of] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf tyf /fHon] c7f]6 u/]sf lgwf{l/t nIo k'/f ug{

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fwg ePsf]n] lgudnfO{ dfq Psflwsf/ glbO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds

u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] vkt k|lt jif{ j[l4 x'b} hfg], cGt/f{li6«o d"No a[l4af6

;/sf/ aflxl/g g;Sg] ePsf]n] b]zsf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u a9fpg' kg]{, h:tf] uf] a/

Uof;, ;f}o{ zlQm, hnljB'tdf a9L hf]8 lbg'sf] ;fy} :jb]z leqsf OGwg vfgL k|of]udf

Nofpg hf]8 lbg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 .

@ sfg"gL q'l6sf] lg/fs/0f M ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/df sfg"gn] g} :jR5frf/L agfPsf]

5 . /fHosf] sl/j (( k|ltzt;Dd nufgL ePsf ;+:yfx¿sf]] n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{df dxfn]vf

k/LIfssf] bfo/f aflx/ /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿df k/fdz{ ;Dd lbg], n]vf k/LIfs

;+:yfgn] g} lgo'lQm u/L n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] sfg"gL k|lqmofsf] cGt u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsn]

k/fdz{ lbP/ dfq kG5g kfpg] xfnsf] k4ltnfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 .

# cg'udgsf] Joj:yf M ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLaf6 cnu u/L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;]jf tyf

gfkmf cfh{g ug{ :jtGq 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . of] ;j{JofkL l;4fGt klg xf] t/ clwsf+z ;+:yfg

tyf lgudx¿sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrjn] u/]sf] x'G5 .

;+rfns ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L sfg"gn] k|i6 gu/]sf]n] ;+rfnsx¿af6 cg'udg

ug]{, lx;fa kf/bzL{ u/fpg nufpg] h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

$= lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] n]vf M ;+:yfgx¿ tyf lgudsf] k|d'v lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] sfo{ z}nL tyf

e"ldsfsf] n]vf hf]vf x'g' kb{5 . k|d'v eP/ sfd ug]{ cfk"mn] u/]sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf

cWofjlws /fVg gnufpg], cfGtl/s tyf clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] tyf ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj

k"/f ug]{ b'j} lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] sfo{ kf/blz{tf x'g' kb{5 . o:tf dxTjk"0f{ kb lnO{ cfˆgf]

26

bfloTj k"/f ug]{ tyf gug]{ b'j} lhDd]bf/ JolQmnfO{ hgtfn] lrGg kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{

kb{5 .

%= n]vf k/LIf0f M /fi6«sf] clwsf+z nufgLsf] cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf #( s/f]8 $@

nfv !& xhf/ j}b]lzs C0f pknAw u/fPsf] lgudsf] n]vf cWofjlws /fvL cfGtl/s tyf

clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f ;do ;dodf u/fpg' kb{5 . ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] lhDd]bf/

JolQmnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . o;af6 lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/

;j{;fwf/0fdf kf/bzL{ u/fpg ;'ljwf k'Ub5 .

lgisif{

;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] tyf ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{

cTofjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / /fHon] c7f]6 u/]sf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg

;Sg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] 7"nf] nufgLsf] cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 hdfgt a;L xfn;Dd

?= #( s/f]8 $@ nfv C0f pknJw u/fPsf] lgudsf] sf/f]jf/ kf/bzL{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{s

sf/f]jf/sf] n]vf h'g;'s} avtdf klg cWofjlws /xg ;Sg] tyf k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] (

dlxgf leq n] vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fO ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ k]z ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf

tyf gug]{ pk/ sf/afxL u/L jf:tljstf kf/bzL{ u/fpb} n}hfg ;DalGwt lgsonfO{ lhDd]bf/

agfpg' kb{5 . sRrf kbfy{ vl/b tyf t]nsf] jf:tljs d"No kf/bzL{ x'g' kb{5 . n]vf k/LIf0f

u/fpg] sfo{df :j]R5frf/L u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0f

u/fpg tf]sL lbPsf] ;do leq cfo Joo ljj/0f k]z ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . n]vf

cWofjlws g/fVg], ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ kf/bzL{ gx'g] h:tf

sfo{af6 lgud k|ltsf] ljZjf; hgdfg;df sd x'b} cfPsf] l:yltsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ t]n cfoft ug]{

sfo{df k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . lg/Gt/ olx l:ylt /xg lbg' x'b}g . o;f] ePdf

;d:ofsf] ;dodf lg/fs/0f ug]{ tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 . of] l:yltsf] cGTo geP

OGwg ;d:ofdf eljiodf emg hl6n b]vf kg]{ ;Sg] l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljsNkx¿sf]

vf]htnf; tyf sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL

!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

@= n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$*

#= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^!

$= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^@

%= cfon lgudsf] lj1KtL sflGtk'/ b}lgs -^ efb| @)^#_

^= ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;DaGwL sfo{k|ult tyf nIo ljj/0f -@)^!÷)^@–@)^#÷)^$_ cy{

dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt @)^# .

27

Nff]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jf M e"ldsf,

r'gf}tL / ;Defjgf

zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn .

;f/f+z

lghfdtL ;]jf /fHosf] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

bIftf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf cfˆg} d"No dfGotf ePklg jbln+bf] kl/j]zdf o;sf] sfo{ e"ldsf klg :jtM

jblnP/ hfg] ub{5 . emg /fHobz{gdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] o;sf] ;f]r, z}nL / sfo{;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{gsf] dfu

ub{5 . k|:t't n]v nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g' kg]{ / o;sf nflu ;'wf/sf

;+efjgf / r'gf}tLx¿ s] x'g ;Qm5g\ eGg] ;}4flGts ljZn]if0fdf g} uxg ?kdf s]lGb|t 5 .

!= k[i7e"ld

hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] ;kmntfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k g] kfndf nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf

ePsf] 5 . nf]stGqdf /fHo;+rfngsf ;a} ;+oGqx¿sf] nf]stflGqs/0f x'g' clt cfjZos 7flgG5 .

/fHo ;+oGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf nf]stflGqs efjgf cg'?k ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifo

clxn]sf]] d'Vo d'2fx¿dWo] Ps ePsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;f]r, xflsdL Jojxf/ / ædflyjfbÆ af6 x's]{sf]

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] xfnsf] nf]stflGqs jftfj/0fdf sl7g r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf]

5 .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf d'VotM b'O{ ljifodf tTsfn Wofg lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . klxnf],

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nf]stflGqs/0f ug]{ ljifo / bf]>f], bL3{ sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] lghfdtL ;]jf

;+rfngsf] Joj:yf . klxnf] ljifo vf;u/L efjgfTds÷Jojxf/ut kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt 5 eg] bf]>f]

ljifo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j?k, sfo{;+rfng k|lqmof / e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt 5 .

efjgfTds kl/jt{ g ug]{ ljifon] d'VotM lghfdtL ;]jfn] nf]stflGqs d"No tyf dfGotfx¿sf]

kl/kfngf ug]{, lghfdtL ;]jfsf d"ne"t dfGotf (Core Values of Civil Service) sf] cfwf/df

:jlgolGqt eO{ sfo{ ug]{, æhgtfsf] ;]js xF'Æ eGg] efjgfn] sfo{ ug]{, kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{,

glthfd'vL sfo{;+:s[lt c+ufNg] / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] h:tf s'/fnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;}u/L bf]>f]

ljifon] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5l/tf] Joj:yfkg, ldtJooL sfo{;Dkfbg, glthfd'vL k|lqmofsf] cjnDag

ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf log} ljifonfO{ Wofgdf

/fv]/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

@= nf]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf

/fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ æ:yfoL ;/sf/Æ klg eGg] ul/G5 . /fhg}lts ?kdf :yflkt

;/sf/ Ps lglZrt ;dodf kl/jt{g eO/xg] t/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ Nffdf] cjlw;Dd kbdf

/lx/xg] ePsf]n] g} lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ elgPsf] xf] . ljZjsf] Oltxf; kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf]

. ;x;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno .

28

eg] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] yfngL;+u} b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cxd\

e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 . u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] zf;sx¿sf] /Ifssf]

?kdf sfd ug]{ / hgtfsf] dflnssf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . PsbnLo, lgb{nLo,

;}lgs zf;g jf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf]

s7k'tnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .

Nf]fstflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/ / hgtfaLrdf ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf]

x'G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] OR5fg';f/sf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfn] lgikIf k|fljlws

;Nnfx lbO{ c;n gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . b]z / hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu

;/sf/åf/f lgld{t gLlt / lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/L hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]

;xof]u u5{g\ . o;sf] ;fy} hgtf;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ ePsf sfof{nodf a;L lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]

hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;/sf/k|ltsf] hgljZjf;nfO{ dhj"t kfg]{ sfo{ klg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .

o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfn] hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{, ;/sf/nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ / zf;sLo

k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg e"ldsf v]Ng] sfo{ u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] eGg] ul/G5 ls lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

;Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ePsf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] .

Kf|:t't ;Gbe{df x]bf{ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf tn pNn]v

ePsf tLg ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 .

@=! gLlt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifo

lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]

x'G5 . nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf r'gfjdf ljho k|fKt ug]{ bnn] ;/sf/ agfPkl5 r'gfjdf JoQm

ul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L gLltsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . r'gfj

3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt ;a} ljifo oyfjt ?kdf gLlt aGb}gg\ . gLlt aGgsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rgf,

k|fljlws 1fg, k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;fwgsf] Joj:yf h:tf s'/fdf ljutsf Joj:yf / ca k'¥ofpg' kg]{

k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf

/x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . o;/L ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L

cg'?k ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ k|zf;lgs txaf6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] gLlt lgdf{0f

ubf{ v]Ng] e"ldsfsf af/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] M ;+:yfut tYofÍx¿, ljutsf gLlt / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt,

;fwg ;|f]tsf] l:ylt, sfg"gL k|fjwfg cflbsf jf/]df /fhg}lts tx cyjf dGqLnfO{ ;"rgf

pknAw u/fP/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|zf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

-v_ ;Nnfx lbg] M dGqLn] ;Nnfx dfu]sf] ljifo, k|fljlws ljifo, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{

ljifo, kl5 kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf jf/]df tYout j:t'l:ylt cflbsf ;DaGwdf dGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx

lbg] sfd k|zf;gn] u/]sf] x'G5 .

29

-u_ cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ M ;Qf?9 bnsf] gLltut b:tfj]hsf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ b]lv lnP/

ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L, ;fwg / >f] tsf] ;+efJotf, hgtfsf cfjZostf / jftfj/0fLo

cj:yf h:tf ljifodf k|zf;gn] ;b}a cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{ / /fhg}lts g]t[TjnfO{ ;f]

;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg]u5{ .

-3_ gLltut b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf ug]{ M /fhg}lts g]t[Tjåf/f AoQm gLltsyg -Policy Statement_

sf] cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu d:of}bf b:tfj]hsf] tof/L ug]{ sfd k|zf;gsf] xf] . o;

lsl;dsf] b:tfj]h tof/ ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ls6fg, ;fwg>f]tsf]

Joj:yf, / ;dofjlw h:tf s'/fx¿ lglZrt ug]{ sfd k|zf;lgs txaf6 x'G5g\ .

o;/L x]bf{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . gLltut

dfu{bz{gsf] sfo{ /fhg}lts txaf6 x'g] eP klg gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ;d]t k|zf;ssf] e"ldsf

k|z:t /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cem g]kfn h:t} lzIffsf] cj;/ sd ePsf b]zx¿df dGqLx¿ clzlIft

klg x'g ;Sg] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lzlIft ju{sf] ?kdf lrlgg] k|zf;sx¿sf] e"ldsf gLlt

lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df lgs} a9L x'g] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .

gLlt sfof{Gjogdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cToGt} ;Dj]bgzLn e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k/Dk/fut

?kdf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/L k|zf;goGqsf] dfq xf] elgG5 . t/ cfw'lgs cjwf/0ff

cg';f/ of] sfo{ k|zf;goGqsf] dfq geP/ /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, lghLIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+o'Qm

lhDd]jf/L xf] eGg yflnPsf] 5 . /fHo ;+rfngdf lghLIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf /x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df /fHoåf/f lgld{t gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf oL

;+:Yffx¿sf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf /xg] ljifodf ts{ cl3 ;fg'{nfO{ ;fGble{s dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljut s]xL

bzsb]lv o:tf ;+:yfx¿n] v]Nb} cfPsf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ca ;/sf/sf] k|zf;gn] dfq gLlt

sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] ljifo k'/fgf] ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogdf

lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] dxTjk" 0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'G5 . s'g} klg gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf lghfdtL ;]jfn]

v]Ng] e"ldsf d'VotM -s_ lgld{t gLltsf] cWoog ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ -v_ gLlt lg0f{osf] cfzo a'‰g]

/ To;sf] ;+rf/ ug]{ -u_ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg] -3_ ;fwgsf] Joj:yf / afF8kmfF8

ug]{ -ª_ clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8 / k|Tofof]hg ug]{ -r_ sfo{ k|0ffnL÷sfo{ ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ -5_ gLltsf]

sfof{Gjog ug]{ -h_ ljleGg If]q;+u gLltut / sfof{Gjogut ;dGjo ug]{ -em_ sfof{Gjogsf]

cg'udg ug]{ / sdL sdhf]/L b]lvPdf ;dfwfg ug]{, cflbdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 .

gLlt cg'udg ug]{ sfo{df ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;lgs

txaf6 gLlt sfof{Gjogsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df ljleGg tl/sfn] cg'udg u/L cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg

x'g] ljifosf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{ / cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] lsl;dsf ;d:of b]lvPdf

To;sf] hfgsf/L /fhg}lts tx ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ ul/G5 . gLlt cg'udgsf]] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn]

-s_ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{ -v_ ;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /

k|jfx ug]{ -u_ cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] ;d:of b]lvPdf ltgsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{ -u_

cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] ljifodf cfjZos sf/afxL ug{sf] nflu dGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] -3_

dfu ePsf avt cfjZos /fo k|:t't ug]{ -ª_ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg JolQm jf

30

;+:yf4f/f JoQm wf/0ff, cfd ;+rf/sf dfWodaf6 cf}+ NofOPsf ljrf/x¿sf] ;+sng, cWoog, ljZn]if0f

/ ltgsf jf/] df cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVg] -r_ ljutsf gLltx¿sf] d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt kl/0ffdnfO{ gofF

gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf gLlt lgdf{tf ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ h:tf e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

@=@ hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ljifo

/fHo;+oGqdf a;]/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug'{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf xf] .

k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] sd{rf/Ln] dflnssf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ cj:yf clxn] 5}g . clxn]sf] ;dodf

hgtfn] lt/]sf] /fh:jsf] d"No sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf u/L k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 .

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf g} ;jf]{kl/ x'g\ / pgLx¿sf] rfxgf g} /fHosf] st{Jo xf] eGg]

dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . /fHo;+rfngsf] d'Vo c+u ePsf] gftfn] lghfdtL ;]jfn] klg hgtfsf]

rfxgf k"/f ug]{ bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . xfn}sf jif{x¿df hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ljifodf w]/} dxTjk"0f{

ax;x¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf ax;sf d'2fx¿df -s_ ;/sf/÷;/sf/L ;+oGq nufotsf ;]jf

k|bfosaf6 u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ ljifo -v_ ;]jf

k|bfosn] pkof]uL / ;DefJo ;a} dfWodx¿ dfkm{t l56f] 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo

-u_ k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf nufotsf ;+oGqdf ;"rgf / ;~rf/

k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ Jofks t'Nofpg] ljifo -3_ ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt k"0f{ ?kn] pQ/bfoL

agfpg] ljifo -ª_ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df ultlzntf Nofpg ;]jf k|fKt ug{ to ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd b"/L,

;do tyf nfutsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf] :yfkgf, k'g:yf{kg, :yfgfGt/0f jf k'gu{ 7g

u/L gful/s a8fkqsf] dfWodaf6 k|lta4tf ls6fg ug]{ ljifo -r_ tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/

tyf kl/df0fdf ;]jf k| fKt ug{ g;s]df ;]jf k|bfosaf6 ;]jfu|fxLn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] lglZrttfsf] ljifo

d'Vo dflgPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} ljifox¿nfO{ gful/s a8fkqsf] dfWodaf6 cl3 ;fg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

@=# zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] ljifo

Nff]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fHo;+oGqsf] ldof]sf] ?kdf /x]sf]

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df zf;g

Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|d'v tTjsf] ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{

zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkg ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf / sfo{sf] dfkg ug]{ k4lt

ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

rfx] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zdf xf];\ jf u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf

b]zdf g} lsg gxf];\ zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljleGg

lsl;dsf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;"rsx¿ /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs b'a} k|s[ltsf

x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/n] zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]

lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; lsl;dsf] dfkgn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;"rsf+sx¿sf]

d"Nof+sgn] u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tf sdhf]/ ;fljt

u/]sf] 5 .

31

o; ;DaGwdf D.Kaufmann, A. Kraay/ M. Mastruzzi n] ljsf; u/]sf 5 j6f ;"rsx¿sf]

cfwf/df ljZj a}+sn] ;g\ !((^ b]lv ljleGg /fi6«sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf dfkg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

oL ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ z"Go -)_ -w]/} v/fj_ b]lv !)) -w]/} c;n_ ;Ddsf] cÍdf

dfkg ug]{ ul/G5 . pgLx¿n] ljsf; u/]sf zf;g Joj:yf dfkgsf tL 5 j6f ;"rsx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd

/x]sf 5g\M

-s_ cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj (Voice and Accountability)M of] ;"rsf+s k"0f{ ?kdf /fhg}lts

k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;"rsf+sn] d'VotM ;/sf/sf] 5gf}6df gful/ssf] ;xeflutf,

cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, :jtGq cfd ;~rf/ / ;+ 3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{

;d]6]sf] 5 . o; ;"rsf+s cg';f/ x] bf{ o;df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf g/xg] blvG5 . of]

;"rsf+ssf] k|efjsfl/tf s]jn ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sx¿sf]

;Gbe{df dfq ;+ej x'g] blvG5 .

-v_ /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf (Political Stability and Absence of Violance)M o;

;"rsf+sn] /fhg}lts lx+;f, cft+sjfb jf c;+j}wflgs jf lx+ ;fhGo tl/sfaf6 ;/sf/sf]

kl/jt{g x'g] jf ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o; cj:yfdf klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} e"ldsf

g/xg] b]lvG5 .

-u_ ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf (Government Effectiveness): o; ;"rsf+sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf]

u'0f:t/, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, /fhg}lts bjfjsf] cj:yf, ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f /

sfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ o:tf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf /

sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf h:tf ljifonfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ o; ;"rsf+ssf] k|of]u ug]{

d'Vo ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-3_ lgofds u'0f (Regulatary Quality)M lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gsf nflu ;/sf/n] c;n

gLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/L tL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xhstf{ / pTk]|/ssf] e"ldsf v]Ng'sf]

;fy} ;f] If]qsf] lgodg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ o; ;"rsf+sn]

;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . o;df klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

-ª_ ljlwsf] zf;g (Rule of Law)M o; ;"rsf+sn] sfg"gsf] zf;gdf ljZjf;, ;Demf}tf

sfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/, cbfntaf6 x'g] Gofo lg?k0f, k|x/Laf6 x'g] lx+;f / ck/flws

ultljlwsf] lgoGq0f h:tf ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ cw{Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ /

sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf k|lqmofx¿sf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] xb;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . t/ ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;kmntfdf d'VotM cbfnt / k|x/L k|zf;gsf]

a9L e"ldsf x' g] b]lvG5 .

-r_ e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0f (Corruption Control)M lghL kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf]

k|of]u, ;fgf / 7"nf vfnsf e|i6frf/ / JolQmut kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;+e|fGt ju{n] /fHosf] >f]t

;fwgdf ug]{ b'?kof] usf] lgoGq0f h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ o; ;"rsf+sn] ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . o;

32

;"rsf+ssf] bfo/fleq klg lghfdtL ;]jf kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L ;fwg;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfn] o; ;"rsf+ssf] k|efjsfl/tfdf d'Vo e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvG5 .

Dffly pNn]v ePsf ;"rsf+sx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ug]{ xf] eg] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf

b]zx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dflysf] a"Fbf -u_ / -3_ w]/} xb;Dd

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q;+ u ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . a"Fbf -ª_ / -r_ df klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

pNn]Vo e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . o;/L rog ul/Psf ^ j6f ;"rsf+sx¿ dWo] b'O{j6fdf

clwsf+z, cGo b'O{j6fdf ;fdfGo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cj:yfn] zf;g Joj:yfsf]

k|efjsfl/tfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf O+lut ug{ vf]lhPsf] kfOG5 .

dfly plNnlvt ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df ;g\ @))% df dfkg ul/Psf] ljZjsf

ljsl;t nf]stflGqs b]zx¿ cd]l/sf, j]nfot / hfkfgsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{

tnsf] tflnsf ! df pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf !

s]xL ljsl;t nf]stflGqs b]zx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf, @))%

Percentile Rank, (0-100) ;"rsx¿

cd]l/sf a]nfot hfkfg

cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 88.9 92.8 74.9

/fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 48.6 59.4 80.2

;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 91.9 94.3 84.7

lgofds u'0f 93.1 94.1 85.6

ljlwsf] zf;g 91.8 93.2 89.4

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 91.6 94.6 85.2

>f]t M ernance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/L

sfo{bnn] ;+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsf

Dflysf] tflnsfn] /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf klxnf b'O{ ;"rsx¿ cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj

tyf /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;Dkfbg

x'g] sfo{x¿ Kflg k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg]

hxfF nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|of]u lglj{jfb ?kdf ePsf] 5, ToxfF lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

k|efjsfl/tf klg ;zQm /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dflysf] tYon] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df blIf0f Plzof -;fs{_ If]qsf d'n'sx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf

s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] tkm{ hfgsf/L lng' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZj a}+ssf] dfly pNn]v

ePsf] ;g\ @))% sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df tL b]zx¿sf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{{

t'ngfTds ?kdf oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

33

tflnsf @

;fs{ d'n'sx¿df zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf, @))%

Percentile Rank, (0-100)

;"rsx¿

g]kfn ef/t kfls:tfg >Ln+sf a+unfb]z e'6fg dflNbE;

cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 14.50 55.6 12.6 39.6 31.4 21.7 20.3

/fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 1.90 22.2 5.7 10.8 6.6 83 70.8

;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 15.3 51.7 34 40.7 21.1 64.6 59.8

lgofds u'0f 28.7 41.1 27.7 50 14.9 50.5 66.3

ljlwsf] zf;g 25.1 56 24.2 54.1 19.8 64.7 60.4

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 29.1 46.8 15.8 47.3 7.9 78.8 48.8

>f]tM ernance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/L sfo{bnn] ;+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsf

/fhg}lts Joj:yf u}/nf]stflGqs eP/ klg ;fs{ ;b:o /fi6« e'6fgsf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tf

a9L ;zQm /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf k5fl8 /fhg}lts l:y/tf Pj+ lx+;f/lxt cj:yfn] pRr

d"Nof+sg kfpg', lghfdtL ;]jf ;fgf] t/ pRr:t/Lo ;'ljwfo'Qm eO{ pTk|]/s /xg', cfjfh /

pQ/bfloTj sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf, gful/s ;dfh tyf cfd;+rf/sf dfWodn] v'n]/

cleJolQm lbg gkfpg] x'F bf e|i6frf/sf] ljifo aflx/ cfpg gkfpg' h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] x'g ;S5 .

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf eP/ klg ef/tsf] /fhg}lts l:y/tf tyf lx+;f/lxt cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf]

sf/0fn] cGo ;"rsf+sx¿ Kflg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Dfflysf] tflnsfn] ;fs{ d'n'sdf

g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . nf]stGq / :yfloTjn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

k|efjsfl/tf / cGttM cGo ;"rsx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ lgZsif{ o;af6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

Zff;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkgsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cj:yf ;g\ !((^ b]lv

@))% ;Dd tnsf] tflnsf # df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf #

g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf -;g\ !((^—@))%_

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005

cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 52.9 46.9 43.5 30.9 21.7 14.5

/fhg}lts l:y/tf /

lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 28.8 19.8 10.4 5.7 3.8 1.9

;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 40.5 11 29.2 38.3 20.1 15.3

lgofds u'0f 34.3 32 28.6 32.5 26.6 28.7

ljlwsf] zf;g 40.7 47.6 43.8 39.9 27.9 25.1

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 48.8 28.4 33.8 40.2 30.4 29.1

>f]tM ernance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/L sfo{bnn]

;+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsf

Dfflysf] tflnsf # af6 g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf ;g\ !((^ kl5 sdhf]/ ePsf]

b]lvG5 . o; cjlwdf /fhg} lts cl:y/tf;Fu} lx+;fsf] qmd a9]sf]n] nf]stGq sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

34

kmn:j?k ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf ptf/ r9fj cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 klxnf b'O{ ;"rsf+sx¿

Dfha"t geO{ cGo ;"rsf+sx¿sf] cj:yf l:y/ x'g g;Sg] / c? ;a} cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 .

#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftf

lghfdtL ;]jf s'g} klg b]zsf] zf;gsf] ldof] xf] . o;sf] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] lqmofsnfkn]

;du| ;/sf/L ;]jfdf c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ x/]s ;/sf/n] ljz]if dxTj lbPsf]

x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lrgfpg] ljz]iftfx¿ w]/} 5g\ / o:tf ljz]iftfx¿ x/]s b]zsf] ;Gbe{df

km/s x'g ;S5g\ . t/ o;sf] e"ldsf, lgdf{0f k|lqmof / lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df k|fo ;a} b]zsf]

;Gbe{df k|of]u x'g] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;femf ljz]iftfsf] ?kdf lnP/ rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL

;]jfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf o;n] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . lgikIftf / t6:ytf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkaf6 cnu x'G5 .

;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v ju{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L xf] tfklg /fhg}lts lqmofsnfk h:t}–

r'gfj k|rf/ ug]{, r'gfjdf pDd]åf/ aGg], s'g} bn ljz]ifsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf dt dfUg] h:tf

lqmofsnfkaf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/L cnu /xg' k5{ .

of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t ;] jf cyf{t of]Uox¿sf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jf /x]sf] x'G5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, a9'jf cflb lqmofsnfkx¿ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf g}

cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . x/]s kbsf] nflu lglZrt of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] x'g] / cWoog tyf tflnd k|bfg u/L

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg ;LknfO{ cBfjlws agfO{ /x]sf] x'G5 .

lghfdtL sd{ rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 :jtGq lgsfoåf/f x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6

ug]{ sfo{df /fhg}lts x:tIf]k, gftfjfb, cfkmGtjfb / n]gb]gsf] tl/sfaf6 x'g;Sg] kIfkftnfO{

/f]Sg :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ o;sf]

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . x'g t cfhsn g]kfn, ef/tsf s]xL pbfx/0f afx]s cGo b]zx¿df

k|fo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf x6fpFb} nu]sf] kfOG5 .

lglZrt kbfjlw jf pd]/sf] xb tf]lsP/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'G5 . k|fo ;a} b]zsf]

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] lglZrt cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf xfn %* jif{ pd]/ k'/f u/]kl5

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf 5 . @)$( ;fnb]lv @)%% ;fn;Dd #) jif{

;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]kl5 klg ;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/df cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .

j[lQ ljsf;sf lglZrt cfwf/x¿ tf]lsPsf x'G5g\ . sfg"gåf/f g} sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf

cfwf/x¿ lglZrt x'g' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /

lgodfjnLn] sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg, ;?jf, tflnd, a9'jf, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, tnj / cGo ;'ljwf

nufotsf j[lQ ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ ls6fg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hgtfk|lt / ;/sf/k|lt

pQ/bfoL x'g] ljifo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf xf] . Pp6f cjwf/0ff cg';f/ Pp6f sd{rf/Ln]

cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifsk|lt, ;'kl/j]Ifsn] sfof{no÷dGqfnosf] k|d'vk|lt, dGqfnosf] k|d'vn] dGqLk|lt,

dGqLn] ;+;bk|lt, / ;+;bn] hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ . of] hgtfk|lt lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ck|ToIf

35

pQ/bfloTj xf] . o; lsl;dsf] pQ/bfloTj d'VotM gLlt lgdf{0f txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] axg

ug'{kb{5 . t/ :yfgLo :t/sf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] hgtfsf] ;Dks{df /x]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf

hgtfk|ltsf] k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj klg jxg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df o:tf] txdf a;]/ sfd ug]{

sd{rf/Ln] hgtf÷;]jfu|fxL k|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ cjwf/0ffn] k| >o kfPsf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] klg o; lsl;dsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg

txsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGo ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{

Joj:yfn] ubf{ xfn}sf lbgdf cfP/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cTolws ;'/Iff ePsf] / o:tf] sf/0fn]

b08lxgtfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ePkl5 klg ;/sf/n] To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu

lgj[Qe/0f nufotsf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] hLjgsf] ax'd"No ;do

;/sf/L ;]jfdf ljtfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf lgj[Q hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of 6fg{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ;]jf lgj[Q

ePkl5sf] cjlwsf] nflu lglZrt ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf o;sf] Joj;flostf xf] . cfˆgf] ;]jf;+ u ;DalGwt

sfg"gL k|fjwfg cg';f/ sfd ug]{, :jR5, lgikIf, :jtGq / ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL ag]/ sfd ug]{

h:tf ljlzi6Ls[t Jofj;flos u'0f x'g' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf ;DaGwL ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ .

sltko sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf Joj;flos x'g ;s]sf] 5}g tfklg o;sf] d"ne"t

cjwf/0ff Joj;flostf tkm{ pGd'v 5 .

$= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf / r'gf}tL

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] rrf{ ubf{ o;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf]

ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ DofS; j]a/sf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] k|lt?k dflgPsf] sf/0fn]

ubf{ o;sf] cfnf]rgf w]/} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ljZjs} Oltxf; x]g]{ xf]

eg] klg lghfdtL ;]jf To:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n] ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;xh Pj+ c;xh b'j} kl/l:yltdf

hgtf÷;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf / ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] 1fg, cg' ej

/ pknAw ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 gLlt lgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf]

ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgf÷cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf g} /x]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu lghfdtL

;]jfn] cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 kof{Kt ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 .

ljZjs} cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfnf]rgf klg lgs} rsf]{ 9+un] x'g] u/]sf]

kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf hgtf÷;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;Dj]bgzLn gePsf], k4ltsf] gfddf a9L k|lqmofd'vL

x'g] u/]sf], kl/0ffdd'vL x'g g;s]sf], l9nf;':tLsf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] eGg] h:tf cf/f]kx¿ nfUg] u/]sf]

kfOG5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNk vf]Hg'kg]{ eGg] nx/ g} rNof] .

lghfdtL ;]jfn] /fhg}lts g]t[Tj / gful/s ;dfhsf] tkm{af6 lgs} 7"nf] cfnf]rgfsf] ;fdgf klg

ug'{k¥of] . o;sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't gePsf Kflg xf]Ogg\ .

36

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf klg ljZj jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] gofF nx/sf] xfjfaf6 d'Qm x' g ;s]g .

o;sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ s]nfpb} ;'wf/sf gofF sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf] klg xf] . t/ ;f]r] cg';f/

;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . o;} kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{ o;sf

;sf/fTds, gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] klxrfg / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

$=! lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;an÷;sf/fTds kIf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] eP tfklg o; ;+oGqsf w]/} ;sf/fTds tyf

;an kIfx¿ Kffpg ;lsG5 . ljZjdf g} lghfdtL ;]jfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{x¿n]

ljleGg ;sf/fTds kIfsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf

;sf/fTds kIfx¿ k|z:t /x]sf] kfOG5 .

sfo{If]qsf b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf :k:6 5 . ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{

ljefhg lgodfjnLn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] If]qflwsf/ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg gLltut b:tfj]h,

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, :jfoQ zf;g P]g

nufotsf sfg"gåf/f sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . s]xL ;do cl3 cWofb]zsf] ?kdf hf/L ePsf] tyf

xfn ;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;'zf;g -;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ ;DaGwL ljw]osn] dGqL

/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|d'vx¿sf aLrsf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .

;]jf k|jfxsf] b[li6n] lghfdtL ;Ë7gsf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+oGq s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Dd

lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|df gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu dGqL÷dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ;Nnfx / ;"rgf lbg]b]lv lnP/

ufpF:t/df ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrj, :jf:Yo rf}sL, s[lif sfof{no nufotsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{

lgsfo;Dd lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ gful/s a8fkqsf]

Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] st{Jo

kfngfsf] dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof lgikIf / ljZj;gLo /x]sf] 5 . of]Uotf k4ltsf]

dfWodaf6 lgikIf?kdf of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug{ / lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{

pRr zfv;lxtsf] nf]s ;] jf cfof]u h:tf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf]

/fhg}lts cj:yf clt g} t/n /x]sf] ljutsf] ljleGg cj;/df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] d"No

/ dfGotfdf vnn x'g lbPg h;n] ubf{ lzlIft g]kfnLx¿sf] e/f];fsf] s]Gb|laGb"sf] ?kdf cfof]u

/lx/xg ;kmn eof] .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]

lgikIf 5gf}6sf] sf/0f ahf/df pknAw dWo]sf of]Uo JolQmx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ .

;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 tfnLd / :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL cWoog ;d]tsf] cj;/n] lghfdtL

sd{rf/LnfO{ cem of]Uo aGg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] dfWodaf6

dflyNnf] kb;Dd 5gf}6 ug]{ / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf ;d]tdf k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] lg/Gt/

cWoogsf] cj;/ ldNgfn] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 .

37

g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L

lgsfosf] ?kdf sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;du| ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L

gLltsf] Ps?ktf sfod ug{ w]/} xb;Dd ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .

sfg"gåf/f g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] :yfloTj, lg/Gt/tf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf]

5 . s'g}klg sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{ cl3 nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf /

;]jfsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL cGo Joj:yfn] ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿df ;]jfk|lt pRr cfb/ /x]sf]

kfOG5 . o;}u/L kfl/>ldssf b[li6n] sdhf]/ /x]klg lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f cGo

;]jf jf If]qsf] t'ngfdf pRr /x]sf] dflgG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

Jofj;flostf k|j4{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ;Lk ljsf; /

Jojxf/ut kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .

g}ltstfsf b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg lghfdtL ;]jf

P]g, lgoddf cfr/0f;DaGwL ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{

sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] lx8fpg, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bIf / k|efjsf/L k|of]u eP÷gePsf] k/LIf0f

ug{ /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] /f]huf/ ahf/df lghfdtL ;]jf cfsif{s ;]jfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfnosf

clwsf+z of]Uo ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf lghfdtL ;]jf g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfdf k|j]z

ul/;s]kl5 klg cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / /fd|f pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu ;f}bfjfhL / k|j4{g ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]

;Ë7g÷o'lgog vf]Ng / ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/

ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+u7g÷o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k|z:t of]ubfg lbg ;s]sf] pbfx/0f g]kfnL

lghfdtL ;]jfdf kfOG5 .

$=@ lghfdtL ;]jfsf gsf/fTds÷sdhf]/ kIf

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eg]/ :ki6 vfsf ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf]

cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;'wf/sf gfddf w]/} k|of;x¿ ePsf] eP tfklg tL k|of;x¿ ;kmn x'g

g;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf Jofks /fhgLlts/0f ePsf]] 5 . o;n] ubf{ lgikIf eP/ sfo{ ug{ rfxg]

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ lgl/x ag]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{stf{sf]

?kdf k|of]u ug]{, cfˆgf] ljrf/;+u ;xdt geP s} cfwf/df of]Uo sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ljZjf; gug]{,

/fhg}lts :jfy{sf nflu k|of]u ug]{ h:tf ljs[ltx¿sf] ;fdgf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .

k]zfut ;+3÷;+u7gsf] dfWodaf6 /fhg}lts bnx¿n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fhgLlts/0f u/]sf 5g\ .

o:tf ;+3÷;+u7gx¿ /fhg}lts bnsf] eft[;+u7gsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .

38

lghfdtL ;]jf cg'zf;g, ;]jfefj, OdfGbfl/tf, lgikIftf, :jR5tf, Joj;flostf h:tf

cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotf (Values and Norms)df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ;] jf eP klg g]kfnsf] lghfdtL

;]jfn] o; ;]jfsf ;j{dfGo d"No dfGotfx¿sf] kfngf, k|j4{g / ;+:yfut ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] wd{ cg';f/sf sfd ug{ af/Daf/ r'Sg] u/]sf] 5 . æJolQmut :jfy{Æ,

æcfˆgf] dfG5]Æ, æef]lnjfbÆ, æx;\ xh'/Æ, h:tf ;+:sf/df lghfdtL ;]jf /dfpg] u/]sf] 5 . ;Dkflbt

clwsf+z sfo{x¿ JolQmut ;Dks{, lrghfg / eg;'gsf] cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf]

sfo{;Dkfbg:t/nfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08;Fu cfj4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lg0f{o

k|lqmof ckf/bzL{ / a9L k|lqmofd'vL eO{ ;]jfk|jfx glthfd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5} g . log} ljleGg

sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfleq dfgj ;+ ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . hgzlQm

of]hgf agfpg], hgzlQm ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] / ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] ;b' kof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{df

lghfdtL ;]jfn] Wofg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf clwsf+z kbx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f,

clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h] hlt sfo{x¿ :ki6 ePsf 5g\ ltgsf] sfof{Gjogdf

k|efjsfl/tf cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;dofg's'n cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ g;Sbf

egf{, 5gf}6, ;]jf zt{ / cg';Gwfg h:tf ljifodf o; cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;do cg'?k ;an x'g

;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;]jfleq kb:yfkg, ;?jf, tflnd / a9'jfh:tf kIfx¿nfO{ k4ltd"ns /

cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf k"0f{tof kf/bzL{ tyf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf

cfwfl/t aGg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ of] kIf ;b}j cfnf]rgfsf] lzv/df /xg] u/]sf]5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf sdL x'g'sf] ;fy} dgf]an x|f;f]Gd'v 5 . lghfdtL

;]jf Go"g j]tgsf] l:yltaf6 u|l;t 5 . o;}sf] sf/0f ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L cfo>f]tsf] j}slNks

pkfosf] vf]hLdf nfUg] u/]sf] xf] eGg] ul/G5 .

$=# lghfdtL ;]jfsf] r'gf}tL

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;] jfn] w]/} lsl;dsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts

cl:y/tfdf sfd ug'{kg]{ jfWotf, bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefjdf ;]jfdf eO/xg] 6'qm] kl/jt{gaf6 d'Qm

x'g] ljifo, ;+;f/el/ k|zf;lgs cjwf/0ffdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;+u ;fd~h:otf ug]{ ljifo,

hgpQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x tyf hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ bfloTj, ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnL aLr

tfbfTDotf sfod ug]{ ljifo, Joj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljifo, lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf]

;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug]{ ljifo cflb g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .

%= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Defjgf / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿

Gf]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf xfnsf] cj:yfdf /x]/ cl:tTjsf] /Iff ug{ ;dy{ x'g ;St}g eGg]

s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g]5}g . /fHo;+rfngdf o;sf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] eP tfklg ;dosf] dfu

cg'?k rNg'kg]{ jfWotf o;nfO{ k/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+efjgf /

;'wf/sf If]qx¿sf] ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

39

%=! lghfdtL ;]jf ljsNk/lxt ;]jf

Wf]/} lsl;dsf cfnf]rgf tyf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ eP klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljsNk g} k|:t't x'g]

;+efjgf eg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;sf] :j?kdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g x'g ;S5, sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g x'g;S5,

e"ldsf kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNk eg] x'g ;St}g . lghfdtL ;]jf cfkm}+n]

cfkm"nfO{ ;dosf] dfu cg'?k hg;]jfd'vL, kl/jt{gd'vL / glthfd'vL agfpg' eg] cfjZos 5 .

%=@ ;'wf/sf ;+efjgfx¿

lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}j ;'wf/sf ;Defjgf af]s]/ a;]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0f cg's"n x'gf;fy

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] ljZj Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . g]kfn k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9]sf]

jt{dfg cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L cg'?k ;'wf/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]

5 . x/]s ljifodf ;xdlt sfod ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+rfng /

;'wf/df klg ;xdlt klxNofpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fHosf] nf]stflGqs/0f;Fu} lghfdtL

;]jfnfO{ klg Jofj;flos, :jR5 / ultzLn t'Nofpg /fhg}lts ;xdlt / ;dembf/L sfod ug{

;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

%=# ;'wf/÷kl/jt{gsf If]qx¿

:yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt lghfdtL ;]jf /fHo ;+rfngsf] d]?b08 xf] . o; ;]jfsf] wd{

g} /fHo ;+rfngdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' / ;/sf/df x'g] cfjlws kl/jt{gaf6 hgtfdf kg{ ;Sg] l/Qmtfsf]

cg'ejaf6 arfpg' xf] . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ ljifonfO{ xn'sf

lsl;dn] lng' x'Fb}g . o; ;]jfsf d"ne"t ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f ;lxtsf] ;'wf/

k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / sd{rf/L k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw :ki6 ug'{

cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo sd{rf/Ln] cfkm}+n] cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug'{

cfjZos 5 . o;;DaGwdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljifonfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

/0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg] M clxn]sf] k|lt:kwL{ o'udf /0fgLlts of]hgf ljgf s'g} klg ;+oGq rNg

;St}g . o;} n] jt{dfgdf k|zf;g ;DaGwL :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg k|zf;lgs gLlt tof/

u/L To;sf] cfwf/df k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . o; lsl;dsf]

bL3{sfnLg gLlt gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;b}j JolQmut :jfy{;+u ;DalGwt ljifox¿n] k|>o kfpg]

u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|jfxdf s;/L k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg],

sd{rf/Ln] gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ pko'Qm ;Nnfx / ;"rgf lbg] Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L e/kbf]{ agfpg],

lghfdtL ;]jfleq hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf s;/L k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfr/0f /

Jojxf/df kl/jt{g NofO{ ;Rrf hg;]jssf] ?kdf s;/L :yflkt ug]{ / lghfdtL ;]jfleq k'/:sf/ /

b08sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

/fhgLlts JolQm / k|zf;s aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf :ki6 ug]{ M nf]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf

dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] nf]stGqdf hgtfsf] efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . /fhg}lts

g]t[Tjn] rfx]sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ / lgld{t gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}j

tTk/ /xg'k5{ . o;sf] dtnj ljBdfg P]g sfg"g / sfo{If]qsf] pNn+3g u/]/ lghfdtL ;]jfn]

40

/fhg}lts g]t[TjnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ jfWo x'g'kg]{ eGg] xf]Og . clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] /fhgLlt /

k|zf;gsf aLr ;DaGw / ;Ldf :ki6 u/L oL b'O{sf] ;fd"lxs / ;f}xfb{k"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6

zf;g Joj:yfdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' xf] . o;sf] nflu zf;g Joj:yf ;+rfng ;DaGwL 5'§} P]gsf]

lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfaf6 dGqL / k|zf;sx¿sf sfo{If]q, clwsf/,

st{Jo / pQ/bfloTj lglZrt ug]{, oL b'O{ aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ / sfo{ ;+rfngdf

bf]xf]/f]kg tyf låljwf x6fO{ zf;g ;+rfngdf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg'

cfjZos 5 . Psn] csf]{nfO{ bf]if nufP/ cfˆgf] sdhf]/L n'sfpg] kl/kf6LnfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg} kg]{

b]lvG5 .

sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug]{ M lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jsx¿n]

cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 . ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] pbfx/0f x]g]{ xf] eg]

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/df lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/t

nufot hfkfg, O6fnL, k|mfG;, yfONof08 h:tf b]zsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf cl:y/ /x]sf] j]nf lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] cfˆg} k|of;df ;'wf/ ePsf] / tL b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}j k|efjsf/L /x]sf] pbfx/0f

5 . lghfdtL ;]jsx¿n] hgtfsf] rfxgf / /fi6«sf] ;+j]bgzLntfk|lt ;hu /x]/ cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo

/ clwsf/ cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{df hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr Pstf, ;dGjo,

;xsfo{ / ;xof]u cfjZos k5{ . o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfdf :jtM ;'wf/sf]

k|lqmof cl3 a9\g ;St5 .

g]kfnsf] k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 (Commitment to the rule of

Law), OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstf (Honesty and Integritty), lg0f{o / sfo{k|lt pQ/bfoL (Accountable

to Decision and Actions), bnut ?kdf /fhg}lts t6:ytf (Neutrality fron Party Politics),

;fj{hlgs sfo{df lgikIftf ( Impartiality in the Execution of Public Functions), ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdf

nugzLntf, Jofj;flostf, tTk/tf (Dedication, Professionalism and diligence in serving the

community) h:tf Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ ;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfdf :jtM k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;S5 .

o:tf Jojxf/hGo ljifox¿df ;+/rgf, sfg"g jf gLlt agfP/ dfq ;'wf/ ug{ g;lsg] tYonfO{ dgg\

ub}{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;'wf/ cfkm}+ ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos eO ;s]sf] 5 . o;

lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug]{ xf] eg] jfXo jftfj/0fn] gsf/fTds k|efj kfg}{ ;St}g .

^= pk;+xf/

Nff]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jf :jtGq, :jfoQ / dof{lbt x'g'k5{ . cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nL

nf]stflGqs dfGotf cg'?k x'g'k5{ . dflns jf xflsdsf] /jfkm xf]Og hgtfsf] ;]jssf] ?kdf

cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;Sg'k5{ . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ / kl/0ffdk|lt Wofg lbg] sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug'{

cfjZos 5 . /fhg}lts bnx¿k|lt ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg ;Sg'k5{ t/ bnut /fhg}lts

;+nUgtfaf6 cnu /xg klg ;Sg'k5{ . P]g, lgodsf] kfngf / gLlt lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cu|;/

/xg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . oL ;a} s'/f lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/af6 ;'wf/

x'g] ljifo x'g\ .

41

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uox¿sf] afx'No eP/ klg sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ sdhf]/ /x]sf] egL

;a}lt/af6 cfnf]lrt 5 . o;sf k5fl8 /fhg}lts cl:y/tfnfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dflgP klg lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfˆg} ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg'n] a9L cfnf]lrt x'g k/]sf] xf] eGbf cTo'lQm x'g]

b]lv+b}g . ;]jfefj, kl/jt{gf]Gd'v / glthfd'vL x'g] ;f]rfOsf ;fy ljBdfg sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/

ug]{ k|of; ug{ ;s]df o; b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;a}sf] k|z+;fsf] kfq aGg ;Sg] 5 . hgtfn]

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg nf]stflGqs Joj:yf cg'?ksf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff klg o:t} u/]sf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

!= ;j{1fg d~r @)^) k'; c+s

@= k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .

#= lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .

$= ;f]kfg klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .

%= Ao'/f]qm];L klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .

^= sfdfb klqsfsf ljleGg c+ sx¿ .

&=

*=

(=

!)= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bzjif]{ ;f]rkq ;DaGwL sfo{bndf ePsf] 5nkmn .

sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf]

;d"xdf /flvg' slt cf}lrTjk"0f{ <

/fds'df/ cfrfo{ .

;f/f+z

/fHon] k|jfx ug{] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0fTdstfsf nflu hgzlQmsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f cfjZos

kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg ;]jf tyf ;d"xsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/G5 . Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf] sfg"g ;d"x Pp6f

o:tf] ;d"x xf] h;n] Goflos k|s[ltsf] sfo{;Dkfbg gu/L sfo{sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf

;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . o; ;d"xsf] j[lQk|zf;g / sfo{k|zf;g cnu cnu lgsfon] ub}{ cfPsfn] ;d"xdf

;+nUg hgzlQmsf] j[lQ ljsf; / dgf]jndf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;y{ sfo{k|zf;g /

j[lQk|zf;g cnu cnu lgs oaf6 x'g' ;}4flGts, sfg"gL Pj+ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf klg pko'Qm x'b}g . To;}n]

o;nfO{ Gofo ;]jfaf6 cnu u/L 5'§} ;]jf jf ;d"x agfpg' plrt b]lvG5 .

f

;]jf u7gsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf

b]zsf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;]jfx¿ u7g ug]{ / To:tf

;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{l/t u/] adf]lhd x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf

/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] efjgf cg'?k g]kfn lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cfPsf] / pQm

P]gsf] bkmf # n] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof+s ;]jf,

g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf nufotsf ljleGg ;]jfx¿sf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL

;]jf P]gdf ePsf ljleGg ;+zf]wgx¿af6 ;]jfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf km]/abn klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

o;} cg'?k klxnf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t /x]sf ;+;b ;]jf / :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿nfO{ a]Un} P]g agfO{

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t u7g x'g] afx]ssf ;]jfx¿sf] ?kdf u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

;d"x u7gsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf

/fHon] k|jfx ug{ rfx]sf] ;]jfnfO{ u'0ffTds / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljlzli6s[t ;]jfx¿ u7g

ug]{ p4]Zo cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] ljleGg ;]jfx¿sf] u7g u/]sf] kfOG5 . P]gaf6 g} u7g

ul/Psf o:tf ljleGg ;]jfx¿nfO{ cem ljlzli6s[t ug]{ Wo]on] ;]jf cGtu{t klg tf]lsP adf]lhdsf

ljleGg ;d"x / ;d"x cGtu{t klg ljleGg pk;d"xx¿ u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf

P]gsf] bkmf ^ n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm bkmf ^ sf] Joj:yf cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]

cg';"rL # df ljleGg ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x / pk;d"xx¿sf] u7g ePsf 5g . To;}u/L lghfdtL

;]jf P]gsf] bkmf &% n] ;/sf/n] æ;a} lghfdtL ;]jfx¿df ;fdfGo ¿kn] nfu" x'g] jf a]Unfa]Un}

;]jf jf ;d"xsf] nflu k[ys¿kn] nfu" x'g] lgodx¿ agfpgÆ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg'?k

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;]jfx¿nfO{ k[ys ?kn] nfu" x'g] u/L ljleGg ( j6f ;]jfsf

u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm lgodx¿ agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;j} lgodx¿n]

. ;x ;lrj, g]kfn sfg"g ;'wf/ cfof]u .

43

klg lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm sfg"gL

k[i7e"lddf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfdf Gofo ;d"x, sfg"g ;d"x / ;/sf/L jlsn ;d"xx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf

5g .

sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /flvg' ctfls{s / cg'ko'Qm

dfly j0f{g ul/P cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf ;d"x / pk;d"xx¿sf] ljefhg ug]{ sfd

;+ljwfg / P]gn] gu/L P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿n] u/]sf x'g\ . ;f]xL cg'?k sfg"g ;d"xnfO{

g]kfn Gofo ;] jf cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fVg] sfd ;+ljwfg jf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf]

xf]Og— h:tf] ls w]/}nfO{ o;af/]df e|d /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jo+ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] u7g klg

;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfg';f/ ePsf] xf]Og . ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm,

;?jf, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu Gofo ;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ;Dd u/]sf]

5 . g]kfn Gofo;]jfsf] u7g eg] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . P]gn] klg ;d"xx¿ tf]Sg] sfd

lgodfjnLx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/] cg'?k g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfO{ sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf

cGtu{t /fVg] sfd u/]sf] xf] . o;/L sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /flvg' ljBdfg

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf nufot ts{ / cf}lrTosf lx;fjn] klg pko'Qm b]lvFb}g .

sfd sfo{sfl/0fL, gfd / lgoGq0f Gofokflnsfsf]

• sfg"g ;d"x, Gofo ;DaGwL k|s[ofdf lsl~rt klg ;+nUg 5}gM Goflos k|s[ofsf] s'g} klg

ljGb"df sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lsl~rt klg ;+nUgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . of] ;d"xsf

sd{rf/Lx¿ GofoLs k|s[ofdf kIf jf ljkIf eP/ k|:t't x'Fb}gg\ . ;/sf/ klg d'4fsf] kIf jf

ljkIf x'g;Sb5 t/ sfg"g ;d"xn] ;/sf/L jlsnn] h:tf] ;/sf/sf] kIfdf s'g} lnvt n]Vg],

k|df0f h'6fOlbg], jofg, askqdf ;+nUg x'g], k|lt/Iff ug]{, cleof]u nufpg] jf dfu bfjL

ug]{ h:tf k]zfut bIftfsf lx;fjn] sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ kfPsf] x'Fb}g . g t o;n]

GofofwLzn] h:tf] kIf ljkIfsf s'/f ;'g]/ k|df0fsf] gfkhf]v u/L km};nf ;'gfpg] sfd g}

ub{5 . sfg"g ;d"xn] cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] h:tf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfddf

Gofod"lt{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd klg ub}{g . a? k|zf;g ;]jf / cGo sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf

jg, lzIff, s[lif h:tf ;]jfdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] cw{GofoLs lgsfodf /x]/ Gofo ;Dkfbg

ul//x]sf x'g;Sb5g t/ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] GofoLs ;Dkfbgsf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g]

cj:yf 5}g .

• sfg"g ;d"x, sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g]M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfg"g,

Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t /xL sfd ub{5g . ;f] dGqfnon] ;/sf/sf cGo

dGqfnox¿ h:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL lgodfjnLx¿

adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm lgodx¿n] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf

dGqfnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfof{b]znfO{ d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L x]g{ ;lsG5M

• sfg"gsf] d;f}bf / ;Dkfbg ;DaGwLM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 tof/ kfl/g] sfg"gx¿ -P]g,

lgod, ljlgod, cfb]z cflb_ sf] d:of}bf / ;Dkfbg ug]{ .

44

• ;lGw ;Demf}tf / dfgjflwsf/ ;DaGwLM g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGw

;Demf}tfx¿sf] d;f}bf / ;Dkfbg ug]{ tyf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ dfgjflwsf/

;DaGwL sfddf ;+nUg /xg] .

• sfg"gL /fo ;DaGwLM ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfonfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] sfg"gL

k|Zgdf dfu eP adf]lhd /fo k|bfg ug]{ . o;n] Goflos lgsfonfO{ /fo k|bfg ub}{g .

• ;Dks{ ;DaGwLM o; dGqfnon] ljwflosfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+;b / Gofokflnsfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]

cbfntsf] ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] ?kdf sfd u/L /fHosf oL b'O{ k|d'v lgsfox¿nfO{ /fHosf]

csf]{ k|d'v lgsfo sfo{sfl/0fL;+usf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf]8\g] ;]t'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

oL dflysf s'g} klg sfdx¿ Goflos k|s[of;+u ;DalGwt 5}gg . clkt', k"0f{tM

sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf 5g . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfg"g lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg /xg', /fo ;Nnfx

k|bfg ug'{, ;GwL ;Demf}tf / ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 dfgjflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug'{ cfbL ljz'4

?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs sfd ;+u tfbfTDo /fVb5g . s;}nfO{ e|d x'g;S5 ls /fo

lbg] sfd Goflos xf] eg]/ . /fo jfWosf/L gx'g] / of] ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg u/]/ km};nf

lbg] sfd gePsf] x'Fbf Goflos xf]Og . of] sfd t cGo ;j} ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg

lgoldt lg0f{o k|s[ofsf ;Gbe{df ul//x]sf x'G5g .

• sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfodf /xL sfd ub{5gM sfg"g

;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfg"g, Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnodf dfq geO{ Gofokflnsf

afx]ssf sfo{sfl/0fL / ;+;b tkm{sf ljleGg lgsfox¿df /xL sfd ug]{ ub{5g . ;/sf/sf

ljleGg dGqfno, ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿ / ;+;b ;lrjfnodf /xL o; ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{

;Dkfbg / sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLx¿n] ;'lDkP cg';f/sf sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf] sfddf

;+nUg x'g'kb{5 . ;f] afx]s To:tf lgsfox¿df b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfddf klg ;+nUg /xg],

;+:yfg, af]8{ cflbsf ;+rfns ;ldltdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfdx¿df o;

;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf ljleGg dGqfno / ;/sf/L

lgsfodf lgldQ ;lrj jf k|d'v e} k|zf;g jf ljleGg zfvf jf dxfzfvfsf] sfd u/]sf]

clg k|jStf ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L oL ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] k"/f ul//x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .

lgodfjnL agfpFbf g} ulNt ul/of]

dfly klg ;+s]t ePs} 5 ls ;+ljwfgdf Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ efudf Gofo;]jf

cfof]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 Gofo ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf

/ lgikIftf sfod /fVg nlIft /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsf cGtu{t sfd ug]{

sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu Gofo;]jf /xg] / ltgLx¿nfO{ sfo{kflnsLo lgoGq0faf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] cfzo

/fv]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgn] sxL st} klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf

dGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /fVg] dgzfo /fv]sf] 5}g

g t lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] g} sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 .

o;/L ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsf cGtu{t Gofo;]jfsf] kl/sNkgf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf

ljk/Lt lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL agfObfsf avt sfo{sfl/0fLtkm{ sfd ug]{ / GofoLs k|s[ofdf

45

lslGrt klg ;+nUg g/xg] sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofo;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fVg]

ulNt ul/of] .

g]kfn Gofo;]jfdf sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqLsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] eP tfklg

Gofofklnsf tkm{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os /xg] cj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Pp6f

dGqLsf] ?kdf sfg"g dGqLn] cfˆg} dGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf nufot

ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ ;d]t g;Sg], To;sf nflu klg Gofo;]jf cfof]usf] d'v tfSg' kg]{

lj8Dagfo'Qm cj:yf ;[hgf ul/Psf] 5 . zfob o:tf] cj:yf cGo s'g} klg dlGqnfO{ x'Fb}g .

;+ljwfgsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] eP Gofokflnsfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{

dfq ;d]6\g] u/L g]kfn Gofo ;]jfnfO{ ;+;b ;]jf h:t} cnUu} P]gaf6 u7g ul/g' kg]{ lyof] . o;nfO{

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf] ;]jf agfOg' g} x'g] lyPg . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g agfObfsf] ;dodf

sfg"g dGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu cGo ;]jfx¿ h:t} cnu æg]kfn sfg"g ;]jfÆ

u7g ul/Psf] lyof] eg] plrt x'g ;SbYof] . t/ To;f] klg ul/Pg . P]g cGtu{tsf] lghfdtL ;]jf

lgodfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ sfg"g ;]jf gagfO{ sfg"g ;d"x agfpg] wf/0ff lnOof] . oxf;Dd klg uNtL

x'g glbg] ;Defjgf lyof] obL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{

sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] lyof] eg] . t/

To;f] gu/L sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] ;d"xnfO{ gfd sfg"g ePsf] gftfn] dfq Gofokflnsf;Fu cfa4

;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xdf /fVg] unt sfd x'g uof] .

sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ Gofo ;]jf cGtu{t /fVg] uNtLsf b"ikl/0ffdx¿

• a[lQ ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/M sfg"gtM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj :t/sf] kb

s'g} ;]jf ;d"xsf] nflu dfq xf]Og . of] lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;j} ;]jf ;d"xx¿sf]

;femf kb xf] . t/ Jojxf/df ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfaf6 clwsflws k"lt{

ul/g] cEof; /x]sf] 5 . ckjfbfTds ?kdf jg, s[lif, lzIff h:tf k|fljlws ;]jfx¿af6 klg

;lrj :t/df a9'jf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] xsdf a]Un} ;lrj :t/sf

kbx¿ ;[hgf ePsf / ;f] ;]jfaf6 dfq tL kbx¿df a9'jf x'g] cj:yf 5 . Gofo;]jf

cGtu{t /flvPsf afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfaf6

k"lt{ ul/g] ul/Psf] 5}g . o; Joj:yfaf6 g]kfn Gofo ;]jf cGtu{t /flvPsf] sfg"g ;d"xsf

sd{rf/Lx¿ gsf/fTds ?kn] k|efljt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .

• sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg Pp6fsf] a9'jfsf] d"Nof+sg csf{n] ug]{M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿

;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfox¿df sfd ubf{sf] ;dodf ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]

;'kl/j]If0f / k'g/fjnf]sg Gofo ;]jf afx]ssf sd{rf/Laf6 x'g] u/]sf] eP tfklg To;sf

cfwf/df x'g] a9' jfaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ cnu /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;du| Gofo ;]jfsf]

gfddf sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfo

cGtu{tsf ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6 alGrt x'g' k/]sf] 5 .

46

• slgi7 Ho]i7 x'g] / Ho]i7 slgi7 x'g] cj:yf cfpg]M Psflt/ Pp6} lgsfodf sfg"g ;d"xsf]

s'g} JolQm ;x;lrj / csf]{ ;d"xsf] JolQm pk;lrj e} sfd u/]sf]df lgh pk;lrj

;x;lrj e} To;sf] kfFr ;ft jif{df g} ;lrj eP/ cfpg] t/ cfkm" eg] afx| t]x| jif{;Dd

klg ;x;lrj g} /xg] cj:yf clxn] g} b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g

lgodn] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g lbPsf] ;du| cj;/af6 sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ al~rt

ePsf] lgl/xtfk"j{s 6'n'6'n x]l//xg' k/]sf] 5 .

• bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] ;[hgfM sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{sf ljleGg lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sfg"g ;d"xsf

sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfd g} ug'{ k/]sf] lgsfo Gofokflnsf tkm{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ lg0ff{os

e"ldsfdf /xg] Gofo;] jf k|lt ;d]t cgfjZos ?kn] pQ/bfoL x'g' k/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{

c:ki6 jf eb|uf]n pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] 5, h'g :j:Yo k| zf;gsf]

cju'0f dflgG5 . Pp6} JolQmn] sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{sf dGqL, d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ;x;lrj

cflb k|lt b}lgs ?kn] pQ/bfoL x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] a9'jfsf nflu clGtd d"Nof+sg,

;?jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL h:tf ;/sf/fTds / gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf kIfdf Gofo;]jf tkm{

d'v tfSg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf sf/0f slxn] sfFxL Gofo;]jfsf kbflwsf/Ln]

sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ x]g]{ wf/0ff klg e]befjhGo /x]sf] kfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .

kl/0ffd :j?k ptfsfn] -Gofo;]jfsf lg0ff{ os kIfx¿n]_ otfsf dfGg] otfsfn] -sfo{sfl/0fL

tkm{sfn]_ ptfsf dfGg] l:ylt ;d]t ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 .

• /fHon] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf]M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{kflnsf /

Gofokflnsf tkm{sf] bf]xf]/f] pQbfloTjsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf sf/0f o; ;d"xsf

sd{rf/Lx¿n] st} kl§ klg :jfldTjefj -Ownership_ sf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg .

pgLx¿df Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] ;+nUgtfsf] cfef; klg dg{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] sfo{kflnsLo

wªwªL klg lhjGt /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L :jfldTjefj g} ljsf; x'g gkfPsf

sd{rf/Lx¿af6 /fHon] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] :jtMl;4 x'G5 . Psflt/

ckjfbfTds ?kddf lhNnf Gofolwzdf lgo'lQm kfPsf] sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n]

cbfnttkm{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ejsf sdLsf sf/0f Gofolwzsf] e"ldsfdf v/f] pqg g;Sg]

cj:yf x'g ;Sg] / csf]{ lt/ sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{ klg Gofo;]jfsf] wªwªLsf sf/0f sfg"g

;d"xsf sd{rf/Lsf] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf b]vf kb{5 . oxfFg]/ k|Zg

cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfodf /xL ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] sfd u/]sf sfg"g

;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofoflwz agfOPg / ToxfF pgLxsf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u x'g ;s]g eGg]

xf]Og clkt', pgLx¿sf] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] sfddf x'g' kb{Yof]

Tolt x'g ;s]g eGg] dfq xf] .

uNtL ;Rofpg] k|Zgx¿

lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf cfwf/df sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fLtkm{sf] ;]jf ;d"xdf kl/0ft

ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

47

• sfg"g ;d"x, sfo{sfl/0fL, ljwflosL / Goflos dWo] s'g lgsfo;+u d]n vfG5 < s'g} klg

lgsfon] ug]{ sfdsf cfwf/df g} ;f] lgsfonfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL, ljwflosL jf Goflos s'g

k|s[ltsf] xf] eg]/ 5'6\ofOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ sfg"g, Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf]

sfdnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ;fdfGo ;demsf] dflg;nfO{ klg cK7\of/f] kg]{

5}g . o;/L dGqfnosf] sfd r}+ sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] x'g] clg To:sf] sfof{b]znfO{

sfof{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{+ Gofo;]jfdf /xg] u/L 5'6\ofOg' cfkm}+df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]vf

kb{5 .

• sfg"g ;d"xsf] sfd kmf}hL, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws s] xf] < /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf]

sfd klg kmf}hL, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 . sfg"g ;d"xn] ub}{ u/]sf] sfd

kmf}hL / k|fljlws xf]Og eg]/ eGgnfO{ s'g} ts{sf] ;xf/f lnO/xg' kb}{g . of] :jtM ;/sf/sf]

k|zf;lgs k|s[ltsf] sfd ;+u ;DalGwt b]lvg cfpF5 .

• n]vf ;d"x k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Ps ;d"x x'g ;Sg] t/ sfg"g ;d"x lsg x'g g;Sg] lds, ;'ljwf, x}l;ot jf cGo s'g} nfe kfpg] jf gkfpg] u/L lgo'Qm, dgf]lgt jf lgjf{lrt

JolQm elg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . s'g} ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ jf ;dfwfg ug{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd

lgo'Qm ePsf] dWo:y jf To:tf] x}l;otdf lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQm, sfg"g adf]lhd lgo'Qm, lgjf{lrt jf

lnSjL8]6/, ;e]{o/ jf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] x}l;otdf sfdug]{ jf ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L

tf]s]sf] cGo JolQmnfO{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/] sf] JolQmsf] >]0fLdf /flvPsf] 5 . ufp+ ljsf;

;ldltsf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt kbflwsf/Lb]lv ;+;bsf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt kbflwsf/L;Dd,

/fHosf]ifaf6 tna eQf lng] lkog b]lv d'n'ssf] k|wfgdGqL;DDf, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lZfs :jfldTj

jf lgo+Gq0fdf ePsf] sDklg, a}+s jf ;ldlt jf sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt cfof]u, ;+:yfg,

k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfb]lv ;/sf/åf/f

;+rflnt, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, ljBfno, cg';Gwfg

s]Gb| jf To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/L;Dd, ;/sf/sf] C0f,

cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yf b]lv ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbPsf lgsfo jf ;+:yfx¿af6 cg'bfg

jf ;xof]u k|fKt ;+:yf;Dd jf ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf elg tf]s]sf]

s'g} cGo ;:yf;Dddf ;]jf/t JolQmx¿ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] kª\ltdf cfpg]

sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] w]/} nfdf] km]xl/:t sfg"gn] tf]s] kZrft\ klg ;/sf/n] cema9L

JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;do kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs

kbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf tf]Sb} hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . sfg"gn] :ki6tM /fHosf] nflu ;]jf/t ;a}

kb jf ;]jfx¿ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] kb cGtu{t kg{;Sg] jf /fHon] rfx]df kfg{;Sg] k|fjwfg

/x]sf] 5 . ;+If]kdf /fHosf]ifåf/f k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf kfl/>lds lnO{ jf glnO{ d'n'ssf] ;]jf ug{

51

clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQm ;fj{ hlgs kbwf/L x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] kb

wf/0f u/]sf] ^) lbgleq jf Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu /xg] k|s[ltsf] kbdf ;]jf/t /x]sf] eP

k|To]s cfly{s jif{ Joltt ePsf] ^) lbgleq cfkm" jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQsf]

;k|df0fsf] ljj/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf clVtof/jfnf ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 .

/fHosf] ljleGg txsf] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/L cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf jf k]G;g xf]N8/x¿sf]

7"nf] hdftn] cjsfz k|fKt hLjgdf /fHos} /fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 /sd k|fKt ug]{ Pj+ cfˆgf] k"j{

x}l;otsf] b'?kof]u u/L cfly{s nfe ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf eP klg o:tf JolQmx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z

ug'{ kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 5}g . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] k"j{ x}l;ot jf k|efjsf]

cg'lrt k|of]uaf6 clgoldt jf s;"/hGo sfo{ x'g ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5}g . cjsf; k|fKt

JolQmsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] klg g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]/ ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{

lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] 5}g . k|rngdf klg cjsfz k|fKt hLjg u'hf/f ul//x]sf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx¿n] s'g}

cjlwsf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Gg . t/ klg @)%* ;fndf u7g ePsf] ;DklQ

Goflos hf+ra'em cfof]un] eg] cjsfz k|fKt ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] klg lglZrt\ ;do cjlw

tf]ls ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf]

cfwf/df 5fgljg cg';Gwfg e} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] bf]ifL b]vfP/ s]xL JolQmx¿

pk/ ;hfosf] bfjLlnO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] tYo eg] ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf

e|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ lbPsf] kfO{G5 .

/fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gbsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+u7g k| d'v ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;fj{hlgs

kbflwsf/L /xg] / s]Gb|sf] ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L nufotsf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ug]{

eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|n] ug'{ kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ dWo] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]

k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{ tyf e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s'g}

hfgsf/L k|fKt ePdf jf To:tf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf cfjZos ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L

;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ n]lv k7fO ;"rgfsf] cBfjlws ug]{ ;Ddsf] lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|df /x]sf] 5 .

s]Gb|nfO{ /fHon] ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] k'jf{wf/ v8f u/]sf] jf

cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 jf 5}g < ;fwg ;|f]t jf bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <

jf tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/fug{ s] s:tf sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ < sfo{ ;'rf? ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ s'g}

jfwf lj/f]w jf c8\rg cfO{ k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] h:tf ljljw ljifosf ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0f

;a}n] jf of] ljifodf rf;f] /fVg]n] hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] u/L tYof+Íx¿ ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5}gg\ .

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] k]z u/]sf] cfo jf ;DklQ ljj/0fdf cg'udg u/]sf] jf sfg"gn] lbPsf]

clVtof/L cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg ub}{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] egfO{ klg /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] kfO{Gg .

@= ;DklQ ljj/0f k|:t'ltsf ljrf/0fLo kIf

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( nfu" ePsf] kf+rf} jif{ e} ;s]sf] 5 . of] cjlwdf ;a} k|sf/sf

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ ynf] g]kfn /fhkqdf tf]s]sf] klg kfO{G5 . h;

cg'?k /fhk|;fb ;]jfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] /fhfsf] k|d'v ;lrjfnodf, k|wfgdGqL,

52

pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqL, /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt jf lgo'Qm cGo kbflwsf/L, /fli6«o

of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:on] dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfnodf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:on]

;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnodf, k|ltlglw ;ef, /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o tyf kbflwsf/Ln] ;+;b

;lrjfnodf, cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿n] Gofokl/ifb ;lrjfnodf, lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lghfdtL

lstfjvfgfdf, g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnL hËL c8\8fdf, g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Ln] k|x/L lstfjvfgfdf,

;/sf/åf/f ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljBfnosf kbflwsf/L tyf

sd{rf/Ln]] lzIfs lstfjvfgfdf Pj+ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% adf]lhd ul7t :yfgLo

lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf]

5 . o;}u/L ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm tyf dgf]lgt u/]sf kbflwsf/L, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jf

lgoGq0f ePsf], sDkgL, a}+s, ;ldlt jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt cfof]u, ;+:yfg,

k|flwsf/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L

tyf sd{rf/L, ;/sf/åf/f ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno,

dxfljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, / cGo To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/L,

;/sf/sf] C0f, cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/L, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf

cf+lzs :jfldTj ePsf] jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] To:tf] ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf

sd{rf/L cflbsf] xsdf ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ljj/0f k]z ug]{ :yfg tf]lsPsf] 5 . To:t} ;/sf/n]

/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf elg tf]s]sf cGo ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf

sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn /fhkqn] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug{ tf]s]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sfo{ ePsf] 5 jf 5}g

o:sf] cg'udg jf d"Nof+sg s;n] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf eg] cGof}n /x]sf] 5 . k]z ePsf] ;DklQ

ljj/0fsf] tYof+Í s;n] /fVg] < tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L sf] xf] < lhDdf hjfkmb]xL s;sf] x'g] < To;sf]

cg'udg s:n] ug]{ eGg] g} Plsg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f

;+sng u/L s]Gb|Ls[t ug]{ kl/kf6L ljsl;t ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo, If]qLo jf

/fli6«o :t/df ;a} If]qsf kbflwsf/Lx¿åf/f k]z ePsf ;DklQ ljj/0fx¿ sxf+ s] s;/L s] s'g

k|ljlw4f/f Plss[t u/L tYof+sx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ eGg] g} c:ki6 /x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;/sf/L sd{rf/L

afx]ssf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f s] s;/L sxfF sf] ;dIf k]z ug]{ tyf s] s;/L

;+sng u/L Plss[t ug]{ jf s]lGb|s[t ug]{ eGg] g} :ki6 ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;DklQ ljj/0f lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf k7fpg' kg]{ egL tf]lsP

klg o;sf] clgjfo{tfsf] ;DaGWfdf s;}sf] Wofg k'Ug g;s] em} b]lvPsf] 5 . P]gsf] k|fjwfg

jfWofTds ePklg kl/kq jf ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxLsf] 9f+rfn] s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u¥of] jf

s;n] u/]sf] 5}g eGg] h:Tff tYofÍx¿ ;d]t k|sflzt x'g÷ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;DklQsf] ljj/0f

k]z gu/]df jf gk7fP s] x'g], sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg s:n] cg'udg u/L nfu" ug]{ jf unt ljj/0f

k7fPdf s] ug]{ < s;n] o:sf] lgSof}{n ug]{ eGg] ljifo k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L

sd{rf/Lx¿n] lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eGg] ;Ddsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L

kl/kq u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;/sf/sf] cg'bfgaf6 ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf nufgL ePsf

;+:yfg lgsfo jf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sxf+ s] s;/L < s] s'g kbflwsf/L

53

;dIf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf] ePklg cGof}nu|:t g} 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/L jfx]ssf

kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f sxf+ sf] ;dIf s] s'g k|s[of cjnDag u/L k]z ug]{ / s;n] ;+sng

u/]/ /fVg] tyf o:sf] cg'udg s;n] ug]{ Pj+ P]gsf] k|of] hgfy{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg jf hgzlQm

s;n] pknAw u/fpg] eGg] h:tf ljifodf lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] u[xsfo{ u/L tTsfn :ki6 kfg'{ kg]{

b]lvPsf] 5 .

;+a}wflgs c+usf kbflwsf/Lx¿, cbfntdf ;]jf/t GofofwLzx¿, dGqLd08nsf ;b:ox¿,

;f+;bx¿, h+ËL jf kmf}hL ;]jfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, ljleGg ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGwsx¿, ljZjljBfnosf

kbflwsf/Lx¿, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfgåf/f ;+rflnt ;+3, ;+:yf, ;+u7g jf lgsfox¿df

sfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf sd{ rf/Lx¿, b]z ljb]zsf] ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf

;+ul7t ;+3–;+u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sxf+ < sf] s'g kbflwsf/L jf

lgsfo ;dIf ;+DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ Pj+ cfo / ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cg'udg s;n] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGWfdf

sfg"gdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo klg ePsf]n] /fHon] s]

s;/L o:tf] u+lDe/ ljifosf] lgSof}{n ug]{ eGg] ;DaGWfdf :ki6 gLlt lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . of]

ljifodf ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd / wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug{ h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 . /fHo ;+rfngsf] pRr txdf

;]jf/t o:tf JolQmx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z gu/]df jf lgoldt ?kdf ;DklQ gb]vfPdf ;d]t s'g}

jft–vt nfu]sf] eGg] klg ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHosf] dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n]

jf h] h'g txsf kbflwsf/Ln] h] h;/L h] hlt ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] ePklg s] s'g lgsfodf s]

s;/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGWfdf /]s8{ u/L /flvPsf] 5 Pj+ c:jfefljs ;DklQ b]lvPsf]

cj:yfdf s] s:tf] sf/afxL eof] jf eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf rf;f] /fVg] ;a}n] hfgsf/L kfpg

;Sg] u/L tYout ljj/0fx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . hf] x'g h?/L 5 .

P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfg"g adf]lhd

lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg

eGg] zAbdf g} cndlnP em} s]Gb|n] u/]sf s'g}klg sfd sf/afxLx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . of]

zAbsf] ;Ldf/]vf sxf+;Dd k'Ug] xf] < s:tf] ;DklQsf] s] s;/L cg'udg ug]{ xf] < cfo / ;DklQ

ljj/0fsf] ;Ldf/]vf s] xf] < ;DklQsf] cg'udg ug{ s]Gb| cfkm}n] /]s8{ /fVg] xf] jf c? s;}n] /fv]sf]

/]s8{sf] cg'udg ug]{ xf] < of] k|i6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fob log} / o:t} cGof}nsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;ts{tf

s]Gb|n] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ljifodf sfo{ug{ ;'?jft u/]sf] eGg] cfefif;Dd klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eg]/ lghfdtL lstfavfgf tf]lsPsf] ePklg ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf]

e"ldsf lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;+sng ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] /xg] eGg] klg :ki6

x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/L nufnot pNn]v ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ / u}/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf

/x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f sxf+ s'g kbflws/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ < / ;f] sf] lgu/fgL s;n]

/fVg] Pj+ s;"/hGo cj:yfdf s] s;/L lgk6f/f ug]{ eGg] ljifo g} cGof}nu|:t /x]sf] 5 . o:tf

kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0fdf s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf To;sf] k|s[of s] x'g] jf sf]

s:n] s] s'g k4ltåf/f ug]{ eGg] klg Plsg e} ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/s} cg'bfgaf6 tnj–eQf cfh{g ug]{

ljleGg ljBfno jf dxfljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ jf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, hgs lzIff

;fdu|L s]Gb|, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud h:tf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f

54

e/]/ ;DalGWft dGqfnosf] s'g kbflwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] st} pNn]v 5}g . ;/sf/sf] :ki6 gLlt,

sfo{qmd jf b[li6sf]0fsf] cefjdf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] kfngf s;/L s;n] ug]{ / o:fnfO{

k|efjsf/L s;/L agfpg] eGg] sfo{ of]hgf g} aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . of] sfo{ /fHosf] hfgsf/Ldf /x]sf] 5

jf 5}g eGg] h:tf] cj:yf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . sfg"gdf n]Vb}df jf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ k5{ eGb}df

/fHosf] ;a} txdf ;dflxt eP/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z ug'{kg]{ ;DklQ ljj/0fsf]

;DaGWfdf /fHosf] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df e} Tof] sfof{Gjog x'g yfNg] jf Jojxf/df tTsfn

nfu" e} xfNg] cj:yf g/xg] ePsf]n] o;df ;DalGwt kIf uDeL/ x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

#= uDeL/tf;fy Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo

;DklQ ljj/0f clVtof/jfnf ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePklg /fHosf]

;DalGwt lgsfodf o;sf] b'/ufdL dxTj jf uDeL/tfsf] ;DaGwdf dx;'; x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ jf cBfjlws agfO{ /fVg] bfloTj s;sf] xf] < lhDd]jf/L s;sf] aGb5 eGg]

ljifo d} yfngL jf lglZrt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfx¿ ;fj{hlgs e} /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln]

lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf] ePklg s–s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0f

k]z u/] jf s;n] u/]g eGg] Plsg tYof+Í lghfdtL lstfavfgfaf6 ;fj{hlgs x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

s;}n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/]df ;+sng ul/bg] ynf]sf] ?kdf lghfdtL lstfavfgf ljsl;t ePsf]

5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ dfq kof{Kt x'+b}g . el/Psf ljj/0fx¿ ;xL 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s;n]

5fgljg u/L Plsg ug]{ < of] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;df s;}sf] Wofg k'u] sf] h:tf] b]lvb}g . nfvf} nfv

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf] ;DKflQ ljj/0f Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg' lgs} 7"nf] d]xgt /

nugsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k]z ePsf ljj/0f s]nfP/ 7Ls a]7Ls eGg' klg r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] .

s]jn cf}krfl/stfsf nflu k]z ePsf ;DklQ ljj/0fx¿ Ps ynf]df y'kfb}{df ;xL / vf]h]

cg';f/sf tYofÍ k|fKTf ePsf xf]nfg\ egL dfGg jf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsGg . lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf]

lhDd]jf/L leqsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L afx]ssf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cj:yf emg} cGof}nk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . k]z

ePsf ljj/0fx¿sf] of] cj:yf 5 eg] k]z ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf ynf]g} Plsg e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf

To;sf] xljut s] s:tf] /x]sf] xf]nf < ;xh} c8sn ug{ ;lsG5 .

s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u¥of] jf s;n] u/]g eGg] Plsg ug'{ jf k]z ug]{ ynf] Plsg ug'{

cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] k]z u/]sf] elgPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf

;d]t olb s;}n] cj08f ;DklQ ;uf]ndf /x]sf] 5 jf d;+u ePsf] ;DklQ Plsg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf

5}Gf . 7"nf] kl/df0fdf /x]sf] t/n ;DklQ tTsfn eGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] gub jf hjfx/t 5 .

cGbfhL olt hlt ;DklQ xf]nf, cflb h:tf dgf] ut ljj/0fx¿sf] tTsfn 5fgljg u/L Plsg ug'{kg]{

x'G5 . 3/–hUufsf] cj:yf / d"No, gubsf] ;+Vof, ;'g–rf+bL jf hjfx/tsf] tf}n jf d"No jf cGo

rn–crn ;DklQsf] cj:yf tTsfn Plsg gug]{ gu/fpg] xf] eg] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/fpg'kg]{

sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTog} ;dfKt x'g ;S5 . @)$& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft s]xL dlGqkl/ifbsf

;b:o nufot pRr kb:y JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfO{Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;DklQ Toltg} xf] jf xf]O{g egL s;}n] Plsg jf 5fgljg ug]{ k|rng g} ljsl;t

x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}Gf . ;f] ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .

55

;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;DklQ 36\–a9\ jf s] slt xf] < k]z ePsf]÷;fj{hlgs ePsf] ;DklQ 7Ls–j]7Ls

s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Plsg ug'{ kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < o;sf] :ki6 hjfkm kfO{Gg . kbdf k|j]z ePsf]

s]xL lbgdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ;DklQdf kbaf6 x6]sf] cj:yfdf s] slt ;DklQ a9\of] jf 36\of] ;f]

;DaGWfdf ;fj{hlgs x'g]÷ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOGg . :ki6t kbdf axfn ePsf] cj:yf / kbaf6

x6\bfsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;DklQ s] s:tf] cj:yf 5 eGg] Plsg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ of] kl/kf6L a:g

;s]sf] 5}Gf . s]jn b]vfj6L ?kdf ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfo{x¿ kbfl;g JolQmx¿af6 x'g]

u/]sf] em} b]lvPsf] 5 . k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] oyfy{tf s] xf] < klxnf s] slt lyof] < kbdf

/xbfsf] cjlwdf s] slt eof] < kbaf6 5f]8]k5L s] slt x'g k'Uof] < 36\–a9 ePsf] ;DklQ s] s'g

k|s[ltsf] 5 < b]lvPsf] ;DklQ sfg"gL jf u}/sfg"gL s] s'g cj:yfsf] xf] < s;"/df cg';Gwfg

txlssft ug'{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og < o:tf ;DKflQ ljj/0fsf] ;fydf cfO{kg]{ cg]sg ljifosf ljljw kxn'df

s]nfP/ Plsg u/L ljleGg If]qdf ;]jf/t ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s z'l4s/0fsf] dfu{df s:n]

8f]¥ofpg] eGg] g} cGof}n 5 . h;/L cfly{s cg'zf;g ljgfsf] ljsf; lbuf] x'g g;Sg]

jf:tljstfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg 7Ls To;}u/L kbLo k|efjaf6 ul/Psf cfly{s clgoldttfsf sfo{x¿

Plsg ug]{ ;+oGq d'n'sdf aGg g;Sg] xf] eg] sfg"gdf n]lvPsf cIf/x¿dfq k|efjL xf]nfg /

Jojxf/df ;f]r]sf] glthf k|fKtxf]nf egL dfGg ;lsGg . kb, x}l;ot jf k|efjdf kfg{ ;Sg]

JolQmx¿n] cfly{s clgoldttf ug{ rfx]sf] cj:yfdf j]–nufd rfx]hlt clgoldt sfo{u/L cy{

;+u|x ug{;Sg] cj:yf d'n'sdf /xL /xg] xf] eg] h:tf] ;'s} /fd|f] k4lt nfu" ePklg To:tf] k4ltsf]

pkxf; eP em} x'G5 . /fHon] lgdf{0f ug{ vf]h]sf] ;+/rgf lgik|efjL x'g ;Sg] vt/f ;+w} /xG5 .

cfly{s ?kdf :jR5, z'4, O{dfGbf/ / Ifdtfafg JolQmx¿sf] b"/b[li6n] g} /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf]

lzv/df k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿sf] o:t} clttsf] Oltxf; / jt{dfg cj:yf

b]lvPsf] 5 . hf] xfd|f] d'n'sdf tTsfn z'? ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .

cfly{s ?kdf ;d[4 b]lvPsf l;ufk'/, rLg, a]nfot, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, cfo/n]08 h:tf

ljZjsf d'n'sx¿sf] Oltxf; s]nfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljutsf lbgx¿df pgLx¿n] s7f]/ cfly{s

cg'zf;g sfod /fv]sf] kfO{G5 . o:tf d'n'sx¿df xfnsf lbgdf klg cfly{s cg'zf;gnfO{ sdL

cfpg glbPsf] 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvO{ /x]sf] 5 . l;+ ufk'/, rLg nufotsf d'n'sx¿df cfly{s

cg'zf;g pNNf+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbPsf] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs e} /x]sf] 5 . of] kl/j]zdf

cfly{s ;d[l4sf] lzv/df k'u]sf d'n'sx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] dfu{ klxNofO{ g]kfnn] klg To;tkm{

cu|;/ x'g l9nf e};s]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf b]lvPsf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg]

;DklQ ljj/0fsf] gfddf P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf s]xL zAbx¿ cfkm} lgik|efjL x'g ;Sg] vt/f b]lvg

yfln ;s]sf] 5 . zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ljwflosfn] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ dfq xf] .

o;sf] sfof{Gjog sfo{kflnsfn] g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cfly{s ljifodf pRrf/0f x'gf;fy ;a}h;f] ;ef ;Dd]ng jf ;df/f]x :Yfndf d'n'snfO{

e|i6frf/n] ufFh]sf] 5 o;af6 d'lQm kfpg' cfhsf] sl7g r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 eGg] ul/G5 . /fHo

;+/rgfsf] ;a} txnfO{ of] dxf/f] un] ;+qmldt kf/]sf] 5 eGg klg sf]xL kl5 kb}}{g . :jo+ s;" /bf/sf]

>]0fLdf /x]sf JolQm ;d]t o:Tff egfO{ /fVgdf cu| k+lQmdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . egfO / u/fOsf] 7"nf]

cGt/n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf a:g] h:n] hlt ;DklQ cfh{g u/] klg h] hlt ;DklQ ePsf] eGg]

56

ljj/0f k]z u/] klg s]xL sf/jfxL gx'g] Pj+ JolQmsf] kb / x}l;otdf tTsfn km/s gkg]{ h:tf]

cj:yf ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] 5 . k|ydtM ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug{] sfo{ g} clgjfo{ x'g} ;s]sf] 5}g .

s;} n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/]df lsg k]z u/]sf] jf ljj/0f k]z gu/]df lsg gu/]sf] eGfL ;/f]sf/

/fVg] u/L /fHon] ;+oGqg} t}of/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHo ;+oGqdf /x]sf JolQm jf lgsfon] o:tf]

;Da]bgl;n ljifodf rf;f] g/fVbf ;d]t s]xL c;/ gkg]{ h:tf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cgfxsdf ;DklQ

ljj/0fsf] gfddf s;}n] gb' v]sf] skfn lsg b'vfpg] < obfsbf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf]

;DklQ ljj/0fsf nflu rf;f] jf ;/f]sf/ /fv]/ 5fglag ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| jf

lghfdtL lstfavfgf h:tf lgsfox¿ ;d]t of t ;| f]t ;fwg jf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsf]n] s]xL

ug{ g;s]sf] jf plgx¿n] ug'{kg]{ st{Jo kfngf gu/] klg s;n] s] ul/xfNnf jf egL xfNnf eGg]

cj:yfdf /x]sf]em} 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf kl5Nnf] jif{df km/s b]lvP lsg

km/s kg{ uof] eg]/ ;f]wL vf]lh ug]{ cj:yfg} ljsl;t x'g ;sL /x]sf] 5}Gf . o:tf] cj:Yffdf h;n] h]

h;/L hlt ;DklQ 5 jf 5}g eg]/ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /lx g} /x]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf]

st{Jo kfng gePdf s] x'g] eGg] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] tf]lsPsf] st{Jo kfng ug{ s;}n] rfx]s}

cj:yfdf klg cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm, ;Lk, ;fwg jf ;|f]tsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 .

s]xL JolQmn] k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fs} cfwf/df 5fglag u/L ;DklQ Goflos hf+ra'em

cfof]un] @)%* ;fndf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf cfwf/df s]xL JolQm pk/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u

cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg u/L bf]lif b]lvPsf lj?4 cbfntdf e|i6frf/sf] d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eGg]

;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . casf lbgdf JolQmsf] ;fydf /xg] 3/, jf/L, v]t, ;'g, gub, ;jf/L ;fwg

cflb h:tf ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xg] JolQm / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf g/flvsg} ef]u ug]{

kl/kf6L / rf+hf] kf+hf] ldnfpg yfln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfpg] lbgdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg

cfof]un] o:tf] k'/ftg ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df 5fglag jf cg';Gwfg u/]/ bf]lif kQf nufpg]

eGg] c;Dej g} b]lvO{ ;s]sf] 5 . clVtof/af6 x'g] u/]sf sf/afxLx¿ ;fj{hlgs / kf/bzL{

k|s[ltsf ePsf sf/0f h;sf] lj?4df sf/afxL x'g kg]{ jf ug'{kg]{ xf] p;}n] hfgL–hfgL s;"/ :yflkt

x'g]u/L ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ cj:yf klg /xGg . ;DklQ ljj/0f /fVg], k]z ug]{, s;}n] ljj/0f k]z

u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg], k]z ePsf] ljj/0f ;xL jf unt 5 eGg] jf s;"/ :yflkt x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]

cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] nflUf n]lv k7fpg] jf cg';Gwfg u/L s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ ;d]tsf

sfo{x¿ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ePsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] g}

;Dkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . /fHosf x/]s sf/afxL ;fj{hlgs / kf/bzL{ k|s[ltsf x'g] ePsfn] cfkm" lj?4

nfUg ;Sg] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf ;a} kbflwsf/L cgle1 /xg] cj:yf klg x'b}g . of] kl/l:yltsf]

uDeL/tfnfO{ dgg u/L h;n] h] h;/L h] hlt ;DklQ b]vfPklg pGd'lQm kfpg] h:tf] xfnsf]

kl/kf6L jf sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntfnfO{ tTsfn k"0f{ lj/fd lbg'

kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{df ;'wf/ x'g} kb{5 .

$ cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg ;dfhdf a:g kfpg] clwsf/

/fHosf] h'g;'s} tx, tKsf, If]q jf :yfgdf /x]/ ;]jf ug]{ jf ;]jf u/L ;]jf lga[Q e} ;s]sf

;a} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / cfly{s sf/f]jf/ z'4, kf/bz{L{ / sfg"g ;Ddt

57

x'g} kb{5 . h;/L h'g ;'s} cj:yf, :yfg jf kl/l:yltdf klg gful/ssf] df}lns xs, sfg"gL

clwsf/ / st{Jodf lje]b ug{ ;lsGg 7Ls To;}u/L ;dfg ?kdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿ hxf+ h]

h:tf] cj:yfdf ;]jf/t /x] klg ljlw;Ddt 9+uaf6 k|fKtx'g] kl/>lds afx]s c? s'g} k|sf/sf ;]jf

;'ljwf jf nfe lng] sfo{x¿df k"0f{ lj/fd nfUg} kb{5 . ckf/bz{L{ 9+uaf6 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf n]gb]g

jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿ tTsfn aGb x'g} kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] k|fKt x'g] ;a}

k|sf/sf cfox¿ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ / kf/bz{L{ x'g} kb{5 . sltko cj:yfdf /fHosf] b[li6 k'Ug g;Sbf

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿df k|bfg x'g] cly{s ;'ljwfx¿df c;dfgtf b]lvP klg o;sf] lg/fs/0f

cfly{s clgoldttf x'g ;Sb}g . s'g} xfntdf klg o:tf] k|a[lQnfO{ ljsl;t jf a9jf lbg' d'n'ssf]

lxtdf /xGg . /fi6«nfO{ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;u/L cufl8 a9fpg] ;sNk lng] xf] eg] d'n'sjf;L ;a}sf]

cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg /fHodf /xg kfpg] jf e|i6frf/ d'Qm ;dfhdf a:g kfpg] clwsf/

;dfg ?kdf ;+/lIft / ;'/lIft ug}{ kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmx¿ a[xt\ g]kfn / g]kfnL

;dfhs} ;]jf / :jfy{sf] nflu ck{0f x'g] ;d'bfo ePsf] n] pgLx¿sf] ;a} k|sf/sf lqmofsnfk klg

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/s} ljifo x'g] ub{5g\ . ;a} k|sf/sf afgL Joxf]/f jf cfr/0fsf cltl/Qm pgLx¿sf]

cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;d]t :jR5, kf/bzL{ / d'n'ssf] sfg"gn] kl/eflift u/] cg'?k sfg"g;Ddt /

lg:snÍ x'g} kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ g} e/f];fu/L /fHo4f/f k|bfg ul/g]

x/]s k|sf/sf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf sfo{x¿ ;+rfng x'g] ub{5g\ . /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ /fHosf ljljw tx /

If]qdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿df pRr dgf]jn, z'4 / kf/blz{ Jojxf/, cg's/0fLo g}ltstf / kb

cg';f/sf] pko'Qm Ifdtfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . hf] clgjfo{ zt{sf] ?kdf ;j{q lng] ul/G5 .

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Låf/f k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf tTsfn 5fglag ul/g] kl/kf6L alg

g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s;sf] s] stL ;DklQ 5 egL Plsg ug]{ cj:yfklg a:g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ufp+,

lhNnf, c+rn, If]q jf s]Gb|Lo :t/df 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿ sf] sxf+ 5g\ < s] slt

;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ < eGg] ;d]t tYof+s ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n]

sfg"g;Ddt cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf t'ngfu/L jf:tljs ;DklQ s] slt

xf] < ;f] g} Plsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . sfg"gn] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug'{ kg]{ elg tf]s]sf] ;a}

kbflwsf/Laf6 ljj/0f k]z ug{ nufpg] tyf k]z ePsf] ljj/0fdf km/s k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g km/s

b]lvPsf] eP km/s b]lvgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] < h:tf ljifodf lz3|flt lz3| 5fgljg u/L tYout

cfwf/df k]z ePsf] ;DklQsf] Plsg ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg} kb{5 . o:tf] geP ;Dd ;DklQ ljj/0f

k]z ug]{ sfo{ s]jn cf}krfl/s ?kdf dfq ;Lldt /xg ;Sb5 . cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;Lldt /x]sf

sfo{sf] glthf klg cf}krfl/stfdf dfq l;ldt /xg hfG5 . o;n] sfo{sf] cf}lrTotf dflyg}

k|ZglrGx nfUg k'Ub5 . hf] cfly{s clgoldttfljxLg /fHodf a:g kfpg] gful/s clwsf/sf]

k|lts"n x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs kbdf k|j]zug]{ hf] s;}n] klg ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{s} cjlwdf cfly{s clgoldtf

ug]{ dg;fo lnPsf] x'Gg . kbdf /xbf a:bfsf] cj:yfdf b]lvPsf u}/ sfg"gL 9+uaf6 ;DklQ cfh{g

ug{ ;lsg] l5b|x¿sf sf/0fn] g} p;sf clglIft jf bldt O{R5fn] k|>okfO{ cfly{s clgoldttfsf]

e"d/Ldf km:g ;Sg] ePsfn] o:tf cj:yf / cj;/x¿ cfpg} glbg] u/L /fHon] ;a} k|sf/sf

clgoldttfsf ;Defljt dfu{x¿ aGb ug'{ kb{5 . kbflwsf/Ln] lsg ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ < o;sf]

58

d'n'sL zf;gdf s] cy{ / dxTj 5 < o;sf] cfjZostf lsg k¥of] < cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg

;dfh eg]sf] s] xf] < cflb h:tf ljifosf] nuftf/ 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f x'g' kb{5 . pko'Qm lgisif{sf]

cfwf/df cjwf/0ff kq t}of/ u/]/ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf /fHosf] tkm{af6 agfpg} kb{5 . d'n'ssf] of]

cToGt uDeL/ ljifo tyf cx+ ;jfn ePsfn] /fli6«o ;xdlt cg' ;f/ ;fd'lxs / /fli6«o k|lta4tf

lgdf{0f ug{ ;a}n] hfGg] a'‰g] jf dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn x'g}

kb{5 . d'n'sjf;L ;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutf / ;dy{g /xg] u/L sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug}{ kb{5 . cfd

;xeflutfaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf sfg"gx¿ g} a9L k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] /fli6«o

;xdltdf sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/kfl6 a;fNg} kb{5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf sfg"gx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{

sfo{kflnsf ;d]t TolQs} s7f]/, ulDe/ jf k|ltj4 x'g h?/L 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgf / bIf hg zlQmsf]

cefjdf s]jn sfg"g agfP/ dfq nlIft p2]Zo k'/f x'g;Sb}g . sfg"g lgdf{0f s;}sf] nx8 jf

dgf]/~hgsf] nflu aGg] ge} a[xt\ /fli6«o lxtdf lgdf{0f x'g' kb{5 . sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f ub}{ hfg] t/

sfg"g k|efjL eP gePsf] jf ljwflosL ;f]r cg';f/ nfu" eP gePsf] ljrf/} gug]{ jf Vofn} gug]{

xf] eg] sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] s'g} cy{ /xGg . of] lg/y{s x'g ;Sb5 . s] < lsg < jf s] s'g k|of]hgsf

nflu < eGg] lglZrt b[li6sf]0f ge} lgdf{0f ul/g] sfg"g k|efjxLg aGg ;Sb5 . lgdf{0f ePsf] sfg"g

nfu" ug{sf] nflu lglZrt vfsf jf sfo{of]hgf t}of/ ePkl5 dfq sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] kxn ug]{

kl/kf6L a;fNg h?/L 5 . ag]sf sfg"g nfu" eP gePsf] jf k|efjsf/L eP gePsf] s] xf] eGg]

;DaGWfdf cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ljlw lgdf{0fstf{x¿s} k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg ug]{

;+oGq ljsl;t ubf{ klg sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sb5 . sfg"g d'n'ssf]

cfjZostf jf ;dosf] dfunfO{ lgb]{lzt jf nlIft u/]/ dfq lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf]

sfg"g Jofjxfl/s 5}g, nfu" x'g ;Sb}g jf cfjZostfg} 5}g eg] tTsfn vf/]hL jf ;+zf]wg u/L

;dofg's"n sfg"g jgfpg' ;dfhsf] a[xQ/ lxtdf /xG5 .

;DklQ olt 5 jf 5}g eg]/ kbflwsf/Ln] tYofÍ ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{ ;fdfGo k|lqmof

ePklg p:n] pb\3f]if u/]sf] ljj/0f 7Ls jf j]7Ls s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf tTsfn lgSof}{n ug]{ sfo{

cToGt sl7g, hl6n / sfg"g nfu" x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGWfdf cToGt 7"nf] dxTj /fVg] x'G5 . s;}sf]

;DklQ k]z u/]sf] eGbf 36L jf a9L jf 7Ls s] b]lvPsf] 5 tTsfn 6'Ëf]df k'Ug} kb{5 . olb of] x'g

g;Sg] xf] eg] ljj/0f k]z ug]{sf] unt jf s;"/hGo dgf]jn a9\g] / sfNklgs tYofÍx¿ k|:t't ug{

k|f]:;flxt x'g hfG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt tTsfn 5fglag jf vf]hvj/ ePsf] v08df JolQmsf] j]OdfgL

ug]{ dgl:yltsf] ljhf/f]k0f g} x'g kfpGg . h;n] JolQmsf] hLjgdf cfly{s z'4tfnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]

dgf]a[lQsf] ljsf; ub{5 . o;}u/L JolQmn] pb\3f]if u/]sf] ;DklQsf] Plsg ug{ pknAw ePsf] a[xt\

;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|To]s ufp+, gu/, lhNNff, c+rn, If]q jf /fi6«s} ljleGg

lhDd]jf/Lsf] kbdf kbfl;g kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] k|To]s :yfgdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] /]s8{ /fvL unt jf

;xL s] s:tf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGWfdf tTsfn lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 . cd"t{ jf u0fgf ug{

g;lsg] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ tTsfn} Plsg ug{ nufpg] / Plsg ug{ g;Sg]

cj:yf ePdf kbaf6} lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] ;DDfsf] Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . h;/L lglZrt of]Uotf ge}

;fj{hlgs kbdf kbfl;g aGg ;lsGg To:t} ;DklQsf] Plsg ljj/0f k]z gu/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

h:tf :jtGq ;+:yfn] lng] k/LIffdf g} ;lDdlnt x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . ;DklQsf]

59

Plsg ge} s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbdf kbfl;g x'g g;Sg] kl/kf6L ljsl;t ug}{ kb{5 . /fHosf]

;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g rfxg] JolQmn] lglZrt cfrf/ ;+lxtf clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug}{ kb{5 . z++sf

låljwf jf cGof}nsf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf ;]jfug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg x'Gg . pRr g}lts

d"No / dfGotf ePsf] ;Ifd / OdfGbf/ JolQm g} ;fj{hlgs kbsf] xsbf/ xf] . o;sf nflu /fHon]

pRr ;ts{tf ckgfpg} kb{5 . /fHo ;+rfngdf ;a} k|sf/sf u}/ sfg"gL jf v/fj cfr/0fx¿

lgGbgLo x'G5g\ . o;df klg ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] z'4 cfly{s cfr/0f x'g kg]{ clgjfo{ zt{sf]

?kdf dflgG5 . s'g}klg k|sf/sf ljs[ltx¿ /fHo ;+rfngdf /xL /xg' jf /fVg' s;}sf] lxtdf 5}g .

;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s clgoldttfsf] e"d/Laf6 hf]ufpg tyf gful/snfO{ cfly{s

clgoldttf ljxLg ;dfhdf a:g] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf / k|ltj4tf ;lxtsf]

Plss[t sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L tTsfn nfu" ug'{ Ps d'Vo ljsNksf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M

!= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(÷@)!&

@= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*

#= ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ ;DaGwdf g] kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf .

$= ljleGg kq klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf n]v, /rgf .

%= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ .

^= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuåf/f k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ .

60

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|jfx

d's'Gb k|;fb cfrfo{ .

;f/f+z

;xL ;"rgfsf] k|jfx Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf / zf;sLo j}wtfsf] cfwf/ xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf

dfWodx¿sf] ljsf; / hgr]tgfsf] lj:tf/n] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;j} cËx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sfn]

lghfdtL ;]jfdfq o;af6 c5'tf] /xg ;Qm}g . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;]jfu|fxL;+u cGt/lqmof ug{ / k|jflxt

;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fO{ hgd'vLkgf k|j4{gsf nflu klg ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;j} dfWodsf] pkof]u ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

s'g} klg ;dfh ;/sf/ jf k|Zff;gsf] s'zn ;+rfngdf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

/x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf pknJw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf / clj/n

k|jfxsf nflu :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;+oGqn] k|bfg

ug]{ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg o; leqsf ljleGg ;f]kfgx¿sf aLr ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lg/Gt/

?kdf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu Pp6f :yfoL dfWodsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 h'g cfGtl/s x'G5 / To:t}

lghfdtL k|Zff;gn] hgtfnfO{ pknJw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/ jfnfnfO{ oyf;do ;xL

s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . o;} Joj:yfnfO{ ;xL ?kn] ;+rfng ug'{nfO{ ;"rgfsf]

Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

cfhsf] o'u ;"rgfsf] o'u xf] . h;n] hlt a9L ;"rgf ;+sng / ;+k|]if0f ug{ ;Sof] ;dfhdf

p;sf] wfs Toltg} a9L x'G5 . Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnon] u/]sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ clxn]

ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ #) k|ltztsf] b/n] ;"rgf k|jfxdf j[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . k':ts, kqklqsf / cGo

dfWoddf ljt]sf] tLg jif{df $# k|ltztn] ;"rgf ;dGjo / k|jfx ug]{ qmd a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL

cWoog cg';f/ cd]l/sfsf] Pp6f jo:sn] cf};t ?kdf k|To]s dlxgfsf] !^÷!& 306f 6]lnkmf]gdf

Joltt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] p;n] /]l8of] ;'Ggdf () 306f / 6]lnlehg x]g{df Ps;o PstL; 306f

ljtfPsf] x'G5 . To:t} o; cjlwdf p;n] 3/sf] OG6/g]6df @% 306f / sfof{nosf] OG6/g]6df &$

306f latfPsf] x'G5 . g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df klg OG6/g]6 h:tf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]

k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 / 6]lnkmf]g cfh g]kfnsf nflu ljnfl;tfsf]

j:t' geO{ b}lgs cfjZostfsf] ;"rL leq kg]{ j:t'df ulgG5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf klg ;"rgfsf] cfGtl/s k|jfxnfO{ oyf;Dej Jojl:yt ug]{

k|of; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . d'n'sdf 6]lnkmf]g oGqsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g' k"j{ x'nfs / cfsfzjf0fLnfO{

;"rgf k|jfxsf] k|d'v dfWodsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . /fHoe/ x'nfs dfu{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ o;}sf]

pkh xf] . hltj]nf d'n'sdf x'nfsnfO{ ;~rf/ ;Dks{sf nflu e/kbf]{ dfWodsf ?kdf lnOGYof] To;

jvt 8fFs y}nf jf]s]/ cfjt hfjt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s;}n] p;sf] cfjfudgdf s'g} k|sf/sf] jfwf

Jojwfg pTkGg u/fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . …l5lGb|Ë l5lGb|ËÚ cfjfh cfpg] nf}/f]

. dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu .

61

6]s]/ /ftsf] ;dodf sf]lx JolQm cfof] eg] …p x'nfsL bfO{ cfof]Ú eg]/ ;xh} yfxf kfpg ;lsGYof] .

Tolt dfq xf]O{g, p;n] lglZrt ;dodf tf]lsPsf] b'/L kf/ u/L x'nfs j:t' tf]lsPsf] 7fFpdf

k'¥ofpg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf sf/0f /flt aLrdf jf; j:g' kbf{ h'g;'s} 3/wlgn] p;nfO{

klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] ub{Yof] . lgoldt ?kdf Ps} 7fpFdf jf; j:g' kg]{ ePdf x'nfsLsf nflu

5'6\ofO{Psf] sf]7fdf c?nfO{ j:g lbOGgYof] .

To:t} cfheGbf tLg bzs cl3;Dd ;/sf/L sfof{no aLr cfGtl/s ;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu

vf; u/L s]Gb| / lhNnf aLr ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu cfsfzjf0fLsf] k|of]u ul/GYof] . Pp6}

:6]zgdf Ps} k6s ljleGg 7fpFsf cfsfzjf0fL s]Gb|x¿ ;+u ;Dks{ x'g] x'+bf o;af6 ul/g] ;"rgf

k|jfx Tolt ;/n lyPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb cfsfzjf0fL -h;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf cf=jf= elgGYof]_

dfkm{t kf]v/f eGg] zAbsf] ;Gb]z l6kfpg' k¥of] eg] ;f]em} kf]v/f pRrf/0f u/]/ kf]v/fsf] …kf]Ú

v/bf/sf] …vÚ / /fof] sf] …/fÚ elg ;Gb]z k7fpg]n] pRrf/0f ug]{ ul/GYof] . csf]{ tkm{ ;Gb]z l6Kg]

JolQmn] o;}sf cfwf/df l6kf] 6 u/]/ ;DalGwt sfof{no jf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm sxfF k7fO{GYof] . o;/L

cf= jf= dfkm{t ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ k"/f zAb k|of]u gu/L 5f]6s/Ldf (Abbreviation)

klg n]Vg] rng lyof] . h:tf] …t'?Gt l/kf]6 ug'{Ú eGg' k/]df …t'/L ug'{Ú elg n]lvGYof] .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy ;fy} ;"rgf k|jfxsf] tl/sfdf klg kl/j{tg cfpg yfNof] .

;fy} ;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ …zf;sÚ sf] ?kdf lng] k/Dk/fut …;f]rÚ df klg ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g cfP

kl5 hgtfnfO{ cfkm"n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf hglxtsf gfpFdf cfkm"n] ;+rfng u/]sf ljsf;

lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿sf] hfgsf/L ;dod} hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg' cfˆgf] bfloTj 7fGg yflnof] . o;}

qmddf @)$% ;fndf klxnf] k6s tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfksf af/]df lgoldt ?kdf

hgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|jQmf lgo'Qm u¥of] . ;/sf/sf ;a} dxTjk"0f{

lg0f{ox¿sf] hfgsf/L lgh dfkm{t g} ;+rf/ dfWoddf k|jfx ug]{ ul/GYof] .

@)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hg cfGbf]ng kl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{

k|ult ePsf] 5 . ;j{k|ydt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; / cfd ;+rf/sf] :jtGqtfsf]

;+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf / pbf/ gLltsf sf/0f

5fkf dfWoddf dfq geO{ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ dfWoddf klg pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . @)$^ ;fn

cl3 d'n'sdf Pp6f dfq ;/sf/ lgolGqt 6]lnlehg tyf /]l8of] /x]sf]df lghL If]qdf 6]lnlehgsf]

:yfkgf / lj:tf/sf ;fy} Pkm= Pd= k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L lghL If]qn] k|f/De u/]sf] /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf]

sf/0f cfd hgtfsf] r]tgf zlQmdf ce"tk"j{ ljsf; x'g uPsf] 5 . r]tgzLn hg;+Vofsf] j[l4sf]

sf/0f ;/sf/ klg cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL k|lt ;hu / ;r]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . p;n] hgtfsf gfddf

ug]{ s'g} klg sfo{x¿sf] af/]df oyf;Dej kf/blz{tf ckgfO{ hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] cfˆgf]

bfloTj axg ug{ cu|;/ ePsf] kfO{G5 . x/]s dGqfno / 7"nf ljefu dfq} x}g cfof]u / ;/sf/L

:jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx¿n] klg lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu k|jQmf tf]Sg] / p;sf] gfd

;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf o;}sf] pkh xf] . oltdfq xf]O{g dlGqkl/ifbn] ug]{ x/]s lg0f{osf jf/]df cfd

hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug{ dlGqkl/ifbsf] k|jQmf tf]Sg'sf ;fy} lgoldt ?kdf kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/L

;fj{hlgs ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] klg p;nfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ t'NofPsf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 .

62

bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# kl5 ag]sf] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt

x'g] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ / hgtfdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ dfWodx¿sf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug{ s] s:tf]

sfg"gL Pj+ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 ;f] ;DaGwdf 7f]; ;'emfj lbg ;f+;b >L

/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u u7g u/L ;'emfj

lng] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] cfd ;+rf/sf ljljw If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;fy} cfd

gful/ssf] ;"rgf k|flKtsf] xssf] ;+/If0f tyf ;/sf/ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgf

k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ul/g' kg]{ Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] 5 . log}

;'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/ clxn] cfjZos sfg"gL Jjj:yf / ;+ /rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf

h'6]sf] 5 .

cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfj dWo] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj ;"rgf cfof]usf] u7g ;DalGw xf] .

h;sf] k|:tfjgfdf æcfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf d"ntM lgofds /

;xhstf{ x'g] ePsfn] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo cGtu{t dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{non] ug]{

lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfaf6 k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\nfO{ :jtGq /fVg clxn]sf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{ g

u/L cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|];;DaGwL xsnfO{ hLjGt agfpg /

hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|rng u/fpg :jtGq / clwsf/ ;DkGg 5'§}

lgsfosf] :yfkgf x'g' cfjZos ePsf]Æ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] ;'emfjsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{

kIf nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] ;+rf/ dfWod ;+rfng ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] xf] . xfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf

;+rflnt /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|zf/s (Public Service Broadcaster)

sf] ?kdf kl/0ft u/L ;+rfng ug{ / uf]/vfkqnfO{ ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0faf6 aflx/ /fVg ;'emfj

lbO{Psf] 5 .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] b|'tt/ ljsf; / o;af6 k|fKt k|ltkmn pkof]u ug{df cfh

g]kfnL hgtf klg kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . xfn g]kfndf k|ToIf ?kdf OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof krf;

xhf/ eGbf a9L ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg]] @ nfv krf; xhf/ eGbf a9Ln] ck|ToIf ?kdf

o;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] cg'dfg 5 . To:t} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf gk'u]sf] s'g} lhNnf g} 5}g eg] 5fkf /

On]S6«f]lgs dfWodsf cltl/Qm cgnfO{g ldl8ofaf6 klg ;"rgf / hfgsf/L k|jfx ug]{ k4ltsf]

ljsf; e} ;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] o; ce"tk"j{ ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;/sf/L

lgsfox¿n] klg cgnfO{g dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug'{ ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'g]

s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= pRr :t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)^#

@= ljleGg kqklqsfx¿

63

;'zf;gsf] nflu hg;xeflutf / sd{rf/LtGqsf]

ablnFbf] e"ldsf

lr/~hLjL vgfn .

;f/f+z

hg;xeflutf ljgf ;'zf;g (Good Governance) ;Dej 5}g . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf]

;xeflutfsf] dfqf cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgb]{zgsf] j}wtf (Legitimacy) sf] dfkg ug]{ gjLg

cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fj{hlgs Pj+ ljsf; k|zf;gn] cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;af6 xfd|f] jt{dfg sd{rf/LtGq

(Bureaucracy) sf] e"ldsf / :j?kdf kl/jt{gsf] nflu lg/Gt/ bjfj a9\b} uO{ /x]sf] 5 .

Government cannot do anything well so should do as little as possible.

-B.Guy Peters

zf;gdf cfd hgtfsf] ks8, zf;g k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf, zf;g k|0ffnLdf zlQms]Gb|x¿sf]

lhDd]jf/L jf]w Pj+ zf;sx¿sf] sfo{s'zntf h:tf s'/fx¿ ;'zf;g (Good Governance) sf] nflu

cfwf/e"t :tDex¿ dflgPsf 5g\ . ;'zf;g ta;Dd ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g ha;Dd zf;g k|0ffnLdf

cfd hgtf ;lqmo ?kn] ;xefuL x'b}gg\ . ;/sf/?kL /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] nlIft PsfO JolQm

ePtfklg ;/sf/ / JolQmsf aLrdf ;d'bfon] ;dGjoL e"ldsfdf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] klg

;d'Ggt zf;g Joj:yfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfly hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL

ePsf] gftfn] klg JolQmTjsf] ;xL klxrfg ;d'bfodf dfq ;Dej ePsf] / /fHo–;+oGqsf] tNnf]

cfwf/ PsfOsf] ?kdf ;d'bfo g} /x]sf]n] klg ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df JolQmTjsf] ljsf;sf] nflu

;d'bfosf] klxrfg a9\b} uPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . JolQmut :jfy{sf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0fs/0f / ;/sf/sf]

;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs gLltx¿sf] j}wflgstf k'li6sf] gofF ;+oGq (Instrument)

sf] ?kdf klg ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 .

;fdflhs lxtsf] nflu ;+rfng ul/g] x/]s sfo{qmddf ;lqmo hg;xeflutf / Joj:yfkg

x'g ;s]sf] v08df zf;g Joj:yfsf] ceLi6 k|flKt ;xh x'g] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf

;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf sbdx¿ klg oLg} dfGotfx¿af6 clek|]l/t /x]sf 5g\ . vf;

u/]/ lghLs/0f k|lqmofsf] yfngL, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf s6f}tL, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]

k|j4{g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf kxnx¿ o; If]qsf kl5Nnf dxTjk"0f{ ;'wf/ k|of;x¿sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;/sf/ eg]sf] /fHoJoj:yf leqsf ;j} ;+u7gx¿sf] 5ftf ;+u7g (Instituton of

Institutions) xf] . t;y{ dftxt ;+u7gx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / pgLx¿nfO{ x/ k|sf/n] ;'ljwfx¿

pknJw u/fpg' s]Gb|Lo ;+u7gsf] bfloTjleq kb{5 . /fHoJoj:yf / k|zf;gdf ablnFbf] ljZjJofkL

dfGotfx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$* n] klg ;'zf;gsf nflu

ljBdfg sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNkx¿sf] qmdzM vf]hL ub}{ nlug' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .

. sfg"g clws[t -pk;lrj_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .

64

;'zf;gsf] k|d'v nIo hglxt jf ;fd'bflos lxt g} xf] . sd eGbf sd ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf

w]/} zf;sLo k|jGw ldnfpg] snf (Less Government but More Governance) sf] ?kdf klg

;'zf;gnfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 . zf;sLo k|jGw cGtu{t ;/sf/n] cfˆgf gLltx¿sf] j}wtf :yflkt ug{sf]

nflu klg casf lbgx¿df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs

;+:s[lts kl/j]zsf] ;Gbe{df of] ljns'n} gf}nf] cjwf/0ff klg xf]Og . lsgeg] ;d'bfodf ljleGg

k|sf/sf u'7Lx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{, cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg JolQmn] ;d'bfodf rf}tf/f], wd{zfnf, ljBfno,

d7–dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, u/La / c;dy{x¿nfO{ bfg–bftJo lbg] OToflb sfo{af6 ;dfhdf sLlt{

5f8]/ hfg] xfd|f] cfˆg} k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/hGo dfGotfx¿ cBflk ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]s} 5g\ . o;

cltl/Qm klg :yfgLo cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu ;fd"lxs kxn ug]{ / cfk;L ;xdltsf]

cfwf/df ljjfbx¿sf] lgk6f/f ug]{ xfd|f] ;dfhsf cfˆg} ljz]iftfx¿ (Indigenous Characteristics) /xL

cfPsf 5g\ .

;/sf/?kL ;+u7gsf] zf;g ;+oGqsf] k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] o;sf ax'n ;d'bfox¿ x'g\ .

;/sf/sf] ;fj{ef}d p2]Zo eg]s} ;a} hgtfsf] lxt ug'{ xf] . yf]/} zf;g ug'{ Pp6f c;n ;/sf/sf]

u'0f xf] (That Government is Best Which Governs Less) eGg] cfw'lgs dfGotfsf cfwf/df klg

;/sf/sf] sfd zf;gsf] nflu ;+of]hssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ dfq xf] . k|hftGqdf hgtfdfly zf;g

hgtf :jo+n] g} ub{5g\ . hgtf cfˆgf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;dflhs pTyfgsf efUoljwftf cfkm}

x'g\ . gful/sx¿sf] ;fd"lxs rfxgf ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfd"ns ;'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;kmlne"t

x'g ;Sb5 . cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{ v'jL, :yfgLo :t/df ;a} ju{sf] ;xeflutfsf]

;xhtf, :yfgLo ;fwg ;|f] t pk/sf] :jfldTj, :jfjnDjgsf] cg'e" tL OToflb b[li6sf]0faf6 klg

;'zf;gdf ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfsf] ;fy{stfnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|rng cfhsn a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df xfd|f] b]zdf klg ;'?df ;fd'bflos jg, ;fd'bflos a}+s -u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s_ /

;xsfl/tfsf] cEof;af6 lg:s]sf kmnbfoL kl/0ffdx¿sf] ljZn]if0f kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo rf}sL,

c:ktfn / ljBfnox¿ :yfgLo lgsfo jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;'Dk+b} hfg] gLltsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

xfn cfP/ ljB't ljsf;, ;~rf/ / vfg]kfgL h:tf cTolws hg;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿df lghLs/0fsf]

dfWodaf6 hg;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu

;fdflhs pTkfbgsf j:t' Pj+ ;]jf pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] xs lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ljljw pkqmdx¿sf]

:yfkgf klg ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ljleGg r/0fsf k|of]ud"ns ;kmntfsf] kmn:j?k :yfgLo ;'/Iff

Joj:yf / ;fdflhs Gofo lg?k0fdf klg ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf nflu ;Dj4 If]qaf6

cfjfhx¿ p7\g yfln;s]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/ / zf;g, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/ / ;d'bfo,

;fj{hlgs / lghL ;/f]sf/ Pj+ ;DaGwx¿sf] jf/]df gofF dfGotfx¿n] k'/ftg dfGotfx¿nfO{

k|lt:yfkg (Transition) sf] sfo{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs j[Qdf tLj| x'+b} uO/x]sf] 5 .

s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/;Dd / :yfgLo:t/b]lv s]Gb|;Dd (Bottom-up) rf}tkmL{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf]

cfjZostf / dxTjn] ubf{ elgG5 cfh xfdL h'g ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf al; cfPsf 5f}+ To;sf] s'g}

s]Gb|ljGb' g} 5}g (We Live in the Centre-less Society; There is no Longer a Single Sovereign

Authority) . o; cy{df ;'zf;g eg]sf] Socio-Cybernetic System Approach klg xf] hxfF ;dfhsf

ljleGg tKsfsf dflg;x¿sf] ;lqmo e"ldsf Pj+ ;xeflutf cfjZos 7flgG5 . ;/sf/sf] PSnf]

k|of;n] dfq ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] ;'zf;gsf nflu cfjZos rf}tkmL{ ;"rgf Pj+

65

;|f]tdf ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xeflutfaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . lghL If]q Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] ;lqmotf,

/rgfTds ;xof]u, ;dembf/L / ;fldKoaf6 dfq ;'zf;gsf] nIo k|flKt ;Dej 5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdf

s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;+lrt /x]sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg xf]Og ;d'bfodf lgIf]k0f (Devolution)

cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5 5}g To;sf] cg'udg /

;'wf/sf] cEof;df ;/sf/ ;fwgf/t /xg' kb{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k[i7kf]ifssf]

?kdf ;/sf/n] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] dfkg /fHozlQmsf]

;+roaf6 xf]Og, /fHozlQmsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 . gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;zQm

/ ;jn agfpg] tkm{ /fHozlQm vlr{g' kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf lylrPsf, lklN;Psf ju{nfO{

cu|kª\tLdf NofO{ (Putting the Last First) pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs GofoJoj:yf k|lt cf:yfjfg agfpg

;Sg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs Gofo Joj:yfdf lgd'vfx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fOg' kb{5 . Gofo Joj:yfdf lkl8t

kIfsf] ;xh kx'+rsf] nflu dfu{ k|z:t agfOg' kb{5 . ;'zf;gsf] nflu phf{ ca s]Gb|af6 xf]Og

:yfgLo :t/af6 lgM;[t x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] / zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;j{;fwf/0fn] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg'

kb{5 . ;'zf;gsf] nflu cfjZos ;fwg, ;|f]t nufot ;"rgf k|jfx rf}tkmL{ x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf]

Psf]xf]/f] lgoGq0f / ;"rgf k|jfxn] ;'zf;gsf] a9fjf x'g ;Sb}g . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs hLjgdf

;'zf;g b]lvg' k5{, e]l6g' k5{ / dx;'z x'g' k5{, . o; cy{df ;'zf;g eg]sf] zf;sLo cEof;sf]

Jojxfl/s kIf klg xf] h'g cfbz{ ;dfh :yfkgf x]t' kl/nlIft /x]sf] x'G5 . casf] sd{rf/LtGqsf]

kl/jlt{t e"ldsfn] log} tYox¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

;Gbe{–;fdu|LM

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Future of Nepalese Constitution. Kathmandu; Law Associates Nepal

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Osborne, D. and Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government. Reading, MA; Addison-Wesley

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Kansas

Peters, B. Guy & Pierre, J. (1998). 'Governance Without Government? Rethinking Public

Administration' in Journal of Public Administration Research Theory, Vol.8, No.2

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Singh, A. (2003). 'Questioning the New Public Management' in Public Administration Review, Jan/Feb

The World Bank (1992). Governance and Development. Washington, D. C.; The World Bank

United Nations Development Program (2002). Nepal Human Development Report, 2001: Poverty

Reduction and Governance. Kathmandu; UNDP

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k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*

;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%&

;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k| efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)^!

66

;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / cfwf/e"t tTjx¿

/fh]Gb| k|;fb g]kfn .

;f/f+z

;'zf;g cfhsf] k|d'v rrf{sf] ljifo xf] . ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf ;'zf;gsf] dfu tLj| 5 .

;'zf;gljgf /fHosf] j}wtf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt klg x'b}g eg] o;sf] cefjdf hgtfn] ;/sf/jf6

ck]Iff ug]{ ;]jf tyf j:t'x¿ klg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg g ;fj{hlgs ;fwgsf] k|of]unfO{ g} hgck]Iff cg'?k

ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;'zf;g TolQs} k|fKt x'b}g . o;sf nflu s]xL k"jf{wf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; n]vdf

;'zf;gsf nflu cfjZos tTjx¿sf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'tL ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld

zf;g jf ;'zf;g cfh ;a}eGbf a9L pRrf/0f ul/g] zJbx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs

kl5 sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff / lsG;sf] j}rfl/s cjwf/0ffdf ;+s6 b]vLg yfNof] . /fhgLlt

If]qdf k|hftflGqs/0f, cfly{s If]qdf pbfl/s/0f tyf lghLs/0fsf ;fy} k|zf;lgs If]qdf gofF

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] k|j]z kfPkl5 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf klg lgs} xnrn cfof] . ;/sf/sf] sfo{

If]q s] x'g] cfsf/ s:tf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf jf}l4s If]q jLr lgs} ax; rNg yfNof] . ;/sf/ ;j}

If]qdf ;+nUg x'g' x'b}g h'g h'g If]qdf lghL If]q, :yflgo lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf cu|;/

ePsf 5g\ tL If]qdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg e}/xg' kb}{g . To;}n] ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g' k5{ eGg] Ps

y/Lsf] ljrf/ /Xof] eg] csf{ y/Lsf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] u/L cfPsf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{af6 xft leSg'

x'b}g hf/L /fVg'k5{ / cem gof+ If]qdf xft xfNg' k5{ eGg] /Xof] . oL b'j} egfO eGbf km/s egfO

klg cfpg yfNof] . ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] / ;fgf] eGbf klg c;n ;/sf/ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

o; s'/fnfO{ 8]jL8 cf];ag{ / 6]8 u]jn/n] …;/sf/sf] k'gMcflj:sf/Ú eGg] k':tsdf …sd zf;g jf

a9L zf;g xfd|f] cfjZostf xf]Og, xfd|f] cfjZostf ;'zf;g xf]Ú egL gofF cjwf/0ff NofP .

;'zf;g lanf;L s'/f xf]Og of] ljsf;sf] nflu clt cfjZos 5 eGg] lgisif{ ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg

!((& sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/sf] cfsf/df eGbf klg ;'zf;gdf s]xL jif{ otf a9L hf]8 lbg

yflnPsf] 5 .

kl/efiff

;'zf;gnfO s;}n] …hgtfsf] ;jf]{ Qd lxt x'g] u/L /fHon] cfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ zf;g

k|0ffnL xf]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . s;}n] …hgtfsf] cfjZostf / OR5f cg';f/ rNg] ;/sf/ xf]Ú eg]sf 5g\ .

x/]s b[li6sf]0fjf6 pko'Qm b]lvPsf] zf;g g} ;'zf;g xf] eGg] u/] sf] klg kfOPsf]5 . laZj a}+sn]

lgDg rf/ tTjx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf rf/ cfwf/e"t cfofdsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5

• pQ/bfloTj (Accountability)

• ;"rgf / kf/blz{tf (Information and transparency)

.;x ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

67

• ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgM Ifdtf / bIftf (Public Sector Management: Capacity and

Efficiency)

;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3Lo ljsf; sf]ifsf] Ps k|ltj]bgn] ;'zf;gsf] ljz]iftfdf /fhg}lts

hjfkmb]xL / j}wtf, ;"rgf / cleJolQm :jtGqtf, hjfkmb]xL gf]s/zfxL, lgikIf / ljZjfl;nf]

Goflos Joj:yf, k|efjsf/L / bIf Joj:yfkg / gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7g aLr ;dGjonfO{ ;dfj];

u/]sf] 5 .

cf]Ol;8L /fi6«x¿l;t ;DalGwt b:tfj]hx¿n] lgDg cjojx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfsf]

?kdf cf}+NofPsf] 5 –

• ;/sf/sf] j}wtf

• ;/sf/sf /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs tTjx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj

• ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ug]{ Ifdtf

• dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] ;Ddfg

o;/L ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvP klg lgrf]8df eGg'kbf{

hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, sfg"gL Zff;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t

dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, j}wflgstf, ;xeflutf, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf,

;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;du| ?k g} ;'zf;g xf] .

;'zf;gsf b'O{j6f kIfx¿ 5g\ . zf;g k2ltnfO{ ljlw ;Ddt / kf/bzL{ agfpg] /

zf;snfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|lt lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]lx jgfpg] klxnf kIf xf] eg] hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf

j9L eGbf j9L ;xefuL u/fpg] bf];|f] kIf xf] . oL b'j}sf] ;du| :j?k g} ;'zf;g xf] .

;'zf;g j:t' jf ;]jf h:t} vl/b ljqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] lrh xf]Og . d'n'sdf, ;dfhdf hj

hj gful/saf6 ;'v zflGt / k|ultsf] cg'e"lt x'g yfN5 tj ;'zf;g cfPsf] dflgG5 . t;y{ of]

b]lvg] jf gfKg ;lsg] rLh klg xf]Og o;nfO{ cg'e"ltdf vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ M

;'zf;gsf cfwf/e" t tTjsf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tf, sfg"gL zf;g,

;/sf/sf] j}wflgstf, gful/s ;'/Iff, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, :jtGq P+j ;Ifd Gofo

k|0ffnL, hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf kb{5g .

!_ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL

clVtof/sf] k|of]uaf6 >[lht bfloTj g} hjfkmb]lxtf xf] . clVtof/ kfPsf] JolQmn]

cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] af/]df hjfkm lbg] sfo{ xf] . ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+uaf6 sfd ;Dkfbg eof]

ePg < ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ubf{ ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, tyf cf}lrTotfnfO{

Wofg k'¥ofOof] jf k'¥ofOPg, hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ sfo{ oyf ;dodf cfjZostf cg';f/,

plrt nfutdf, u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf ;dfg dfkb08 cg';f/ pknJw eof] ePg eGg] s'/fsf] hjfkm

;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] kbflwsf/Laf6 vf]lhG5 . o;/L lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg

68

kl/rfng tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/f]sf/jfnf k|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpbf ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng tyf ;]jf

k|jfxdf ;'wf/ cfpg'sf ;fy} sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf tyf k|efjsf/Ltfdf j[l4 x'G5, ;|f]t / ;fwg

b'?kof]u x'g kfpb}g, e|i6frf/ tyf u}/ sfg"gL lqmofsnfk lgolGqt x'G5, ;fj{hlgs lgsfo k|lt

hgtfsf] ljZjf; hfUb5 . o;af6 ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g hfG5 .

@_ kf/blz{tf

kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] Pp6f dxTjk" 0f{ vDjfsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo cy{df

kf/blz{tf eGgfn] jf/kf/ b]Vg ;lsg] cj:yf xf] . /fHo ;+rfngsf] qmddf kf/blz{tf eGgfn]

cfkm"nfO{ lgjf{lrt u/L k7fPsf hgtfnfO{ zf;g s;/L ;+rfng ePsf] 5 egL ;';"lrt ug]{ sfo{

xf] . csf]{ zJbdf d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] agfPsf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog

l:ylt / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] jf/]df ;';"lrt ug]{ jf ;"rgf lbg] sfo{ g} kf/blz{tf xf] . kf/blz{tf

k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:Yffsf] cleGg c+u xf] . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] sfo{ jf lg0f{oaf/] hgtfnfO{

hfgsf/L pknJw u/fPdf To; pk/ hgtfn] jf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g\ / yk

;"rgf jf ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . h;af6 zf;g ;+rfngdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] d2t k'U5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ b]vfkg]{ ljs[ lt -l9nf;':tL, eg;'g, cltl/Qm d"No, c;dfg ljt/0f_

lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k'U5 . hxfF ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfk, sfo{qmd / ;]jf k|jfxjf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{b}g

ToxfF cg]s ljs[ltx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . o;af6 ;'zf;gdf uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 . uf]Ko sf]7fdf ul/g] sfd

sf/jfxLn] z+sf hGdfp5 ;/f]sf/jfnf jf ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo aLrsf] z+sfnfO{

km/flsnf] kfb{5 . t;y{ ;fj{hls sfo{x¿sf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg' k5{ . ;+ljwfgn]

k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xssf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cj:Yffdf s'g} klg

kbflwsf/Ln] ;"rgf n'sfpg] jf glbg] sfo{ ug{ ldNb}g . To;f]] ePdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g} ;Sb}g\ .

#_ sfg"gL zf;g

sfg"gL zf;gsf] cy{ sfg"gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf xf] . o;df sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;j} gful/s

;dfg x'g] s'/f kb{5 . /fHosf ;j} c+ux¿n] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u / st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ sfg"g

;Ddt 9+un] ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGo sfg"gL k|s[of gk'¥ofO{ s;}nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ jf ;hfo ug{ kfOb}g .

hgtfn] jf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] s'g} klg ljifodf clwsf/ dfu ubf{ jf lj/f]w ubf{ sfg"gsf] bfo/f leq

/xL dfu jf lj/f]w ug'{k5{ . ;'zf;gn] sfg"g agfO{ zf;g ;+rfng ug{df hf]8 lbG5 .

$_ ;/sf/sf] j}wflgstf

k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t hgtfn] ;/sf/ u7g ub{5g\ .

:yfgLo txdf klg cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t :yfgLo lgsfo u7g x'G5 . o;/L hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt

e} cfPsf] ;/sf/ -s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo_ n] hgtfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt u/L ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfng

ug'{k5{ . j}wflgstfsf] ljifodf k|Zg p7]sf] l:yltdf ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo lgsfon] cfkmgf] k/LIf0f

u/fO{ hg;dy{g k|fKt ug'{k5{ .

69

%_ gful/s ;'/Iff

gful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu g} /fHosf] pTklt ePsf] xf] . hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff ePg eg]

;/sf/sf] cf}lrTotf d} k|Zg lrGx cfp5 . hxfF ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTotf k|Zg p7\5 ToxfF ;'zf;g w]/}

6f9fsf] rLh x'G5 . t;y{ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"ltsf] nflu gful/sn] ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;"; ug}{k5{ .

^_ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt

cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt klg ;'zf;gsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cfwf/e"t

dfgj clwsf/ cGt/ut ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf -jfs, wfld{s, eoaf6 d'lQm, bl/b|tfaf6 d'lQm_ ;DklQ,

wd{, lzIff, ;"rgf, uf]klgotf, b]z lgsfnf lj?4, zf]if0f lj?4, lgjf/s gh/jGb lj?4, ;+j}wflgs

pkrf/sf] xs kb{5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf oL xssf]

cefjdf ;'zf;gsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltnfO{ klg

;'zf;gsf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf lnOPsf] xf] .

&_ :jtGq P+j ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL

s'g} klg k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/ssf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{,

;+ljwfgdf Joj:Yff eP cg';f/sf] df}lns xssf] lgjf{w pkof] u ug{, sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{

d"t{?k lbg, ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf c+ux¿n] cf–cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt

sfg"gsf] ;Ldf leq /xL u/]sf] 5g\ 5}gg eGg] s'/fsf] Goflos hfFr ug{ :jtGq tyf ;Ifd Gofo

k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLn] sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /xL ;/sf/n]

hgtfnfO{ ;] jf k'¥ofpg] / gful/sn] sfg"g jdf]lhd df}lns xssf] pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f jgfpg]

x'gfn] ;'zf;gsf] nflu :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{tf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .

*_ hgtfsf] ;xeflutf

;'zf;gn] zf;gdf clwsflws dfqdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] dfu ub{5 . cfˆgf] If]qsf]

ljsf;sf] nflu s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{, slxn] ug]{ / lsg ug]{ eGg] h:tf ljifosf] lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{df

hgtfnfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fpg' k5{ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] o;} ljifodf hf]8 lbG5 . cfˆgf] ;d:of cfkm}

;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] :jfoQ clwsf/ hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfosf

kbflwsf/LnfO{ g} lbg'k5{ . of]hgf th'{df, ;+rfng, /]vb]v, d"Nofs+g nufot k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos

clwsf/ :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfonfO{ lbO ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/

cufl8 j9fpg' k5{ . o;af6 tL lgsfox¿ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g k'U5g\ / hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf]

cg'e"lt x'gyfN5 .

(_ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f

hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df jx'kfqx¿ -lghLIf]q, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo,

;/sf/L If]q_ ;+nUg 5g\ . ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df oL ljleGg lgsfon] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf x'G5g\ .

;]jf k'¥ofpg] oL lgsfo aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ ubf{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df b'|ttf, ;]jfdf

:t/Lotf tyf nfutdf sdL cfp5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/L kIfaf6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df ;+nUg

70

sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, kbf]Gglt, k'/:sf/ lbFbf klg k|lt:kwf{ x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{k5{ . To:t} k|lt:kwf{

ug{ ;lsg] If]qx¿df sfof{no sfof{no aLr ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;do / nfut aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg'

k5{ . o;/L k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f ePdf ;' zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .

!)_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf

ax'kfqaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] nfut, u'0f:t/, ;do, kof{Kttfsf] ;DaGwdf,

;+rfng ul/Psf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} sdL

sdhf]/L q'l6 ePdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] u'gf;f] x'g;S5 . To:tf]] u'gf;f] sxfF ug,]{ u'gf;f]sf] ;'gjfO{ slt

;do leq x'g], To;jf6 s'g} c;/ k/]sf] ePdf s] s:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] eGg] h:tf ljifodf

;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] b'/L Hofb} glhs x'G5 / hgtfdf

;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g k'U5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

1. World Bank. 1997 - World Development Report; State in the changing world, New

York.

2. Osborne, David and Gabler, Ted. 1992 - Reinventing Government, Practice Hall of

India.

3. Madhu Raman Acharya. 2002 - Business of Bureaucracy.

4. Huges, Owen E. 1994 - Public Management and Administration

5. UNDP. 1997 - Good Governance for Sustainable Human Development, New York.

6. åfl/sf gfy 9+'u]n tyf cRo't jxfb'/ /fhe08f/L, @))@ -O=;+_, >L % sf] ;/sf/df

;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] nflu cWoog s]Gb|, nlntk'/

7. /fh]Gb| k|;fb g]kfn, c;n ;/sf/ M cfhsf] cfjZostf, uf]/vfkq -a}zfv @(,@)%$_

71

;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;Gbe{df ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

• nId0f e§/fO{ .

;f/f+z

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] s /0faf6 ;dfg dt k|fKt u/] klg ljhoL x'g] ;++Vof km/s km/s x'g] ePsf]n] pko'Qm f

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLs ] 5gf]6 sfo{ hl6n tyf b"/ufdL k|efj kfg]{ x'G5 . ;/n / dtbftfn] ;lhn} a'‰g ;Sg], ef}uf]lns

k|ltlglwTj, wd{ ;Dk|bfos ] k|ltlglwTj, dtbftfx¿sf] clwstd ;xeflutf lj:yflktx¿ tyf sfd ljz]ifn] cGoq

d'n'sdf a;]sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ dtflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{;Sg] tyf ljleGg /fhg}lts bn, dtbftfx¿df ;j{ :jLsfo{

x'g ;Sg] k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 sfo{ lgs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ xf] tfklg ;ft bn tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;d]t ldl>t lgjf{rg

k|0ffnL ckgfpg] egL ;xdlt sfod ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf cj s'g k|0ffnL ckgfpg] jf/] ljjfb /x]g tyfkL o;

k4tL leqsf cGt/j:t' s]nfO{ :ki6 ug'{ kg]{ a'Fbfx¿df klg ;xdlt sfod e} oyf{ytf rf8} g} ;fj{hlgs x'g] s'/fdf

;j}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g ;S5 .

f

f

tyflk ljutdf k|of]u ul/Psf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf ;fy}

hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] efjgf cg'?k ljleGg hfthflt wd{ ;Dk|bfo, dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf blnt ;d]t c6\g ;Sg]

;dfj]zL k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ clgjfo{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf @)% lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]

k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df @)% ;b:osf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] tyf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cGt{ut k'/} /fi6«nfO{ Pp6}

jx' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] ?k dfgL @)$ hgf ;b:o /xg] jGb ;"rL k|0ffnL k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o

lgjf{rgsf] nflu ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg] elgP tfklg To; leq sltko c:ki6tfsf ljifox¿ 5g\ h;sf]

lgSof}{n sfg"gL ?kdf x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ljZj ;Gbe{

;fwf/0ftof ;/sf/df /x]sf] kf6L{n] h'g k|0ffnLaf6 p ;/sf/df /xb} cfPsf]5, Tof]

k|0ffnLnfO{ 5f]8\g grfxg] k|j[lQ /xG5 g} . lgjf{rg ;DjGwL ljlwsf sf/0f k|fKt dt ;+Vof ;dfg

eP tfklg lhTg] l;6 ;+Vof km/s km/s x'g] s'/fsf] r]tgfdf j[l4 ePsf sf/0f /fhg}lts Ph]G8fdf

Tolt dxTj gkfPsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ;g\ !(() lt/ /fhg}lts Ph]G8fsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]z

ePsf] kfOG5 .

k|To]s k|0ffnLsf cf–cfˆg} u'0f bf]if /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo d'2f eg]sf]] k|efjsf/L / pQ/bfoL

;/sf/sf nflu a9Ldt jx'dt k|0ffnL jf :jR5tf, lgikIftf, ;fgf kf6L{ / ;fdflhs

;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] s'g p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu

s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cBfkL ljjfb /x]sf] 5 .

ljutdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL :yfoL k|hftflGqs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf] bzs

lt/ cfP/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] d' 2fnfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/ s} j}wtfsf ;DaGwdf r'gf}tL b]lvPsf]

5 . j]nfotdf sGh/e]l6e kf6L{ jfx]s c?n] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL jfx]ssf]

k|0ffnLdf hfg' kg]{ ts{ /fv]sf lyP . Go"lhn}08n] em08} %) jif{ b]lv nfu" u/]sf]] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt

x'g] k|0ffnLaf6 ;g !((^ ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdf Shift u/]sf] lyof] .

. ;x ;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u .

72

O6nLn] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ckgfO cfPsf]df nfdf] jfbljjfb /

5nkmn kl5 Mixed System ckgfPsf] 5 .

kl5Nnf] bzs lt/} dWo k"j{ o'/f]kb]lv cd]l/sf Plzof / clk|msfsf sltko gj k|hftflGqs

d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d'2fn] dxTj kfof], oL /fi6«x¿df rsf]{ jfbljjfb kl5 cGo ;+j}wflgs

d'2fx¿df hfg' cufl8 lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt eof] . h:tf] OSj]8/, x+u]/L,

/l;of, tfOjfg ;d]tsf b]zx¿n] jx'dt÷a9Ldt k|0ffnL tyf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf kmfObfnfO{

;dflxt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;df ldl>t k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf lyP .

tLg;o jif{sf] pklgj]zafb tyf rf/ bzs nfdf] /+ue] b sf] cGt ub}{ åGb Joj:yfkg tyf

;dfj]zLs/0f sf nflu !(($ df blIf0f clk|msfdf ePsf] ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;DkGg lgjf{rg ljZjs} nflu pbfx/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . b]znfO{ /fi6«JofkL

ax' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q -$)) ;b:o /x]sf]_ sfod u/L, :yfg ljt/0fsf nflu 8'k sf]6f / clws

z]if lalw nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . lgjf{rgdf hfg' k"j{ ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿df cfd ;xdlt sfod

ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

g]kfndf k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf jl9dt÷jx'dt

k|0ffnL cGt/utsf] klxnf] x' g] lgjf{lrt x'g] (First Past the Post System) tyf /fli6«o;efsf] ;b:o

dWo] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:ox¿ dWo] dgf]lgt afx]s cGosf] Psn ;+qmdl0fodt k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df

lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf ckgfO{ Psf] lyof] .

g]kfndf k|hftGqsf]] k'g:yf{ kgf kl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& nfu" ePkl5 # j6f

;+;bLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg e} ;s]sf 5g\ / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL åf/f @)$* df ;DkGg

lgjf{rgdf s'n dtsf] #^=&%Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf !!) hgf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt

ePsf lyP, /f=k|=kf=-yfkf_ n] s'n dtsf] %=#*Ü dt k|fKt u/] klg hDdf ! hgf dfq ;b:o

lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . To;} u/L @)%! sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf #)=*%Ü dt k|fKt u/L g]=s=kf=

-Pdfn]_ sf ** hgf ;b:o ljhoL ePsf lyP eg] ##=#%Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf *#

hgf tyf )=(*Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]=d=ls=kf= n] $ hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljhoL u/fpg ;kmn ePsf]

lyof] . To;} u/L @)%^ sf] lgjf{rgdf #^=!$Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf !!! ;b:o

lgjf{lrt ePsf, !=#&Ü dt k|fKt ug]{ /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ n] % hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg]

^=#*Ü dt k|fKt ug]{ g]=s=kf=-dfn]_ af6 s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g ;s]gg\ .

;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ v;]sf] dtsf] #Ü dt Nofpg]nfO{ /fli6«o bnsf] dfGotf lbg] t/

;+;bdf Ps hgf klg k|ltlglw ljhoL x'g g;Sg] tyf /fli6«o bnsf] dfGotf gkfpg] t/ ;+;bdf

/fd|f] k|ltlglwTj x'g] ca:yf b]lvof] . o;/L ljutdf k|of]u ul/Psf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltdf

b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf ;fy} hgcfGbf]ng–II sf] efjgf cg'?k ljleGg hfthflt wd{ ;Dk|bfo,

dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf blnt ;d]t c6\g ;Sg] ;dfj]zL k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{df ;a}

/fhg}lts bnx¿sf] Ps dt /x]sf] kfO{of] .

73

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu ldl>t k|0ffnL

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;Gbe{df

xfn} ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sldl6nfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf]

;Gbe{df k|:t' t u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ tyf ljleGg kq klqsfdf ljåfg ju{ åf/f JoQm ePsf ljrf/sf]

cfwf/df /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] ;xdltaf6 to ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu

ldl>t k|0ffnL nfu" ug'{ kg]{df ljjfb /x]g . t;y{ of] k|0ffnLsf af/]df 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg' ;fGble{s

g} x'G5 .

ldl>t k|0ffnL (Mixed System)

ldl>t k|0ffnL gfd}af6 klg k|rlnt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]

k|0ffnL eGg] j'lemG5 . o; cGtu{t a9Ldt÷ax'dt lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -jf cGo_ / ;dfg'kflts

k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ clwstd tyf bf]ifx¿nfO{ Go"g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5 .

dtbftfx¿n] b'j} k|0ffnL cGt/ut dtbfg ub{5g\ . o; k|0ffnL cutu{t b'O{ k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf]

kfOG5 .

klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] (First Past the Post System)

o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;j} eGbf a9L dt -Vote_ Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|lqmof xf] .

Ps lgjf{rg If]qjf6 Ps dfq :yfgsf nflu lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf of] k|0ffnL j9L k|of]u ePsf]

b]lvG5 . k|To]s kbsf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ hlt ;'s} x'g ;S5g\ t/ dtbftfn]

pDd]bjf/ dWo] cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] Pshgf dfq pDd]bjf/nfO{ dtbfg u5{g / dtbfgdf ;j} eGbf a9L

dt k|fKt ug{] pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0fnL g} klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] -First Past the Post

System_ xf] . of] k|0ffnL g]kfn, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ef/t, j+unfb]z, jdf{ cflb b]zn] k|of]u u/]sf

5g\ .

of] k|0ffnL k|of]u ug{ ;/n, ;+ul7t ljkIfL bnsf] :yfkgf, hfltut / If]qut ?kdf ;'b[9

/x]sf] bnsf] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g]] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . bnsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg pDd]bjf/sf]

JolQmut d"Nof+sg ul/g] cflb o;sf u'0f x'g\ eg] ;fgf ;fgf bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'gaf6 /f]Sg],

cNk;+Vos hflt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'gaf6 alGrt ug{ ;Sg], Jofks ?kdf :jLsfo{ x'g]

pDd]bjf/n] a9Ldt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQn] ubf{ dlxnf ljhoL x'g] ;+efjgf sd x'g] h:tf gs/fTds

wf/0ff o; k|0ffnLsf] ljkIfdf /x]sf kfOG5 .

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL (Proportional Representation System)

s'g} bnn] lgjf{rgdf k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] lx:;fsf] cg'kft j/fj/sf] :yfgdf lgjf{lrt x'g]

k|0ffnL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL xf] . o; k|0ffnL Ps eGbf j9L :yfg x'g] lgjf{rg If]qdf dfq

nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps dfq :yfg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts tl/sfaf6 :yfg ljefhg ug{

ldNb}g ctM To:tf] cj:yfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . of] k|0ffnLdf dtbftfnfO{ /fhg}lts bn jf

pd]b/jf/ b'j}nfO{ 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . of] k|0ffnL k|ltlglwd"ns ljwflosf :yfkgf

ug{ ;xof]u l;4 ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglwTj k|fKt ug{sf nflu dtsf] Go"gtd ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 /

Go"gtd ;Ldf;Dd dt k|fKt ug]{ ;–;fgf bnx¿n] klg k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf cfˆgf tkm{ af6

74

ljwflosfdf k|ltlglw k7fpg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . o:tf] Go"gtd ;Ldf ljleGg b]zdf km/s km/s

tf]lsPsf] 5 . h:tf] Oh/fOndf o:tf] l;df !=%Ü hd{gLdf %Ü 5 eg] 6sL{df !)Ü 5 .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL (List Proportional Representation System)

ax' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf k|To]s bnn] cfˆgf] bnsf] tkm{af6 p7fOPsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf]

;"rL k]z ub{5g\ . pDd]bjf/sf] cfwf/df eGbf klg dtbftfx¿n] bnnfO{ dt lbG5g\ bnn] k|fKt

u/]sf] s'n dtsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df :yfg lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / ;"rLdf /x]sf k|fyldstfsf] qmd

cg';f/sf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt 3f]lift ul/G5 .

dtu0fgf u/L ;s] kl5 :yfgsf] jfF8kmfF8sf] nflu æpRr cf}iftÆ jf æclws z]ifÆ ljlw

ckgfOg] ul/G5 . k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu Go"gtd l;df tf]lsg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] 6sL{df Go"gtd

l;df ljGb' !)Ü k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fgf bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsd x'g] b]lvG5 eg]

Oh/fOndf k|of]u u/]sf] !=%Ü Go"gtd l;dfsf] cfwf/df ;fgfbnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;Djf]wg

u/]sf] kfOG5 .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf /x]sf pDd]bjf/

tyf kf6L{ut cfwf/df 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg] ljsNkx¿ lbPsf] kfOG5 . pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL v'nf, jGb tyf

:jtGq u/L # ljsNkx¿ k|of]udf cfPsf] kfOG5 .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ clwsf+z d'n'sn] jGb ;"rL nfu"

u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf dtbftfn] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] cj;/ kfpb}gg\ bnsf] dfq 5gf]6

ug{ ;S5g\ . bnnfO{ k|fKt dtsf] cfwf/df jf+8kmf8 ePsf] :yfgdf bnsf g]tfx¿n] k"j{ lgwf{/0f

u/]sf] ;"rL cg';f/sf] k|fyldstf qmdsf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf ljleGg hft,

hflt / lk5l8Psf ju{ / dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf jGb ;"rL

k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf] dtkqdf bnsf] gfd, lgjf{rg lrGx tyf bnsf] g]tfsf] t:jL/ /flvG5 t/

pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ;dfj]z ul/b}g .

klZrdL o"/f] kdf of] k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] ;"rLdf cfwfl/t k|ltlglwTj

k|0ffnLdf v'nf ;"rL k|of]u ub{5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf dtbftfnfO{ dg k/]sf] bnsf] dg k/]sf]

pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] sltko pDd]bjf/x¿ nf]slk|otfsf] cfwf/df

lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf /fhg}lts bnaf6 sf] sf] pDd]bjf/ x'g\ eGg] ;"lr v'nf

/xG5 . h;sf] cfwf/df dtbftfn] kf6L{sf] ;"lrdf ;dfj]z ePsf pDd]bjf/ dWo] 5gf]6 ug{ ;S5g\ .

bnsf pDd]bjf/x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n dtsf] cfwf/df bnn] k|fKt ug]{ :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

bnleq klg j9L JolQmut dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljhoL÷lgjf{lrt 3f]lift ul/G5 . o;/L

dtbftfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dg k/]sf] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/G5 . j|flhn lkmgn}08n]

of] k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf hlt :yfgsf] nflu dtbfg ug'{ kg]{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|To]s

dtbftfx¿n] Tolt g} dt lbg kfp5g\ . v'nf;"lr cGtu{t cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] pd]bjf/x¿ Pp6}

bnsf] ;"rL leqaf6 jf ljleGg bnsf] ;"rLaf6 /f]Hg] :jtGqtf dtbftfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . nShDju{

tyf :jLh/n}08df :jtGq ;"rL ckgfOPsf] 5 .

75

ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] l;6 ;+Vof,

dtnfO{ l;6df kl/0ft ug]{ k4ltsf cfwf/df @ j6f k4lt ljZjdf ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 .

ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts (Mixed Member Proportional System)

;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL (Parallel System)

ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL (Mixed member Proportional System)

o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t s]xL kbx¿sf] lgjf{rg a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg

If]qsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 eg] s]xL :yfgsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] nflu 5'6\ofOG5 .

a9Ldt÷ax'dt jf cGo k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] :yfgsf] kl/0ffdn] k}bf ug{] cldNbf] cg'kftsf]

Ifltk"lt{ :j?k ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu s]xL :yfgx¿ 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu

cNjflgofdf &!Ü a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg]

@(Ü :yfg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L hd{gLdf qmdzM %)Ü

%)Ütyf O6nLdf &%Ü / @%Ü :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ldl>t k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'g} bnn] /fli6«o :t/df

!@ k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf] 5 t/ klg j9Ldt÷jx'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{t s' g} klg lgjf{rg If]qdf

;j}eGbf a9Ldt k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 Ps hgf klg k|ltlglw k7fpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf bnn]

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] :yfg dWo]af6 !@Ü ;Dd cfˆgf] pDd]bjf/ ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg

;S5 .

of] k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{df x+u]/L, O6nL, hd{gL, cNjflgof, jf]n]leof, d]lS;sf] Go"hLn}08 cflb

5g\ .

;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL (Parallar System)

;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLdf dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL / a9Ldt÷ax'dt

k|0ffnL cGtu{t pDd]bjf/ tyf bn u/L b'j}nfO{ dt lbG5g\ . d'n's cg';f/ s'g} d'n'sn] bnsf] ;"rL

tyf pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL Pp6} dtkqdf ;dfj]z u/L bn / pDd]bjf/ b'j}nfO{ dt lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf

x'G5g h:tf] blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, lny'cflgof, yfOn}08df a9Ldt÷ax'dtsf] nflu Pp6f /

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] :yfgsf] nflu csf]{ dtkq k|of]u ub{5g\ .

of] k|0ffnL ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL h:tf] a9Ldt÷ax'dtdf cfwfl/t lgjf{rg

If]qsf] cldNbf] cg'kft jfkt Ifltk"lt{ lbg k|of]u ug]{ ge} b'j} k|0ffnL ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf k|of]u

ul/G5 . of] k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj tyf a9Ldt ax'dt k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{

;lsg] b]lvPaf6 klg o;sf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . hfkfg, blIf0f sf]/Lof, kfls:tfg, ?;,

yfOn}08, c08f]/f, o'qm]g lkmlnlkG;, 6\o"lgl;of, ;]zN; cflb d'n'sx¿ ;d]t of] k|0ffnL @) b]zn]

k|of]u u/]sf] ;fy} !(() kl5 a9L k|of]udf cfPsf] kfO{G5 .

of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'n :yfg dWo] slt k|ltzt :yfg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj tyf slt

k|ltzt a9Ldt÷ax'dt -jf cGo_ cGtu{tsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] eGg] ljifo d'n's cg';f/ km/s

kfOG5 . h:tf] hfkfgdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj cGtu{t #&=%Ü tyf a9Ldt÷ax'dt cGtu{t

^@=%Ü :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg] kfls:tfgdf qmdzM @)Ü / *)Ü, ?;df qmdz %)Ü / %)Ü

u0ftGq sf]l/ofdf !(Ü / *!Ü :yfg ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .

76

of] k|0ffnLdf b'j} k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g] ePsf]n] ;–;fgf bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;xh

x'g] u/sf] b]lvG5 . of] k|0ffnL t'ngfTds ?kdf lgjf{rg hl6n ;fy} lgjf{rg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{

dtbftfdf e|d kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . e|d lgjf/0fsf nflu dtbftf lzIffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .

g]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;Gbe{df ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

;ft bn / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf] P]ltxfl;s ;xdlt cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:o

lgjf{rgsf] nflu ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg], @)% ;b:o xfns} Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg

If]qaf6 klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g], cyf{t ;jeGbf a9L ef]6 Nofpg]n] lhTg] k|0ffnL tyf @)$ ;b:o

kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] ;fy} /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{

JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\af6 !^ hgf dgf]lgt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg

;ef ;b:osf] s'n ;+Vof $@% x'g] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 .

ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts -Mixed Member Proportional System)

@)% a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{t klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] / @)$ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj

k|0ffnL cg';f/ ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{lrt x'g] ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts Mixed Member Proportional

System nfu" ubf{ M

• @)% Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ;aeGbf w]/} dt Nofpg]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLaf6 ;+ljwfg

;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ @)% ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ul/G5 .

• @)$ ;b:o kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg' ;f/ k'/} /fi6«nfO{ ax'

;b:oLo Ps lgjf{rg If]q sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n

dtsf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg ;efdf x'g] k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kft cg';f/ @)% Psn ;b:oLo

lgjf{rg If]qsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k afFsL @)$ l;6x¿ ljefhg u/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .

bnsf] nflu dtlbg] u/L ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ @)$ l;6sf] xsdf g]kfn/fHo e/df

/fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'ndtsf] cfwf/df k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] s] slt k|ltzt dt k|fKt

u/]sf 5g\, ;f]sf] c'gkftdf ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;f] bnsf] tkm{af6 x'g] k|ltlglwTj ;+Vof lglZrt x'g] e}

;f] bnn] @)% af6 k"/f x'g g;s]sf] gk'u ;+Vofsf] ?kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cGtu{t

jGb ;"rLaf6 k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ :j?k afFsL @)$ l;6x¿ ljefhg u/L k"/f x'g]

b]lvG5

;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL

of] k|0ffnLdf b'O{j6f lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;+u;+u} ;dfGt/ ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] ;dfgfGt/

k|0ffnL elgPsf] xf] . ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{ klxn]b]lv sfod ePsf Psn ;b:oLo @)% lgjf{rg If]q

sfod u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df @)% ;b:osf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] . afFsL

@)$ ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu l;Ëf] /fi6«nfO{ Pp6} ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L

/fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df ljhoL 3f]if0ff

ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

• lgjf{rgdf efu lng] k|To]s kf6L{n] jGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df cfˆgf] kf6L{af6 pDd]bjf/ x'g]sf]

k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] ;"rL k]z ug]{ .

77

• dtkqdf @ j6f sf]nd agfO{ kf6L{ af6 p7fOPsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lgjf{rg lrGx kf6L{sf]

lrGx, pDd]bjf/sf] gfd Psflt/ / csf]{ sf]nddf ljleGg /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] gfd /

kf6L{sf] lrGx /x]sf] Pp6} dtkq klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] blIf0f sf]l/of, cNjflgof

cyjf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lgjf{rg lrGx ePsf] dtkq tyf csf]{ kf6L{sf] lrGx, ePsf] 5'§}

dtkq u/L k|To]s dtbftfnfO{ @ j6f 5'§f5'§} dtkq pknJw u/fO dtbfg u/fpg klg

;lsg] x'G5 . cyjf @)% lgjf{rg If]qdf ;+k"0f{ bnsf pDd]bjf/x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n

dtaf6 ;DalGwt bnsf pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cfwf/df ;f] bnsf] tkm{af6 s] slt

k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g' kg]{ xf] ;f]xL cg'kftdf l;6 ;+Vof afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsg] klg b]lvG5 .

t/ o;f] ubf{ :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] dt bnutsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] @)$ sf]

k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .

• klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4lt cg';f/ pDd]bjf/sf] lgjf{rg lrGx ePsf 5'§} dtkq tyf

;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cg' ;f/sf] kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] u/L 5'§} dtkq u/L @ j6f

dtkq x'g] ePdf dtk]l6sf klg cnu cnu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

• klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4lt cg';f/ a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ lgjf{lrt x'G5 eg] ;dfg'kflts

k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] l;6 ;+ Vof @)$ ljt/0fsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]qsf] s'n

dtsf] cfwf/df s'g s'g kf6L{n] s] slt k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ ;f]xL cg'kftdf l;6

ljt/0f ul/G5 . Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] Ifltk"lt{ gu/L b'j} k|0ffnLaf6 5'§f 5'§} ?kdf

;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

o lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|f?k, cGt/f{li6«o cfO8LOPsf] gofF xft] k':ts, g]kfnL ;+:s/0f – @))^,

hgj/L .

o lgjf{rg cfof]ujf6 k|sflzt k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg kl/0ffdx¿ @)$*, @)%!, @)%^

o k|hftGq lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / k|ltlglwTj, k|f=8f= lj/]Gb| ld>, g]kfn blIf0f Plzof s]Gb|, @)^)

sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .

o g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt sf7df8f}+, g] kfn .

o æk|zf;gÆ c+s, j}zfv @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn .

o æsflGtk'/ b}lgsÆ sflGtk'/ klAns]zgsf ljleGg ldltsf k|sfzgx¿ .

o æ;do /fli6«o ;fKtflxsÆ d+l;/ &, @)^#

o Le Dus, L, Nieoni, R.G., Norris, P, 1996, Introduction: the present and future of democratic

election.

o The International IDEA Hand Book of Electoral System Design. International Institute for

Democracy and Electoral Assistance & Enabling state Program- 2005

o The Fourth Paliamentary Election, A study of the Evolving democratic Process in Nepal,

Kathmandu Institute for integrated Development Studies (IIDS)-2002.

o Making Every Vote Count, Domestic Election Monitoring in Asia National Democratic Institute

for International Affairs, National Citizens Movement for Free Elections- Philippinss - 1996.

o Election and Governance in Nepal, Edited by Lok Raj Baral - Manohar, New Delhi 2005.

o locate/electstud

o

78

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / u'gf;f]sf]

Joj:yfkg M cj:yf / ;+efjgf

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL .

;f/f+z

ljutdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] hgzlQm

Joj:yfkgdf vf;} dxTj lbg] ul/Psf] kfOb}g . oL ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs If]q -ljz]ift lghfdtL ;]jf_ sf

cfˆgf ljifo g} xf]Ogg\, s]jn cf}Bf]lus If]qsf lgnkf]zL >ldssf ;jfnd q x'g\ eGg] kf/Dkfl/s ;f]rfOsf

sf/0f klg o ljifonfO{ dxTj glbPsf] xf] . t/ aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{b]lv cfPsf] pbf/jfbn]

Joj:yfkgsf ;j} ;jfnx¿ rfx] tL ;fj{hlgs jf lghL If]qsf lsg gx'g, ;dfg cy{ /fVb5g\ eGg]

dfGotfn] jn kfPsf]n] cj oL b'j} ljifonfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf x]l/b}g . s'g} klg lgsfosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu

;Ë7gsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ef}lts dfq xf]Og, efjgfTds ;+nUgtf k"j{zt{ xf] . ;f}bfjfhL tyf u'gf;f]

Joj:yfkg ;f]sf] ;zQm dfWod xf] . oxfF oL b'O{ ljifosf] ;}4flGts hfgsf/L Pj+ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf

o;sf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

f

L

;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL

;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] pb\eje"ld cy{zf:q xf] . cy{zf:qsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kIfx¿aLr s'g}

j:t'sf] :jLsfo{ d"No:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu ;f}bfafhL ul/G5 . of] k|lt:kwf{sf] ljifo ge} n]gb]gsf]

ljifo xf] hxfF kIfx¿ s]xL u'dfpg] / s]xL lng] ub{5g\ . To;}n] sltko ljåfgx¿ o;nfO{ k|lt:kwf{

;f3'F¥ofpg] dfWod xf] eGg ?rfp5g\ . o;y{ ;f}bfjfhLsf] Joj:yfksLo ljZn]if0fcl3 o;sf]

cy{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0f pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

cy{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ >ldssf] Hofnf lgwf{/0fsf nflu ;f}bfafhLsf] k|lqmof

ckgfOG5 . cy{zf:qL dfz{n eG5g\ "Wage are not governed by demand-price nor by supplyprices,

but the whole set of course which governed demand and supply." (Marshall) . Hofnfsf]

l;4fGt cg';f/ /f]huf/–/f]huf/bftf b'j}n] >dsf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf lgwf{/s e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .

>d;Ë7g gePsf] j]nf jf sd{rf/L ;d"xn] vf; cl:tTj sfod ug{ g;s]sf] ;dodf

k"0f{k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df >dsf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cfwf/df d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 . ToxfF ;fd"lxs

;f}bfafhL ge} JolQmut txdf k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 . t/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL JolQmut txdf ge} ;fd"lxs

txdf / k"0f{k|lt:kwf{eGbf s] xL k[ys?kdf ckgfOG5 .

6«]8 o'lgogsf] d'Vo sfd ;Ë7gdf ;+nUg sfdbf/sf] Hofnf j[l4 tyf sfof{j:yf ;'wf/ ug'{

xf] . JolQmut txdf x'g] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;f6f] sDkgL txdf ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg j]tgdfg /

sfof{j:yf sfod ug{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL cl:tTjdf cfPsf] xf] . tL;sf] bzssf] dxfg dGbLeGbf

cl3sf] ;dodf o'lgogjfbsf dfWodaf6 tnadfg sfod ug'{ -a9fpg'_ x'b}g, lsgsL o;n] gfkmf

. >L d}gfnL nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;+u ;Dj4 x'g' x'G5 .

79

s6fFp5, h;n] qmdzM nufgL, cfly{s ultljlw 36fpb} cGttM /f]huf/L klg 36fpg] x'bf of]

sfdbf/x¿s} lxtljk/Lt x'G5 eGg] ul/GYof] . o;y{ cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;LdfGt pTkfbsTjsf] l;4fGt

cg';f/ p;n] sDkgL txdf hlt ;LdfGt cfo -Marginal Revenue_ a9fpg of]ubg ub{5, Toltdfq

Hofnf e'Qmfg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf / 6«]8 o'lgogn] l;dfGt cfoeGbf a9L tna

dfu ug]{ ePsf]n] Tof] /f]huf/Lsf nflu klg k|To'Tkfbs 5 eGg] ub{y] . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ ;jn 6«]8

o'lgogsf] pkl:yltn] ;f}bfafhL u/L tnanfO{ jf:tljs ljGb'eGbf dfly j9fFp5 h;n] j:t' tyf

;]jfsf] d"No klg a9fO{ jf:tljs Hofnf 36\g hfG5 . o;y{ 6«]8 o'lgogn] Hofnfsf] cfotg -

monetary wage_ t a9fp5 t/ jf:tljs Hofnf (Real wage) eg] a9fpg ;Qm}g eGg] dfGotf

/flvGYof] . >d ;Ë7gsf] ;jn pkl:ylt /xbf >d ahf/df jf:tljs k|lt:kwf{ oL kl/l:yltn] x'g

;Qm}g eGg] ul/GYof] M

• 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Psflwsf/ -Monopoly of trade union_ x'g ;Qm5 .

• Psn qm]tf -Single buyer or monopsonist_ sf] pkl:ylt x'g ;Qm5 .

• /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] ;Ë7g -Employer's association_ sf] xfjL x'g ;Qm5 h;n] HofnfnfO{

jf:tljs :t/eGbf tn g} sfod ub{5 .

To:t} >d ;Ë7g -6«]8 o'lgog_ zlQmzfnL ePdf o;n] cNksfndf oL k|lqmofaf6 >dsf]

cfk"lt{ 36fP/ Hofnf a9fpg ;Qm5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5

• j]/f]huf/nfO{ cGo pBf]u÷k|lti7fgdf hfg k|f]T;fxg u/]/ .

• gj k|j]zLnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns÷n]eL nufP/ .

• tflnd -Apprenticeship_ sf] cjlw a9fP/ .

• cfk|jfzLnfO{ sfddf lg?T;fxg u/]/ .

o;y{ cy{zf:qLx¿ >dsf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf dfu tyf cfk"lt{sf] l;4fGt h;nfO{ k"0f{

k|lt:kwf{sf] l;4fGt elgG5, ckgfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . t/ jf:tljs ;+;f/df >dh:tf]

pTkfbgsf] ;+j]bgzLn ;fwgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f l;4fGtdf h:tf] ;xh 5}g . To;} n] o;nfO{ ;Lldt

k|lt:kwf{ / ;f}bfafhLsf] aLraf6 ;tst{k"j{s ckgfpg] ul/G5 . cem ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;Ë7gdf

k|lt:kwf{ / ;f}bfafhL b'j}sf] l:ylt k|fo bogLo g} x'g] ub{5 .

Joj:yfkgsf b[li6df ;f}bfafhL

;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL Joj:yfks / sd{rf/LaLr pko'Qm ;DaGw :yfkgfsf] dfWod xf] .

Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 lbOg' kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw gu/fObf jf ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] pko'Qm

k|of]u gx'bf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ /fd|f] ljsNksf ?kdf b]lvg k'U5 .

o;y{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;+u7g / sd{rf/L Jojxf/nfO{ b'O{ kIfLo jftf{åf/f ;dfwfg ug]{ ;zQm

k|lqmof xf] .

80

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf dfWodåf/f /f]huf/Lsf zt{x¿ kfng u/fpg

/f]huf/bftf jf /f]huf/bftfsf] ;+Ë7g / sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7gaLr :j]R5fk"j{s jftf{ ug]{ ljifonfO{

sd{rf/Lsf] clwsf/sf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .

;f}bfafhLdf /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ;+nUg /xg] x'Fbf b'j} kIfn] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo

/ AolQmsf] cfjZostf Pj+ cl:tTjsf] ljifodf ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / tfls{s ?kdf k|:t't x' g]

ub{5g\ . lsgls ;f}bfafhLdfkm{t ;+:yf / JolQm b'j}sf] lxtnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg] k|of; ul/G5 . b'j}

kIf ;sf/fTds / :ki6 b]lvg' kb{5 . hfkfgsf] >d Joj:yfkgdf ;+:yfut g}ltstf / Jofjxfl/s

cfr/0f sfod ug{, k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg, /f]huf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l:y/ /fVg / u'0f:t/Lo Jofj;flos

hLjg sfod ug{ ;f}bfafhLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 . ;f}bfafhL klg hlxn] klg ug{

kfOb}g, o;sf nflu lglZrt ;do tf]slPsf] x'G5 . hfkfgdf a;Gt Ct'df dfq o;sf] k|rng 5 .

rfx] h] xf]; Jofj;flos ;'/Iff / k|ult g} ;f}bfafhLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .

;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf k|d'v ;jfnx¿

Joj:yfkgleq ;f}bfafhLsf lqmofsnfk ckgfpbf o;sf lglZrt ;}4flGts ;+/rgf /

k|lqmof k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . h'g oL kIfdf s]lGb|t x'g] ub{5g\

• ;f}bfafhLsf] Jojxf/ (Bargaining behavior)

• ;f}bfafhlsf] zlQm -Bargaining power_

• ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifo -Bargaining topics_

• ;xdtL sfof{Gjog -Impasses in bargaining_

;f}bfafhLsf] Jojxf/

;f}bfafhLsf kfq Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ;+u7g x'g . b'j}n] c;n cfzodf dfq ;f}bfafhL

ug'{ kb{5 . ;fdfGot c;n lgotsf] Jojxf/ oL cfwf/df b]lvG5

• b'j} kfqx¿ pko'Qm ;do / :yfgdf jftf{ ug{ rfxfG5g\ eg] .

• b'j} kIfx¿ sfo{;do, Ifltk"lt{, sfo{j:yf -jf Mandatory topics_ df dfq jftf{ u5{g eg] .

• jftf{df Open 5g\ eg] .

• jftf{sf] lgisi{fdf x:tfIf/ u/L cfk;sf] bfloTjdf jflwG5g\ eg] .

• jftf{ tyf ;+ emf}tfsf bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf cf}krfl/s ;"rgf lbG5g\ eg] .

;}bfafhLsf] zlQm

;f}bfafhLsf] zlQm eg]sf] kIfx¿aLr ;xdltdf k'Ug] ;fdYo{ xf] . Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L

;+u7gaLr of] ;fdYo{ 36L a9L ePdf o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ lg0f{o -;+emf}tf_ df b]lvG5 . csf]{ zJbdf

eGbf of] Bargaining tactics xf] . of] b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5M

Distributory Bargaining: Counterpart vf; ljifodf ;xdltdf uPg eg] 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg' k5{

eGg] r'gf}tL lbg] Jojxf/ xf] of] . o; cjwf/0ff cg'?k kIfx¿ -sd{rf/L ;+u7g / Joj:yfkg_

k/:k/ k|lt:kwL{ b]lvG5g\ . o;n] cGtt b'j} kIfsf] lxt;fDo l:ylt l;h{gf ub}{g .

81

Integrative Bargaining : of] ;d:of ;dfwfg tl/sf -Problem Solving Approach_ xf] . o;

z}nLdf ;Ifd kIfx¿ ;xdltdf k'uL b'j}sf] lxt;fDo l:ylt k|fKt x'g] ub{5 .

;f}bfafhLsf] ljifo

;}bfjfhLsf ljifo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . -s_ lgoddf g} Joj:yf ul/Psf ljifox¿

-Mandatory topics_ / -v_ 5nkmnjf6 ;dembf/Ldf k'Ug ;lsg] ljifox¿ -Permissive bargaining

topics_ . klxnf]df sfg"gn] g} oL oL ljifodf ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfOg] egL tf]lsPsf] x'G5 eg] bf];|f]df

sfg"gn] Joj:yf gu/] klg kIfx¿ Ps cfk;sf] lxtsf nflu sfo{;"rL tof/ ub{5g\ . ;f}bfafhLsf

ljifox¿ d"nt oL x'gM

tna / Ifltk"lt{sf ljifox¿ ;do sfo{ cj:yf

cfwf/e" t tna cltl/Qm ;do cjsfz

cltl/Qm ;do eQf ljbf k|df]zg

cjsfz Ifltk"lt{ Shift h]i7tf

k|f]T;fxg Flexi time ;'/Iff k|fjwfg

:jf:Yo jLdf Parental leave sfo{ gLlt÷sfo{ ljj/f0f

u'gf;f] kl/zf]wg÷;u7g

;xdlt sfof{Gjog

kIfx¿ aLr ePsf ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjog s;/L ug]{ / To;sf] c;/ s] kb{5 eGg] ljifo

o;df ;dflxt x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;f}bfafhL

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifonfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] h:tf] ;xh ?kdf

:jLsfl/b}g . t/ sltko k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf ;f}bfafhLnfO{ lglZrt tx / k|lqmofdf sfg"gåf/f g}

:jLsfl/g yflnPsf] 5 . k] zfut ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] k]zfut lxt / ;'/Iffsf nflu ;f}bfafhLsf] k|lqmof

ckgfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / lghfdtL ;]jf, h'g of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5,

aLr k/:k/ lj/f]wfef; b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifodf tLgj6f ;}4flGts

;jfnx¿df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sfg"gn] cfrf/

;+lxtfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 .

• sfg"gL ?kdf ;f}bfafhL ug'{ kg]{ ljifox¿ .

• jftf{ / ;f}bfjfhLdf Kf|ltaGw nufOPsf ljifox¿ .

• jftf{ / ;f}bfafhLdf k|j]z u/fpg / gu/fpg ;lsg] ljifox¿ .

xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut ;+3df cfj4 x'g ;Sg] Aoj:yf ul/Ptf klg

;f}bfafhL ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf P]g tyf lodfjnL df}g /x]sf 5g\ . P]gn] lbPsf] Joj:yf

ljk/Lt klg laleGg k]zfut o'lgogx¿ obfsbf ;f}bfafhLsf ;Gbe{df cl:tTjdf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\

82

t/ u}/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf h:tf] o;n] ;+:yfut :j?k wf/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . j]nf j]nfdf

;f}bfafhLsf cf}krfl/seGbf cgf}krfl/s k|lqmofx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] ;dy{g

h'6\g] cj:yfdf eg] obfsbf sd{rf/L ;+u7gn] ;f}bfafhL u/L ;]jf ;'ljwf / zt{sf ljifodf s]xL

kl/0flt NofPsf] klg b]Vg kfOG5 .

u'gf;f]sf] ;'g'jfO{ -Grievances handling_

;+u7gn] sd{rf/Lk|lt u/]sf] cGofo / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ / c;Gt'li6sf] cf}krfl/s

cleAolQm u'gf;f] xf] . Dale Yodder sf cg';f/ sd{rf/Ln] Joj:yfkgaf6 ePsf] e]befjk"0f{

Aojxf/sf] lnlvt lzsfot ug'{ u'gf;f] xf] . ;+u7gdf sfdbf/ / Joj:yfkgaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /fVg

u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o:tf u'gf;f]x¿ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf laleGg r/0fdf

x'g ;Sb5g . h:tf] kb:yfkg, ;?jf, k'/:sf/, dgf]gog, labf, sfo{ ljj/0f, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg

cflb . u'gf;f]x¿ w]/} ;do;Dd ;'g'jfO{ gePdf o;n] ;+u7gsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{

;Sg] x'Fbf o;sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] sfo{ljlw / ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g] ul/G5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnojf6 xfn} hf/L ePsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{zsf, @)^# n]

u'gf;f]nfO{ o;/L kl/efiff u/]sf] 5

æu'gf;f]Æ eGgfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ubf{ jf lbOPsf]

sfo{ljj/0f jf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cg';f/ kbLo bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ jf ;+u7gsf] gLlt Pj+

/0fgLlt cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;+u7gleq zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s tgfj jf 8/ qf;

pTkGg u/fpg] jf xtf]T;fxL u/fpg] u/L cfb]z, lgb]{zg jf bjfj lbg] jf lgod cg';f/ ug'{

kg]{ sfo{ gug{ jfWo jgfO{ dgf]jndf x|f; x'g hfg] jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdsf] s'g}

;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ jf ;dfg :t/df c;dfg Joj:yf jf e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePdf

;f] af6 pTkGg c;Gt'i6L Pj+ kL/dsf{nfO{ cfˆgf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs jf pkNnf] clwsf/L ;dIf

lnlvt jf df}lvs¿kdf JoQm ul/g] lqmofsnfknfO{ hgfpg] 5 .Æ

t/ o;n] sd{rf/Lsf ;j} k|sf/sf kL/dsf{nfO{ ;d]6\b}g . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, ;?jf

tyf kfl/tf]lifs Pj+ cGo ;'ljwf / cj;/ ljt/0fnfO{ o;n] cfˆgf] kl/efiffleq kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf]

5}g .

u'gf;f]sf ljz]iftfx¿

• u'gf;f] Ps k|sf/sf] c;Gt'li6 xf], of] lnlvt / df}lvs x'g ;Sb5 .

• of] ;fd"lxs jf JolQmut x'g ;S5 .

• u'gf;f]sf] pTklQ ;+u7g leq jf aflx/sf] Jojxf/af6 ePsf] x'g;S5 .

• u'gf;f] plrt jf cg'lrt x'g ;S5 .

• u'gf;f] x'g sd{rf/L cfk"m cGofodf 5' eGg] dgf]bzfdf x'g' kb{5 .

83

u''gf;f]sf ;|f]tx¿

Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/L k|lt u/]sf] cg'lrt, e]befj / cGofok"0f{ Jojxf/ g} u'gf;f]sf] ;|f]t /

sf/0f klg xf] . ;+u7gn] JolQmnfO{ lbg] cj;/, j[lQljsf;, Ifltk"lt{, clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjsf]

k|of]u, ;'kl/j]If0f, lgoGq0f cflbsf] sf/0faf6 u'gf;f]sf] l;h{gf x' G5 . xfd|f ;Gbe{df lghfdtL

;]jfleqsf u'gf;f]sf] :j?knfO{ ;fÍ]lts ?kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 t/ oL dfq u'gf;f]sf] If]q

eg] xf]Ogg\

u'gf;f] If]q u'gf;f] u'gf;f]sf sf/0fx¿

kbf]Gglt d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf kIfkft – d"Nof+sg uf] Ko÷kIfkftk"0f{ x'g'

– ;"rs / sfdsf] tfnd]n gx'g'

– a9'jf gLlt l:y/ gx'g'

;?jf÷kb:yfkgf ;?jf / kb:yfkgfdf u}/

k|0ffnLsf] xfjL

– of]Uotf, tflnd / ?lrnfO{ Wofg glbg'

- Criteria kfng gug'{

tna tyf ;'ljwf • d"No j[l4sf] df/

• sfof{no leqsf ;'ljwfdf

c;dfgtf

– vf; lgsfodf eQf lbg]

– vf; JolQmnfO{ eQf lbg]

– tna ;'ljwfsf ;}4flGts cfwf/sf]

kfng gx'g'

u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu j}wflgs, Joj:yksLo / a]un ;+oGqsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ljlw

ckgfpg ;lsG5 . gLlt / sfg"g s} sf/0f l;lh{t u'gf;f] -h:tf] xfd|f] a9'jf gLlt_ nfO{ sfg"g /

gLltsf] ;'wf/af6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Joj:yfkgaf6 lgikIf / Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ ge} l;h{gf

ePsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfskLo cf}hf/sf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko cg'zf;g /

cfr/0fsf ljifosf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu a]un Goflos lgsfosf] cfjZostf klg kb{5 h:tf]

k|zf;sLo cbfnt, k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, ;+3Lo u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgsfo Merit System

Protection Board cflb .

u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf kmfObf

• Joj:yfkgaf6 sd{rf/Lk|lt x'g] :j}lR5s lg0f{o ;'wf5{ . of] ;f+u7lgs Gofosf] ;+oGq xf] .

• o;jf6 Joj:yfkgn] åGb ;+efjgfsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg x'g] ub{5 . h;n] ;f+u7lgs Iflt x'g]

cj:yf g} cfpb}g .

• of] ;~rf/sf] v'nf Channel xf] . v'nf ;~rf/n] sd{rf/Lsf c;Gt'li6 / sfo{gLltsf ;d:of

;dfwfg x'g] ub{5g\ .

• df}lnstf / l;h{gfTds v'jLn] k|>o kfp5 .

g]kfndf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ Aoj:yf

g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L gLlt / sfg"gn] ;Daf]wg g} gu/]sf] ljifo u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ xf] . jf:tjdf

eGg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkg leqaf6 pkrf/ g} ul/b}g .

84

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:yf eP klg o;sf] ;+/rgf klg pko'Qm 5}g eg] bf];|f] o;n] ljefuLo

sf/jfxLsf] dfq If]qflwsf/ kfPsf] 5 . cGo k|s[ltsf c;Gt'li6 h:tf] cj;/ ljt/0fsf] c;dfgtf,

;?jf, dgf]gog, labf, k'/:sf/, dlxnf zf]if0f cflbsf] pkrf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw /

k/Dk/f klg :yflkt 5}g . Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6df o;n] k|fyldstf g} kfPsf] 5}g / o;nfO{ dxTj

lbg' k5{ eGg] dgl:yltdf klg Joj:yfkg b]lvb}g . h;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx¿ k|lts"n

-sltko cj:yfdf tgfjk"0f{_ cj:yfdf 5g . To;}n} o;sf] k/f]If pkrf/sf ?kdf eg;'g, /fhg}lts

x:tIf]k, JolQmut d'nflxhf / rfs8Lh:tf cGo pkfo k|rngdf 5g o;n] c? u'gf;f]sf] pj{/e"ld

tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . Joj:yfksLo z}nLdf ePsf] kl/jt{g, sd{rf/Lsf k]zfut ;+ u7gx¿, k|fl1s bjfj

;d"xn] klg o;nfO{ ;3fpg k'u]sf 5}gg\ .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)^@ n] ;Lldt ?kdf eP klg o;nfO{ cf}krfl/s

sfo{;"rLdf r9fPsf 5 . o;n] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ M

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g tyf k|rlnt sfg"gn] cGoq ph'/L jf k'g/fj]bg ug{

kfpg] cj:yf jfx]s of] P]g / o; cGtu{t ag]sf lgod adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jf,

zt{, ;'ljwf / sd{rf/L;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] s'g} klg ljifodf cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] 5 eGg

nfu]df jf ;f] ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpbf klg sf/jfxL geP

lghn] cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{ tyf u'gf;f] tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf /fVg ;Sg]

• kL/dsf{ / u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ;DjGwL Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]

• P]g sf] bkmf %( cg';f/ ;fdfGo ;hfo kfpg] sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L ;dIf

k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]

• ;hfo lbbf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbg' kg]{

• k|:tfljt ;hfosf ;DaGwdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 k/fdz{ lng' kg]{

• ;hfo dfly k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g ;Sg]

P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ JoVof ug]{ qmddf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] xfn} hf/L u/]sf]

sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t oL rf/ kIfdf ;+u7gn] kmfObf

lng ;Sg] p2]Zout cjwf/0ff /fv]sf] 5 .

sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# n] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] p2]ZonfO{ oL j'bfdf

pNn]v u/]sf] 5 M

-!_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf] ;+oGq / k|lqmof Jojl:yt u/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg

k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg],

-@_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfof{no Pj+ sfd;+u ;DalGwt u'gf;fnfO{ ;dodf g} km5\of}{6

ug]{,

-#_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf c;n sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ clea[l4 ug]{,

-$_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pTk|]l/t / pRr dgf]jno'Qm agfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd

agfpg] .

85

xfd|f vf; ;jfnx¿

u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf ePsf Joj:yf / sfo{ lgb]{lzsfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+:yfut

:j?k lbP/ ;+:yf tyf sd{rf/LaLr dfgjLo ;DjGw sfod ug{df eGbf o; ;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{

cf}krfl/stf lbgdf g} s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:tf] ls u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf rf/ ;+oGqx¿ u'gf;f]

k]l6sf, ljB'tLo dfWod, sd{rf/L j}7s / gf]8n clws[t o;sf cf}krfl/s k|fjwfg dfq x'g .

u'gf;f] k]l6sf sfof{nosf] zf]efsf nflu /flvG5 / of] ljz]ift ;]jfu|fxLaf6 x'g] lzsfotsf] ;Íng

jfs; xf] . To:t} gf]8n clws[t klg ;+u7gsf tkm{jf6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfsf ljifodf pgLx¿sf]

cfjfh Joj:yfkgsf nflu kmf]sn ljGb'sf ?kdf tf]lsg] sd{rf/L dfq ePsfn] p;af6 Joj:yfkg

leq ;b:ox¿sf ;d:ofx¿ p;dfkm{t d'vl/t x'g} ;Qm}gg . Od]nsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] :t/df slt

sd{rf/L xf]nfg < ljBtLo dfWodsf] cfwf/zLnf slt lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 < xfdL ;j}nfO{ yfxf

ePs} s'/f xf] . cfGtl/s ?kdf j}7s x'g] ;+:yfut k/Dk/f g} 5} g . s]xL hfgj'em / pbf/ sfof{no

k|d'v dfq o; k|sf/sf] bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ;Dks{ dg k/fFpb5g\ . oxf Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{

pko'Qm 7fGb5' . Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfodf k|To]s lbg xflh/L ul/;s]kl5 clws[t sd{rf/Lx¿

;lrjsf] sfo{sIfdf j;]/ ljxfgLsf] lrof;fy cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn ug]{ ub{y] . of] lgoldt k/Dk/f

s} ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . o; k|sf/sf] 5nkmnsf] s'g} Ph]08f x'g] gu/] klg cl3Nnf] lbg

ePsf sfdx¿sf] ;dLIff / To; lbg ul/g] sfdsf ljifox¿ k|:t't x'g] ub{y] eg] Joj:yfkgsf

tkmjf6 s;}nfO{ lrQ gj'em]sf s'/fx¿ klg /fVg] ul/GYof] . t/ Pshgf JolQm ;lrj eP/ cfpg]

ljQLs} cfˆgf] sfo{sIfdf ;x;lrj / s]xL cfuGt'snfO{ j:g k'Ug] ;f]kmfdfq /fvL c? s';L{x¿

x6fO{lbP / lghL ;lrjnfO{ cfb]z lbP cj b]lv ;j} pk;lrj / zfvf clws[tx¿nfO{ jflx/} xflh/

ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' . ;lrjHo"sf] cfb]z kfngf eof] . To; lbgb]lv gaf]nfO{sg ;lrjHo"sf]

sfo{sIfdf pk;lrj / ;f]eGbf tnsf sf] xL klg hfg 5f8] . lnlvt cfb]zsf] k|jfx dfq x'g yfNof] .

of] qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpb} hfFbf s]xL dlxgfkl5 g} k"/} ;+u7g g]t[ Tj / ;Djfb ljxLg cj:yfdf

k'Uof] . cgf}krfl/s ;DaGw / ;Djfbn] cfGtl/s ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ slt e"ldsf v]Nb5 eGg];Dd

;lrjn] x]Ssf /fv]]gg\ . of] Pp6f pbfx/0fdfq xf] . k|fotM k|zf;lgs g]tTjlng] JolQmx¿df ;De|fGt

z}nLdf o;/L g} cfb]z–lgb]{ z rnfpg] ub{5g\, l;4fGtdf hlt;'s} ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkgsf] s'/f

u/] klg . h;sf sf/0f ;+u7g leqsf] u'gf;f]n] pko'Qm lgsf;dfq gkfpg] xf]Og ls tgfjsf] l:ylt

l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 h;n] ;+u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly 7"nf] cj/f]w t]:of{pg] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf]

;+u7gnfO{ sd{rf/L kL/dsf{sf] j}w k|ltlglwTj ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g . u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ljlw klg

;d:of ;dfwfg tkm{ eGbf sfo{ljlwsf] cf}krfl/stfdf clNemg] vfnsf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo, dGqfno:t/ /

lhNnf :t/sf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g g} ePsf 5}gg . o;y{ sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf

;Gbe{df oL ;jfnx¿ :ki6 b]lvPsf 5g\ M

• u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;/sf/n] 7fg]sf] 5}g .

• sd{rf/L kL/dsf{ ;'Gbf sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkg b'j} nfeflGjt x'G5g\ eGg] Joj:yfkgn]

:jLsf/]sf] 5}g .

• lghfdtL ;]jfleq ;Fw} kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ 5 . To;}n] u'gf;faf6 xflsdx¿ 8/fpb5g\ .

• JolQmnfO{ x]/]/ gLlt sfg"g agfOG5 . AolQmsfnflu gLlt–sfg"g tf]l8Psf] klg 5 .

86

• u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v ;+oGq eg]sf] Joj:yfkg cfkm} xf] . p;n] cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f,

cfGtl/s j}7s / cgf}krfl/s ;/;Nnfxdf Wofg lbg] u/]s} 5}g .

• k|zf;gleq u'gf;f] ;'Gg] cfˆg} ;+oGq gePsf]n] cbfnt÷nf]s;]jf cfof]uh:tf jf¡Öo

lgsfodf ph'/L kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

pk;+xf/M

xfd|f] k|zf;lgs Jojxf/df u'gf;f] tyf dsf{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;Djf]wg ug]{ k|of;

xfn;Dd ePsf] 5}g . u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgn] ;+u7g / sd{rf/L b'j} nfeflGjt x' G5g\ eGg] ;fdfGo

;f]r ;d]t gx's]{sfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg s]jn k|fl1s nx8sf] ljifodfq ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L

;Ë7gx¿ klg ;+:yfut ?kdf cfjfh /fVg eGbf o;nfO{ j}olQms ?kdf lng] k|j[lQdf b]lvPsfn]

o;n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|j]z kfpg g;s]sf] xf] . To;}n] sd{rf/Lx¿ u'gf;f]sf] lgsf;sf nflu

Joj:yfkgleqsf ;+oGqeGbf dfly p7]/ cbfntL pkrf/ vf]Hg jfWo b]lvG5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!, ltjf/L dw'lglw, u'gf;f] ;'Nemfpg] ;+oGq -d:of}bf_, @)^!

@, lghfdtL sd{rf/L u' gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, @)^#

#, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)$(

$, d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL, n}lËs ;dtfsf] d"nk|jflxs/0f

sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, @)^@

%, Managing Human Resources, Gomar-Majia, Luis R., David B, Balkia, Robert L. Cardy,

Princeton Hill India, 2002

87

Jofj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf

o;sf] k|of]u

–k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n .

;f/f+z

/fHosf] ljsf;df dfgjLo ljsf;n] pRr dxTj / k|fyldstf kfPsf] tyf ljZjsf] dfgj ljsf;sf]

:t/ dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍn] g]kfnsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]vfPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf dfgjLo ljsf;sf] If]qdf

pRr nufgL cfjZos kg'{ :jefljs} xf] . /fHosf] /fh:j ;+sngsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, o;sf >f]t / cfwf/,

vr{ / cfDbfgL aLrsf] c;Gt'ng / hgtfsf ljsf;k|lts pn{bf cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ eljiodf nufgL a9fpg'

kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ca /fh:j p7fpg] / cfDbfgL ug]{ sfd cy{ dGqfno / cGtu{tsf

lgsfos ] dfq x'g ;Sb}g, of] /fHosf ;a} lgsfosf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L leq kg'{k5{ . g]kfnsf] a9\bf] C0fsf]

ef/n] /fHo C0fsf] vfN6f]df kg]{ hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] cj:yfn] /fHosf] cfGtl/s cfosf] dxTjnfO{ emg}

a9fPsf] 5 . ljb]zL bft[ lgsfosf] b[li6df g]kfn ;w}+ k|fyldstfdf gkg]{ / ljZjsf 36gfqmdsf] ljsf;;Fu}

pgLx¿sf ;xfotfsf k|fyldstf klg km]l/b} cfPsf 5g\ / eljiodf klg ToxL qmd /xg] b]lvG5 . ljZjdf

ef]s, /f]u, n8fO, v8]/L, clgsfn cflbsf sf/0fn] bft[ lgsfosf ;xfotf /0fgLlt km]l/g] x'gfn] /fHon]

cfTdlge{/tfsf] af6f] lng' lbuf] >f]t;fwgs ] hf]xf] / ljsf;sf] Ps dfq pkfo xf] . s/ /fh jsf cfwf/

;fF3'l/Ps ] / o; If]qaf6 cfzftLt /fh:j a9fpg ;lsg] ;+efjgf Go"g x'Fb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df u}/s/ /fh:js

jt{dfg >f]taf6 dfq xf]Og, cfosf gofF ;Defjgf vf]hL /fHosf] 9's'6L bx|f] agfO{ cfd lgd'vf hgtfsf]

pGglt / ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} ;d'Ggt g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/ Joj;flos x'g}kb{5 . Joj;flos

;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" u/L /fHosf]if bl/nf] agfpg ;s] hgtfsf ljsf;sf cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ sGh':ofO

ug{ gkg]{ / …x'Fbf vfg]Ú hgtf klg …x'g] vfg]Ú eO{ /fHodf b]lvg] c;Gt'li6 / åGåsf] klg lg/fs/0f x'g]

ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .

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k[i7e"ld

k|frLg sfndf /fHosf] d'Vo sfd b] zdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{, Gofo Joj:yf ug'{ tyf

/fHonfO{ ljb]zL cfqmd0faf6 arfpg' lyof] . o;afx]ssf sfo{x¿ /fHosf] vf;} k|fyldstf leq

kb}{gy] . To;}n] tTsfnLg /fHox¿ k'ln; /fHo -Police State_ sf] ?kdf /x]sf lyP . /fHosf sfd yf]/}

x'g] ljlQs} cfDbfgL klg sd eP k'Ug] x'gfn] Tolta]nfsf zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ sd vr{

ug{ tyf sd s/ nufpg ;'emfj lbGy] . logLx¿n] s/nfO{ afnLgfnL gi6 kfg]{ cl;gfsf] ?kdf

lnPsf lyP, cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfngsf] nflu ;/sf/eGbf lghL If]q a9L ;jn x'g] x'gfn]

;/sf/n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf s' g} x:tIf]k ug'{x'b}g eg]/ Laissez Faire Policy sf] jsfnt ub{y] .

t/ ;g\ !(@( sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLn] ;/sf/n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf x:tIf]t ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{

dfGotf lbof] . lslG;og y]p/Ln] ljZj cy{tGqdf gofF df]8 Nofof] . cf};t dfudf sdL cfpgfn]

cfly{s dGbLsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] x'gfn] k|efjsf/L dfu l;h{ gfsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cy{tGqdf x:tIf]k

. pk;lrj, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u

88

ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}n] Joo u/L o:tf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] cfkm" n] ug]{ cfo / Joon]

cy{tGqdf ;Gt'ng tyf :j:Yotf sfod ug{ ;S5 eGg] lslG;og dfGotfn] ;Gt'lnt ah]6, Go"g

;/sf/L vr{ / cx:tIf]knfO{ 7f8} r'gf}tL lbof] . pgLkl5sf cy{zf:qLx¿n] klg o;nfO{ :jLsf/] .

;/sf/ hgtfsf] cleefjs xf] . ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd hgtfsf] lhp wgsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ xf] .

olt dfq xf]Og, ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] ljsf;k|ltsf OR5f cfsf+IffnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug'{kb{5 . PSsfO;f}+

ztfJbLdf dfgjnfO{ ;j{:j dfGb} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;sf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;du|

hgtfsf] sNof0f, ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;a}nfO{ x'g] vfg] cfbz{ dflg;

agfpg] cleofgsf ;fy ;+;f/sf ;a} b]z nfluk/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg o;tkm{ ;/sf/

k|oTgzLn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;, hgsNof0f h:tf dfGotfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ klg kof{Kt

>f]t / ;fwgsf] hf]xf] ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu PSnf] cy{ dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefux¿n] dfq

/fh:j ;+sng ug]{ Wo]o /fv]/ k'Ub}g . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf ;du| c+ux¿sf] k|oTg cfjZos x'G5 .

To;}n] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf lqmofsnfknfO{ Joj;flos agfpb} n}hfg kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

s] xf] pBdL tyf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff <

;/sf/sf ;a} lqmofsnfk ;]jfd'vL x'g'kb{5 eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotf ca k'/fgf] e};s]sf] 5 .

;+;f/df l;Q}df xfjf klg kfOb}g, o;sf] nflu klg z'Ns ltg'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf ljsf; x'b} uPsf] 5 .

;/sf/sf ;a} c+ u tyf lgsfon] cfo cfh{gsf ;Dej pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ub}{ /fh:jdf of]ubfg ug'{

tyf cfˆgf j:t' tyf ;]jfk|jfxdf plrt z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L cfo cfh{gsf] pRr ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Dej

t'Nofpg] cjwf/0ff g} Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . cyf{ t\ Pp6f gfkmf ug{ :yflkt Joj;flos

k|lti7fgn] em} gfkmf jf cfo cfh{gsf] ;f]r /fvL cfˆgf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ Joj;flos

;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff xf] .

;+;f/sf b]zx¿sf] cj:yf

kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿n] Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft

ub}{ uPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/ ;]jfd'vL dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, cfd lgd'vf hgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf]

nflu vr{ ug{ klg ;/sf/sf c+ux¿n] Joj;flos ;f]r /fVg}kg]{ x'G5 . oxL jf:tljstfnfO{ x[bo+ud

u/L ljZjsf w]/} b]zn] cfˆgf] cfocfh{gnfO{ pRr dxTj k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lj4fg David

Osborne / Ted Gaebler n] cfˆgf] k':ts Reinventing Government df eg]sf 5g\– In most

government few people outside of the Finance and Revenue Departments ever think about

revenues. No one think about profit.1 cd]l/sL ;Gbe{df n]v]sf] k':ts k9\bf o:tf] nfU5 ls

cd]l/sfh:tf] ljsf;sf] r'nLdf k'u]sf] b]zdf klg ;/sf/ clwsf+z If]qdf Joj;flos x'g ;s]sf]

b]lvb}g tfklg cfocfh{gsf gofF pkfox¿ ckgfpg] / vr{sf] ldtJolotf / pTkfbgzLntftkm{

kof{Kt ;f]r eg] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . n]vsåon] eg]h:t} g]kfndf cfocfh{g ug]{ d'Vo sfd cy{

dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfosf] dfq xf] eGg] ;f]r /fHosf cGo lgsfon] kfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg

;df/f]xdf ;/sf/sf pRr clwsf/Lx¿n] af/Daf/ eGg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 – …cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 g}

1 Reinventing Government Page 196

89

lbb}gÚ . cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 lbg] s'/f x/fe/f 3gf h+undf uP/ ?vsf kft l6k]/ lbPh:tf] ;lhnf]

x'b}g . Pp6f ul/a lgd'vfn] cfˆgf] cfDbfgL / vr{df tfnd]n ldnfpg hlt ufx|f] x'G5, Tof] eGbf

a9L ufx|f] ;fx|f] cj:yf cy{ dGqfnon] em]Ng'kb{5 . cy{n] ah]6 lbPg jf lbb}g eGg] lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/Lx¿n] klg /fHosf cfo>f]t a9fpg / /fh:j ;+sng ug{ tyf To:tf cfo>f]t a9fpg]

gLlt to ug{ d}n] slt k|of; u/]sf] 5' eg]/ ;f]Rg' klg TolQs} h?/L 5 . ta dfq /fHosf]if bx|f] e}

cy{n] dfu]hlt k};f lbg ;S5 . /fHosf]if bx|f] ePdf w]/} /sd vr{ ug]{ kbflwsf/Ln] k'/:sf/ kfpg]

lbg cfpg] 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] hglxtdf a9L /sd vr{ ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLlt lng'kg]{ lbg klg

cfpg]5g\ .

;g\ !(*$ df Sofg8fsf] dlG6«ondf ePsf] cf]nlDks v]ndf ! cj{ cd]l/sL 8n/ ToxfFsf

hgtfn] C0f af]s]sf 5g\ . t/ To;kl5 ePsf] cd]l/sfsf] n;PGhn; cf]nlDksdf cd]l/sgx¿n] @@

s/f]8 %) nfv 8n/ gfkmf u/] . o;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] Corporate Sponsors vf]h], tyf :jo+;]js

lgo'Qm u/] . t/ Sofg]l8ogx¿df To;f] ug{ a'l4 cfPg . kmntM To;sf] C0f clxn];Dd ltl//x]sf 5g\ .2

/fHosf ;du| lqmofsnfkdf gfkmfd'vL b[li6sf]0f j]nfot, ci6«]lnof, Sofg8f, Go"lhn}08 cflb

b]zn] klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df j]nfot, ci6«]lnof h:tf b]zx¿n] b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{

sltko hgzlQm cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug{ eGbf aflx/af6 Nofpg ;:tf] kg]{ egL ;f]xL cg';f/sf gLlt

ckgfO cfPsf] klg kfOG5 .

g]kfndf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostf

kl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljZjdf dfgjLo ljsf;n] pRr k|fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . bft[ lgsfon]

klg dfgjLo ljsf;sf If]qdf cfˆgf ;xfotfnfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{ tkm{ nfu]sf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf

gjf}+ of]hgfsf] z'?cft;Fu} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf]] 5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df

lzIff If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/, ;fIf/tf, :jtGq k|];, hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn agfpg] ;/sf/sf sfo{x¿ tyf

/fli6« o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf lqmofsnfk, b"/;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf

ePsf] tLj| lj:tf/sf] sf/0fn] hgtfsf] r] tgfsf] :t/ lgs} a9]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ klg ;/sf/ pk/

ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk tLj|?kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ca lxhf]sf]

h:tf] 6fn6'n] ljsf;, cfZjf;g / em'7sf] ljsf;] v]tLn] hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .

cjsf] ljsf; eg]sf] hfu?s hgtfnfO{ lrQ a'emfpg ;Sg] vfnsf] bl/nf] ljsf; xf] . o;sf] nflu

kof{Kt >f]t ;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g ljBdfg >f]taf6 dfq h'6fpg ;Dej b]lvb}g .

g]kfndf @)^).^! df ul/Psf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{df #! k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg

/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . @)%@.%# df ul/Psf] hLjg:t/ ;e]{df $@ k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg

/x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . cem} klg olt 7"nf] hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Pp6f ;Eo

;dfhdf ;'xfpg] s'/f xf]Og . emg\ dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOb} cfPsf] jt{dfg

;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;tkm{ /fHosf] 7"nf] nufgL / k|oTg h?/L b]lvG5 .

2 Reinventing Government, Page No. 196

90

dfgjLo ljsf; pRr k|fyldstfsf] If]q xf] . o;tkm{ kof{Kt nufgL ePg eg] o:tf] pRr

k|fyldstfsf] If]qsf] nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult ug{ ;Dej b]lvb}g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL h:tf

If]qdf kof{Kt nufgL lagf dfgjLo ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu cfGtl/s

>f]taf6 kof{Kt >f]t h'6fpg h?/L 5 . ljb]zL ;xfotf lbuf] >f]t x'g ;Sb}g . bft[ lgsfosf

k|fyldstf km]l/g ;S5g\, ljZjdf gofF gofF /fi6«x¿ bft[ lgsfosf] k|fyldstfdf kb}{ uPsf klg

b]lvPsf 5g\ . o'4, cfGtl/s åGå, ef]sd/L, /f]usf] dxfdf/Ln] cfqmfGt kf/]sf d'n'sx¿ clxn]

k|fyldstfdf k/]sf b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] cfGtl/s >f]t dfq lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ x'g ;S5 .

o;nfO{ a9fpg Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] d2t ub{5 .

g]kfnsf] ljut jif{x¿sf] ljQLo ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fh:jsf] cfwf/ ;fFu'/f] / sdhf]/ b]lvPsf]

dx;'; x'G5 . /fh:jn] rfn' vr{nfO{ klg wfGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /fh:j jrt 36\b}

uPsf] tyf rfn' vr{df pNn]Vo a[l4n] /fHosf]ifdf rfk a9\b} uPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ljutdf lnPsf]

C0fsf] ;fFjf / To;sf] Jofh ltg{ klg df]6f] /sd vr{ ug{ kl//x]sf] 5 . k|To]s gofF ;/sf/n]

cfˆgf] ;kmntf ljb]zL ;xof]usf] /fzLsf] kl/df0fsf] a9f]Q/LnfO{ dfGg] / ljb]zL ;xfotfsf] c+zdf

cg'bfgeGbf C0fsf] c+z 7"nf] x'gfn] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf] /sd a9\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 . o:tf]

;+j]bgzLn 38Ldf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ l9nfO ug{ gx'g] b]lvG5 .

csf]{ s'/f /fHosf] cfo ;+sng ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ dfWod aGg 5f]l8;s]sf] 5 .

wgLnfO{ pRr b/n] s/ nufpg] / ul/anfO{ 5'6 lbg] gLlt klg k'/fgf] e};Sof] . s/sf b/ a9fP/

/fh:j p7fpg] ;f]r xfnsf lbgdf k'/fgf] ePsf] 5 . pRr b/sf s/n] s/ r'xfj6nfO{ pRr

agfpg'sf] ;fy} j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ xtf]T;flxt agfpF5 . To;}n] xfnsf jif{df vr{sf] dfWodaf6

;fdflhs Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff alnof] x'b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu

ljkGg ju{ tyf ;d'bfo, cfbLjf;L, hghflt, afnaflnsf, dlxnf, czQm, ckfË tyf clwsf+z

lgd'vfsf] a;f]af;sf] s]Gb| /x]sf] u|fdL0f If]qdf kof{Kt nufgLsf] cfjZostf 5 . Joj;flos

;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 a9L >f]tsf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsg] / Tof] /fHosf o:tf

k|fyldstfsf If]qdf vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

;]jf z'Nssf b'O6f dxTjk"0f{ kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ . ;j{k|yd t o;n] /fHosf] /fh:j a9fpF5 .

oltdfq geO{ o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx pk/ cgfjZos bjfj kg{ lbb}g . rfx] ljZjljBfnosf]

k/LIffsf] kmf/d eg{ xf];\, rfx] s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf s'g} ;]jf lng lgj]bg jf b/vf:t eg]{

cj:yfdf xf];\, Tof] kmf/fd l;Q}df kfOg] ePdf Pp6}n] Pp6f 7]nL;Dd klg af]s]/ n}hfG5g\ t/

To;df s]xL z'Ns ltg{ kg]{ ePdf cfkm"nfO{ rfx]hlt dfq n}hfG5g\ . of] g]kfndf xfdLn] b]v] ef]u]sf]

s'/f xf] . To;}n] /fh:j a9fpg] b[li6sf]0fn] dfq geO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg

klg ;]jf z'Nssf] dxTj 5 .

;/sf/sf lqmofsnfknfO{ # efudf af8\g' h?/L 5 .

-s_ gfkmf ug]{ If]q

-v_ g gfkmf g 3f6f ug]{ If]q

-u_ ;]jfsf] wf/0ff /fvL ;~rfng ul/g] If]q

91

;/sf/n] ;]jfsf] wf/0ff g} /fVg' kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . ;/sf/sf ;a} lqmofsnfk Joj;flos jf

gfkmfd'vL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ pko'{Qmfg' ;f/ ljefhg u/L s'g If]qnfO{

;]jfd"ns 9+un] ;~rfng ug]{ xf], s'g If]qnfO{ ;fdfGo gfkmfd'vL eP/ rnfpg] xf] / s'gnfO{ pRr

gfkmfd'vL eP/ rnfpg] xf], To;sf] olsg ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, dl§t]n, UofF; h:tf

cTofjZos / ;fdfGo lgd'vf hgtfsf] lbg b}lgsL;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿df ;]jfd'vL

b[li6sf]0f /fVg} kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] laqmL ug]{ b"wnfO{ g gfkmf g 3f6f x'g]

u/L ;~rfng ug'{k5{ / ;f] xL ;+:yfgsf /;j/L, k]8f, l3p h:tf j:t'x¿ gfkmf ug]{ j:t'sf] ?kdf

lnO{ d"No klg cln pRr sfod ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .

;/sf/nfO{ pBdL tyf Joj;flos s;/L agfpg] <

-s_ u}/s/ /fh:jsf b/x¿ x]/km]/ u/]/ tyf gofF If]q vf]hL z'Ns nufP/ M– /fHosf]ifnfO{ bl/nf]

agfpg ;/sf/sf k|of;x¿ gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . o:t} k|of; :j?k ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|jfx

ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfdf z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ u/L cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|of] u ;+;f/sf

clwsf+z b]zn] u/]sf 5g\ . j:t' tyf ;]jfdf nufOPsf z'Nsx¿sf] b/ ;dofg's"n x'g] u/L

kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 . g]kfndf b/ kl/jt{gsf kof{Kt u'~hfO;x¿ 5g\ . t;y{ o;tkm{ Wofg

lbb} nfut kIfnfO{ ;d]t dgg ub}{ o:tf s/sf b/x¿df ;dofg's"n x]/km]/ ug{ ;s]df

/fHosf]ifdf o; If]qaf6 yk /fh:j of]ubfg k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .

o;sf] cnfjf ;/sf/n] gofF If]q vf]hL z'Ns nufpg ;Sg'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf nf]s

;]jf cfof]un] cfkm"n] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf /fhkq cg+lst tyf lgDg:t/df kfFr

;o ?k}of / clws[t :t/df Ps xhf/ ?k}of z'Ns nufPdf s]xL /fh:j a9\g hfG5 .

-v_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf klqsfdf lj1fkg lbP/ M– ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo tyf sfof{nox¿n]

ljleGg yl/sf klqsf, a'n]l6gx¿ lgsfln/x]sf 5g\ . t/ lj1fkg k|sflzt u/L cfo cfh{g

ug]{ ;f]r To:tf lgsfon] /fv]sf] kfOb}g . cem pb]snfUbf] kIf s] 5 eg] To:tf k|sfzgx¿

l;Q}df afF8L nfut;Dd p7fpg] ;f]r klg 5}g . lghL If]qaf6 k|sfzg x'g] o:t} vfnsf kq

klqsfdf lj1fkg lbO{ dgUo] gfkmf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ t/ ;/sf/sf lgsfosf] o:tf] cj:yf

5 . To;}n] o; If]qaf6 klg /fh:j c;'n ug]{ tkm{ ;/sf/L ;f]r x'g' h?/L 5 .

-u_ zx/L If]qsf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ dn agfO{ laqmL u/]/ M– kmf]xf]/nfO{ df]xf]/df kl/0ft u/]/ klg

;/sf/n] cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf o:tf] ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu lghL

If]q;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ ljz]if ;'ljwfo'Qm sf/fuf/ agfO{ tyf sf/fuf/df ljz]if sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L z'Ns c;'n

u/]/ M– b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ sfo{df sf/fuf/sf] pRr dxTj 5 . sf/fuf/ oftgfu[x

xf]Ogg\, ;'wf/ u[x x'g\ eGg] dfGotfn] a9jf kfO/x]sf] jt{dfg ljZj ;Gbe{df s}bL÷aGbLnfO{

/f0ff zf;gsfndf h:tf] ;fF3'/f sf]7fdf rf}v'¥ofP/ /fVg] k|Zg} cfpb}g . cem

dfgjflwsf/k|lt a9\bf] rf;f]n] o;f] ug{ g} lbb}g . t;y{ sf/fuf/nfO{ ;'wf/ u[xsf] ?kdf

ljsf; ub}{ s}bL÷aGbL pk/ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .

ljBdfg sfg"gn] h]n kg]{nfO{ a:gsf] nflu plrt k|jGw, cf]5\ofg, nufpg] n'uf /

vfgkfgsf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] cfˆg} vr{df ldnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] s8fOsf

92

;fy kl/kfngf ubf{ h]n kg]{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg a9\b} hfG5 . o;sf] nflu cd]l/sfnfO{

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . s}bL÷aGbL ;+Vof a9\g] ljlQs} ;/sf/sf] vr{ klg ;f]xL

cg'kftdf a9\g hfG5 . clg o;df klg z'? e}xfN5 – cy{n] k};} lbb}g . o;sf] nflu

sf/fuf/ cfTdlge{/ agfpgtkm{ klg /fHon] ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 . ;/sf/n] ljz]if ;'ljwf ePsf]

5'§} sf/fuf/ agfO{ jf sf/fuf/df ljz]if ;'ljwfo'Qm sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L To:tf sf]7fdf

z'Ns lnO{ /fh:j a9fpg ;lsG5 . o;af6 sf/fuf/sf] ;du| vr{sf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsG5 .

-ª_ bf]xf]/f] dfu{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL -Double Track Management System_ df hf]8

lbP/ M– ;/sf/sf kmd{x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4 u/L ;/sf/L nufgLsf] pRr

k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ bf]xf]/f] dfu{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] pRr dxTj 5 . ;/sf/sf nIo

cg';f/sf lgoldt sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cnfjf cGo sfo{qmd ;+~rfng u/]/ tyf cltl/Qm

pTkfbg u/L cflh{t cfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] ?kdf bflvnf u/L afFsL

/sd kmd{sf] ef}lts ;'wf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] ?kdf lbg] k2lt bf]xf]/f] dfu{

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL xf] . o;af6 sfdk|lt sd{rf/L a9L pTk|]l/t x'g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/nfO{ klg

/fh:j k|fKt x'g] / ;/sf/L kmd{sf] ef}lts ;'wf/ klg x'G5 . of] cjwf/0ff jif{ @)^).^! sf]

ah]6 jStJo dfkm{t ;/sf/sf s]xL s[lif kmfd{x¿df k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] . of]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tfl/t ?kdf nfu" ug{ ;s] /fh:j k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy} ;/sf/nfO{ kg]{ bfloTj

36\g ;d]t hfg] b]lvG5 .

-r_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng u/]/ M– b]zdf zx/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof tLj| ultdf

cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ult;Fu} zx/Ls/0fdf klg a[l4 x'g' :jefljs} xf] . ;+;f/sf

b]zx¿nfO{ lgofNbf klg oxL k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;s] zx/

cJojl:yt e} a:g nfos x'b}g . To;}n] gu/If]qdf Jojl:yt cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{

sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/n] a9fjf lbg}kb{5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿n] o:tf

gu/If]qdf Jojl:yt 9+un] cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;s] ;/sf/L cfDbfgLdf a[l4 x'g'sf

;fy} Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdf an k'Ug hfG5 .

-5_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] b[li6sf]0fn] a9L rNtLsf 7fpFx¿df lj1fkgsf nflu :yfg -Space_

laqmL u/]/ M– cfGtl/s tyf jfXo p8fgsf ljdfg:ynx¿, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflu

a9L rfk kg]{ sfof{nox¿ h:t} M lhNnf k|zf;g, lhNnf k|x/L, dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿, x'nfs

sfof{nox¿, lzIff sfof{no, g]kfn 6]lnsd, ljB't k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL, /fh:j sfof{no

cflb lgsfox¿sf ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ 7fpFx¿df lj1fkgsf] nflu :yfg pknJw u/fP/ klg

/fHon] cfo cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . o;tkm{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g .

-h_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/df z'Ns nufP/ M– ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ /fHosf d"Nojfg ;DklQ x'g\ .

o:tf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ df]6f] /sd nufgL ug'{kb{5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/sf] cfo' k'u]kl5 k'gM

lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . slxn]sfFxL t b}jLk|sf]k jf cGo sf/0fn] cufj} klg k'gM lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{

cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . gofF gofF k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df h'l6/x]sf] a]nf o:tf k" jf{wf/df

nufgL ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ /sdsf] cefj x'g hfG5 . To;}n] o:tf k"jf{wf/af6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jfdf

pko'Qm z'Ns nufO{ ltgsf] lgoldt dd{t ;'wf/ tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf /sd h'6fpg ;lsG5 .

o;af6 /fHosf]if bl/nf] aGb5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/x¿df /fhdfu{, ;'?ªdfu{, k'n, cfsf;] k'n,

:yfgLo:t/sf k'n tyf ;8sx¿, ljdfg:yn, cflb kb{5g\ .

93

-em_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] Joj;flos k|of]u u/]/ M– ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] Joj;flos k|of]u u/L

kof{Kt dfqfdf cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf eP klg ;/sf/sf] Wofg o;tkm{

k'Ug g;s]sf] sf/0f o;af6 cfzftLt?kdf kmfObf lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . Psflt/ ;/sf/n]

dx+uf] ef8f lt/]/ cfˆgf sfof{nox¿ ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ Joj;flos dxTj

ePsf ejg tyf hUuf hdLgx¿ k|of]hglaxLg ePsf 5g\ . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn]

;'Gwf/fdf sf7df08f}+ dn h:tf] ljzfn Joj;flos ejgsf] lgdf{0f u/L kof{Kt cfDbfgL ug{

;Sof] . ;Fu}sf] uf]Zjf/f x'nfs sfof{nosf] kl/;/ h'g g]kfns} cToGt pko'Qm Joj;flos

s]Gb| aGg] x}l;ot /fV5, df ;/sf/n] Joj;flos 9+uaf6 cfDbfgL ug]{ ;f]r;Dd kfn]sf]

b]lvb}g . x'nfs ;]jf t ljzfn dxnsf] kfFrf} tNnfdf /fVg klg ;lsG5 hxfF hgtfnfO{

lnˆ6af6 ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 . o:tf Joj;flos dxTjsf 7fpF g]kfndf slt 5g\ slt .

o:tf 7fpFx¿sf] Joj;flos k|of]un] /fHosf] cfo>f]t bl/nf]] x'g ;S5 . olt dfq xf]Og,

o:tf cGo If]qx¿ klg 5g\ h;sf] Joj;flos b[li6sf]0fn] pRr dxTj 5 . oL ;a} If]qsf]

Joj;flos kmfObf lng pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt agfO{ o;tkm{ kfOnf rfNg cj]/ ug'{ x'b}g .

-`_ x'nfs ;]jf ljefuaf6 xfn k|bfg ul/cfPsf ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jf k|jfx ug{ nufP/ M–

jblnbf] kl/l:ylt, cfjZostf, gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / Joj;flos ;f]rsf]

cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg kg]{ jfWofTds kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L x'nfs ;]jfn]

cfkm"n] k|bfg ul/cfPsf ;]jfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 . gofF gofF k|ljlw /

k2ltsf] k|of]un] ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg d2t k'U5 . ;fy} xfn lghLIf]qn] k'¥ofpb} cfPsf

;]jfx¿ / ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] gofF ;DefJo If]qx¿ vf]hL x'nfs ;]jfn] cfkm"nfO{

cfw'lgsL/s0f u/L k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;dofg's"n agfpg' h?/L 5 . o;af6 /fHosf]if alnof]

x'g'sf] ;fy} x' nfs ;]jf Pp6f cfsif{s ;]jfsf] ?kdf /xg klg ;Sb5 . x'nfs ;]jf ljefusf]

b]ze/ km}lnPsf] ;+u7gfTds hfnf]n] o:tf ljljw ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .

-6_ ;fj{hlgs kfls{ªdf z'Ns nufP/ M– a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f;Fu} ;jf/L ;fwgsf] tLa| a[l4 e}/x]sf]

5 . o;n] zx/L If]qdf cJojl:yt kfls{ªsf] rsf]{ ;d:of ;d]t b]lvO{ 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf

;d]t cˆ6]/f] kl//x]sf] 5 . ctM ;/sf/n] -:yfgLo lgsfon] ;d]t_ ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿df

Jojl:yt kfls{ª ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{ cfo cfh{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 / o;af6 6«flkms

Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;'udtf cfpF5 .

-7_ ;/sf/L au}rfsf] km"n laqmL u/]/ M– ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] sDkfp08 kl/;/df

km"nx¿ nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . au}rfsf] x]/rfxsf] nflu au}r]nfO{ vr{ klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

t/ o:tf lgsfox¿n] Tof] km"naf6 Ps ?lkof sdfpg] ;Ddsf] ;f]r eg] /fv]sf] kfOb}g .

km"nsf] laqmLaf6 kof{Kt /fh:j t gcfpg klg ;S5, t/ Joj;flos ;f]rsf] ljsf;df

o;n] pRr dxTj /fVb5 . ;/sf/L lgsfosf au}rfsf] km"n laqmLaf6 s]xL dfqfdf eP klg

/fh:j k|fKt eP s]xL au}r]nfO{ tnj ;'ljwf lbg k'Ub5 . To;}n] o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] t'?Gt

Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

-8_ jghGo pTkfbg M–k|fs[lts >f]t dWo] /fHosf] cfo cfh{gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] jg ;Dkbfsf] pRr

dxTj 5 . xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg eGg] plQm g} 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf tyf sdhf]/

;/sf/ ePsf] df}sf 5f]kL ljutdf Jofks jg kmF8fgL e} of] plQm g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df

94

pko'Qm gx'g] xf] ls eGg] klg nfU5 . jg ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;goGq lkmtnf] ;fljt

ePsf] 5 . cfhef]ln ;d]t Jofks jg kmF8fgLsf] 36gfx¿ 5fkfx¿df lbg}lkR5] cfOg}/x]sf

5g\ . t/ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;kmntfn] g]kfnsf gfËf 8fF8fx¿ km]l/ el/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf]

;Gbe{df jg ;+/If0fdf hgtfsf] an ct'ngLo b]lvof] . hgtfn] hf]ufPsf jg x]bf{ t o:tf]

nfU5, jg hf]ufpg] ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ b"wsf] ;fFrL lj/fnf] t ePsf 5}gg\ < o;f] eg]/ jg

;+/If0fdf ;a} ;/sf/L k|ofzM lg:kmn 5g\ eGg vf]lhPsf] klg xf]Og, t/ 5fkfx¿df jg

kmF8fgLdf ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lsf] ldn]dtf] ;d]t ePsf] oqtq pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{

of] kf6f]nfO{ gx]/L /xg eg] ;lsb}g .

oxfFg]/ eGg vf]lhPsf] s] xf] eg] jg ;w} ;+/If0f dfq ug]{ / To;sf] Joj;flos

kmfObf lnb} glng] eGg] xf]Og . jgsf] lbuf]kgfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkf/L o;af6 /fHon] dgUo]

cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;tkm{ xfdL slt ;kmn ePsf 5f}, of] eg] Jofks ljZn]if0f /

d"NofÍgsf] ljifoj:t' jg]sf] 5 . nfdf /fhdfu{sf] ofqfsf qmddf ;'s]sf ?v s'lxP/ emg{

nflu ;s]sf / sf6]/ y'k|fPsf ?vx¿ klg To;} s'x]/ hfg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]Vbf nfUb5

o;af6 /fHon] kof{Kt dfqfdf cfDbfgL ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf] 5}g . kl/kSj ?vx¿sf] cfly{s

dxTj x'g] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] gsfg{ ;Sb}g . gofF lj?jfn] logsf] k|lt:yfkg u/L logLx¿af6

cfly{s kmfObf lng} kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;du| jg k|zf;gn] jgaf6 s;/L a9L eGbf a9L

cfly{s kmfObf lng ;lsG5, uxg cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L cgfjZos emf8L / af]6lj?jf

x6fpg' h?/L 5 . cfly{s kmfObf eg]/ o;sf] jftfj/0fLo kIf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kIfnfO{

ljNs'n} j]jf:tf ug]{ elgPsf] eg] xf]Og . o;tkm{ klg ;Gt'lnt 9+un] ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 .

-9_ hl8a"6L M– h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfn lgs} ;DkGg dflgG5 . dfgj :jf:Yosf]

nflu ckl/xfo{ hl8a'6Lsf] cfly{s dxTj pRr 5 . g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qb]lv t/fO{sf]

;dyn e"efu;Dd k|fs[lts ?kdf cg]sf}+ hl8a'6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . cem eGg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf]

lxdfnL If]q t hl8a"6Lsf] nflu k|l;4 g} 5 . oxfFsf ofrf{u'Daf, kfFrcf}n], h6fd;L, lkKknf,

dlh7f], nf]7;Nnf], ;t'jf, ;k{uGwf, ;'uGwsf]lsnf, ;'uGwjfn cflbn] el/k"0f{ g]kfnsf

hl8a"6Lsf] Joj;flos dxTj a'emL ;f]xL cg';f/ To;sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / laqmL ug{

;s] o;af6 dgUo] /fh:j k|fKt x'g ;S5 . xfn hl8a"6Lsf] /fh:j /fHonfO{ gu0odfqfdf

k|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

-0f_ BOOT df hf]8 lbP/M– jgfp, ;+rfng u/, :jfldTj n]p / cGTodf :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/

-Build, Operate, Owneship and Tranfer- BOOT_ eGg] dfGotfn] cfhef]ln ljZje/ dfGotf

kfpb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . BOOT ;DaGwL sfg"g g]kfnn] klg jgfPsf] xf] . t/ /fhgLlts

cl:y/tf, ;'/Iff, tyf eljiob|i6tf -Predictability_ h:tf nufgLsf] nflu geO{ gx'g] kIfdf

g]kfn sdhf]/ x'gfn] BOOT ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff g] kfndf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . b]zdf

zflGtsf ls/0f em'lNsg yfn]sf] cj:yfdf o;af6 x'g] kmfObfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k"jf{wf/

lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf BOOT gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . BOOT af6 b]znfO{

w]/} kmfObf x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] Psk};f klg nufgL gk/L 7"nf /fhdfu{, ;'?ª dfu{, k'n, cfsf;]

k'n, /f] kj], 6«lnj;, s]j'nsf/, ljB't u[x, ljdfg:yn, 7"nf 7"nf sf]N8:6f]/] h h:tf ljleGg

lsl;dsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . o;af6 /fHon] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf s/ tyf

95

ljleGg z'Ns c;'n u/L /fHosf]if alnof] agfpg ;S5 . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf

x'G5g\ . lglZrt ;dofjlw kl5 o:tf] k"jf{wf/ /fHonfO{ x:tfGt/0f x'G5 . o;af6

nufgLstf{n] klg gfkmf sdfpg ;S5g\ / /fHo klg nfeflGjt x'g ;S5 . To;}n] clxn]sf]

cfjZostf BOOT gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog xf], o;tkm{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{

xf] / Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog u/L ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'

klg xf] .

-t_ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/]/ M– cfDbfgLsf] s]xL lx:;f ;DalGwt sd{rf/L jf lgsfonfO{ Incentive

sf] ?kdf lbP/ gfkmfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . gfkmf s] sf] nflu ug,]{ /ftlbg

s] sf] nflu v6\g] < o;sf] hjfkm Incentive n] dfq lbg ;S5 . gfkmf u/]sf] s]xL

lx:;faf6 s]xL Incentive sf] ?kdf lbg' Gofof]lrt x'G5 . o;n] c? gfkmf ug]{ ;f]rnfO{

a9fjf lbG5 .

-y_ Joj:yfksnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ b]p -Let the Manager Manage_ sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" u/]/

M– g]kfnsf ;/sf/L kmd{ tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf k|lti7fgx¿sf] cwf]ultsf] Pp6f d'Vo

sf/0f Joj:yfkgdf :jfoQtf x'g g;Sg' xf] . kmd{÷k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ ljleGg

lsl;dn] lgoGq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;DalGwt P]g, cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL tyf cGo

tl/sfn] Joj:yfks -Manager_ sf xft afFlwPsf x'G5g\ . p;n] :jtGq lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g .

ef}lts pTkfbg, hl8t Ifdtf pkof]u, gfkmf, ;DklQsf] 6g{cf]e/, nufgLsf] k|ltkmn,

sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] pTkfbsTj, sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltnJwL b/ cflbsf cfwf/df p;sf]

d"Nof+sgsf] ;§f p;n] slt P]g, lgod kfngf u/]sf] 5 eg]/ ul/G5 . uNtL gug'{ dfq

;kmn Dofg]h/ x'g' pko'Qm xf] t < sbflk xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f kmd{÷k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg /

pTkfbsTj a9fpg' tyf /fHon] nlIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ xf] .

-b_ tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf rfF8f] ;]jfk|jfx ubf{ cltl/Qm ;]jf z'Ns lnP/ M– ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n]

cfˆgf] ;]jfk|jfxsf] qmddf gful/s j8fkq hf/L u/L ;]jf k' ¥ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf]

k|sf/sf] ;] jf olt ;do -xKtf, lbg, 306f_ leq k|bfg ul/g] eg]/ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf klg

x'G5g\ . t/ ;]jfu|fxLx¿ Tof] tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf cufj} ;]jf lng cft'/ e} ljleGg eg;'g

nufpg] ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . csf]{tkm{ o:tf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] qmddf cfly{s n]gb]g ;d]t x'g]

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'a} k|sf/sf ljs[ltx¿nfO{ x6fpg tf]lsPsf] ;docufj} ;]jf k|bfg

ubf{ cltl/Qm ;]jfz'Ns lng] k2ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;af6 /fHosf]ifdf of]ubfg

k'Ug'sf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf rf8f] sfd u/fpg cgfjZos rfk kg]{ s'/fdf klg sdL

cfpF5 .

-w_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ;'wf/ u/]/ M– ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg /fHosf af]em dfq xf]Ogg\, logLx¿

b'x'gf ufO{ klg x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo sfo{s'zntf tyf Joj:yfkgdf r':ttf

Nofpg ;s] o;af6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lo cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g'sf] ;fy} /fHonfO{ kof{Kt

/fh:j ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f u/]/ dfq /fHo nfeflGjt x'g] xf]Og .

lghLs/0f ;fwg xf], ;fWo xf]Og . ;fWo t hglxt / /fHosf] ;jf]{kl/ ljsf; xf] . afF;af/L

5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf lghLs/0f ubf{ ;/sf/nfO{ k'ugk'u # s/f]8 ?k}of dfq k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

oxfFg]/ ;/sf/L If]q eGbf lghLIf]q pBf]u ;~rfngdf a9L bIf ePsf]n] pTkfbg a9\g],

96

/f]huf/L a9\g] tyf /fh:jdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'Ug] ;/sf/L ljZn]if0f vf]qmf] ;fljt eof] .

sf/vfgf jf:tjd} /fd|/L ;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf] eP # s/f]8 ?k} of t Ps jif{df /fh:j lbg

;SYof] . To;}n] k|lti7fgsf] d'Vo kIf eg]sf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ xf] . o;f] ug{ ;s] ;fj{hlgs

k|lti7fgx¿ pRr k|ltkmn lbg ;Ifd e} Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;fsf/ x'g hfg]

b]lvG5 .

-g_ vr{ ug]{ If]qsf] plrt klxrfg / To;sf] k|fyldsLs/0f M– /fHosf] >f]tsf] plrt 9+un]

nufgL u/L pRr k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ tyf /fHon] nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{' Hofb} dxTjk"0f{

s'/f xf] . ;+;f/sf b]zx¿sf] cj:yf x]bf{ o;tkm{ Hofb} sd b]zdfq ;kmn ePsf] kfOPnf .

plrt If]qdf /sd vr{ u/L k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ klg k};f art u/] ;/x x'G5 . csf]{ s'/f

d"ne"t ;d:of xn ug{ /sd vr{ gu/L To;}sf] pkh ;fgf] ;d:of xn ug{ /sd vr{ u/]/

s]xL kmfObf x'b}g . 3/df pd|]sf] kfgLsf] d"nn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f 3/leq hDdf

ePsf] kfgL kmfn]/ x'b}g, g t d"nsf] d'vdf sk8fsf] a'hf] nufP/ g} x'G5 . o;sf] nflu

d'nsf] d'xfg kQf nufP/ dfq lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ k'ln; rf}sL /

k|x/L ;+Vof yk]/ dfq x'b}g, ck/fw a9\g] / x's{g] sf/0fsf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] lg/f]wfTds

pkfo ckgfpg' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] nufgL klg o;tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . o;nfO{

Reinventing Government df David Osborne / Ted Gaebler n] cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] vr{

ug]{ tf}/tl/sfsf] cfnf]rgf ub}{ eg]sf 5g\– The government ignores minor expense of

health care for pregnant women but pay the massive expenses of premature babies.3

cd]l/sL h:tf k|To]s k};fsf] pRr k|ltkmn vf]Hg] b]zdf t vr{sf] k|fyldsLs/0fdf k|z:t

;d:of 5g\ eg] g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf < xfdL ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}+ .

u|fdL0f If]qsf] le/fnf] hldgdf kfvf] vf];|]/ ag]sf 3/x¿ klx/f]df lrKn]]6L v]Nb}

af9L;Fu} gbLdf ldl;G5g\ . ;of}+ hgtfsf] larNnL x'G5 . ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L

nfvf}+sf] ef8fsf] x]lnsK6/ r9]/ d[tssf afRg ;kmn cfkmGtnfO{ @÷$ xhf/ /fxt afF8]/

kms{G5g\ . hgtf r]tgzLn gePsf / ul/aLsf sf/0fn] kfvf] vf];|]/ 3/ agfpg] cj:yf

cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/n] ToxfF laB't, vfg]kfgL, ;8s, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL k'¥ofpg

hf]8 klg lbG5 t/ ToxfF j:tL j:g of] Uo lyof] jf lyPg eg]/ ;f]r;Dd klg /fVb}g .

u|fdL0f If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf o:tf] xr'jf vfnsf] ljsf;n] clxn] klg a9fjf kfO g}

/x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf] j:tLsf] PsLs/0f / To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gu/Lsg u|fdL0f

k"jf{wf/df nufgL ug'{ afn'jfdf kfgL xfn];/x xf] . o;af6 Psflt/ k"jf{wf/df nufgL dx+uf]

x'g hfG5 eg] csf]{lt/ k|fs[lts k|sf] ksf sf/0f k"jf{wf/sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xb}g . hgtf ;w}

hf]lvddf afRg' kg]{ cj:yf /xg]5 .

!@ s/f]8 vr]{/ tof/ u/]sf] lrtjgsf] df8L If]q hf]8\g] /fKtL k'n jGohGt' ;+/If0f

/ jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] nflu eg]/ ;~rfngdf /f]]s nufOG5, lgdf{0fk"j{ To:tf kIfdfly

j]jf:tf ul/G5 . ljsf;sf o:tf xr'jf k|j[lQn] ;/sf/L ;fwgsf] ckJoo dfq ub{5 .

3 Reinventing Government Page No. 206

97

/fli6«o dxTjsf ;8s lgdf{0fsf] k|fyldsLs/0fdf ;/sf/ sdhf]/ k|tLt x'G5 .

ljsf; g]tfd'vL ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]tf alnof ePsf lhNnfsf sltko ;8s u|fa] naf6 lkr

aGg s/f]8f} ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'G5, ;b/d'sfddf sRrL af6f];Dd gk'u]sf] lhNnf ;8s

lgdf{0fdf sd k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] gx'bf] xf] t ;'v]{t–h'Dnf ;8s l;+uf]

s0ff{nLaf;Lsf] ;kgf dfq lsg x'GYof] < To;}n] ljsf;sf] plrt k|fyldsLs/0f /fHosf]

ljsf;sf] nflu cxd\ ;jfn xf] . t;y{ o;tkm{ a]n}df Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsPg eg] Tof] b]zsf]

nflu b'ef{Uo x'g]5 .

-k_ Enterprise Fund cyjf Innovative Fund sf] Joj:yf M– Enterprise Fund tyf

Innovation Fund n] Joj:yfksnfO{ /fHosf]if a9fpg k|]l/t ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf]

If]qdf xf];\ jf ;/sf/sf cGo s'g} lqmofsnfkdf, ToxfF l;h{gzLntf -Innovation_

cTofjZos x'G5 . gofF gofF j:t'sf] cfljisf/ gePsf] eP ;+;f/ ljsf;sf] r'nLdf olt

dfly k'Ug] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}gYof] . lghL If]qdf t Innovation n] Benefit lbG5 . t/

;/sf/L If]qdf To:tf l;h{gzLn jf cfljisf/snfO{ s] k|fKt x'G5 < kmut ckh; dfq <

of] kIf lgs} ;f]rgLo 5 . plrt ;Nnfx lbPs} cfwf/df sd{rf/L cfkm"eGbf a9L hfGg] x'g]

eg]/ xflsdn] ;?jf u/]sf w]/} pbfx/0f g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf

Innovation s;/L ug]{ < o;tkm{ ljNs'n} j]jf:tf u/]/ klg cjsf] k|zf;g rNg g;Sg] k|i6}

5 . cjsf] k|zf;gdf Innovative x'g} kb{5 . o;sf] nflu k/Dk/fut ;f]rdf kl/jt{g

Nofpg' h?/L 5 . l;h{gzLn s'/fx¿sf] nflu nufgL ug'{kb{5 . g]kfndf o:tf sfo{df

ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ rng 5}g . csf]{tkm{ Joj:yfksn] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] gfkmfd'vL If]qdf gofF

Joj;flos lqmofsnfk ug{ klg sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . tj dfq ;/sf/ a9L

Joj;flos x'g ;S5 .

-km_ ljljw M– ;]jfu|fxL -Customers_ x¿n] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k]z ug]{ b/vf:t kmf/fdsf] s'g} 5]pdf

lj1fkg ug]{ ;fgf] :yfg -Space_ Joj;foLx¿nfO{ lbO{ lgM z'Ns?kdf To:tf b/vf:t tyf

lgj]bg kmf/fdx¿ 5fKg ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;/sf/sf] 5kfO vr{ art x'g'sf ;fy} kmf/fd

laqmLdf z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf kl/jxgsf ;fwgdf

klg lj1fkg lbO{ cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;sf j]kmfObfx¿

/fHosf] cfo>f]t a9fO{ ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn]

d2t k'¥ofP klg o;n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsn] pgLx¿nfO{ a9L

dsf{df kfg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/ lgd'vfsf] lxtsf] nflu xf] ls gfkmf sdfpg] dfq xf] < eGg] ;jfn

cufl8 cfpg klg ;S5 . o;sf] cnfjf ul/a hgtfsf] afx'Notf ePsf] b]zdf gfkmfsf] ;f]r dfq

/fvL ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ltgLx¿sf] nflu slQsf] lxtsf/L xf] nfg\ < ;f]rgLo ljifo 5 . k|To]s j:t' tyf

;]jf lng z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yfn] logLx¿ rsf]{ df/df kb{5g\ . s] lgd'vf hgtfn] pkef]u

ug]{ dl§t]n, UofF;, b"w cflb j:t'df gfkmfsf] dfq ;f]r /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 t < sbflk x'b}g . ;/sf/n]

ldg/n jf6/sf sf/vfgf vf]n]/ /fh:j lnP/ dfq x'b}g, lgd'vfn] vfg] kfgLsf d'xfg ;+ /If0f / ;kmf

ug{ nufgL ug'{kb{5 . tjdfq Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] pkfb]otf /xG5 .

98

lgisif{

ljZjJofkLs/0f, j:t' tyf ;]jfk|jfxdf nfut, u'0f:t/ / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf

ljZj;gLotfsf ;Gbe{df hgtfsf] a9\bf] rf;f]n] ubf{ cjsf] /fHo k/Dk/fut 9+un] rNg g;Sg]

:ki6 e};s]sf] 5 . cjsf] ;/sf/n] lglikmqmLk"0f{ 9+un] vr{ ug] { t/ To;sf] pknJwL gvf]Hg] /

cfocfh{g kl§ laNs'n} Wofg glbg] cj:yfaf6 d'Qm e} k|To] s k};fsf] pknlJw vf]Hgtkm{ nfUg'

h?/L 5 . Pp6f lgsfon] /fh:j ;+sng u/]/ /fHosf ;a} lgsfo / sfo{sf] ;du| vr{ wfGg

;lsb}g . 3/sf] d' nLn] sdfpg] / 3/sf c? hxfgn] a;L a;L vfg] g] kfnL k|rngdf xfnsf

lbgx¿df kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . k| To]s JolQmn] ;Sbf] cfo cfh{g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf

ljsf; x' b} uPsf] 5 . To;} u/L ;/sf/sf ;a} c+ux¿n] klg /fHosf] cfo a9fpg lhDd]jf/L lng]

/ bfloTj af]w ug]{ a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . cfo cfh{gsf gofF If] qx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ /fHoaf6

k|bfg x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] plrt z' Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ df ;/sf/n] ca ljnDa ug' {x'b}g .

PSsfO;f}+ ztfJbLsf] ;/sf/ pBdL ;/sf/ xf], Joj;flos ;f]rsf] ljsf;af6 dfq /fHosf

lqmofsnfkdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] jftfj/0f aGb5 . t/ Pp6f s] s' /f kSsf xf] eg] /fHo

Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] ?kdf cfDbfgL dfq ug] { eGg] t/ lgd'vf hgtfsf] lxttkm{ laNs'n} Wofg

glbg] xf] eg] To;n] /fHosf] b'b{zf dfq lgDTofpFg]5 . To;sf/0f Joj;flos ;/sf/ t cfjZos

5, t/ lgd'vfsf] lxt / ;du| ljsf;sf] zt{ df dfq . h] xf];\ , /fHosf] cfo>f]tsf] cefj

v8\ls/x] sf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zsf] nflu ljsf;k|ltsf hgcfsf+ Iff k"/f ug{ Joj;flos ;/sf/sf]

cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog kIf cToGt dxTjsf] x'g] s' /fdf b'O{ dt x'g] 5} g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= Osborne David and Ted Gaebler, (1992), Reinventing Government, Prentice Hall,

New Delhi, 110001.

@= sfsL{, dx]zs'df/, 8f= xl/j+z emf, ;fj{hlgs ljQzf:q, /Tg k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L,

sf7df08f}+ .

#= lji6, afnuf]ljGb, -@)%(_, ;fj{hlgs ljQM l;4fGt / Jojxf/, k}/jL k|sfzg, sf7df08f}+ .

$= v8\sf, ?k, -@)^!_, g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL, ;femf k|sfzg, k'Nrf]s .

%= g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))$, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{ qmd, g]kfn .

^= Paudel, Prem Prasad, (2063), An Analytical Study on Non-tax Revenue, thesis

submitted to Public Administration Campus, Jamal Kathmandu.

&= Reinventing Government for the Twenty-First Century, Kumarian Press Inc. U.S.A.

*= g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{, @)^).^!, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df08f}+ .

(= ah]6 jQmJo @)^).^!, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .

99

dfgj clwsf/, ljsf; / /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+/rgf

6]sgf/ o0f s'Fj/ f .

;f/f+z

dfgj clwsf/ d"ntM dgjLo d"No / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] dflg;sf cGt/lglxt rfxgf

/ ;DefjgfnfO{ phfu/ u/L tL rfxgf k"/f ug{] pkfosf] vf]hL ub{5 . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/ / ljsf; Ps

csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g . Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u dfq ug]{ ge} Pssf] cefjdf csf]{sf] cl:tTj klg ;Í6df

kb{5 . h;/L dfgj rfxgf / OR5f lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gdf /xG5g\, dfgj clwsf/sf] :j?k / cfofd klg

kl/jt{gzLn 5 . ljs ; / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg /fi6« ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}

cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't n]v dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] ljsf;qmd / /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] dfgj

clwsf/ k|j4{gdf v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'tL xf] .

f

!= cy{ / cjwf/0ff M

dfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] dflg;sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿ x'g\, h;sf] cefjdf dflg;n] k"0f{tf

k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . g};lu{s clwsf/, k|fs[lts clwsf/, d'ne"t clwsf/ h'g;'s} gfdfs/0f u/] tfklg

s]Gb|Lo ?kdf dfgjLo d"No / dof{bf;Fu cGt/lglxt clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . cyf{t\ dfgjnfO{

clwsf/leq /x]/ hLjg ofkg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/x¿sf] ;++ufnf] g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . dfgj

clwsf/ /fHo jf zlQmsf] lg/+s'ztf jf c/fhstfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ clx+;fTds ;+oGq xf] . of] Pp6f

g}lts Pj+ ;To jf Gofosf] cfjfh xf] . ;fy} of] zlQmljxLg, blnt, kLl8t, c;xfo tyf lk5l8Psf

ju{sf] cfjfh klg xf] . ;du|df of] Ps kLl8t pGd'v cjwf/0ff xf] / ;Eo ;dfhsf] klxrfg ug]{

s;L klg .

o;/L dfgj clwsf/ dfgj dfqsf] g};{lus Pj+ cjlzi6 clwsf/ ePsf]n] oL clwsf/x¿

dfgj eP/ hGd lngf;fy p;nfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf g} k|fKt x'G5g\ . o:tf k|fs[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{

;+lxtfj4 u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf] cfh %* cf}+ jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 .

k|yd tyf låtLo ljZj o'4sf] ljlelifsfaf6 cfqmfGt ag]sf] ljZjsf dfgj hftLsf] k|fs[lts

clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/L dfgj dfgjsf] jLrdf hfthflt, ln+ u, j0f{, efiff jf wd{ cflbsf cfwf/df

x'g] ;+k"0f{ lsl;dsf e]befjx¿sf] cGTo u/L ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf] cfwf/df eo /

cefj/lxt ;Dj[4 ljZj ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kljq p2]Zoaf6 ;g\ !($* l8;]Da/ !) sf lbg ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] xf] . of] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L

ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] k| efjsf/L ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu o;} 3f]if0ffkqsf]

d"ne"t dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ ljZj ;d'bfon] ljz]if kxnx¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t;y{

dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf of] 3f]if0ffkq Pp6f sf]z] 9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

dfgjnfO{ dfgj eP/ afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd / cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf]

;dli6ut ?k g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ kfFrj6f ljz]iftfx¿ hgfpg] zJbåf/f

. lhNnf Gofoflwz, d'u' lhNnf cbfnt .

100

;Daf]wg ul/G5 . h:t}M != ;j{dfGo clwsf/ (Universal Rights), @= hGdl;4 clwsf/ (Inherent

Rights), #= g};lu{s clwsf/ (Natural Rihgts), $= cljefHo clwsf/ (Indivisible Rights)

%= ckl/xfo{ clwsf/ (Inalienable Rights) .

dfgj clwsf/n] dfgjnfO{ dof{lbt hLjgofkgsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpFb5 . elgG5, oL

clwsf/x¿sf] cefjdf dfgj cl:tTjsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . dfgj clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] s'g} Pp6f

clwsf/ geP/ ljleGg clwsf/x¿sf] ;dli6ut ?k xf] . of] clwsf/ slxNo} klg z"Go cj:yfdf

/xg ;Qm}g . o;nfO{ k|fs[lts clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/ jf g};lu{s clwsf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .

dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt tTjx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ dfq o;sf] dxTj af]w ug{

;lsG5 . xfd|f] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]gn]4 dfgj clwsf/ eGgfn] JolQmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf,

;dfgtf / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt ;+ljwfg tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f k|bfg ulPsf clwsf/ tyf

g]kfn kIf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tfdf lglxt clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{

egL kl/efiff u]/]sf] 5 . o;/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ax'cfoflds / km/flsnf] If]q ePsf] kfO{G5 .

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] If]qdf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt / e"ldsfsf] af/]df ;w} z+sf JoQm ug]{

ul/G5 . o; clwsf/sf d'VotM kfFr cf]6f k|s[lt lgwf{l/t ePsf] kfOG5 cfh;Ddsf] cEof;nfO{

dgg ubf{ . tL x'g\M

!= dfgj clwsf/sf] u'0f eg]s} hGdl;4 (Inherent) x'G5 .

@= oL clwsf/ clGtd sfg"gL c:q jf uGtAo (Final Legal Resort) x'g\ . olb s'g} klg sfg"gL

pkrf/sf] pknAwtf 5}g eg] o;sf] bfjL ug{ ;lsG5 .

# ;fdfGo cj:yf 5 eg] dfq bfjL ug{ ;+ej x'G5 . c;fdfGo cj:yfdf bfjL ug{ ;lsb}g .

$= dfgj clwsf/ dfly vtf/fsf] l:ylt ljBdfg ePdf jf ;f] pNn+3g ePsf] l:yltdf bfjL

nfUb5 .

%= pkrf/sf] k|s[ltsf] lx;fan] /fHo jf ;+3Lo cbfnt jf cGt/f{li6«o pkrf/ k|0ffnLdf hfg

;lsG5 . /, sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;+j}wflgs

clwsf/sf] ?kdf pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt s]xL ljjfbf:kb aGg'sf sf/0fx¿ klg 5g\ . tL sf/0fx¿ x'g\ M-

!= clwsf/ eGg] zAbsf] kl/efiff g} ljjfb d'Qm 5}g . h:tf] ls s'g} clwsf/ tTsfn nfu" ug'{

kg]{ jfWofTds cj:yfsf 5g\ . h:t} gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«o

k|lt1fkq, !(^^ df pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ . 5

@= s'g} clwsf/x¿ /fHosf] Ifdtf / ;fwg >f]tsf] k|fr'o{tf cg'?k qmdzM nfu' ub}{ hfg' kg]{

lsl;dsf 5g\ . h:t} cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DalGw k|lt1fkq, !(^^

df pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ .6

4 g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#, bkmf @ (r)

5 ICCPR, Art 2

101

#= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn3+gnfO{ /f]Sg] s'g} cg'zf:tL (sanction) 5}g .

/fHosf] sfg"g h:t} cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gn] k|efjsf/L cg'zf:tL k|Tofe"lt ug{ c;dy{ ePsf]n]

dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt cGttM sdhf]/ l:yltdf 5 eGg ;lsG5 .

$= of] clwsf/ dflg;sf] g}ltstf / dof{bf;+u 3lgi7 ?kdf ;DalGwt clwsf/ xf] . sfg"gL

clwsf/ g}lts clwsf/ eGbf a9L lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . g}lts clwsf/nfO{ ;fk]Iftfdf x]g'{ kg]{

x'Fbf nfu" u/fpg ax't} sl7g x'G5 .

%= hf]g nsn] ;qf}+ ztfAbLdf ;fdflhs ;+emf}tf cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/nfO{ s;}n] vf]:g

g;Sg] hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;f+klQs clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fP . t/ Jojxf/df To;sf]

pNn3+g eO{ g} /x]sf] kfOG5 .

^= g}lts clwsf/nfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/ h;nfO{ Positive Rights

klg elgG5, ;f] Jojxf/tM dfgj clwsf/ eGbf zlQmzfnL x'G5 .

&= Jojxf/jfb (Positivism) n] /fHosf] clwsf/sf] jsfnt ub{5 . o;jf6 sfg"g k|0ffnLleq

;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf cGtu{t lgM;[t clwsf/x¿sf] af/]df hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] aflx/ kg]{

g}lts dfgjLo d"No;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ 5fofFdf kg{ hfG5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ To:t}

vfn] ;d:ofdf clNemPsf] kfOG5 .

dfgj clwsf/ cGtu{t ljleGg cf7 k|sf/sf cGt/lglxt d"Nox¿ /xg] ub{5g\ . tL x'g\M- !=

cfb/ ;DaGwL dfu (Honour) @= zlQm (Power) #= 1fgbLk (Enlightment)

$= sNof0f (Wellbeing) %= :jf:Yo (Health) ^= ;Lk (Skill) &= ddtf (Affection) / *= ;bfrf/ .

t/ oL d"No / ltgsf] nf]stflGqs ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] pkfudn]

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/df hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] zf;saf6 zfl;t dflysf] zlQm l;ldt x'g

hfG5 . zfl;tsf] ;xdlt jLgf dfgj d"Nosf] /Iff x'g ;Qm}g elgG5 . t/ ;dfhjfbL wf/sf

d'n'sx¿df gful/ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pGgtLnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ dfgj

clwsf/ Pp6f ;':ki6 af6f]df hfg cndlnPsf] k|tLt x'G5 . t];|f] ljZjn] eg] ldl>t :j?knfO{

cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfgj

clwsf/nfO{ ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] 5 ToxfF .

@= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmd

d"ntM dfgj clwsf/ dfgj hfltsf] k|fs[lts clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ dfgj

hLjgsf] cl:tTj;Fu ufFl;Psf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] jt{dfg cjwf/0ff

klZrdL d'n'ssf] wfld{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / af}l4s k/Dk/faf6 cTolws k|efljt ePsf] h:tf]

b]lvG5 . t/ of] cjwf/0ff s'g} Ps lglZrt sfnv08, ;dfh, ;+:s[ lt, wd{, e"–efu / /fhgLlts

dfGotf Pj+ k4ltaf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf]Og . k"jL{o :d[lt zf:qx¿df klg dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL

k|z:t cfVofgx¿ kfOG5g\ .

6 ICESCR, Art 2

102

k|frLg o'udf /fHo Joj:yf b]lv lnP/ ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ wd{af6 ;+rflnt x'g] ub{y] . wd{leq

sfg"g ;d]t kg]{ x'gfn] dfgj clwsf/ tyf st{Jo ;DaGwL ljifox¿ klg wd{åf/f g} lgb]{lzt lyP .

dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] Oltxf; dfgj ;dfh hlQs} k'/fgf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf; qmdsf] Oltxf;

cg]sf}+ o'usf] cg'ej, ljleGg ljåfg\x¿sf] b]g / tT;DjGwdf ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o

k|of;x¿sf] ljsl;t tyf ljlzi6 :j?k xf] . k|frLgsfnb]lv cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg / pTkL8gsf

lj?4 dflg;x¿n] u/]sf lg/Gt/ k|lt/f]w, lj›f]x tyf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; klg dfgj clwsf/

cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; xf] .

JolQmsf ;j{dfGo, hGdl;4, g};lu{s, cljefHo tyf ckl/xfo{ clwsf/x¿ DofUgfsf6f{

(Magna Carta), ljn ckm /fO6\; (Bill of Rights), cd]l/sL :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng, k|mfG;]nL qmflGt,

?;L af]N;]les qmflGt h:tf P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdaf6 ljsl;t x'b} bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] g/;+xf/ kl5

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ljZjzflGt Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfoL ;+/If0fsf] lgldQ dfgj clwsf/nfO{

cfˆgf]] a8fkqdf :yfg lbPsf] xf] . dggj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ d'VotM b'O{ v08df efu nufO{

x]bf{ c? a9L :ki6 x'g ;lsG5 M-

s= /fi6« ;+3 (League of Nations, 1919) sf] :yfkgf cl3

v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 (United Nations, 1945) sf] :yfkgf kl5

s= /fi6« ;+3 (League of Nations, 1919) sf] :yfkgf cl3M

oyfy{df ;g\ !($% kl5 dfq ;lqmo / 7f]; ?kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfw/e"t ljifosf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] . t/ o; cl3 klg dfgj ePsf]

gftfn] dflg;n] g};lu{s ?kdf s]xL lglZrt, ce]B tyf df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] ef]u rng ub}{

cfPsf lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] k'li6 ub{5 .

;g\ !@!% sf] DoUgfsf6f{ dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] / clxn];Ddsf] lglj{jfb ?kdf /x]sf]

clwsf/sf] b:tfj]h xf] . sfg"gsf] ;jf]{RRtf, :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf, ;+;bLo clwsf/ / hyfefjL

y'g'jfsf] cdfGotf o;sf ljz]iftf lyP . ;g\ !^@* df Gofod"lt{ Edward Coke sf] kxndf hf/L

ul/Psf] clwsf/kq (Petition of Rights) klg k|d'v b:tfj]h xf], h;n] gful/s :jtGqtfdf hf]8

lb+b} dgf]dfgL lu/ˆtf/ ug{ gkfpg], sdg n / ts{sf] lj?4sf] sfg"g cIfDo x'g], /fhf x}g hgtf g}

;fj{ef}d /xg] tyf zflGtsf] ;dodf gful/sdfly ;}lgs k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/] sf]

lyof] . To:t} ;g\ !^$) / !^$( sf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f P]g (Habeas Corpus Act, 1640/1649) åf/f

j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f ePdf Goflos pkrf/ cbfntaf6 kfOg] clwsf/ :yflkt ul/of] .

;g\ !^** sf] uf}/jdo qmflGtsf] kmn:j?k a]nfotdf /fhf / hgtfsf] k|ltlglwaLr qm'/ /

lgb{otfk"j{s oftgf lbg gkfpg], sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf, sfg"gL ;jf]{Rrtf tyf ;DklQ ;DaGwL

:jtGqtf nufotsf clwsf/x¿ ;d]6]/ clwsf/ kq, (Bill of Rights, 1688) hf/L eof] . k|sfzg

:jtGqtf ;DaGwL clwsf/ /Iffsf] nflu Act of Settlement, 1701 / wfld{s :jtgqtfsf] hu]gf{sf nflu

Toleration Act, 1689 ;d]t hf/L ul/of] .

103

cd]l/sL :tGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff, !&&^ n] xfdL cfTd;ft u/]/ of] s'/f eG5f}+ ls ;a} dflg;

;dfg ?kdf hGd]sf x'G5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ ;[li6af6 g} s]xL cpNn+3gLo lglZrt clwsf/x¿ k|bfg

ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;df hLjg :jtGqtf / cfgGbsf] vf]hLh:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ eGg]

pb\3f]ifsf;fy :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ;DklQ, ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/of] . dfgj

clwsf/sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkq !&*( n] "All men are born and remain free, and have equal

rights" eGg] pb\3f]if u/]sf] lyof] .7 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf h:t} o;n] klg hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, ;+klQsf]

clwsf/, wfld{s :jtGqtf, cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, sfg"gL ;dfgtf h:tf s'/fx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf]

lyof] . ;fy} ;a} dflg; ;dfg ?kdf hlGdPsf x'G5g\ . dflg;n] ;[li6af6 g} s]xL cpNn+3gLo

clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, ;/sf/ lgdf{0f / kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/, sfg"gsf]

cufl8 ;dfgtf, sfg"gsf] kZrftbzL{ k|efjlj?4sf] clwsf/, ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, u}/sfg"gL

y'gflj?4sf] pkrf/ / ;DklQsf] xsh:tf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf o;n] u/]sf] lyof] .

;g\ !*!% sf] leogf s+u|];n] hgxTof /f]Sg], o'4sf] cGTo ug]{ / bf; Jofkf/h:tf] cdfgjLo

bdgnfO{ cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfd u¥of] . ;g\ !**% sf] jln{ g ;Dd]ngn] ;f/f clk|msfe/

km}lnPsf] bf; Jofkf/ / bf; k|yfnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . ;g !*() sf] a|;]N; ;Dd]ngn]

klg bf;tf / bf; Jofkf/df k|ltaGw nufof] .

lgz:qLs/0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !*(( / !()&

df ePsf x]u ;Dd]ngx¿ clt g} dxTjsf 5g\ . :yfoL dWo:ytf cbfnt / dfgjtfjfbL sfg"gsf]

ljsf;df o;sf] 7"nf] b]g /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(!( sf] Versallies Treaty n] o'/f]lkog gful/sx¿sf]

clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg lbPsf] kfO{G5 . To:t} ljZj zflGtsf] :yfkgf tyf dfgj clwsf/sf]

k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf] nflu Ps k|efjsf/L ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf Concert of Europe sf] :yfkgf

ePb]lv g} dxz'; ul/Psf] lyof] .

To:t} u/]/ ;g\ !(!( df :yfkgf ePsf] League of Nations n] dfgj do{fbf / cl:dtfsf]

l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% sf] Hague Protocol n] hLjgsf] clwsf/ (Right to

Life) cGtu{t o'4sf] a]nfdf gful/sx¿sf ;+/If0fnfO{ Uof/]l06 u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] k|]/0ffaf6 g} ;g\

!($( sf] a|;]N; ;Dd]ngn] bf; Jofkf/nfO{ cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/\of] . /, ;g\ !($( af6 z'?

ePsf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf ljleGg b:tfj]hx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .

v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 (United Nations, 1945) sf] :yfkgf kl5 M

o;} qmddf ljZjn] k|yd ljZjo'4 / bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] g/;+xf/sf/L sxflnnfUbf] kl/l:yt

a]xf]b}{ eljiodf o:tf] ;+xf/sf/L 36gf bf]xf]l/g glbg ;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{JofkL ;+/If0f / k|j{4{gnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdf

lnPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Ps k|d'v p2]Zosf] ?kdf hflt, ln+u, efiff jf wd{df e]befj g/fvL

;a}sf] df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;flxt ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

;fy} dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg ;+oGqx¿sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

7 French Declaration, 1789, Art . 1.

104

;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] :yfkgf eP tfklg To;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfwf/e"t dfgj

clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg' geP/ o'4nfO{ cj}w (Delegitimating) s/f/ ug'{ ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/

To;df s]xL cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf tTjx¿ lyP . h:t} dfgj cl:tTj8, cfwf/e"t clwsf/9 /

dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt10 sf] pNn]vg .

;g !($% df tyfslyt o'4sf ljhoL /fi6«x¿ Britain, France, USA / Russia n] o'4

ck/fwLx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg] p2]Zon] Nuremberg Trial / Tokyo Trial sf] :yfkgf u/] . oltv]/

dfgj clwsf/x¿ l;dfGt /]vfdf /xg k'u]sf lyP . dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gstf{nfO{ ;hfo ug{

Toltv]/ s'g} /fHo lgld{t j}w sfg"g lyPg . ;g\ !($^ df /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efn] Nuremberg Trial

nfO{ dfGotf lbof] / Nuremberg Principles 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;af6 sfg"gL clwsf/x¿ dfgj

clwsf/df ?kfGtl/t eP . o;} jif{ /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u klg aGof] . ;g !($& df

cfP/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL pk lgof]u aGof] / o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo rflx+ cNk;+Vosx¿sf]

clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{ lyof] .

dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;dembf/L x'g cToGt dxTj ePsf] s'/fnfO{

x[bo+ud ub}{ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+lxtfs/0f ug{ / tL clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL / k|efjzfnL dfGotf

k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} kxndf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declaration

on Human Rights 1948 - UDHR) ;g\ !($* l8;]Da/ !) df hf/L ul/of] . UDHR df dfgj

clwsf/sf k/Dk/ut l;4fGt (Customary principles) nfO{ k'gk{l/eflift ug]{ sfo{ sf ;fy} gful/s

tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿ k|Toe"t ul/of] . gful/s clwsf/tkm{ k/Dk/ut gful/s :jtGqtf

kb{5g\ eg] sfg"gL clwsf/tkm{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ .

;a} dflg;x¿ :jtGq / ;dfg ?kdf hlGdPsf 5g\ / oL 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ePsf

clwsf/x¿sf] pkef] u ubf{ hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlt jf cGo ljrf/wf/f, /fli6«otf jf

d"nsf] cfwf/df x]g{ / lje]b ug{ kfO{+b}g . o;} dfGotfsf] k|sfzdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL

3f]if0ffkqn] ;+k"0f{ ?kdf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts

clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ / k|hftflGqs ;fdfhsf] g}ltstf, ;fj{hlgs

Joj:yf Pj+ hglxt ;DaGwL sfo{ tyf /fi6«;+3sf] p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} klg

clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] tyf :jtGqtf ;dfKt ug]{ u/L AofVof ug{ gkfOg] u/L ;d]t ;f]

3f]if0ffkqdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePkl5 x/]s /fi6«n] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf] wg

u/L df}lns xs / gful/s xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf klg 5g\ . o;/L z'?df g}lts dfGotfsf] ?kdf dfq

/x]sf] k|:t't 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|efj ljZjJofkL eof] / cGt/f{li6«o zflGt, ;'/Iff tyf dfgj clwsf/sf]

;+/If0fsf] lbzfdf o;n] dxTjk"0f{ / ;sf/fTds c;/ kf¥of] .

8 UN Charter, Art. 1(3)

9 Ibid, Art. 55

10 Ibid, Art. 68

105

o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f * n] /fHosf] If]qflwsf/leq oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL

pkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . hDdf #) wf/f ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffkqdf wf/f # b]lv @! ;Dd gful/s

tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / @@ b]lv #) ;Dd cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts clwsf/sf] pNn]v

ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} wf/f @( df JolQmut tyf /fHosf] ;dfh k|ltsf] st{Jo tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;

3f]if0ffkqsf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / kl/kfngf (Respect,

protect / fulfill) ug'{ g} xf] .

dfgj clwsf/s} ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(^* df O/fgsf] t]x/fgdf *% /fi6«x¿ ;xefuL

ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;Dd]ng / ;g\ !((# df leogfdf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;Dd]ngsf]

7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . pQm leogf ;Dd]ngdf "All human Rights are universal, indivisible,

interdependent and interrelated" cyf{t\ ;a} dfgj clwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL 5g\, cljefHo 5g\ /

Ps csf{df cGof]Gofl>t / cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ eGb} ;f] ;Dd]ngn] leogf 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{of]hgf

;d]t hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .

ptf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] ;+lxtfs/0f u/]sf dfgj clwsf/x¿nfO{

dfGotf k|bfg ug{, o;sf] ;Ddfg ug{ / kfngf ug{sf] nflu kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ afWofTds x'g]

cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL lnvtsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g\ !(^^ df b'O{

k|lt1fkq (Covenant) kfl/t u¥of] . UDHR, ICCPR / ICESCR oL tLg j6f dxTjk"0f{ lnvtx¿

x'g\ . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq (Declaration on Human Rights 1948 - UDHR),

gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq (International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights 1966 - ICCPR) / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL

cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq (International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural Rights 1966 -

ICESCR) nfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL lnvt (International

Bill of Human Rights) sf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

jf:tjdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|fyldstfdf cnu b[li6sf]0f cfPsf] sf/0f afWofTds

;+oGqåf/f dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(^^ sf] l8;]Da/ !^

df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq tyf o;sf] k|yd OR5flwg cfn]v

/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq kfl/t ul/Psf] xf] .

dlxnf pk/sf] lje]b, hftLo lje]b, bf;Tjsf] lj?4, oftgfsf] lj?4, dflg;sf] a]rlavgsf lj?4,

afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGo s}of+} ;lGw cle;lGwx¿ klg qmlds ?kdf hf/L ePsf

5g\ . dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] Joj:yf, b08xLgtfsf] cGTosf nflu

cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hb/L cbfntsf] u7g tyf If]qLo / b'O{ kIfLo ?kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf

cgluGtL sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ctM lzIffsf] clwsf/b]lv ljsf;sf] clwsf/;Dd, afFRg kfpg]

clwsf/b]lv d[To'j/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/;Ddsf ljifox¿ cfh dfgj clwsf/sf] bfo/fleq k/]sf

5g\ .

ptf ;g\ !($( b]lv lzt o'4sf] z'?cft eof] . /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/fsf] ljefhg k"FlhjfbL

/ ;dfhjfbL wf/df ltj| ?kdf ljeQm ePsf] x'Fbf dfgj clwsf/ klg b'O{ v]dfdf kl/eflift x'g

106

k'u] . ;g\ !(%@ b]lv !(^^ ;Dd ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; qmdn] o;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . olb

/fhg}lts cfbz{ jf ljrf/ wf/fdf b'O{ wf/ -;dfhjfb / k'FhLjfb_ gb]lvPsf] eP ICCPR /

ICESCR sf] 5'§f5'§} cg'jGwx¿ aGg'kg]{ csf]{ s'g} hfoh sf/0f lyPg . /fhgLltdf v]n l;4fGt

(Game theory) n] ubf{ zlQm ;Gt'ngsf nflu oL b'O{ cg'jGwx¿ ag]sf x'g\ . olt ubf{ klg dfgj

clwsf/sf] d'Vo cfjZostf eg] k"/f x'g ;s]g . To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] lyof] eg] of t ;dsfnLg

dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ kof{Kt tj/df ;Daf]lwt x'g ;s]gg\ of ltgsf] cTofjZostf /

ckl/xfo{tf (Strong necessity) b'O w|'jLo ljZj ;d'bfoåf/f dx;'; g} ul/Pg .

;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; qmddf

b]lvPsf] csf]{ k|j[lQ eg]sf] ljifout ;lGwx¿sf] km6fkm6 lgdf{0f ul/+ b} hfg' xf] . o;af6 ljifout

;+/If0f (Themewise protections) sf] nflu ;lGwx¿ lgdf{0f eP . h:tf] ls- Convention Against

Torture and Other Crual Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984 (CAT),

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979

(CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (CRC), Convention on the Elimination

of all Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965 (CERD) OToflb . o; ;dofjlwdf s]xL lglZrt

;d"xut ju{x¿sf] dfgj clwsf/df Systematic and persistance violence eO{ g} /Xof] .

ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] . ;g\ %) sf] bzsdf rls{b}

uPsf] lzto'4 ;g\ ^) b]lv () ;Dd cfOk'Ubf Decolonization x'Fb} uPsf] / ;d"xut

clwsf/jfnfx¿ dfly Systematic forms of torture, use of women and children in war h:tf

ljs[ltx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf] x'Fbf glZrt ju{sf] ;fd"lxs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljwfut ;lGw,

cle;lGwx¿ agfpg yflnPsf] xf] .

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsjf6 !(() ts cfOk'Ubf ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf ;jfnx¿ ;+ul7t ?kdf

ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . o;df cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/, zflGt, ljsf; -lbuf] ljsf;) / :jR5

jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/h:tf ;fd'lxs clwsf/x¿sf] rsf]{ jsfnt x'g yfn]sf] kfO{G5 . t/ klg oL

;d"xut clwsf/df s]xL sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ gb]lvPsf xf]Ogg\ . oL clwsf/nfO{ t];| f] k':tfsf] clwsf/

eGg] gfdjf6 klg k'sfg]{ ul/G5 .

;g\ !(() sf] z?d} lzto'4nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf cGTo ul/of] . o; bzsaf6 dfgj

clwsf/nfO{ 9fn agfP/ ul/g] /fhgLlt klg dTy/ eof] . ljZj g} Pp6f Ps w|'jLo ;+/rgftkm{

9Nsg k'u]sf] x'Fbf dfgj clwsf/sf] kIf jf ljkIfdf z;Qm k|ltIff ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf s;}nfO{ /x]g .

a? ;g\ !((@ lt/ Pp6f k|Zg dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf anjfg eP/ cfof] Tof] eg]sf] ;f+:s[lts

;fk]Iftf / Plzog d"Nox¿nfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/]/ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ x]g{ ;ls+b}g eGg] xf] . Plzofsf

af3 elgg] pbLodfg /fi6«x¿ sf]l/of, hfkfg, dn]lzof, l;+ufk'/af6 g]t[Tj lnOPsf] dfgj

clwsf/sf] ;f+:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb ;DaGwL o; gjLg cjwf/0ffn] ;+o' Qm /fi6« ;+3df Pp6f uxlsnf]

5nkmnsf] z'?cft ul/lbof] / UNO n] o;nfO{ Pp6f k|v/ ;d:ofsf] cfFvfn] x]g{

yfNof] . ;fy} s] klg dfGotf :yflkt eof] eg] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ s;/L tfnd]n (Harmonise) ub}{

n}hfg ;lsG5 eGg] kIfdf jlnof ts{x¿ cjZo pl7/x] . ;g\ !((# df leogf;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg

dfgj clwsf/sf] Interdependency, indivisibility / Universality sf] kl/efiff ug]{ s'g} lnlvt

107

b:tfj]h lyPg . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f !(() ;Dd hLljt /x]sf] zLt o'4 lyof] . olb lzt o'4sf] r/d

:j?k ljBdfg ge}lbPsf] eP To:tf b:tfj]hx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmddf klxn] g} tof/ e}

;Sby] . rfv nfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] olt dxTjk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;g\ !((# df cfP/ dfq

UNO n] ljZjJofkL (Universal) eg]/ dfGotf lbPsf] x]f . Plzofsf af3 eg]/ lrlgg] l;u+fk'/,

dn]l;of, O08f]g]l;of, hfkfg / blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf /fi6«x¿n] eg] dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 5}gg\,

ltgnfO{ ;fk]lIfs ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 eGg] lhsL/ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !((# df leogf ;Dd]ngsf] nflu

tof/L ;ldltsf] j]7s a}+ssdf a;]sf] lyof] . To; tof/L j}7sdf pko'{Qm /fi6«x¿n] Ps} :j/df

eg]sf lyP "We have some sort of Asian values. These are quite different from socalled

American Values". t/ klZrdf hutaf6 o; ts{sf] v08g o;/L ul/of] "Can you devide a mam

into a parts ?" Never you can. t;y{ ;a} clwsf/ dfgj ePs} sf/0fjf6 kfpg] ePsf]n] To;sf]

rl/q klg ljZjsf dflg;x¿df ;dfg ?kdf nfu' x'G5 elgof] .

otf ;g\ !((! df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] nflu sfo{/t ljleGg

b]zsf /fli6«o ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;Dd]ng k]l/;df ePsf] lyof] . To; ;Dd]ngn] /fli6«o dfgj

clwsf/ ;+:yfsf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f af/]df lj:t[t l;2fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . tL dfkb08x¿

k]l/; l;2fGtsf gfdaf6 k|l;4 5g\ . tL l;2fGtnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u /

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;d]t cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . o;} l;4fGt cGtu{t ljleGg

/fi6«x¿df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

#= ;fF:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb (Cultural Relativitism)

s]xL ljåfgx¿sf] ljrf/df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿n] klZrdL hutsf] ;dy{g

ub{5g\ . /, tL clwsf/x¿ o'/f]k]nL Oltxf; / ;fd|fHojfbsf pkh x'g\ . ;fy} gj pklgj]zjfb /

klZrdL ;fF:s[ltsjfbsf bf];|f /mk x'g\ . ltgn] cGo /fi6«sf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ xF'bf

s'g}klg /fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s kfngf ug]{ s''/f To; /fHosf] cfˆg} ;fF:s[lts /

/fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] kl/k|]Ifdf x]l/g' kb{5 . t/ csf]{lt/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{Jofkstfdf r'gf}tL

lbg' eg]sf] lt clwsf/sf] cl:tTj gdfGg' xf] . ;du|df x]bf{ oxL ljkl/t b'O{ dfGotfsf] hudf

;Ff:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] xf] .

of] ;fF:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb eg]sf] Pp6f ljrf/ xf], l;4fGt xf]Og . k|To]s dfgj clwsf/sf]

dxTjnfO{ ;+k"0f{ /fHon] cfˆgf] bfloTjsf] ?kdf ;dfg 9+un] u|x0f u/]/ To;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ k'u]tf

klg Jojxf/df ptfg{ c;kmn g} b]lvP . t/ cem} klg clgolGqt zlQm rnfpg] zf;sx¿sf cufl8

s] elgG5 eg] Human Rights Law only barks, not bites. To;sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifoj:t';+u

cGof]oGofl>t u/]/ o;nfO{ x]g'{kg]{ eof] . d'VotM dfgj clwsf/sf] cfjZostf JolQmnfO{ kb{5 . /

Tof] JolQm g} dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps dfq ljifoj:t' (Subject or benificary) x'g ;Qm5 . t/

ckjfbsf] ?kdf cfTdlg0f{{osf] clwsf/ (Right to self-determination) df klg dfgj clwsf/sf]

ljifo cfsli{ft x'G5 / tL gful/s ;d"xx¿ To;sf ljifoj:t' x'G5g\ . h:t}M National Liberation

Movement, Foreign Occupation and Collonial Domimation sf] ;Gbe{df .

108

oL afx]s ;a} clwsf/x¿ cNk;+ Vox¿sf] lglDt dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . t;y{ To:tf ;d"xx¿ klg

slxn]sfxL+ dfgj clwsf/sf ljifoj:t' aGb5g\ . h:t} ef/t-kfs d'lZnd cNk;+Vos, c? b]zsf

d'lZnd cNk;+Vos, l;+ufk'/ / dn]l;ofsf lqmlZrog cNk;+Vos, tfdLn cNk;+Vos, s'b{ cNk;+Vos

OToflb . pgLx¿n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cGt{ut cfˆgf] efUo cfkm} lgwf{ /0f ug{ ;Qm5g\ . k|To]s

/fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf] k| Tofe"lt, ;+/If0f, ;'lglZrt, ljsf; / k"/f ug{ jfWosf/L 5g\ .

dflg;sf g}lts lgisif{ x'G5g\ . dflg; lkR5] wf/0ffx¿ km/s x'G5g\ . ;]tf] /+u ePsf]n]

sfnf] /+u 5'l§G5 . d"No cjwf/0f jf lgisif{ / g}lts cjwf/0ff jf lgisif{ km/s km/s s'/f x'g\ .

d'lZnd eP/ x]bf{ d[To'b08 :jtM k|fdfl0fs x'G5 / of] d"No lgisif{sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] .

s;}sf wf/0ffx¿ ljZjJofkL ;To x'G5g\ . hlxn] klg g}lts d"Nox¿ :jtM k|dfl0ft x'g]

vfnsf x'G5g\ . t/ d"No wf/0ffdf Pp6f s'g} ;dfh jf ju{sf] JolQm eP/ x]bf{ To; ju{sf] nflu

:jtM k|fdfl0fs b]lvPklg To;sf] nflu v/fa 5 eGgnfO{ k'li6s/0f rflxGg . h:t} d'lZnd eP/ x]bf{

d'To'b08 :jtM k|fdf0fLs x'G5 elgof] . t/ To;nfO{ c;n 5 eGgnfO{ k|df0f rflxG5 ls s] s]

sf/0faf6 Tof] ;xL 5 < dfly eg] em} d'lZnd sfg"gdf d[To"b08 v/fj 5 eGgnfO{ s'g} k'li6 rflxGg .

To:tf] gsf/fTds lqmof / sfg"g c;n 5 eGgnfO{ dfq z;Qm ts{x¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n]

Cultural relativism df Pp6f :yflkt dfGotf 5 of] ls "Some moral judgements are universally

valid. No value judgements are univeraally valid." cyf{t\ s'g} g}lts cjwf/0ffx¿ ljZjJofkL

;To / dfGo 5g\ eg] s'g} d'No dfGotfx¿ To:tf 5}gg\ . t;y{ s'g} klg s'/f lg/k]If jf k"0f{ 5}g .

lxGb"x¿ nf; hnfpF5g\ eg] lqmlZrogn] uf8\b5g\ . tL b'j} d"No dfGotf Culturally relateive 5g\ .

g]kfndf s'df/L k|yf ;fF:s[lts ?kdf dfGo xf]nf t/ ltgsf] dfgj clesf/sf] s'/f vf]hL x'g' hfoh

xf] . clk|msL /fi6«df of} gf+u ljR5]b sf] k|rng cdfgjLo xf] . t;y{ ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ dfgj

clwsf/sf] cfFvfaf6 xg'{ kb{5 .

$= s] dfgj clwsf/ lg/k]If 5g\ (Are HRs absolute) ?

o;nfO{ pbfx/0faf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 . oftgfsf] s'/f ubf{ Right agnist torture sf] k|Zg

p7\b5 . of] Universally valid tYo xf] . wd{sf] s'/f ubf{ Right to religion sf] k|Zg p7\b5 . t/ of]

ljZjJofkL gx'g ;Qm5 . t;y{ :jo+l;4 5 ls s'g} dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL k|s[ltsf 5g\ eg] s'g}

;fk]lIfs k|s[ltsf . t/ k'0f{tM lg/k]If eg] 5}gg\ .

;f+:s[lts ;fk]Iftfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;+:s[lt s] xf] eGg] s'/f kl/eflift x'g' kb{5 . ;g\ !(#)

lt/sf] dfGotf s] lyof] eg] ;+:s[lt eg]sf] ;dfhsf] bjfjd"ns Jojxf/ xf] . American

Anthropological Association (AAA) n] u/]sf] cWoogn] o;nfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ cfh h'g;'s}

;+:s[lt klg dfgj clwsf/ ;+u;+u} tfnd]ndf /x]/ cl3 a9\g'kg]{ cj:yfdf ljZj k'u]sf] 5 . dfgj

clwsf/ lj/f]wL / cdfgjLo ;+:s[lt ca l6Sg ;Sg]jfnf 5}g .

%= cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ljlwzf:q (Basic needs jurisprudence)

of] k|Zg ;w+} pl7/xG5 ls dflg;sf] cfjZostf ;+u;+u} clwsf/ klg ;+u} cl3 a9\g ;Qm5

jf Ps cfk;df aflemG5 < ljleGg cWoogx¿ x]bf{ e"vd/L, clgsfnaf6 d[To' / ;/sf/L gLltsf]

109

k|fyldstfx¿ t'ngf u/]/ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . gful/s tyf

/fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg dfgj clwsf/sf] cfFvfdf v/fj /fHosf]

?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ICCPR / ICESCR df gful/s, /fhg}lts Pj+ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts

clwsf/sf] Uof/]06L ul/Psf] ePtfklg Jojxf/df ICESCR sf clwsf/x¿ /fHon] sfg"g agfP/

dfq hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg], clwsf/sf] ?kdf cbfntdf bfjL ug{ gkfOg] tyf

:jtM tL clwsf/ k|fKt gx'g] x'Fbf tL d'n'sx¿nfO{ klg bdgsf/L ;f]rlt/ df]x ePsf /fHo

(Repressive state) elgPsf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf rsf]{ jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf Amnesty International / Human Rights

Watch h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] klg Jojxf/df dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fhgLlt (HRs Politics) df g} hf]8

lbg] ePsf]n] vfB, cfjf; / e'vd/Ltkm{ z;Qm cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOb}g . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /

;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ t juL{o clwsf/ (Class rights) sf] ?kdf klg lrq0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf hlxn]

klg dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] pNn+3g / bdg ePsf] kfOG5 . gf]j]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf

cdTo{ ;]gn] eg]sf 5g\ ls "If you don’t have freedom of speech or expression how can you tell

the society that you are in hunger?" To;sf/0f ICCPR df pNn]lvt gful/s tyf /fhgLlts

clwsf/sf] pkof]uåf/f ICESCR df pNn]lvt cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] dfu ug{

;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gn] To:tf] dfu k"lt{ u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . cGt{/fli6«o

dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf] cfwf/df /fHo;+u cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f u/fpg] dfu /fVg ;lsg]

ePsf] x'gfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / dfgj clwsf/ b'j} a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

^= dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿M

dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL s]xL cfwf/e"t ljZj dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGtx¿ :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .

tL k|d'v l;4fGtx¿ x'g\ M

!= 3/]n' If]qflwsf/sf] l;4fGt

@= :yfgLo pkrf/sf] ;dflKt

#= clwsf/x¿sf] k|fyldstf

$= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf / cljefHotf

%= cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/

^= ljsf;sf] clwsf/

!= 3/]n' If]qflwsf/sf] l;4GtM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkqdf o;df pNn]lvt s'g} klg s'/fn] ;+o'Qm

/fi6« ;+3nfO{ s'g} /fHosf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf ljifox¿df x:tIf]k ug]{ clwsf/ lbg] 5}g . ;fy}

;b:ox¿nfO{ o; a8fkq adf]lhd ;dfwfgsf nflu o:tf ljifox¿ k]z ug'{ jfWo u/fpg] 5}g .

t/ o; l;4fGtn] efu & cGtu{t sbdx¿ p7ffpg k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ 5}g 11 eGg] pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . ctM o; adf]lhd /fHox¿sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] st{Jo tf]lsPsf]

11 UN Charter, Art 2(7)

110

5 . t/ Jojxf/df dfgjtfjfbL ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx¿df Ps b]zn] csf]{ b]zdf eO/x]sf] dfgj

clwsf/ pNn+3gsf ;DaGwdf j}w ?kdf cfklQ hgfpg ;Qm5 .

@= :yfgLo pkrf/sf] ;dflKt M dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;j} cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo lnvtx¿df

cGt/f{li6«o ;+oGq cGtu{t sf/jfO{df hfg' k"j{ 3/]n' pkrf/sf] cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{

:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ICCPR df k|lt1fkqsf s'g} kIf /fi6«n] ;f] k|lt1f cGtu{t csf]{ s'g} kIf

/fi6«n] cfˆgf] bfloTj k'/f ul//x]sf] 5}g egL bfjL u/L lbPsf] ;'rgf k|fKt ug{ tyf ;f] pk/

ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/f o; wf/f cGtu{t s'g} klg ;dodf

3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg] 5 . 3f]if0ff gu/]sf] s'g} kIf /fi6«;+u ;DalGwt s'g} ;'rgf ;ldltn] k|fKt ug{

;Sg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 .12

#= clwsf/x¿sf] k|fyldstf M o'4 jf /fi6«nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t

dfgj clwsf/sf lnvtdf :jLs[t s]xL lglZrt clwsf/x¿nfO{ lg:t]h jf Go"g ug{

;ls+b}g . h:t} ICCPR sf] wf/f ! b]lv @! ;Dd pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ h;nfO{ k|yd k':tsf

clwsf/ jf gsf/fTds clwsf/ elgG5 . ctM o;df /fHonfO{ g} JolQmsf] lj?4df s]xL sfo{

ug{ af6 /f]s nufOG5 . afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, oftgf, qm'/, jf cdfgjLo jf ckdfhgs Jojxf/ jf

;hfo lj?4sf] clwsf/, bf;tf lj?4sf] clwsf/, y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] clwsf/, kmf}Hbf/L Gofo

;DaGwL clwsf/, sfg"gsf] cufl8 dfGotf / ljrf/ tyf ;b\ljj]ssf] :jtGqtf Pj+ wd{sf] clwsf/

o;df kb{5g\ .

To;kl5 ICESR sf] wf/f @! b]lv @* ;Ddsf cfly{s, ;dflhs, clwsf/ h;nfO{

;sf/fTds jf ljt/0ffTds clwsf/ elgG5, / bf];|f] k':tfsf clwsf/ klg eGg] rng 5

ltgLx¿ kb{5g\ . t];|f] k':tfsf] clwsf/df ;fd"lxs, kf/:kl/s ICESCR, zflGt, :jR5 jftfj/0f

/ ljsf; h:tf clwsf/x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . rf}yf]df ;fd"lxs clwsf/nfO{ 5'§} x]g]{ k|rng klg

5 . ctM k|yd k':tfsf clwsf/x¿ s'g} axfgfdf klg Go"g ug{ g;lsg] 5g\ eg] c? rflx+

To;/L Go"g ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/ x'g\ .

$= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf / cljefHotf M dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{Jofkstfdf r'gf}tL lbg

;ls+b}g . dfgj clwsf/ dflg;sf k|fs[lts tyf hGdl;4 clwsf/ x'g\ . oL ;j{Jofks /

cljefHo 5g\ . UNO a8fkqsf] k|Ztfjgfdf of] tYo :jLs[t 5 . UDHR sf] wf/f ! / @ df

hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, cf:yf, ljrf/wf/f, pTklQ, ;DklQ jf hGdsf] cfwf/df ebefj gu/L

tL clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 .13 UNO sf y'k|} 3f]if0ff / k|:tfjx¿df dfgj

clwsf/sf] cljefHotf tyf ;j{Jokstf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

%= cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ M UNO lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb cGtu{t s]xL hg ;d"xsf] clwsf/

;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . h'g cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt 5 . o; clwsf/ cGtu{t

Pstfj4 /fli6«o ;d"x jf hgtfx¿ cfˆgf] nflu /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] rog ug]{ clwsf/ / c?

12 ICCPR, 1966,Arp41, ……Art11(2)

13 UDHR, Art 1,2

111

;d"x;+u ;DaGw lglZrt ug]{ clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . cfˆgf] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/sf] :j?k 5fGg

kfpg] clwsf/14 o;}df kb{5 . t/ of] ;fd"lxs clwsf/ a8fkqsf] wf/f ! -@_, !!, %% / /fi6«

;+3sf] ;g\ !(^) sf] k|Ztfj g+ ^@&, ICCPR / ICESCR sf] wf/f !, !(^) sf] k|Ztfj g+

!%$! / !(&) sf] k|:tfj g+ @^!% ;d]t o; clwsf/;+u cfj4 5g\ .

^= ljsf;sf] clwsf/ M o;df /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df rrf{ ul/G5 .

dfgj hLjgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ljgf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ lg/y{s x'g]

ePsf]n] cfly{ s clwsf/x¿ k"lt{x'g cfjZos 5 . To;sf] nflu ljsf;sf] clwsf/ dxTjk"0f{ x'g

cfFp5 . ;g\ !(*^ kl5 o; ljrf/wf/fn] hf]/ kqm] sf] xf] . /, !((^ df cfP/ ce]B clwsf/

ag]sf] xf] .15 ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff, !(*^ sf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f ^ n] UDHR,

ICCPR, ICESCR sf] cfwf/df ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿ d"No+fsg ug{ k]|l/t u/]sf] 5 .16

leogf ;Dd]ngsf] k|s/0f !) n] klg o;nfO{ ;dy{g ub{5 .

&= dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt k|d'v /fi6« ;+3Lo c+ux¿ M dfgj clwsf/;+u d'Vo ?kdf ;DalGwt

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo k|d'v c+ux¿nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ M

s= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a8fkqsf] cfwf/df :yflkt c+ux¿ (Charter Based Bodies)

v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ lnvtx¿ cGt{ut :yflkt c+ux¿ (Treaty Based

Bodies)

s= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a8fkqsf] cfwf/df :yflkt c+ux¿ (Charter Based Bodies): o;

cGtu{t lgDg c+ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ M-

!= dxf;ef

@= ;'/Iff kl/ifb

#= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb

$= lhDdfhdfgL kl/ifb

%= cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno

^= ;lrjfno

&= cGo ljlzli6s[t c+ ux¿

s= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g (UNESCO)

v= z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qm (UNHCR)

u= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO)

3= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u ILC)

14 I.E Resolution N.32, 130 etc, Teharam Declaration, Paragraph 2, Vimmznz Decleration, Para 1 and 4

15 dfgjclwsf/ jif{, !((*, /fl6|io ;ldlt g]kfnsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg, k[i7 !&, ;ldltsf] ;lrjno, sg"g tyf Gofo

dGqfno , sf7df8f}+ .

16 Art 6, UN Declaration on Right to Development, 1996

112

!= dxf;ef M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf cGo c+ux¿sf] t'ngfdf dxf;ef ;a} eGbf a9L k|ltlglwd"ns

lgsfo xf] . o;sf lg0f{o Pj+ k|:tfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu sfg"gL ?kdf jfWo geP klg o;sf

k|:tfj Pj+ l;kmfl/;x¿df ljZj hgdt k|ltljlDjt x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] pk]Iff

ul//xg ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;+ej x'b}g . o;n] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|:tfj Pj+ l;kmfl/zx¿

u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ljZjJokL k|efj kf/]sf] klg 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($*

o;sf] Ps HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . ;fy} ;g\ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L

u/]kl5 dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt w]/} 3f]if0ff / dxf;lGwx¿ u|x0f ul/;s]sf] s'/f oxfF

pNn]Vo 5 .

a8fkqsf] wf/f !# n] dxf;efnfO{ cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, cfly{s, ;dflhs, ;fF:s[lts,

z}lIfs / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u a9fpg] tyf hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{df e]befj

gu/L ;a}nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtf k|fKt u/fpg ;xfotf ug]{ p2]Zo ;d]tsf] nflu

cWoog ug]{ tyf ;'emfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f !) adf]lhd plNnlvt

s'g} klg s'/fsf ;DaGwdf dxf;efn] 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .

cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf cGo k|d'v c+ux¿, ;b:o /fi6«x¿ Pj+

dxf;lrjaf6 dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt ljifox¿ dxf;efsf] sfo{;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu

k|:tfj ug]{ ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . ;du|df x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwdf dx;efsf] sfo{df cfly{s tyf

;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]{ u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\nfO{ lhDdf lbO{Psf]5 .

dx;efn] dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt w]/} ljifox¿ cfˆgf] t];|f] ;ldltdf k7fpg] u5{ . ;f] ;ldltn]

;fdflhs, dfgjtfjfbL tyf ;fF:s[lts s'/fx¿ x]5{ . s]xL ljifox¿ eg] dxf;efn] d'Vo ;ldltdf

gk7fO{ :jo+n] x]g]{ u/]sf] klg 5 .

dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtf;+u ;DalGwt jf dfgj clwsf/sf] tTj lglxt sfo{ ug]{

dxf;efsf ;xfos c+ux¿n] klg dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf

5g\ . ;g\ !((# df leogf ;Dd]ngaf6 u|x0f ul/Psf] leogf 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{of]hgfdf ;a} dfgj

clwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL, cljefHo, cGt/lge{/ tyf cGt/ ;DalGwt ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .

To;df dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] k|fylds p2]Zosf ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 eg]

k|hftGq, ljsf; / dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtf aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .

To:t}, dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ dfu oxL ;Dd]ngdf

ul/Psf] lyof] . o; pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg clxn] lgs} k|efjsf/L 5 .

pRr cfo'Qmn] dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo s]Gb| tyf cGo pko'Qm

lgsfox¿sf] dfWodaf6 k/fdz{bft[ ;] jf Pj+ cGo ;xfotf pknAw u/pg], gful/s, /fhgLlts,

cfly{s, ;dflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/x/sf] k|efjsf/L pkef] u k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug]{, dfgj

clwsf/k|ltsf] cfb/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a} ;/sf/;+usf] jftf{df ;+nUg x'g] cflb sfo{x¿ u5{g\ . To:t}

:jo+ pRrfo'Qmn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] pRr

cfo'Qmsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] pRr cfo'Qmsf k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog ug{ pRr cfo'Qmn]

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿df e|d0f Pj+ e]63f6 ug]{ / ;dGjofTds s[ofsnfkx/mdf ;+nUg

113

ePsf] kfO{G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+efljt pNn+3g /f] Sgdf ;d]t pRr cfo'Qmn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

v]Ng ;Sg] / v]Ng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

@ ;'/Iff kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqsf] wf/f @$ cg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|fylds

lhDd]jf/L cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg' xf] . o; sfo{ cGtu{t ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{

;dfwfg tyf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff pk/ r'gf}tL lbg] sfo{sf] k|lt/f]w ;d]t k5{g\ . ;'/Iff

kl/ifb\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg jf k'gM:yflkt ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu

cg'zf:tLsf] clVtof/L lbg], gfsfaGbL nufot cGo ;a} cfjZos pkfo jf ansf] k|of]u ;d]t

ckgfpg] x'Fbf o;sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & n] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;'/Iff

kl/ifb\n] ;fd"lxs tyf ank"j{s sf/afxL rnfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f @ -&_ n]

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf jf 3/]n' If]qflwsf/df x:tIf]k ug{ /f]s

nufPsf] ePtfklg s'g} /fi6«df ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] Jofks Pj+ cfd pNn3+gn] cGt/f{li6«o

zflGt ;' /IffnfO{ vnn k'¥ofpg] r'gf}tL lbG5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf] /fi6« lj?4 cfjZos

sf/afxL rnfpg] clwsf/ a8fkq cGt{ut ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf /fi6« ;+3Lo ;'/Iff

kl/ifbsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

# cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf] ;DaGwdf dfgj

clwsf/x¿sf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .17 o; kl/ifbnfO{ ;j}sf

nflu dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfx¿sf] cfb/ tyf clej[l4sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]

clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .18 ;fy} kl/ifbn] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z x'g] dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf ug]{ / dfgj

clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ cfJxfg ub{5 . UNO sf ljlzi6Ls[t cËaf6 lgoldt

k|ltj]bgx¿ k|fKt ub{5 .19 dxf;efn] u/]sf l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug]{ / dxf;efdf k|ltlqmof cjut

;d]t

u/fpF5 . o; cGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qdf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu dfgj clwsf/

cfof]u / dlxnfsf] x}l;ot ;DaGwL cfof]u ag]sf 5g\ .

$= lhDdfhdfgL kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqn] lhDdf hdfgL k|0ffnL cGtu{t klg dfgj clwsf/ /

df}lns :jtGqtf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+oGq agfPsf] 5 .20 o;df s'g} hflt, efiff, wd{, lnËdf e]befj

g/fvL ;j}sf] nflu dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg, k|f]T;fxg / ljZj hg;d'bfo jLr

cfk;L lge{tfnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . xfn of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t cd]l/sL k|zf;sLo

lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] k|zfGt dxf;fu/Lo låk ;d'x o;n] x]b{5 .

%= cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno M dfgj clwsf/sf] JofVof ug]{ / ;f] sf] pNn+3g sfo{;+u ;DalGwt d'4fdf

lbg] lg0f{o Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/L ljrf/sf] dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon] dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ub]{

17 UN Charter (Art.55) (c)

18 UN Charter, Art.62

19 UN Charter, Art .64

20 UN Charter, Art .76

114

cfPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f %% / %^ n] /fHox¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] bfloTj ;[hgf ub{5 . ljleGg

dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIfx¿ aLr ;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf s'g} ljjfb

pTkGg ePdf o; Gofofnoaf6 6'+uf] nufpg] k|fjwfg 5 .21

^= ;lrjfno M of] UNO sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo c+u xf] . ljZjdf zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg o;n] ;'/Iff

kl/ifb ;+u ldn]/ sfd ub{5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g tyf cGo sfo{af6 ljZj zflGt e+u x'g nfu]df

;lrjfnon] ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] Wofg cfs[i6 u/fO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ub{5 . o;df /fi6« ;+3 dxf;lrjsf]

e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;lrjfno cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/;+u ;Da4 b'O{ cf]6f sfof{no 5g\ . !=

dlxnfsf] ;Df'GgtLsf nflu dxfzfvf, Go"of]s{ / @= dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb|, h]g]ef .

&= cGo ljlzli6s[t c+ux¿ M ljz]if clVtof/L geP klg dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf b]xfosf

cGt/f{li6«o ;+ u7gx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ M-

! ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;+u7g M o;n] hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{sf]

e]befj ljgf a8fkqdf lglb{i6 dfgj clwsf/, df}lns :jtGqtf, Gofo / sfg"gL zf;gsf nflu

cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfg cl3 a9fpg lzIff, lj1fg / ;fF:s[lts ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 of]ubfg

k'/\ofpFb5 .22

@ z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRrfo'Qm M dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Zg / z/0ffyL{sf ;d:of

clt g} cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ o;n] UN a8fkq / UDHR nufot ;j}

cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfwf/df z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 .

# cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g M ljZjsf >dlhjL hgtfx¿sf] ;d:of pk/ ljz]if Wofg lvrL ;j}

dfgj hfltnfO{ :jtGqtf, ;Ddfg, cfly{s ;'/Iff tyf ;dfg cj;/sf cj:yx¿df ef}lts ;'v

;'ljwf cjnDjg ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] .23

$ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u M UNO a8fkqsf] wf/f !# adf]lhd cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k|ultzLn

ljsf; / ;+lxtfs/0f ug'{, dxf;lGwx¿sf] d:of}bf ug'{, / dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf] ljsf;df

of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] .

v=;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ lnvtx¿ cGt{ut :yflkt c+ux¿ (Treaty Based Bodies)

!= hflto e]befjsf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Elimination of Racial

Discrimination)

@= dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt (Human Rights Committee)

#= cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights)

$= dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Elimination of

discrimination against Women)

21 UN Charter, Art. 9,28, 12, 22

22 ;+u7gsf] ljwfgsf] wf/f !

23 ILO ljwfgsf] Art 24, 26

115

%= oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldlt (Committee against Torture)

^= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Rights of the Child)

! hftLo e]befjsf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] ug]{ sfo{x¿ lgDg 5g\M- 24

!= kIf/fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg u|x0f u/]sf Joj:yfksLo,

Goflos, k|zf;lgs jf cGo pkfox¿ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg pk/ ljrf/ ug]{ .

@= To:tf k|ltj]bgsf] hfFra'em tyf cGo hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t eO ;'emfj Pj+ l;kmfl/; k|:t't

ug]{ .

#= dxf;lGwsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf kIf /fi6«x¿ aLr pTkGg ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg] .

$= ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf s'g} lkl8t JolQm, ;d"x jf /fi6«af6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]

pk/ ljrf/ ug]{ .

@ dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt M ICCPR sf] wf/f @* cg';f/ :yflkt o; ;ldltsf lgDg sfo{x¿ 5g\ M-25

!= kIf /fi6«x¿af6 k|lt1fkqdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf clwsf/x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ u|x0f u/]sf

pkfox¿ tyf tL clwsf/sf] pkef]udf xfl;n ul/Psf] k|utL pNn]lvt b:tfj]hsf]

k|f/lDes / cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ .

@= k|ltj]bgx¿ tyf cfkm"n] pko'Qm 7fg]sf wf/f $) -$_ cGtu{t ul/Psf ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLx¿

kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ k7fpg] .

#= ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf kIf /fi6«x/m aLrsf] k|lt1fkqsf] k|of]u ;+u ;DalGwt

ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lglZrt sfo{x¿ ug]{ .

$= ljjfbdf ;+nUg kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;b\efjk"0f{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cfjZostf cg';f/

c:yfO{ d]nldnfk cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ .

# cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf

;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkqsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 .26 ;f] sfof{Gjog ug{ ckgfOPsf pkfo /

tt\;DaGwdf xfl;n ul/Psf k|ult af/] k]z ePsf k|ltj]bgx¿df ljrf/ ljdz{ ul/G5 . o;n]

ljleGg ;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx¿ lbP/ kl/ifbnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{df ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] sfof{no

h]g]efdf 5 . jif{df Ps k6s a}7s a:b5 .

$= dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] dlxnf dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !& / !*

df pNn]lvt dxf;lGw sfo{Gjogdf xfl;n ul/Psf k|ult pk/ ljrf/ ub{5 . cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL

;DaGwL jflifs k|ltj]bg, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb cGtu{t ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z ub{5 . kIf

/fi6«x¿af6 pknAw u/fOPsf k|ltj]bg / hfgsf/Lsf] d"No+fsg u/L ;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx¿ ub{5 .

%= oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldlt M o; ;ldltsf sfo{x¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M-

24. CEARD, Aart, 8

25. ICCPR, Art. 40-45

26. ICESCR, Art 16-21

116

!= dxf;lGw cGtu{t k|lt1fx¿ nfu" ug{ kIf /fi6«x¿n] ckgfPsf pkfo ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf]

cWoog ug]{ .

@= s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] Onfsfdf oftgf jf Jojl:yt ?kdf Jojxf/ eO/x]sf s'/fsf] ;Gtf]ifhgs

k|df0f b]vfpg] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]df ;f] sf] uf]Ko 5fgjLg ug]{ .

#= kIf /fi6«x¿ aLr dxf;lGwsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf pTkGg ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ .

$= /fi6« /fi6« aLrsf ljjfbx¿sf] d}qLk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;b\efjk"0f{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg

cfjZostf cg';f/ c:yfoL d]nldnfk cfof]ux¿ :yflkt ug]{ .

%= kLl8t JolQm jf /fi6«af6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / cfˆgf sfo{x¿sf] ;DaGwdf /fi6«x¿ tyf

dx;;efdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

^= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 dxf;lGw cGtu{tsf

bfloTjx¿ ;DaGwdf kIf /fi6«x¿af6 k|fKt k|ultsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ub{5 . ;lGwdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf

clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf cfjlws k|ltj]bg u|x0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 . ;fy}

dxf;efnfO{ cfjZos l;kmfl/zx¿ ub{5 .

pk;+xf/

o;/L dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

;+oGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf] em08} b'O{

bzs kl5 dfq gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cg'jGw, !(^^ tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf

;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cg'aGw, !(^^ hf/L x'g ;s]sf] xf]] . oL b'O{ dxf;lGwsf efjgfnfO{ ;d]t

cfTd;ft ub]{ tbg'?k /fHosf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;d"xut ljlzi6tfsf

cfwf/df dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DjlGw dxf;lGw, !(&( (CEDAW),

oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$ (CAT),

afn clwsf/ ;DjGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( (CRC) h:tf 5'§f5'§} cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ lgdf{0f u/L

/fHosf] cg'df]bgsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL k|d'v dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ k|d'v

5 j6f dx;lGwsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . oL dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« eO;s]kl5 dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿

cg'?k dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g / kl/kfngf (Respect, protect promote and fulfil)

ug{sf] nflu /fHon] sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos pkfox¿ cjnDjg u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]

bfloTj lgjf{x ug{'sf ;fy} dxf;lGwdf Joj:yf eP cg'?k cfjflws ?kdf ;DjlGwt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo

;ldltdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{'kg]{ bfloTj k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o

b:tfj]hx¿ rrf{ ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 u7g x'g k"j{ u7g ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g åf/f lgdf{0f

ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;DjGwL dxf;lGwx¿, o'4df kfngf ug{'kg]{ lgodx¿ ;+lxtfj4 u/L tof/

ul/Psf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿ tyf :j]lR5s pkn]vx¿, z/0ffyL+{ ;DjGwL dxf;lGwx¿ nufotsf cGo

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 hf/L ul/Psf b:tfj]hx¿, 3f]if0ffkqx¿ h:tf b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ klg plQs} dxTjsf

;fy lng] ul/Psf] 5 .

o;k|sf/ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ h] h;/L kl/eflift ul/P tfklg d"ne"t ?kdf dfgjLo d"No /

dof{bfnfO{ s]G› ljGb' agfO{ ;f]xL dof{bfdf afFRgsf] nflu rflxg] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] eGg

117

;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] Oltxf; dfgj ;dfh hlQs} k|frLg ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;

qmdsf] Oltxf; cg]sf}+ o'usf] cg'ej, Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngx¿, ljleGg bfz{lgs / ljåfg\x¿sf] b]g

tyf tT;DjGwdf ePsf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿sf] ljsl;t / ljlzi6 :j?k g} xf] . ctM

k|frLgsfn b]lv g} cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg / pTkL8gsf lj?4 dflg;x¿n] u/]sf lg/Gt/ k|lt/f]w,

lj›f]x tyf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;af6 vfl/+b} dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ng cfhsf] ljsl;t cj:yfdf

cfOk'u]sf] xf] . ljZj zflGt / ljsf;sf] lglDt oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u / k|rngdf ;'lglZrttf x'g'

cTofjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M

-!_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

-@_+ d'n'sL P]g, @)@)

-#_ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;+u|x, k//fi6« dGqfno,

!((*

-$_ g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"g, lk|ml8n, @)%$

-%_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*

-^_ dfgj clwsf/ jif{ k':tsx¿,@))$,@))%,@))^, OG;]s, sf7df8f}+

-&_ g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#

-*_ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @))%

-(_ Developing human rights jurisprudence, volume 8, interights, 2001

-!)_ Law and Justice, Soli J. Sorabjee, 2004

-!!_ NK Jayakumar, International and Human Rights, 2005

-!@_ J.S. Verma, The New Universe of Human Rights, 2004

-!#_ Peter Uvin, Human Rights and Development, 2005

-!$_ VR.Krishna Iyer, Human Rights and inhuman Wrongs, 2001

-!%_ P.K.Das, International Law Documents, 2003

118

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q / jt{dfg ck]Iff

;"o{k|;fb zdf{ .

;f/f+z

k|:t't n]vdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg sfof{nodf /xL nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug'{ ePsf n]vsn]

nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ljleGg sfn v08df lbOPsf] clwsf/ If]q jf/] t'ngfTds ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

;fljsdf lbOPsf clwsf/df s] slt yk ul/g' kg]{ xf] / cfof]un] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwdf s] s:tf lgsfodf P]g

åf/f lhDd]jf/L lbP cg';f/ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt hgfpg] u/]sf] 5 . cflb jf/]df o; n]vdf 5f]6f] lrgf/L k|:t't

ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} hgcfGbf]ng b'O{ kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL aLr ePsf] ;xdlt kZrftsf]

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ s] slt clwsf/ lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ;f] af/]df ;d]t

pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't n]v sd{rf/L k|zf;g vf;u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k|lt rfF;f] /fVg]sf] nflu pko'Qm

7xl/g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .

ljifo k|j]z

:yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf dflgg] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/Ldf of]Uotf /

bIftfsf] vfrf] ;j{q dx;'; ul/Psf] s'/f xf] . g]kfndf klg ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfpg cfjZos

7flg of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{df Ps :jtGq / lgikIf lgsfosf] vfFrf] dx;'; ul/b} cfPsf]

5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g @))$ df sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf / Nofst

hfFra'em u/L ;/sf/df l;kmfl/z ug{ æb/vf:t kl/ifb\Æ v8f ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . /f0ff

zf;gsf] clGtd ;dodf /flvPsf] of] ;bf;otf Jojxf/df kl/0ft x'g g;s] klg k|hftGqsf]

:yfkgf kl5 tof/ ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] efu % df klAns ;le{;

sldzg -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} cg'?k @))* ;fn c;f/df klJns

;le{; sldzgsf] :yfkgf eO{ @))* ;fn efb|df sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL lj1fkg k|sfzg u/L

cfˆgf] sfd z'? u/]sf] lyof] .

@))& ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf

cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;a} hflu/df egf{sf] nflu hfFr ug'{

klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] st{Jo tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;fy} lghfdtL hflu/bf/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwL

sf/jfxLsf] ljifodf / lghfdtL hflu/bf/nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{df lbPsf] ph'/L, lgj]bg ;DaGwdf klg

klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] ;Nnfx lnOg] s'/f pNn]v u/]af6 sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf sldzgnfO{

dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lbPsf] kfOG5 . oxL ljwfgsf cfwf/df @)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] th'{df

eO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf Pp6f k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

la=;+= @)!% ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut] nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] klg nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ cem} ;'b[9 u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfgn] Psftkm{ ;/sf/sf ;a} ;]jf jf kbdf

egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{ st{Jo nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ lgo'Qm ePsf

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, a9'jf tyf cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]

. pk lgb]{zs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}+ .

119

k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] ;fy} sd{rf/Ldf k/]sf] kL/dsf{ tyf sd{rf/Ln]

st{Jokfng ubf{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL jf hf]lvddf k]G;g jf pkbfg s] slt lbg' kg]{ xf] ;f] lgwf{/0f

ug]{ sfo{df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .

b]zdf k~rfotL Joj:yf k|f/De ePkl5sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] lghfdtL

;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g agfpFbf, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{, ;]jf kl/j{tg

ubf{ / /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'

kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} of] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/ / st{Jo ljifodf

;f]xL cg';f/ x'g], lghfdtL kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z jLgf egf{ ePsf] sd{rf/Ln]

lgj[Qe/0f kfpg g;Sg], ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] cGo ;:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{

;DaGwL lgod / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg'

kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ tyf lgod / ;fdfGo l;4fGt

cg';f/ u/] gu/]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} >L % af6

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/sf] 1fkg kq ;lxt /fli6«o k~rfot ;dIf /fVg nufpg]

Joj:yf o; ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] lyof] .

@)$^ ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ng kl5sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df ælghfdtL

;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5Æ elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s

;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ jLgf :yfoL lgo'lQm gul/g] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lghfdtL

;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL

ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf, lghfdtL kbdf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm ubf{

pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL

;]jfsf] kbdf / cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k/fdz{ lng'kg]{

kbdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf / s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

o; ;+ljwfgn] klg Gofo ;]jf cfof] usf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ s'/fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g] /

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfof]us} ;b:o jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{

tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of] u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]] 5 . o;

;+ljwfgdf cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{ / To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b ;dIf /fVg

nufpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;/L ;fljsdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;dIf ePsf] clwsf/nfO{ g]kfn

clw/fHosf ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cem} l;ldt u/]sf] kfOG5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ l;ldt ul/Psf d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbfx¿

!_ @))& ;fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgdf æg]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} hflu/df egf{sf] nflu hfFr

ug]{Æ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g] egL tf]lsPsf] lyof] . eg] @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf

æ;/sf/sf ;a} ;]jf jf kbdf egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{Æ st{Jo tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . t/ @)!(

sf] ;+ljwfg tyf @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;a} ;]jf jf ;a} ;/sf/L hflu/sf] pNn]v gu/L

lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf egf{sf] nflu k/fdz{ k7fpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf

120

afx]ssf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf egf{ ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ grflxg] lsl;dn] cnu u/L xfn

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

@_ sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] l;4fGtsf] ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{

s'/f cl3Nnf @ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v lyof] . t/ @)!( sf] ;+ljwfg tyf @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf

Ps k|sf/sf] ;]jfaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] kbdf ;?jf ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ rflxg],

;fdfGo ;?jfdf cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;4fGt jf k/fdz{sf] h?/t gkg]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

#_ ;/sf/L bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ sd{rf/Laf6 Joxf]g{ k/]sf] cfly{s bfloTj ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k"lt{

u/L lbg'kg]{ jf k"lt{ ug['{ gkg]{ xf] o; ;DaGwdf cfof]un] /fo k/fdz{ lbg] s'/f @)!% ;fnsf]

;+ljwfgdf pNn]v lyof] . h'g s'/f To;kl5sf ;+ljwfgx¿df x6fOPsf] kfOG5 .

$_ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L s'g} hf]lvddf k/L p;df zf/Ll/s jf

dfgl;s b'j{ntf cfPsf] sf/0f cfˆgf] kbsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf cfOk/]df

To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k]G;g jf pkbfg s] pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ xf] / slt pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ xf]

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g

s'/f To;kl5sf] ;+ljwfgx¿df x6fOPsf] kfOG5 .

%_ ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgod / To:tf]

;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Ldfly ul/g] ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]df

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ s'/f @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] lyof] . h'g

k|fjwfgnfO{ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] x6fOlbPaf6 ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yfgx¿ cfˆgf]

sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ jf laefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;f]Wg' / a'‰g gkg]{ u/L

:jtGq ePsf 5g\ .

^_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lbPsf] k/fdz{ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] sfd gu/]df To:tf] sfd ug{ g;Sg'sf

sf/0f ;lxtsf] 1fkg kq cfof]usf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg;fy ;+;b jf /fli6«o k~rfotdf k]z ug{

nufpg] Joj:yf @)!% / @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ @)$& sf]

;+ljwfgdf ;/sf/n] To:tf] 1fkg kq lbg' gkg]{ ePsf] 5 .

&_ xfn cfP/ cfof]un] lbPsf] k/fdz{ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] sfd gu/]df To;/L g;Sg'sf] sf/0f

pNn]v ul/Psf] lnlvt hfgsf/L ;+;b ;dIf /fVg' gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+;bsf]

;DalGwt ;ldltn] af]nfPdf df}lvs ?kdf :kli6s/0f lbg] k|rng rnfOPsf] kfOG5 .

@)$& sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb h'g lgj[Qe/0f kfpg] kb xf] To;df egf{

ug{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtf hfFRg k/LIff lng], sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf kl/jt{g ubf{ pko'Qmtfsf]

k/LIf0f ug]{, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] ljefuLo sf/afxLdf k/fdz{ lbg], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{

;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] d'Vo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ xf] .

lghfdtL ;]jf afx]s cGoq sxL st} klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . lghfdtL

;]jfnfO{ ;+ljwfgd} kl/eflift ul/Psf 5 h; cg';f/ æ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf]

;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s

;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg] 5 Æ egL ;+ljwfgn] g} Ps xftn]

lbPsf] clwsf/nfO{ ToxL ;+ljwfgsf] csf]{ xftn] vf]:g ;Sg] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . P]g agfP/ s'g}

121

;]jf jf kb lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL tf]Sg ;lsg] / To:tf] ;]jf jf kbsf ;DjGwdf nf]s

;]jf cfof]un] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] clwsf/nfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] k|z:t 7fpF klg @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf

/flvPsf] 5 .

@))& sf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg / @)!% sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf

clwsf/x¿nfO{ kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgn] s6f}tL ub}{ nu]sf] eP klg @)$& ;fn kl5 ljleGg P]gåf/f nf]s

;]jf cfof]unfO{ klxn] lbPsf clwsf/x¿ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|bfg u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

jt{dfg cj:yfdf sfg"gåf/f nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] yk lhDd]jf/L

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/ If]qnfO{ ;+s'lrt

u/fPsf] eP klg jt{dfg ;+;bjf6 ljleGg sfg"g agfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ kbk"lt{sf] nflu

pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwL yk clwsf/ lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{ G5 . tL ljleGg P]gdf ePsf

Joj:yf cg';f/ s'g}n] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;j} sfo{ g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] u/L lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .

o:tf P]gdf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g tyf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/L ;DjGwL P]g kb{5g\ . s'g}

P]gn] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:on] ug]{ u/L kbk"lt{df nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} P]g÷lgodfjnLx¿n] To:tf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf nf]s

;]jf cfof]un] v6fPsf] k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

;/;lt{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v gul/Psf] t/ ljleGg sfg"gåf/f kbk"lt{df nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf÷k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L yk lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf 7fpFx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

-s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:on] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{ u/L sfg"gdf

Joj:yf ePsf kbk"lt{ ;ldltx¿ M–

!= Gofo ;]jf cfof]u – nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf o;df /xg]

@= k|x/L P]g cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt

#= ;z:q k|x/L P]g cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt

$= lqe"jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u

%= k"jf{ ~rn ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u

^= kf]v/f ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u

&= g]=/f= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g cg' ;f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt

*= ;}lgs P]g -;+zf]wg @)^#_ cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt

-v_ b]xfodf pNn]lvt lgsfodf ljleGg sfg"g÷lgodfjnL cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf

clws[tx¿ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o jf k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 .

!= kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if

@= ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\

#= dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u

$= ljZj ljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u

%= /]l8of] k|zf/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt

^= afn sNof0f ;ldlt

&= g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg

122

*= pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\

(= b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldlt

!)= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if

!!= g]kfn 6]lnlehg

!@= jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt

!#= g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg

!$= /fli6«o ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf

!%= j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|

!^= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ .

;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf ljleGg :jzfl;t ;+:yf÷k|flws/0f÷;ldltx¿ tyf sDkgL

P]g cg';f/ u7g ePsf sltko lgsfox¿n] ;d]t cfˆgf sd{rf/L egf{ / kbf]Gglt ug]{ k|of]hgsf]

nflu nf]s ;] jf cfof]uaf6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfgn] rfx]sf] ;xof]udf

kbk"lt{ ug]{ tl/sf, kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL sfo{ljlwsf] hfgsf/Lsf] ;fy} To:tf lgsfodf /x]sf] kbk"lt{

;ldltdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltlglw -sltko cj:yfdf ljz]if1sf ?kdf_ lgoldt jf k6s] ?kdf

cfdGq0f ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf lgsfo dWo s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\

!= g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg

@= ;"rgf k|ljlw pRr :t/Lo cfof]u

#= lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/ lnld6]8

$= ;8s jf]8{ g]kfn

%= g]kfn 6]lnsd

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

g]kfndf nfu" ePsf kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/df qmdzM s6f}tL

ub}{ nu]sf] eP klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] bIf /fi6« ;]js 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{df lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] lgikIf

/ :jR5 e"ldsfsf] sb/ ub}{ xfn cfP/ ljleGg ;+:yfg÷lgsfox¿n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtfsf]

cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf x'g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf /x]/ lg/Gt/ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L, ;do ;dodf

dgf]lgt eO{ cfpg] kbflwsf/L tyf cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] bIf÷ljz]if1sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;n] g}

hgdfg;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|lt ljZjf; ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . o; cy{df cfof]udf lg/Gt/ /xL sfd

ug]{ tL ;a} sd{rf/L / kbflwsf/LnfO{ wGojfb lbg} kg]{ x'G5 .

pk/f]Qm ofjt s'/fx¿af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/df s6f}tL ug]{ tL

;+ljwfgx¿ hg efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf / ck"0f{ lyP .

oxL ck"0f{tfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg ;d]6\g] hdsf]{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]

u/]sf] 5 . ;fljs ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf To:tf ljifo, h'g of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf 5g,

o; k|sf/ 5g\ .

wf/f !@^ pk–wf/f -%_

;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;] jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf

ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ 5 .

123

wf/f !@^ pk–wf/f -^_

s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf]

;]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s

;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;+:yf eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn

;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpg] 5 .

k|:tfljt cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& pk–wf/f -!_ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|wfgdGqL

;dIf cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 .

wf/f !@& pk–wf/f -@_

pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]

jif{el/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf ptL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL

ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo

ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhd sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf]

kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] jf/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf]

eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

pk/f]Qm k| fjwfgn] ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ub} cfPsf] sfddf lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL dfly

pNn]lvt sfo{x¿sf ;fy ;fy} lgDgfg';f/sf yk sfo{ klg ug'{ kg]{] b]lvG5 .

!_ ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgo'lQm / a9'jf x'Fbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt

cg';/0f ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

@_ ;]gf, k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Lsf] egf{df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf clgjfo{ ?kdf

/xg] Joj:yf 5 .

#_ %) k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;/sf/L z]o/ jf h]yf nufgL ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf

sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g agfpFbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{

lng ;lsg] jgfOPsf] 5 . cyf{t ;+:yfn] rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg'

kb{5 .

$_ To:tf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L egf{ / a9'jf ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt

cg';f/ ug{ v'nf u/]sf] 5 . To:tf ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ?kdf nf]s ;]jf

cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt nfu" ug{ ;Qm5g\ .

%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt cg';/0f ug{ rfxg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] ;fdfGo

l;4fGt cg';f/ u/] u/]gg\ eGg] s'/f cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g]

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

^_ s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt

cg';f/ u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug'{

kg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

124

&_ eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] ljj/0f jflif{s ?kdf tof/

u/L jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ePjf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf]

;'wf/sf] nflu xfn e} /x]sf] k6s] cfof]u, ;ldlt / uf]i7Lx¿jf6 ;'emfjx¿ tof/

u/L l;kmfl/z ul/+b} cfPsf] sfo{ cj nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg' kg]{

ePsf] 5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf pk/f]Qm sfd st{Josf ;fy ;fy} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo

sfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] Joj:yf ePaf6 ;d]t k|:t't ;+ljwfgsf cg';f/

sfg"g jgfP/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ cem} a9L lhDd]jf/L lbOg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

olt x'Fbf x'b} klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lhDdf lbOg'kg]{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s'/f o; ;+ljwfgdf

klg ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ sd{rf/Lsf]

kL/dsf{, u'gf;f] ;'gL ;f] kL/dsf{ gf]S;fgL / hf]lvd ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] l;kmfl/z

ug]{ clwsf/ lbOg'kb{5 . ;fy} cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cf}NofPsf sdhf]/Lsf]af/] ;/sf/sf]

lnlvt k|ltlqmof s] 5 ;f] s'/f ;d]t ;+;bdf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Pdf cfof]u cem}

;jn / ;'b[9 x'g d2t k'Ug] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .

gof+ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf yk lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ ug'{

cfjZos 5 . cfof]usf] jt{dfg ;fwg / ;|f]taf6 pQm yk sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g kg]{ b]lvG5 .

ctM cfof]usf] dfgjLo tyf ef}lts Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ uDeL/ x'g] 5

eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} pQm lhDd]jf/L jxg ubf{ ;d]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf / ;Dkfbg

sfo{sf] lgikIftf / z'4tfdf ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cem} v/f] pqg] 5 eGg] ;j{q ck]Iff ul/Psf]

5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+j}wflgs sfg"g – k|yd ;+:s/0f, 6f]k axfb'/ l;+x

@= cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&

#= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%

$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(

%= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&

^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

&= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ljleGg P]g lgodx¿ -:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]

sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L ;DjGwL P]g, ljleGg ljZj ljBfno ;DjGwL P]gx¿, ;}lgs P]g, k|x/L

P]g, z;:q k|x/L P]g tyf ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿_

125

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df Go"g

dlxnf l;kmfl/z M sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

k'is//fh kGt .

;f/f+z

s'n b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] l;kmfl/zdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k'?ifsf]

eGbf sd b]lvG5 . t/ lj1flkt kbdf b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] b/vf:t ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf /

k'?ifsf] l;kmfl/z cg'kftdf vf; Hofb} cGt/ b]lvb}g .

lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] b/vf:t g} sd kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIffsf] :t/, 3/fo;L

Pj+ jfXo jftfj/0f Pj+ ;"rgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ dlxnf ;xeflutfdf sdL x'g uPsf] x'g;Sb5 . t;y{ nf]s

;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ;+Vof a9fpgsf nflu :t/Lo pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{

dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} pko'Qm 3/fo;L Pj+ jfXo jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ tkm{ ;f]r agfOg' kb{5 .

s_ k[i7e"ldM

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]nsf] ;kmntf kZrft g]kfn gofF o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 eGg'df cltzof]lQm

gxf]nf . b]zsf] /fhgLltn] gofF df]8 lng yfn]sf] 5 . b]zdf cfO{kg]{ ;+s6nfO{ cfk;L 5nkmn /

ljrf/ ljdz{af6 ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ ;j} kIf Ps ePsf] cfef; @)^#.!).! ut] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn]

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# nfO{ ;j{;Ddt cg'df]bg u/]/ k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 .

;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm}+ ;+ljwfg agfpg

kfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg]

cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ub}{ /fhg}lts ;xdltaf6 tof/ ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# k|ltlglw ;efsf] @)^#.!).! ut]sf] a}7saf6 hf/L ePsf] / ;f]sf] cg'df]bg ;f]xL lbg a;]sf]

cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sn] u/] / gofF /fhg}lts cWofosf] z'? u/]sf] 5 .

s'g} klg k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] p2]Zo eg]sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] clwsflws

;xeflutf h'6fO{ /fi6«sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] a/fa/ kxF'r k'¥ofpg' xf] . h; cg'?k

b]zn] n}lËs, hfltut, wfld{s Pj+ If]qut lje]bnfO{ cGTo u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfdb]lv gLlt

lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] tx;Dd ;j}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] ;f]r /flvg' kb{5 .

o;} kl/j]znfO{ dgg u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] hgtfsf] xs ;+/If0f ug{sf]

nflu efu # df df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] efu $ df pNn]lvt /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs

l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿n] tL xsx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|ltkmnsf] cg'e"tL ;DalGwt ju{nfO{ dx;';

u/fpgsf nflu sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ljutsf ;+ljwfgx¿ eGbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

df df}lns xssf] jf/]df lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s/Lj %) k|ltzt hg;+Vof

. pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

126

ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] nflu of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @) n] :ki6 ?kdf dlxnf xs ;'/lIft u/]sf]

5 .

s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ cfsng ug]{ ljleGg ;"rsx¿ dWo] n}lËs ;dfgtf

klg Ps xf] . b]zsf] ljsf;n] ta dfq k"0f{tf kfpF5 hj ljsf;sf x/]sf If]qdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]

k|efjsf/L / ;dfg ;xeflutf /xG5 . o;} jf:tljstfnfO{ dgg u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'x¿df

b]lvPsf] dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] lje]b x6fpg] tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs cflb

If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 u/L dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt u/fpg dlxnf

;zlQms/0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ to ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

dlxnfx¿sf] ;d:of tyf oyfy{tf;Fu k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx¿ g} k|ToIf ?kdf kl/lrt

x'g] / o:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfkm}n] ef]u]sf x'Fbf dlxnfsf] dd{nfO{ a'em]/ pgLx¿sf] lxtdf gLlt lgdf{0f

ug{ / o;nfO{ ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu dlxnfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'gfn] cj cfpg]

lbgx¿df ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿ -cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, z}lIfs cflb_ df

h:t} /fHo ;~rfngsf] Ps :yfoL :tDe lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] pT;fxhgs

;xeflutfnfO{ cTolws ?kdf k|f]T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/n] u/]sf] dfusf] cfwf/df l/Qm ;]jf, ;d"x

;+rfng ug{ jg]sf P]gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] kbk"lt{sf] nflu

5'§fO{Psf kbx¿sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf b/vf:t btf{ ug]{ s'n pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] dlxnf

pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof slt x'G5 . / tL dlxnf pDd]bjfx¿dWo] lgwf{l/t 5gf}6 k|lqmof k"/f u/L

of]Uotfsf cfwf/df slt hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z x'G5g\ eGg] jf/]df ;ª\If]kdf

ljZn]if0f ug]{ sf]lzz o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 . o; n]vdf ljut kfFr cfly{s jif{ -@)%*.)%( b]lv

@)^@.)^#_ df ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf ljleGg >]0fL÷txsf kbx¿sf nflu k|fKt dfu /

ltgsf] cfwf/df bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|ltztnfO{

o; n]vdf ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] cjlwdf ljleGg tx÷>]0fLsf nflu s'n !@,)^! l/Qm

kbx¿sf] kb k"lt{sf nflu cfof]udf dfusf] cfs[lt kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . h; dWo] ljleGg

tx÷>]0fLsf nflu !!!# kbx¿ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf u/L kbk"lt{ ug{ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L

;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] eg] afFsL !),($* kbx¿sf] bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s Pj+ v'nf

k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L cfof]uaf6 pko'Qmtf k/LIf0fsf nflu k/LIffx¿ ;+rfng

ul/Psf] lyof] .

bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v' nf k/LIffsf nflu k|sflzt ljleGg tx / >]0fLsf]

lj1fkg ul/Psf kbx¿df s/Lj $,(*,#@! pDd]bjf/x¿sf] b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . h;dWo] cf};tdf

!*=$# k|ltzt cyf{t\ (!,*^! dlxnf / *!=%& k|ltzt cyf{t\ $,)^,$^) k'?if pDd]bjf/x¿sf]

b/vf:t k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

127

ljleGg >]0fL÷txsf nflu k|fKt dfux¿ / lj1fkg÷;"rgf ePsf kbx¿sf] ljj/0f *

-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_

bz jif]{ j("jf, cfGtl/s Pj+

v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu lj!fkg

ePsf kbx¿

sfo{;Dkfbg d'Nof+sg j("jfsf

nflu ;'rgf k|sflzt ePsf]

kbx¿ cf=j=

ljleGg

>])fL÷txsf

nflu k|fKt

dfux¿ k|fljlws ck|fljlws hDdf k|fljlws ck|fljlws hDdf

2058÷59 3778 2846 836 3682 65 31 96

2059÷60 2104 1182 632 1814 210 80 290

2060÷61 1286 504 615 1119 96 71 167

2061÷62 2914 1673 958 2631 197 86 283

2062÷63 1979 1194 508 1702 133 144 277

hDDff 12061 7399 3549 10948 701 412 1113

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .

lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df k/]sf] b/vf:t*

-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_

cf=j= dlxnf k'?if

b/vf:t ;+Vof k|ltzt b/vf:t ;+Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

b/vf:t ;+Vof

2058÷59 21247 17.92 97298 82.08 118545

2059÷60 14624 15.46 79986 84.54 94610

2060÷61 13060 14.95 74280 85.05 87340

2061÷62 22310 20.76 85166 79.24 107476

2062÷63 20620 22.82 69730 77.18 90350

hDDff 91861 18.43 406460 81.57 498321

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .

k|To]s cfly{s jif{df x'g] b/vf:t ;+sngsf] cj:yf dflysf] tflnsfaf6 b]lvPtf klg

ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ lj1fkg ePsf ;j} kbx¿ h'g cfly{s jif{ lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f]xL cfly{s

jif{df l;kmfl/z x'g g;sL ;f] eGbf kl5sf cfly{s jif{x¿df klg l;kmfl/z ul/g] x'Fbf k|To]s

cf=j=df l;kmfl/z x'g] kbx¿df b/vf:t lbg] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof / ;f] cf=j=df b/vf:t lbg]

pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vofdf km/s kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljut kfFr cfly{s jif{df ljleGg tx / >]0fLdf

ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zdf hDdf $,#$,&@& b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . b/vf:t lbg] dWo] &(=$# k|ltzt

cyf{t #,$%,@(( pDd]bjf/x¿ lnlvt k/LIffdf pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

l;kmfl/z ePsf kbx¿df k/]sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof*

-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_

dlxnf

k'?if

hDdf pDd]bjf/ dWo]

lnlvt k/LIffdf

cfly{s jif{

pDd]bjf/

;+Vof k|ltzt

pDd]bjf/

;+Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

pDd]bjf/

pkl:yt

;+Vof

k|ltzt

2058÷59 651 8.87 6688 91.13 7339 5597 76.26

2059÷60 25174 19.39 104626 80.61 129800 113939 87.78

2060÷61 15864 15.97 83482 84.03 99346 79786 80.31

2061÷62 14175 18.15 63926 81.85 78101 54912 70.31

2062÷63 27181 22.62 92960 77.38 120141 91065 75.80

s'n 83045 19.10 351682 80.90 434727 345299 79.43

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .

cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df s'n #^*@ kbx¿sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf]df #)( kbsf] dfq

l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cf=j=df :jf:Yo ;]jf tkm{sf w]/} kbx¿ kf7\oqmd gjg]sf sf/0fjf6

lj1fkg eP tfklg k/LIff ;+ rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko kbx¿ cGtjf{tf{ ldlt ;f] cf=j=

cGTo lt/ /x]sf] xF'bf l;kmfl/z csf]{ cf=j=df ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cf=j=df l;kmfl/z ul/Psf kbx¿df

s'n &##( b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . h;dWo] *=*& k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^%! dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] / (!=!#

k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^^** k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#

df lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof Go"g b]lvG5 .

dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ b/vf:t ;+Vof * b]lv @# k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

cf=j 2058÷059 b]lv 2062÷063 ;Dd lj!fkg ul/Psf kbx?df k/]sf

b/vf:tx?

651

25174

15864 14175

27181

6688

104626

83482

63926

92960

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

2058÷59 2059÷60 2060÷61 2061÷62 2062÷63

cfly{s jif{

b/vf:t ;+Vof

dlxnf

k'?if

128

129

ljut % cfly{s jif{x¿df bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu !!,@@%

kbx¿sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg u/L cfof]uaf6 pko'Qmtf k/LIf0fsf nflu k/LIffx¿ ;+rfng

ul/Psf] lyof] . h;dWo] cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷)^# sf] cGt;Dd *&!* kbx¿sf] glthf k|sfzg u/L

ljleGg lgsfodf :yfoL lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 .

lj1fkg ePsf ljleGg kbx¿df ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zsf] ljj/0f *

-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_

dlxnf k"?if cf=j=

l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzt l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

l;kmfl/z ;+Vof

2058÷59 31 10.03 278 89.97 309

2059÷60 1738 46.66 1987 53.34 3725

2060÷61 154 9.78 1421 90.22 1575

2061÷62 273 18.41 1210 81.59 1483

2062÷63 338 18.73 1467 81.27 1805

2534 28.49 6363 71.51 8897

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .

bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu !!,@@% kbx¿sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f

u/L lj1fkg ul/Psf] ePtf klg ut cf=j= sf] cGt;Dddf cfof]uaf6 **(& kbdf dfq l;kmfl/z

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿dWo] s]xL kbx¿sf] ;f] cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dd l;kmfl/z

k|lqmof k"/f geP/ rfn' cf=j=df l;kmfl/z x'g] qmddf /x]sf 5g\ eg] sltko kbx¿df cfjZos

z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/x¿ gePsfn]÷cfjZos ;+Vof gk'u]/ / s]xL kbx¿df rflxg]

Go"gtd ptL{0ffÍ k|fKt ug{] pDd]bjf/ geP/ klg l;kmfl/z gul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t} s]xL kbx¿df

cfkm" pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfPsf] eGb} ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf]df ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cfb]z

cg';f/ k/LIff sfo{qmd :ylut ul/Psf] klg b]lvG5 . To:t} Ps cfly{s jif{df dfu u/L k7fO{Psf]

dfunfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{df k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg x'Fbf b/vf:t gk/] /, cfjZos Go"gtd

k|fKtfÍ k|fKt x'g g;s]/ l;kmfl/z x'g g;]sf kbx¿ To; kl5sf cf=j= x¿df k'gM l/Qm kb sfod

u/L dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/]/ k7fpg] / k'gM k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg ul/g] x'Fbf dfu ;+ Vof /

l;kmfl/z ;+Vofdf cGt/ b]lvPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

cfof]uaf6 x'g] s'n l;kmfl/zdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ( b]lv !( k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/

cf=j= @)%(÷^) df u|f=:jf=sf, df=l;=sf= h:tf dlxnfx¿ dfq pDd]bjf/ x'g] s]xL kbx¿sf]

lj1fkg ePsfn] $^=^^ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ l;kmfl/z ePsf] kfOof] .

cfly{s jif{ 2058.59 b]lv 2062.063 ;Dd ul/Psf] l;kmfl/z

31

1738

154

273

338

278

1987

1421

1210

1467

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2058÷59 2059÷60 2060÷61 2061÷62 2062÷63

cfly{s jif{

l;kmfl/z ;+Vof

dlxnf

k'?if

v_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z Go"g x'g'sf sf/0fx¿M

!_ dlxnfsf] Go"g ;xeflutf M

ljutsf % cfly{s jif{x¿df lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df kg]{ s'n b/vf:tdf dlxnfx¿sf]

b/vf:t * b]lv @# k|ltzt;Dd kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] dfq b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf]

cg'kft x]g]{ xf] eg] cf=j= x¿ @)%*÷%(, @)%(÷^), @)^)÷^!, @)^!÷^@, @)^@÷^# df qmdzM

k|To]s @!, !$, !)#, %@, *) b/vf:t lbg] dlxnfx¿df ! hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z x'g]

u/]sf 5g\ eg] k'?ifsf] xsdf tL cf=j=x¿df qmdzM @$, %@, %(, %#, ^# b/vf:t lbg] k'?ifx¿df

! hgf k'?if l;kmfl/z x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . s"n l;kmfl/z / s'n b/vf:tsf] cg'kft x]g]{ xf] eg] tL

cf=j=x¿df qmdz @$, #$, ^#, %@, ^^ b/vf:t lbg]df Ps l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . of] tYoaf6 s]

b]vfp5 eg] s"n b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf] cg'kft / b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] b/vf:t / dlxnf

/ k'?ifsf] l;kmfl/z cg'kft p:t} p:t} b]lvG5 .

130

131

b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf] cg'kft

dlxnf k"?if hDdf

cfly{s

jif{

dlxnf l;kmfl/z

dlxnf b/vf:t

dlxnf l;kmfl/z

/

b/vf:tsf] cg"kft

dlxnf l;kmfl/z

/

s'n

b/vf:tsf] cg"kft

k"?if l;kmfl/z

k"?if b/vf:t

k"?if b/vf:tsf] cg"kft

k"?if l;kmfl/z / s'n

b/vf:tsf] cg"kft

s'n l;kmfl/z

s'n b/vf:t

s'n l;kmfl/z / s''n

b/vf:tsf] cg"kft

2058÷59 31 651 1M21 1M237 278 6688 1M24 1M26 309 7339 1M24

2059÷60 1738 25174 1M14 1M74 1987 104626 1M52 1M65 3725 129800 1M34

2060÷61 154 15864 1M103 1M645 1421 83482 1M59 1M70 1575 99346 1M63

2061÷62 273 14175 1M52 1M286 1210 63926 1M53 1M65 1483 78101 1M52

2062÷63 338 27181 1M80 1M355 1467 92960 1M63 1M82 1805 120141 1M66

@_ pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu egf{ x'g] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof Go"g /xg' M

g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnf ju{sf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf

Go"g k'?if ^%=%Ü dlxnf $@=*Ü /x]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'gsf nflu

tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n gu/]sf JolQmx¿

pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sb}gg . pRr lzIffsf] nflu g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] / Jofks If]q cf]u6]sf] lqe'jg

ljZjljBfno / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnodf ljutsf jif{x¿df k|df0fkq tx, :gfts tx /

:gftsf]Q/ txdf dlxnf egf{ ;+Vof qmdzM cf};t sl/j #!, @&, @! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . tL dWo]

egf{ eO{ aLrdf k9fO{ 5f]8\g]sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]Vo g} 5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf egf{ x'g]x¿ dWo]

#$ k|ltztdfq ;kmn x'g] s'/f tYofÍn] b]vfp5 . h;af6 xfdL lgSof}{n ug{ ;Sb5f}+ ls pRr lzIff

xfl;n u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] :t/ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;+VofTds ?kdf klg Go"g /x]sf] 5 .

;dfhsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿df dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg ?kn] k|:t't x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

;fy} clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ 3/]n' lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;Lldt /xL jfXo jftfj/0f;Fu 3'nldn geO{

/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . t;y{ kl5 k/]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cufl8 Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{

:t/Lo pRrlzIffsf] cj;/ lbnfpg] kxnsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{ eGff{sf] cj:yf *

k|df)fkq tx ljBfyL{ egf{ :gfts txdf ljBfyL{ egf{ :gftsf]Q/ txdf ljBfyL{ egf{

dlxnf dlxnf dlxnf cf=j=

egf{ ;Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

egf{ egf{ ;Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

egf{ egf{ ;Vof k|ltzt

hDdf

egf{

2000÷01 19758 29.98 65902 16753 25.29 66246 2431 17.65 13770

2001÷02 17423 28.87 60343 16237 25.04 64836 3110 19.39 16040

2002÷03 19417 33.13 58604 16794 27.02 62158 3821 21.82 17513

2004÷05 17006 32.17 52859 17967 30.60 58712 5038 24.47 20591

hDDff 73604 30.96 237708 67751 26.89 251952 14400 21.20 67914

*Nepal In Educational Figuers 2006, Ministry of Education and Sports Nepal.

• Nepal In Educational Figuers 2006 df g]kfnsf cGo ljZjljBfnox¿sf] $ jif{sf] ljj/0f kfpg g;s]sf]n]

;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPg . sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnosf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt pQm tYofÍdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g .

132

#_ cfly{s cj:yfM

s'n hg;+Vofsf] #! k|ltzt -@))#÷)$_ ul/ljsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx¿ 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{

plrt lzIff–bLIff lbg ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . dWod:t/sf kl/jf/n] klg cfly{s sf/0fn] ubf{

5f]/Lsf] k9fO{nfO{ eGbf 5f]/fsf] k9fOsf nflu Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf clwstd

hg;+Vof ufpFdf /xG5 . cfly{s bfloTjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ 5f]/fnfO{ C0f lnP/ eP klg lzIff xfl;n

ug{sf] nflu zx/;Dd k7fpg] / 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ufFp s} ljBfnodf hlt sIff;Dd k9fO x'G5 Tolt

dfq k9fpg] To; kl5 ljx] ul/lbg] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfly{s cj:yfn] ubf{ klg

xf] . h] sf/0fn] ePtf klg pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sd b]lvG5 .

$_ cgfjZos e|dn] ubf{M

/f]huf/Lsf] plrt cj;/ gx'Fbf of]Uotf / Ifdtf eGbf klg gftfjfb / s[kfjfbsf] cfwf/df

/f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 eGg] e|dk"0f{ k|rf/ k|;f/n] lzlIft j]/f]huf/x¿ aLr nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6

lnO{g] s8f k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;jn ?kdf k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf klg x'g

;Sb5g\ .

%_ ;fdflhs sf/0fx¿M

s_ dlxnfx¿sf] cfo cfh{g / Ifdtf clea[l4sf lqmofsnfkdf x'g] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xh

?kdf :jLsfg{ lxlRsrfpg] :yflkt ;fdflhs dfGotf tyf dgf]bzfsf ;fy} k'?if k|wfg

;+:sf/ / dgf]j[lQn] cem} h/f ufl8/xg' csf]{ sf/0f x'g ;Sb5 .

v_ k/Dk/fut wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx x'g] ub{5 . ljjfx

kZrft clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ ;Gtfg pTkfbg / kfng kf]if0fdf cNdlng' kg]{ eO{ k9fO

n]vfO / JolQmTj ljsf;df pgLx¿n] kof{Kt ;do lbg g;Sg] x'bfF klg k|lt:kwf{Tds

k/LIffdf Hofb} sd dlxnf 5gf}6 x'g] u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 .

^_ dlxnfx¿sf] cfˆgf] afgL Joxf]/fsf] sf/0fM

k|fo h;f] dlxnfx¿df c?df e/ kg]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . rflxg] sfo{ ug{sf]

nflu klg cfz+sf lng] ;+sf]r dfGg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}n] vf]lh

ug]{ afgL g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ sd g} kfO{G5 . cem of] dfqf u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿df a9L /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

;fy} cfkm"n] ghfg]sf] s'/fx¿ k'?if ldqx¿;+u l;Sg klg dlxnfx¿ ;+sf]r dfGb5g\ eg] cfˆgf]

;d:of / cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f phfu/ ug{ klg ws dfGb5g\ h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg dlxnfx¿

kl5 k/]sf 5g\ .

&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] kx'Frsf] sdLM

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu ;DjlGwt kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿ jflx/L lhNnfdf ;xh}

pknJw gx'g] / To;sf] ;+sngsf nflu k/LIffyL{x¿n] emGem6 cg'e"t ug]{ x'gfn] klg df]km;nsf

dlxnf ;xeflutfdf sdL cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . k/LIffdf b/vf:t s;/L lbg]]0fLut Joj:yfnfO{

txut k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f u/L PsLs[t lghfdtL ;] jf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] 5 .

— g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ;lrj, ljefuLo

k|d'v tyf sfof{no k|d'vn] k|To]s lghfdtL kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu" ug]{ / pQm kbsf]

sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / of]Uotf :ki6 ?kdf lsl6Psf] x'g] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg ubf{

lbOg] kq;Fu} lghsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{ ljj/0f cg';f/sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ;"rsf+s

;d]t pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

— lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ 7LSs cfsf/df Nofpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf :j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnLnfO{

pkof]u u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s ?kdf cjsfz lng ;Sg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z

ul/Psf], lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf

k|sfzg u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kbdf aL; jif{sf nflu

tf]lsP adf]lhd dlxnf, hghflt, dw];L, blnt / ckfË pDd]bjf/x¿sf] aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§}

150

k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L dlxnfx¿sf] ;]jf k|j]zdf

pd]/sf] xb nlrnf] agfO{Psf] 5 .

— bL3{sfnLg tna gLltnfO{ :jrflnt 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{ut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf

ldnfOPsf] / pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df a[l4 ePsf] d"Nosf] k|To]s jif{ &% k|ltzt ;Dd

dxFuL eQf k| bfg ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L k|bfg ul/Psf] eQf /sd z'? tna:s]nsf]

@% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g uPsf] jif{df @% k|ltzt /sd tnadfgdf ;dfof]hg u/L

afFsL /sd eQfsf] ?kdf lbg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

— lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem a9L of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t jgfpg /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;d]t v'Nnf

k|ltof]lutfsf] k|fjwfg sfod} /fvL cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|ltzt j[l4 ul/Psf] ;fy}

Ho]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{ gofF k|fjwfg yk ul/Psf] 5 . j9'jf

k|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs / Jojl:yt agfpg] qmddf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej, z}lIfs of]Uotf /

tflnd jfkt k|fKt ug]{ c+sx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pRr :t/Lo Aoj:yfksLo

tflndnfO{ k|zf;gsf] pRrtxdf k'Ug] k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf]

d"NofÍgnfO{ j}1flgs / j:t'ut d"NofÍg k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cw{jflif{s

d"NofÍg u/L To;sf cfwf/df jflif{s d"NofÍg ug]{, d"NofÍg kf/bzL{ x'g] / k[i7kf]if0f lng

;lsg] Joj:yf yk ul/Psf] 5 .

— lghfdtL ;]jfdf pQ/flwsf/L ;DaGwL of]hgfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;f] cjlw;Dd l/Qm x'g

cfPsf kb rfn' cfly{s jif{leq l/Qm x'g] kbsf] dfusf] cfs[lt kmf/fd nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf

k7fpg] ;fy} pRr txdf kb l/Qm x'g' !% lbg cufj} ;+u;u} sfd u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

5 .

— lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] u' gf;f] tyf kL/dsf{ tf]lsPsf] lgsfo;dIf /fvL Joj:yfkg

ug]{ k|fjwfg P]gdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

— sfo{;Dkfbg kfl/tf]lifs sf]ifnfO{ P]gdf g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

— /fhkq cg+lst t[tLo / rt'y{ >]0fLsf kbx¿ qmdzM vf/]h ub}{ hfg] / >]0fL ljxLg kbx¿sf]

:t/j[l4 x'g] k| fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .

— lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox¿ :yfgLo lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f x'Fbf To:tf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nodf

sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

— /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx¿ h'g c~rnsf nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] xf] ;f] c+rn leqsf

sfof{nox¿df slDtdf !) jif{ Joltt ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

— of] ;+zf]wg k|f/De ePkl5 lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn

;/sf/n] pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f sf]if v8f ug]{5 . To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s tnaaf6

Go"gtd bz k|ltztsf b/n] /sd s§L u/L ;f] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfl;s tnasf] bz

k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

151

— lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf 5Fb} d[To' ePdf lghsf] glhssf] xsjfnfnfO{ aLdf afkt Ps

nfv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF Psd'i6 lbg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

— g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pp6f ;fjlws hLjg aLdf sf]if :yfkgf ug]{5 . k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]

dfl;s tnaaf6 b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF s§f u/L ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 / Tolt g} /sd g]kfn

;/sf/n] yk u/L aLdfÍ /sd Psnfv ?k}ofFsf] aL; jif]{ ;fjlws hLjg aLdf ul/lbg]5 . ;f]

aLdf sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd dWo]af6 sd{rf/L ;]jf lgj[Q x'Fbf lghnfO{ aLdfÍ /sd /

af]g; e'QmfgL lbOg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf afkt /sd s§f ug{ yfn]sf] @) jif{ cjlw

gk'uL clgjfo{ cjsf; x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] /sd ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

— sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhkqf+lst sd{Rff/Ljfx]s /fhkqf+lst t[lto >]0fL jf ;f]eGbf

d'lgsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] k] zfut xslxtsf nflu /fli6«o :t/sf] lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lsf] 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] Pj+

— lghfdtL ;]jfsf axfnjfnf sd{rf/L, cjsfz k|fKt JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf]

sNof0fsf nflu sNof0fsf/L sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) df 5}7f++} ;zf]wg u/L @)^@ j}zfv ! ut]af6 sf7df8f}+

pkTosfdf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ cfOtjf/ ;d]t v'Ng] Joj:yf eO{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6

hgtfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ a9L ;xh jgfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug{sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]

k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k/LIffsf]

nflu tof/L sIffx¿ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ cf=j= )^).^! df /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf

nflu d"n k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] %! hgf k|f/lDes k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] !*! hgfnfO{ /

/f=k=cg+ >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu kf+r} ljsf; If]qsf $#* hgfnfO{ tof/L sIff ;+rfng

ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L cf=j=@)^!÷^@ df To:tf] tof/L sIff /f=k=k|yd >]0fL / /f=k=låtLo

>]0fLsf nflu %) hgf /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu d"n k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] !)& hgf /

k|f/lDes k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] @)! hgf tyf d'n'sel/sf /f=k=cg+= >]0fLsf $)# hgfnfO{

tof/L sIff ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 cf=j= @)^@÷^# df ljleGg ;]jf

;d"x / >]0fLsf kbx¿sf] !,*)% hgfsf] l;kmfl/z ePsf]df pQm l;kmfl/zdf !*=&# k|ltzt

cyf{t ##* dlxnf / *!=@& k|ltzt cyf{t\ !,$^& hgf k'?if pDd]bjf/ /x]sf lyP . nf]s ;]jf

cfof]uåf/f ;~rflnt k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffx¿df cf=j= @)^!÷)^@ sf] t'ngfdf cf=j=

@)^@÷^# df dlxnf l;kmfl/zsf] ;+Vof ^% n] a9L 5 . To;}u/L /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL zfvf

clws[t kbsf] k|f/lDes k/LIffdf !,!^* hgf pQL0f{ ePsf]df k'?if !,)** hgf / dlxnf *)

hgf /x]sf 5g\ . dflysf tYof+sx¿af6 pQm tof/L sIff k/LIffyL{ x¿sf nflu pkof]uL ePsf]

k'li6 x'G5 . xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt adf]lhd dlxnf, blnt, hghfltsf

cnfjf dw];L / ckfË ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt yk ePsf] 5 .

152

lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] ljBdfg l:ylt tnsf] rf6{df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–

l;=g+= >]0fL k'?if dlxnf hDdf k'?if

k|ltzt

dlxnf

k|ltzt

hDdf

k|ltzt

1 /f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fL 42 0 42 100.00 00.00 00.05

2 /f=k= k|yd >]0fL 415 17 432 96.06 03.94 00.54

3 /f=k= låtLo >]0fL 1967 86 2053 95.81 04.19 02.54

4 /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL 5352 377 5729 93.42 06.58 07.10

5 /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL 13469 1505 14974 89.95 10.05 18.55

6 /f=k=cg+= låtLo >]0fL 19669 2245 21914 89.76 10.24 27.15

7 /f=k=cg+=t[tLo >]0fL 5782 2438 8220 70.34 29.66 10.18

8 /f=k=cg+= rt'y{ >]0fL 1580 54 1634 96.70 03.30 02.02

9 >]0fLljxLg 24037 1568 25605 93.88 06.12 31.72

10 Not Available 81 35 116 69.83 30.17 00.14

hDdf 72394 8325 80719 89.69 10.31 100.00

;|f]t M– lghfdtL lstfavfgf, xl/x/ejg -@)^# ;fn_ .

• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ 7LSs cfsf/df Nofpg] qmddf :j]lR5s cjsfzaf6 l/Qm ePsf @@^^ kbx¿

vf/]h e};s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifbsf] ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd l/Qm

kbx¿dWo] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf s"n l/Qm kbx¿dWo] xfn l/Qm /x]sf / o;

cf=j=df l/Qm /xg] kbx¿dWo] %)Ü l/Qm kb vf/]h ug]{ / /fhkqflÍt t[ tLo >]0fLsf] s'n l/Qm

kbx¿dWo] @%Ü b/aGbL lk|mh u/L afFsL l/Qm kbx¿df dfq kbk"lt{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df l/Qm

kbx¿ &,#$$ kbx¿ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L b/aGbL s6f}tL ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fljssf]

hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno ldlt @)^!÷!@÷!) sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .

o;/L pQm dGqfno vf/]h ePkl5 txfFaf6 ;Dkfbg e} cfPsf] hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f ;DjGwL

sfo{x¿ qmdzM :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf

:yfgfGt/0f u/L s'n %$ j6f b/aGbL s6f}tL ul/of] . To:t} ;fljssf] /fhkl/ifb k|ltlglw ;ef

3f]if0ffkq, @)^# adf]lhd vf/]h ul/Psf]n] ToxfFsf] $( j6f b/jGbL s6f}tL u/L ljleGg

lgsfosf] l/Qm b/aGbLdf sd{rf/Lx¿ ldnfg ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g -bf]:f|f] ;+zf]wg

;lxt_, @)$* df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] pQm bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldlt

-@)%(÷#÷%_ n] ^) lbgleq / x/]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq cfkm" /

cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf ePsf] cfDbfgL tyf ;DklQx¿ k]z ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]

5 .

• g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf] cfDbfgL tyf ;DklQsf]

ljj/0f ;'/lIft;fy /fVg / lgoldt cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿ tf]lsPsf] 5 .

o; sfo{sf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu lghfdtL lstfavfgf, k|x/Lx¿sf nflu k|x/L

153

lstfavfgf, ;}lgsx¿sf nflu h+ uL c8\8f, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf nflu ;Dks{ dGqfnox¿

tyf /fhg}lts JolQmx¿sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no tf]lsPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ jf cg"lrt sfo{ u/L cl • Vtof/sf]

• ug{, gful/s ;dfh;Fu

• ul/s a8fkq

•

]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

;Dk"0f{

•

nfu" x'g] u/L !) k|ltzt eQf lbg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 /fi6«;]jsx¿n]

•

j/0f ;lxtsf] e"ld Joj:yfkg

•

dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿ cGtu{tsf uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfsf

b'?kof]u u/]df cg';Gwfg u/L sf/AffxL ug{sf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,

@)$* df lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]

If]qflwsf/df Jofkstf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( hf/L u/L To; adf]lhd

ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g eO{ o; cbfntn] sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ lj?4 lg/Gt/ tyf k|efjsf/L?kdf hgr]tgf clej[l4

cGt/lqmof ug]{ sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{, e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu

cfjZos /]vb]v u/L lgu/fgL ug]{ sfo{sf nflu lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no cGtu{t /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb||sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm s]Gb|sf] sfo{

;+rfng lgb]{lzsf tof/ eO{ s]Gb|n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf cfˆgf] sfo{ ub}}{ cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfno, cfof]u, ;lrjfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf] gf

tof/ u/L k|To]s lgsfosf] k|j]zåf/df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fFl;Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{

k|bfg ul/g] ;] jf / sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f, k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft, ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ :yfg, nfUg] ;do,

lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L, cg'udg ug]{ / ph'/L ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L nufotsf ljifodf hfgsf/L k|fKt

u/L kf/blz{tf sfod ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf]

;'ljwfsf] nflu x]Nk 8]:s sfp06/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fh:j

cg';Gwfg ljefu nufotsf lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug

• ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If tna ;'ljwf j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] pRr:t/Lo tna ;ldltsf]

u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df @)^! df3 ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;'? tna:s]nsf] @) k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd eQf :j?k k|bfg ul/Psf]

lyof] . pQm eQfnfO{ @)^@ >fj0f ! ut]b]lv tnadf ;dfof]hg u/L gofF tna :s]n lgwf{/0f

ul/of] .

/fi6«;]jsx¿nfO{ d"Noj[l4sf] cfwf/df dx+uL eQf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt cg'?k @)^# ;fn >fj0f !

ut] b]lv

dgf]an pRr kf/L hLjgofkg ug{ s]xL /fxt k'Ug uPsf] 5 .

5l/P/ /x]sf] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, lgodx¿nfO{ ;+sng u/L Pp6} k':tssf] ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{

sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt n]v / k|ult lj

ultljlw k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ lbOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf c? a9L l56f] 5l/tf]kg

Nofpgsf] nflu g]kfnleqsf

j8fx¿nfO{ ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] cfwf/df a9Ldf % kmfF6;Dd ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/

k|To]s kmfF6sf] sfo{ Pp6} sf]7faf6 /lhi6]«zg, /f]Ssf, df]7, gfd;f/L, hUuf btf{ nufot ;Dk"0f{

154

sfo{ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 ;]jfu|fxLn] cfˆgf] sfdsf] nflu

sf]7f÷kmfF6÷kmfF6df wfpg' kg]{ emGem6sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 .

;/sf/L vr{ s6f}tL u/L ldtJolotf sfod u/L e"ld ;DaGwL sfd Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 k|bfg ug{

ldlt @)^@÷@÷! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ !$ j6f e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nox¿ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf

•

] dfnkf]t

•

¿sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f (Teacher's Personnel Information System)

•

f]hgf / sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg

]lvPsf] sf/0faf6 lgj[Q

•

Fu sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljBfno

• f/Lx¿sf], :yfgLo

, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L

•

¿ k|fKt ug{ wfpg' kg]{ cj:yfsf]

sfof{nodf uflePsf] 5 .

k|To]s :yfoL lzIfsx¿sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f sDKo'6/df Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL cf=j= @)^!÷^@

df %*,!%! :yfoL lzIfsx

sDKo'6/df Jojl:yt ul/Psf]df cf=j= @)^@÷^# df klg yk !^,##@ lzIfsx¿sf] gf]s/L

ljj/0f tof/ u/L sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/L cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] dfu{lrq cg';f/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no sf7df8f}+df sfo{;Dkfbgdf

cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg of]hgf nfu" ug{sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/ o

of]hgf tof/ u/L oxL @)^# a}zfvb]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .

• lgj[Q lzIfsx¿n] ;fljsdf lgj[QLe/0f ln+bf k|To]s dlxgf lzIff sfof{no hfg'kg]{, s'g} lzIff

sfof{nodf k]G;gsf] jh]6 /sd a9L eO{ lk|mh x'g], s'g}df jh]6 /sd sd x'g] eO{ lgj[Q

lzIfsx¿n] ;dodf lgj[QLe/0f e'QmfgL kfpg g;Sg] ;d:of b

lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;dodf g} lgj[QLe/0fsf] /sd pknAw u/fpg / lzIfsn] rfx]sf] a}+saf6

lgj[QLe/0f /sd j'‰g kfpg] u/L lgj[QLe/0fsf] k§f lbg] sfd z'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd

!),$#^ hgf lzIfsn] To:tf] k§f k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

lzIfssf] lgo'lQmdf n}lu+s ;dfgtf sfod ug{ $ hgf lzIfsx¿sf] b/aGbL ePsf k|fylds

ljBfnox¿df slDtdf b'O{ hgf dlxnf lzlIfsf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] lghfdtL lstfavfgf; •

lzIfs lstfavfgf;+u lzIfs sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL cfj4 ul/Psf] Pj+

e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefux¿df sfo{/t sd{r

ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, of]hgf cg'udg tyf k|zf;sLo clws[t /

sfo{sf/L clws[t, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿

dGqfno tyf dftfxtsf lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /

cGtu{t lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg

ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;a} dxfzfvf / zfvfx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f jgfO{

tt\ tt\ dxfzfvf zfvfx¿df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fFl;Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] 3/ cfFugdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu 3'DtL

;]jfsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . o;af6 hgtfn] cfˆg} ufpF 3/df g} a;]/

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] / lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd ;]jfx

cGTo ePsf] 5 .

155

•

{nosf] sfdsf/afxLaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ ;]jfu|fxLsf] kL/dsf{, u'gf;f]x¿

•

Jw u/fpg] To;sf] ;'kl/j]If0f /

' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

•

]u /

•

/af6 sfd

•

d{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf g]t[Tj

•

ub}{

•

;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^@ hf/L eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf]

5 . o;af6 sfof

klxrfg u/L plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 hgtfdf k'¥ofOg] ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf,

@)^! kf/bzL{ 9+un] lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ pkn

cg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

• /fhg}lts bn ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* df P]g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] bnn] cfo, Joosf] n]vf k|rlnt

sfg"g adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf /fVg'kg]{ / tL ;a} /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] dxfn]vf

k/LIfsaf6 dfGotfk|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k/LIf0f u/fpg

pko'{Qm k|of;x¿ jfx]s b]xfosf ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ M–

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 @)$( ;fnb]lv @)^! r}q d;fGt;Ddleq ePsf gLltut

lg0f{ox¿sf] ;+ufnf]sf] ?kdf kl/kq ;+u|x, @)^@ tof/ u/L k|sfzg eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . o;af6

;/sf/af6 lnO{Psf] gLltut lg0f{ox¿ ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;';~rf/ eO{ o;sf] k|of

kfngfdf Ps?ktfsf] cfwf/df ;dfg 9+un] k|of]udf cfpg ;lhnf] x'ghfg] b]lvG5 .

;]jf s/f/ lgb]{lzsf, @)%( adf]lhd ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df Non Core Function nfO{

Contracting out ug]{ / >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿n] ug]{ sfd ;]jf s/f/df lbO{ sfd u/fpFbf

;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf yk cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;]jf s/f

u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df Ps?ktf cfpg] b]lvG5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;?jf gLlt, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ;?jf

k|0ffnL a9L Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ x'g d2t k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf kb:yfkg

ug]{ gLlt, @)^! sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 pQm kbdf kb:yfkg ubf{ s

jxg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf nufotsf ljifodf cWoog u/]kl5 dfq ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon]

ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf kb:yfkg ug{ ;xdlt lbg] gLlt to ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgfsf]

:jLs[t c:yfoL b/aGbLdf sfhdf v6fpg] gLlt, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ;a} ljsf;

cfof]hgfx¿df pknAw eP;Dd :yfoL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ sfhdf v6fO{ sfd nufpg]

kl/kf6Lsf] ;'?jft ePaf6 kmflhn / cltl/Qm ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf

;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L vr{ ldtJolotf ug]{ sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf cfPsf] 5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^@ tof/L eO{ k|sfzgdf cfPsf]

5 . o;af6 /fHo ;+rfngsf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/åf/f ckgfO{Psf Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx¿sf]

;dli6ut cg'udg / d" Nof+sgaf6 k/LIf0f u/L o;sf ;an / b'a{n kIfx¿nfO{ phfu/

;'wf/sf nflu pkof]u ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf lnO{g] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fy} Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fn]

;/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g k|]l/t ub{5 .

;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw, @)^@

:jLs[t eO{ nfu" ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+u7gsf] sfo{qmd sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt / pknAw

156

dfgj;|f]t ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f u/]/ dfq s'g} klg ;+u7gsf]

k'g/;+/rgf u/L b/aGbL Plsg ul/g] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# n] lghfdtL

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kL/dsf{ tyf u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;+:yf

•

ut Joj:yf eO{ sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an

•

af6 ljleGg ;dodf a9'jf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kl/jt{g tyf

•

'ut / Jojl:yt agfpg], ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{, cgfjZos ;+u7g lj:tf/

•

• o k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 clek|]/0ff ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd (Persuasive Partnership

g]{ p2]Zon] sf7df8f}+

•

lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;du| ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL

•

fgj ;+;fwgsf] sfo{ ug{

pRr x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{ Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# hf/L eO{ nfu"

ePsf] 5 . pQm lgb]{lzsf

a9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t ;?jfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g

;Sg] sl7gfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ / sfo{ k|lqmofdf Ps?ktf Nofpg tyf lghfdtL ;]jfsf Gofo ;]jf

jfx]s cGo ;]jf ;d"xsf /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9'jf ;DaGwL sfd sf/afxLnfO{ cem

Jojl:yt ;doj4 / k|efjsf/L agfO{ a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ ljZj;gLo / kf/bzL{ agfpg] ck]Iff

ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ;+u7g ;+/rgf tyf b/aGbL ;[hgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^# tof/ u/L

nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lgb]{lzsf nfu" ePkl5 ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;[hgf Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg

sfo{nfO{ a9L j:t

x'gaf6 /f]Sg] / ;a} ;d"xdf b/aGbL ;[hgfdf Ps?ktf cfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .

;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfno tyf cGo ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ;]jf k|jfxdf u/]sf ;' wf/ ;DaGwL

sfd sf/afxLx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ u/fpg zf;sLo va/ kq a'n]l6g k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf]

5 .

• ;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfnoaf6 rf}dfl;s ?kdf k|zf;g klqsf k|sflzt u/L k|zf;gsf

;d;fdlos ljifox¿df ;a}nfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] sfo{ x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .

;fdfG

Programme) ;~rfng u/L z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿af6 pRrtd c+s NofO{ pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu cfslif{t ug{ / ;]jf/t /xg clek|]l/t u

ljZjljBfno, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno / k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnodf :gfts / :gfsf]Q/ txdf

cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿, lzIffljb / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf clws[tx¿ aLr cGt/lqmof

sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljljw kIfx¿sf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg

j[Qlrq tof/ u/L k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] .

lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;du| ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifodf kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfnon] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsf / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k'g/;+/rgf ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg

k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;af6 kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df

ljifodf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf :ki6 ePsf] 5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ k'g/;+/rgf u/L ;du|df dfgj ;+;fwgsf] of]hgf, ljsf; /

Joj:yfkg ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfno lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwL cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k|ltj]bg

k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bg adf]lhd ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ d

157

ul/g'kg]{ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;lxtsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf

;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf, k|flKt, ljsf;,

pkof]u, pTk|]/0ff tyf ;+j4{g h:tf ljifox¿ Jojl:yt x'g] 5g\ . o;df lghfdtL

lstfavfgfnfO{ sd{rf/L ;"rgf tyf lgj[QLe/0f ljefudf kl/jt{g u/L ;do;fk]If agfpg

;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 .

;dfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf ljB'tLo ;/sf/L sfo{ ;+rfng k|0ffnL (E-Governance) sf] k|f/De

ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L sfo{ ;~rfng sDKo'6/Ls[t eO{ btf{ rnfgL, kq, l6Kk0fL k]z ug]{

/ tf]s cfb]z nufot

•

sf sfo{x¿ sDKo'6/af6 ug{ ;lsg] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] sfd ljj/0f

•

t1, sd{rf/L, gful/s ;dfh tyf k|];

•

] ePsf]

•

• /L ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] g]6js{ tf//lxt dfWod (Virtual Private Network) åf/f ;fdfGo

/Psf] 5 .

lghsf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] sDKo'6/af6 x]g{ ;lsg] / s] slt cjlwdf sfdx¿ ;DkGg ul/P :ki6 x'g

hfG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] b}lgs ?kdf u/]sf] sfdsf] /]s8{ cBfjlws x'g'sf ;fy} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/

k|ljlwdf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;lhn} kx'Fr x'g hfg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . o; sfo{nfO{ cGo

dGqfnox¿df ;d]t k|ljlw lj:tf/ ug]{ ;f]r /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t /0fgLlts ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 zf;sLo ;'wf/df

clej[l4 cfof]hgf (Expediting Governance Reform Through Strategic Communication) sfof{Gjog

ug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;af6 zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;DaGwL /fhgLl

hutnfO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/sf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg], hgr]tgf a9fpg], k|lzIf0f lbg], zf;sLo ;'wf/

;DaGwL j|f]lzo/ tyf a'n]l6g k|sfzg ug]{ h:tf ;'wf/sf cfwf/e"t sfo{ k|f/De x'g] 5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ;'wf/ k|lqmofaf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh Pj+

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo

;ldltn] :jL; k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|f]–klAnsåf/f ;+rflnt gful/s ;dfh ;xof]u cfof]hgf;Fu

;xsfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 ;]jf k|jfx / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt sd{rf/Lx¿ hjfkmb]xL x'g ;lhnf

cg'ej ul/of] .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f /0fgLlt

tof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dGqfnosf ;du| sfd sf/afxL n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn]

;+j]bgzLn x'g hfg] / ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;

ul/Psf] 5 .

• s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno,

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox¿sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf k"g/;+/rgf u/L ;+u7g /

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 7LSs cfsf/ agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .

ljB'tLo sd{rf

k|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno,

hn>f]t dGqfno / jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf lj:tf/ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;af6 PsLs[t ;"rgf

k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ljB'tLo ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'Ug hfg] ck]Iff ul

158

•

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gLlt

•

Strengthening Civil Service PIS

{rf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ul/of] .

•

gfdf k|fKt e} /Lt

] 5 .

/0f gul/g',

df lg/Gt/?kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd lj:tf/ gul/g',

{ xtf/ ul/g',

;fwgsf] cefj x'g',

fo{ljj/0f / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] cefj x'g',

¿

jLs[t ug]{ / ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] gx'g',

lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ljZn]if0f, k|zf]wg / ax'pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]

lsl;daf6 ljsf; ul/Psf]n] Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] dfWodåf/f o;n]

lgdf{0fsf If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .

lghfdtL lstfjvfgfsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;a} dGqfno / ljefux¿df clK6sn kmfOj/sf]

dfWodaf6 lj:tf/ ug{ cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t

through E-governance cfof]hgf :jLs[t e} sfof{/De ePsf] 5 .

• lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] Ps hgf gf=;'=sf] b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L lghn]

jflif{s ?kdf kfpg] tna a/fa/sf] /sdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg kfl/tf]lifs sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L cf=j=

@)^)÷^! / @)^!÷^@ df lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] pTs[i6 zfvf / sd

lghfdtL ;]jfdf of] sfo{ gf}nf] k|of]u ePsf]n] o;af6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtf

clej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 ug{ dfu{ k|z:t ePsf] b]lvG5 .

lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf tyf ljB'tLo sd{rf/L ;"rgf

k|0ffnLsf] g]6js{ tf//lxt dfWodsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L Jojl:yt u/fpg lghfdtL lstfavf •

k'u]sf] ;L6/f]nx¿ qmdzM sDKo'6/s[t ub}{ nluPsf] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jo}lSts ljj/0f

/ b/aGbL ljj/0f cWofjlws ug]{ sfo{ ;'rf? ?kn] ;+rfng e} /x]sf

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] k|d'v ;d:ofx¿

• o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhg}lts l:y/tf gx'g',

• sfo{qmdn] Jofks If]q ;d]6\g',

• sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo / nIox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s agfO{ ;/nLs

• ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjsf] sdL ePsf],

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnox¿

• s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;'wf/ sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog geO{ lhNnf:t/df lj:tf/ ug

• sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 5'§} sfo{sIf, k"0f{sfnLg hgzlQm, ;|f]t /

• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ ;lxtsf] s

• sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdx

gePsf],

• sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cled'vLs/0f tflnd glbOg',

• sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ pRr k|fyldstf glbg' / ah]6 lgsf;f k|0ffnL ;xh gx'g',

• o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhNnfn] dfu]sf] ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf gx'g',

• sfo{qmdsf] ah]6nfO{ dGqfnosf] l;lnËleq ;dfj]z gul/g',

• sfo{qmd :

• sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofkstf glbg',

• ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmof l9nf] x'g',

• sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] cefj x'g',

159

;d

:yf cfjZos x'G5 .

/fhg}lts cl:y/tf ePsf]

Gåsf] cGTo / /fhg}lts

sfo{qmdn] ;Lldt If]q ;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o;

If]q ;d]6]sf] sf/0faf6 ;'wf/df ult cfpg

•

wf/n] /fi6« / ;dfhdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{

•

;s]g . To;}n] s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;a} lgsfox¿df nfu" ePkl5 dfq

• 5'§} sfo{sIf, k"0f{sfnLg

•

wsf/ :ki6 ePsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .

•

• fO{ ;do–;dodf zf;sLo

•

f] ljsf;

:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu l:y/ /fhg}lts cj

g]kfndf of] sfo{qmd nfu" e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf åGåsf] cj:yf /

x'Fbf ;'wf/n] ult lng ;s]g . To;}n] k|To]s ;'wf/sf nflu å

l:y/tfsf] cj:yf k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .

• s'g} klg ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ To;

sfo{qmdn] ljljw k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug{ Jofks

;s]g . To;}n] ;'wf/sf] Ph]08fn] lglZrt If]q ;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5 .

o; sfo{qmdsf] ;'wf/sf nflu sfo{qmdsf p2]Zo / nIox¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfO{ sfo{

;/nLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 . ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox¿ / nIf dxTjsf+IfL gagfO{ tTsfn}

;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf ;'

lsl;dsf] x'gkb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;a} dGqfnox¿df lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{df s]xL ;Lldt lgsfox¿df dfq

nfu" ePsf]n] of] sfo{qmd ;a} dGqfnox¿df lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .

• o; sfo{qmdnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;j} lgsfox¿df lg/Gt/?kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/L

lj:tf/ u/L To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog u/]kl5 dfq lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿df sfo{qmd

n}hfg'kg]{df PSsf;L lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿df sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ubf{ sfo{qmddf

k|efjsfl/tf cfpg

lhNnf:t/ lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .

k|To]s dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu

hgzlQm, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|To]s dGqfnosf] ;++u7g ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g u/L

zf;sLo ;'wf/ dxfzfvf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . o; dxfzfvfaf6 g} zf;sLo ;'wf/

sfo{qmdsf sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg OsfO{ nufotdf sfd ug]{ ;a}

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / cl

tL lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;d]t ul/g'kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf clea[l4sf nflu 5'§}

;f]r ljsf; u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx¿n

;'wf/ ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f tflnd k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rflnt lgsfox¿ aLr ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjsf] sdL

b]lvPsf]n] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog ug{ ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjs

u/L o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .

160

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf o;

sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5'§} ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg ul/g'kb{5 . o; sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf

•

• zLif{s

•

n]

• ]{

sf] ;fy} lg0f{on] b"/ufdL dxTj /fVg]

•

fjx¿nfO{ tTsfn} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 .

pk

cle

dfu

;s]g . Psf]

q lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wgsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg

g]

dGqfnox¿df sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu kof{Kt /sd ljlgof]hg ul/g'kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnfx¿n] dfu u/]sf] ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t dGqfnonfO{ lbg] ah]6 ;DalGwt dGqfnosf]

cGtu{t ;dfj]z u/L k|To]s dGqfnosf] jflif{s l;lnªleq ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfqmd (P1) sf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L pRr

k|fyldstf lbO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ;lhnf] ?kdf x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{, ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof nfdf] ePsf]

of] k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] agfO{ ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 .

sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofkstf lbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg

cfwf/lznfx¿ sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/ of]hgf, sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL / k|f]T;fxg of]hgf

tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf ;'wf/sf Ph]08fx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu

ul/g'kg]{ lg0f{o k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] x'g'kb{5 . o;

ePsf]n] zL3| lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL ul/g'kb{5 .

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf lgsfox¿df pQm sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL

;zQm agfO{ To;af6 k|fKt ;'em

;+xf/

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ bIftf

j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff /flvPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu qmda4 ?kdf ul/g] sfo{sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf]

{lrq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; dfu{lrqn] tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{

b]zdf ePsf] cl:y/ /fhg}lts cj:yf / åGåsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dfu{lrqdf tf]ls

;do;Ldfle

ePgg\ e sltko gofF lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ P]g, lgodx¿ aGg ;s]gg\ . g]kfndf zf;sLo ;'wf/

sfo{qmdsf] yfngL x'Fbf b]zdf cfGtl/s åGå rln/x]sf] cj:yf lyof] . o;} cjlwdf k|ltlglw ;ef

lj36g eO{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt eof] . k|ltlglw

;efsf ;b:ox¿ / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 tf]lsPsf]

cjlwdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;s]g o;n] ubf{ k|ltlglw ;ef b]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd lgjf{lrt

hgk|ltlglw ljxLgtfsf] cj:yf x'g uof] . b]zdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / åGåsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ o;

sfo{qmdn] ck]lIft ult xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . To;}n] s'g} klg ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿ ;'rf? ?kdf ;+rfng

ug{sf] nflu /fhg}lts l:y/tf / åGåsf] cGTo k"j{ zt{ xf] . oL sfo{ ;DkGg ePdf dfq ;'wf/sf

sfo{qmdx¿n] ck]lIft ult lng ;Sb5 .

161

f ;fy} /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug'{ ;'wf/sf

t}klg g]kfnsf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/df O§f yKg] sfo{sf nflu

sf];]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] lgdf{0f,

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df bf];|f] ;+zf]wg ul/g' / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug]{

lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g's

;+s]tx¿ x'g\ t/ klg oL ;'wf/x¿ cfkm}+df kof{Kt eg] dfGg ;lsb}g . ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ ult

lbgsf nflu zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfTd;ft u/L cfGtl/s ;|f]t /

;fwgaf6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g' kg]{ cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

• bzf}+ of]hgf - @)%(–@)^$_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno l;x+b/jf/, @)%( .

• k|zf;g k"0ff{Í (*, efb| @)^!, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• k|zf;g k"0ff{Í (&, h]i7 @)^!, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• cf=j= @)^!÷^@ sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)^@ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^!÷@)^@, cy{ dGqfno, @)^@ .

• dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnosf] u7g ;DaGwdf sfo{bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g

dGqfno .

• Aoj:yfkg k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• kl/kq ;+u|x, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/, å}dfl;s j'n]l6g, jif{ #, c+s $, c;f]h, sflt{s @)^#, k| f] klAns gful/s ;dfh ;xof]u

cfof]hgf .

• cf=j= @)^@÷^# sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)^# ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• cf=j= @)^@÷^# sf] ah]6 jQmJo, cy{ dGqfno, @)^# .

• nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;trfnL;f}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^#, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .

• ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;[hgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{ Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff, @)^# sf] nflu >L ;'/]zdfg >]i7n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]

k|ult ljj/0f .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, @)%( sf] nflu >L bLk]Gb| ljqmd yfkfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] k|ult ljj/0f .

• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd / gful/s ;dfh ;xof]u cfof]hgf ,kl/rofTds k'l:tsf, k|f] klAns, gful/s

inistration

;dfh cfof]hgf, sf7df8f}+ .

• j0ff{g'qmlds P]g ;++ufnf] -v's'nf] kq ;]jf_, ;dg k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ .

• sfdfb, Vol. 8, No.2, Issue 16, Oct. 2005 (Ashwin 2062), Centre for Adm

Management and Development, Kathmandu.

162

lj

r'gf}tL tyf ;+efjgfx¿

lzj/fd Gof}kfg] *

;f/f+z M

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organization, WTO) ljZje/sf Jofkf/;+u ;Da4 /fi6«x¿sf]

Zj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -WTO_ df g]kfnsf] ;b:otf,

;femf ;+:yf xf] . eG;f/ dx;'n nufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdz 36fpb} nlu ljsf;zLn

d'n'sx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttfnfO{ a9fO Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub}{ n}hfg]

p2]Zo ePsf] o; ;+:yfdf g]kfnn] !$& cf}+ /fi6«sf ?kdf ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ tyf nufgLsf] e"ldsf cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o e} ;s]sf l5d]sL

d'n'sx¿ ef/t tyf rLg;+usf] Jofkf/ cGo jfXo d'n'ssf] bf+hf]df ckl/xfo{ / dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf

clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf / ljZjsf] s"n Jofkf/sf] () k|ltzt eGbf a9L

Jofkf/ oL /fi6«x¿sf aLr x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf] l;dfgfnfO{ 3]/]sf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ ef/t /

rLg nufot ;fs{sf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o; ;+u7gsf]

;b:otfaf6 cnlUuP/ a:g' g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltsf b[li6n] pko'St ePg . o;} b[li6sf]0fsf

sf/0f g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu u/]sf] nfdf] k|of;sf kmn:j?k @$ clk|n @))$ sf

lbg g]kfn ljlwjt ?kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] xf] . lglZrt ;Ldf / lgod leq /xL ;b:o

/fi6«n] cfˆgf] jhf/ ;j}sf lgldQ v'nf /fvL jhf/ kx'rsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{, cfˆgf] b]zsf pBdL tyf

Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{ / pTkflbt j:t'x¿nfO{ h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5 cGo /fi6«sf pBdL, Jofkf/L tyf

pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ;f] eGbf leGg Jojxf/ ug{ gkfO{g] /fli6«o Jojxf/ -National Treatment _ sf] l;4fGt leq

/xg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kZrft g]kfnsf ;fd' k|z:t r'gf}ltx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\ .

ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] bf+hf]df g]kfnsf] pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/ Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f j}b]lzs jhf/df kx'Fr

sl7g b]lvg'sf ;fy} :jb]zL jhf/ ;d]tdf kx'+r u'Dg ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy} :jb]zL pBdL tyf

nufgLstf{x¿ cGt/f{li6«o pBdLx¿sf bfhf]df cfly{s tyf Jofj;flos b[li6n] sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f :jb]zL

cfGtl/s cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s cj;/x¿df j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] ;+efjgf klg b]lvG5 . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf

dfq g]kfnsf] s"n jfXo Jofkf/sf] %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L Jofkf/ lge{/ ePsf sf/0f ef/tdf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/

kx'Fr k|z:t a9fpg ;lsg] ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjjf6

g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf cj;/x¿ a[l4 x'g] ;+efjgf k|z:t /x]sf sf/0f ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

;b:otf g]kfnsf nflu ckl/xfo{ g} ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;b:otf kZrft l5d]sL /fi6« tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf

Jofkf/sf nflu ;Ldf tyf cj;/sf If]qx¿ km/flsnf] ePsf] ;Gbe{df d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[l4 u/L

v'nf ePsf] cj;/df kx'Fr sfod ug]{ sfo{ /fi6«sf nflu clxn] 7"nf] r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld M

;g\ !(#) sf] ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] glthf:j?k cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df pbf/Ls/0fsf

sbdnfO{ ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿af6 k|d'v cfly{s /0fgLltsf ?kdf :jLsfg{ yflnof] .

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;+u7g :yfkgfsf] ;DjGwdf ;g\ !($* df xjfgfdf ;DkGg j}7saf6 o;sf]

* zfvf clws[t , nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, gf/fo0fL c~rn sfof{no, x]6f}+8f .

163

:y

?

GATT) nfO{ ;xdlt k|bf kf/ ;+ u7gsf] :yfkgf

gx'bf ;Dd ljZjdf Psdfq jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ lgoldt ug] { ;+oGqsf ?kdf /Xo

fkgfsf] ljsf;qmddf klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{ ;g\ !($* df h]g]efdf ePsf] lyof] .

o;kl5 a G f f n n t f

ug

f

eO{ Protocal df x:tfIf/ ePsf] xf] . o;kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf

fkgfsf nflu j8fkq hf/L ul/of] . o; ;Dd]ngdf efulng] /fi6«x¿dWo] @# j6f /fi6«n] c:yfoL

kdf eG;f/ / Jofkf/ ;DjGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariff & Trade,

g u/] . of] ;Demf}tf pSt ;dob]lv ljZj Jof

f] . ljZj Jofkf/

;+u7gsf] :y

T l le g r/0 d ljleGg :yfgdf o; ;DaGwL j} 7s tyf 5 km lgold ?kd x' b}

cfPsf] lyof] . o;} qmddf cf7f} + r/0fsf] jftf{ h;nfO{ p?Uj] jftf{ elgG5, ;g\ !(*^ df

df]/Ssf]df ;' ? eO{ ;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg eof] . o; jftf{df ;xdlt ePsf ;lGwx¿sf]

PsLs[ t ?kdf clGtd sfg"g -Final Act_ tof/ ul/of] ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+ u7g gfds Ps

cf} krfl/s ;+ :yf :yfkgf ug{ lg0f{o klg ul/of] . o; k|sf/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfsf]

nfdf] k|of; :j?k o;sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] . xfn ljZjsf ljsl;t,

ljsf;f] Gd'v clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ o;sf] ;b:o ePsf 5g\ / ljZj Jofkf/sf] gAa] k|ltzt eGbf

a9L Jofkf/ o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ dWo]jf6} x' g] u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfn cem}klg Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v u/La /fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf ;+efJotfx¿

k|z:t x'bf x'b} klg o;sf] plrt pkof]u x'g g;Sbf d' n's cfhsf] @! cf}+ ztfJbLdf cfpbf klg Ps

lk5l8Psf] sdhf]/ /fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . d'n's leq pknJw cfly{s ljsf;sf cj;/x¿nfO{ pkof]u

{ k|z:t nufgL tyf cfw'lgs zLk / k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf h?/L ePsf] klg 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZj

cy{tGqdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdlos kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ g]kfnn] cfˆgf] kl/j] z cg'?k ;dofg's"n u|x0f gu/]sf]

klg xf]Og . o;} qmddf d" ntM k|hftGqsf] k'g{ :yfkgf kl5 pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ /fli6«o gLlt

lgodx¿df ;dfj]z u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} cfPsf] xf] . lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]

j}b]lzs nufgL Pj+ ;xfotf leq\ofpg] ;xh jftfj/0f jf k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{, eG;f/ Pj+ s/sf

b/x¿nfO{ ;/n / Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg] sfo{df k|fyldstf lbb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(*( df

g} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu cfj]bg lbPsf] / ;f]xL jif{b]lv g} g]kfn ko{j]Ifssf ?kdf

/xb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((% kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu lgwf{l/t k|lqmo adf]lhd

g]kfnn] ;g\ !((* df b]zsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwL lj:t[t b:tfj]h ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k]z

u/]sf] lyof] . ;] K6]Da/ !) b]lv !$, @))# df d]lS;sf]sf] sfgs'gdf ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

kfFrf}+ dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;]K6]Da/ !! sf lbg g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]] ;b:otf lbg]

ljifodf ;xdlt

lng nfdf] ;do b]lv u/]sf] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kl5 g]kfnsf]

j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] If]q km/flsnf] ePsf], Jofkf/df ljljwtf cfPsf], pTkfbg tyf Jofkfl/s Ifdtf

qmdzM a[l4 x'g] ;+efjgf /x]sf], clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«n] kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ePsf],

cfGtl/s k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf jf nufgL a[l4 ug{ ;xhtf ePsf] cflb kmfObfx¿

ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .

164

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zox¿ M

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] cfˆgf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] pTkflbt j:t', jhf/, kx'+r, eG;f/ b/,

nufgL tyf df}lb|s Joj:yfkgdf ;/ntf nufotsf Jofkfl/s ;jfnx¿nfO{ 5nkmndf Nofpg] ub{5 .

d"ntM o; ;+:yfn] ;b:otf xfl;n ug]{ ljsl;t jf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] lxt / kmfObfnfO{ dWo] gh/

/fv]/ cfˆgf sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/df ljsl;t / sd ljsl;t

/fi6«nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ k4lt g/fvL cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{

gLlt klg cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . d" ntM ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• ljsf;f]Gd'v / sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ cGt/f{li6«o

Jofkf/df ;xefuL agfpg]

• eG;f/ dx;' n nufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdzM 36fpb} nlu ljsf;zLn

d'n'sx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttf a9fpg]

• Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub}{ n}hfg]

• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg]

• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf; ug]{

• ljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg]

• k"0f{ /f]huf/ / pRr tyf l:y/ ultn] cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf a[l4 ug]{

• ljZjsf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ ;jf]{Qd k|of]u ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] ljsf;

ug]{ .

ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ;d]t cfly{s ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]

:yflkt ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] efjgf tyf dd{t cg'?k o;sf sfo{qmd jf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng

x'g' jt{dfg vf+rf]sf] ljifo xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] a}7s tyf ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t / ;Ifd

;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ljrf/ tyf :jfy{n] a9L k|efj kfg]{ ;+:sf/ /x]sf sf/0f o; ;+u7gsf] sfo{k|lt

ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf hgtfx¿sf] lj/f]w klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h'g ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ljsf;,

ljZjf; tyf lj:tf/sfnflu cj/f]wsf ?kdf v8f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljjfb ;[hgf u/L ;+u7gsf]

Ph]08fx¿df ;xdlt ug{ sl7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] ljZj Jofkf/sf If]qdf ljjfb

jf sl7gfO{ gcfpg] u/L cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] plrt

sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] xf]l;of/L / ;hutf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn]

ug]{ d'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M

• ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf ;DkGg eO{ ;s]sf ;Demf}tfx¿sf] / eljiodf x'g] ;Demf}tfx¿sf]

sfof{Gjog ug]{

• ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf Jofkf/ gLltx¿nfO{ ;d;fdlos ?kdf ;dLIff ug]{

• ljZj a}+s, cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if;+u ;dGjo /fvL ;b:o d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ;'wf/sf nflu

k|oTgzLn /xg]

165

• låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;Demf}tf :ynsf ?kdf

fˆgf]

kx'Fr

;Ifd j tdf ;Lldt x'g] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] x'G5 . o; l:yltdf ljZj

Jofk

xfl;

k|lt:kwf{ +u7gsf] lgoldt jf jflif{s

ult

g]kfnnfO

f Jofkfl/s

k"jf{ |bfg ug{

nuf fpg' h?/L 5 . o;}

l;n

/fi6«sf] fg"g nufot /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+

] l:ylt lyPg .

uP/ a:g' g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltsf b[li6n] pko'Qm

f/df j]nfjvtdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf]

sfo{ ug]{

• ;b:o /fi6« aLr pTkGg ePsf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ultljlw clt ;f}ljWo k|fKt

d'n'ssf] ;'ljwf -Most Favoured Nation_ df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ / k| To]s ;b:o /fi6«n] cfly{s tyf

Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf Pp6f /fi6«nfO{ h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg ;f]

cg'?ksf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ljsl;t d'n'ssf] bf+hf]df cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« n] c

tyf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;qmLo u/fpg g;Sg] x'G5 . o; l:yltdf Jofkf/af6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObf

f :t/Lo pTkfbgstf{sf] xf

f/ ;+u7gsf] ljsf;f]Gd' v tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg] p2]Zo

n ug{ sl7gfO{ cfpg klg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf]

Tds Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{ ljz]if sfo{ of]hgf ljZj Jofkf/ ;

ljlwdf cfpg' vf+rf]sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 .

{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf] cf}lrTotf M

g]kfn ljsf;f]Gd'v jf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«df kb{5 . oxfFsf] cf}Bf]lus ty

{ ltj|tf k wf/x¿ sdhf]/ /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ljsf;sf] cleofgnfO

gL, pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf dhj't u/

l;nfdf d"nt @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngaf6 kl/jt{g ePsf] d' n'ssf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5

d"n s

lghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|efj kf/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 qmdzM d'n's v'nf cy{tGq Pj+ pbf/ cfly{s

gLltdf pGd'v ePsf]] xf] . o;af6 klg d'n's ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otftkm{ cu|;/ x'b} uPsf]

;+s]t ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ nufot ljZjsf cGo /fi6«x¿ ;d]t v'nf cfly{s tyf

Jofkfl/s gLltdf cfj4 x'b} uPsf cj:yfdf g]kfn dfq o; cleofgaf6 c5'tf] /xg] cj:yf lyPg .

lgDg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf cf}lrTok"0f{ ePsf] lyof] M

• ljZjsf clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ o; ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] / ljZjsf] s"n Jofkf/sf] ()

k|ltzt eGbf a9L Jofkf/ oL /fi6«x¿sf aLr x'g] u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnn] cnu /x]/

cfˆgf] cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .

• blIf0f Plzof If]qdf klg g]kfn / e'6fg jfx]s ;j} /fi6«x¿ ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] l:yltdf

g]kfn If]qLo ?kdf klg ;b:o g/lx /xg ;Sg

• g]kfnsf b'O{ l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLg ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/

;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 cnlU

ePsf] lyPg .

• g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t Pj+ ljZj Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sd k|efjzfnL b]zn]

Jofkfl/s sf/f]j

166

;d:of ;dfwfg k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ ;b:otf h?/L

lyof] .

• ;+u7gdf 7"nf Pj+ ;fgf / ljsl;t Pj+ sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] clwsf/ Ps /fi6« Psdtsf

yof] .

¿ M

• k'uL cfly{s hf]lvd 36fpg

• 'lglZrt Jofkf/sf] jftfj/0f

•

f}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf a[l4 eO{ lgsf;L k|j4{g x'g ;Sg],

cfwf/df lgwf{ l/t x'g] ePsfn] ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / sd ljsl;t

d'n'ssf] wf/0ffsf] klg dxTj :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsfn] g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

;b:o x'g cTofjZos 7flgPsf] lyof] .

cfly{s ljsf;sf kl/jlt{t 9f+rf Pj+ z}nLn] ljZjnfO{ qmdzM v'nf / pbf/ ub}{ nu]sf]

;Gbe{df g]kfnn] klg ljZj Jofkfl/s d~raf6 cnluP/ /xg ;Sg] cj:yf ePg . g]kfn Ps u/La

tyf ljsf;sf nflu k|z:t ;+efjgf af]s]sf] /fi6« ePsf sf/0f klg ljZjsf] pbf/ / v'nf cfly{s

gLlt;+u cfj4 eP/ j}b]lzs nufgL Pj+ k|ljlw leq\ofpg' cTofjZos ePsf] xf] . ;fy} 7"nf tyf

a[xt\ cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf ;Gbe{df b]zsf]

cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltdf pbf/ tyf v'nf k4lt ckgfpg' vf+rf] ePsf] lyof] . o; kl/k|]Iodf

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf h?/L ePsf] l

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug] kmfObfx

g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkfl/s ljsf; sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . v'nf tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds jhf/df

g]kfnL j:t' jf ;]jfsf] :t/ sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f k|lt:klw{ gx'g klg ;S5g\, ;fy} :t/Lo / ;Ifd

j:t' jf ;] jfn] jhf/ cf]u6\g ;Sg] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;+efjgf ePtfklg clt

sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] :t/, cfly{s Pj+ Jofkfl/s cfjZostf, k|zf;sLo Pj+

;+:yfut Ifdtf cg'?k k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{ ;x'lnot kfpg] cj:yf ePsf] ;fy} cfˆgf jf}l4s

clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsfn] kmfO{bfsf cj;/x¿ k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} kl5 x6]/ jf

k|lt:kwf{df ;xeflu gx'+bf Ifdtf a[l4 x'g] geO{ sdhf]/ /xL /xg] sf/0f k|lt:kwf{sf] d}bfgdf pq]/

Ifdtf a9fpg' h?/L x'g] ePsfn] v'nf jhf/df k|j]z u/L Jofkfl/s Ifdtf jf :t/Lotf a[l4 ug{

;lsg] ePsfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfjf6 g]kfnn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf jf :t/ qmdzM a9fpb}

nfg ;Sg] x'G5 . d"nt o; ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] kmfO{bf k'Ug] x'G5 M

• ;+u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/

lj:tf/sf cj;/x¿df a[l4 x'g],

xfnsf] ;Lldt cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ljljlws/0f ug{ ;3fp

d2t k'Ug],

;+u7gsf] ;Demf} tfdf cGtlg{lxt k|fjwfgx¿af6 ;'/lIft / ;

;[hgf eO{ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],

cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{x¿ lgoldt l:y/ Pj+ ;'ne ?kdf pknJw

x'g ;Sg] eO{ c

• cfˆgf] /fli6«o lxt cg'?k g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|0ffnL;+ u cfj4 u/fpg] cj;/ k| fKt x'g],

167

•

cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf a9L ultzLntf cfpg] ;+efjgf /x]sf],

•

g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/, nufgLstf{,

. h;df ;/sf/ /

cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx¿ klxrfg eO{

g]kfnsf]

• ;]jf If]qdf nfu" ul/g] pbf/Ls/0fn] j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfsif{0fdf a[l4 eO{ /f]huf/L clea[l4

Pj+ cfly{s a[l4b/df ;xof]u k'Ug hfg],

cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s k|lt:kwf{n] g]kfnL pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf / pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g]

jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf x'g;Sg],

• cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf nflu k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;xof]u / ljlzi6 k|fjwfgn] g]kfnsf]

cfly{s pGgltdf yk 6] jf k'Ug ;Sg] .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]kl5 g]kfnsf nflu k|fKt x'g ;Sg] kmfObfx¿ k|z:t

5g\ . t/ oL kmfObfx¿sf] k|flKt g]kfnn] cfˆgf] k|of;, nufj, bjfj, lgoldt ;Dks{, k|ltj4tf

cg'?ksf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] tof/L h:tf s'/fx¿af6 g} ;+ej x'g] x'G5 . ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf jvtdf

u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ ;doj4 ?kdf nfu" ub}{ nfg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ ePsfn] o;sf nflu

cfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug]{ sfo{df tbf?stf Nofp

pTkfbs, Jofkf/L, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh PSoj4 ?kdf cu|;/ x'g' kb{5

Jofkf/Lju{sf] cu|;/tf a9L h?/L ePsf] 5 .

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ M

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kZrft g]kfnn] xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] pknlJw Pj+ u'dfpg' kg]{

gf]S;fgLx¿sf] ;+efjgf 68\sf/f] /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf nflu ljZj ahf/ v'nf ePsf] cj:yf Psftkm{

/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf] pTkfbgn] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s jhf/ jf cj;/ x:tIf]k x'g

;Sg] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; jf pTkfbgsf ;+efjgfx¿df j}b]lzs nufgL a[l4 u/L cfGtl/s

;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pRr ;+efjgf jf d'No ePsf j:t'

tyf ;]jfsf] klxrfg eO{ cGt/f{li6«o jhf/df o;n] :yfg kfpg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu

d'n'ssf cufl8 ljljw r'gf}tLx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

• cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf Ifdtf

/ pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug'{ h?/L ePsf],

• b]zleq laleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ aLr Pj+ lghL If]q;+u k|efjsf/L Pj+ lg/Gt/ ;dGjosf]

k|of; h?/L ePsf],

• cfly{s gLlt tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿, k|lqmofut k|zf;sLo Joj:yf Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfx¿

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] ;do tflnsf leq Joj:yf ug'{kg]{

ePsf],

• cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf bIftf

/ pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf],

168

• eG;f/ dx;'n qmdzM sd ub}{ nfg'kg]{ ePsfn] k}7f/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j 36\g ;Sg]

;+efjgf ePsfn] /fh:j 36\g glbg j}slNks pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kg]{,

• d'n'snfO{ Dumping If]q x'gaf6 arfpg Antidumping ;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{,

k|fljlws ;xfotf, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, a[xt • \ tyf 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs nufgL a[l4

• sf If]qx¿df cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{

• fl8 a9fpg' kg]{

cg'?ksf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|fyldstf, ;/sf/,

f b]vfpg'

al Barrier to Trade_

Service Enquiry Point ]u jfl0fHo

tyf cfk

ul/Psf] tfsf] k|efjsf ;DjGwdf lhNnf :t/;Dd lghL

If]q;

ljleGg /Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf] egfO{ /fVg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf

k|of

qmdzM t

lgrf]8

;Gbe{df ;+u7gsf]

;b:otf kZrft g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHosf If]qdf k|z:t r'gf}tL tyf ;+efjgfx¿ v8f ePsf

ug]{ sfo{df tbf?stf Nofpg' kg]{ ePsf],

pTkfbgsf pRr ;+efjgf eP

k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{,

jf}l4s ;Dklt ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cu

• ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf jvt u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ ;doj4 ?kdf k"/f ug{ / ;f] sf nflu

g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf cfj4 ug]{ qmddf P]g, sfg"g tyf gLlt lgodx¿nfO{

jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cg'?k kf/bzL{ Pj+ eljio k/s agfpb} nfg'kg]{ .

g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]kl5 g]kfnsf ;fd' k|z:t r'gf}lt Pj+

;+efjgfx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\ . oL r'gf}tL Pj+ ;+ efjgfx¿nfO{ ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

sfg"gL Pj+ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{df lj:tf/, cGt/f{li6«o jhf/df

ljsf;sf ;+efJotfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/, k|ltj4tf

lghLIf]q, gful/s ;dfhsf] Psn b[li6sf]0f ePsf] ;f]rkq h:tf sfo{df tTsfn cu|;/t

h?/L ePsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf ultljlwx¿, a}7ssf k|To]s ;jfndf cfˆgf] wf/0ff k|i6

kfg'{ kg]{ sfo{ klg 68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+ u7g / o;sf] ;b:otfsf] kmfObf /

r'gf}ltsf ;DjGwdf lghL If]q Pj+ gful/s ;dfhdf k|z:t k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ klg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ klg ePsf 5\g . lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]g,

k]6]G6 l8hfOg tyf 6\\«]8dfs{ P]g / k|ltlnkL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg

cg's"n jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg's'n SPS -Sanitary &

Phyto Sanitary_ sf] nflu vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, TBT -Technic

;DjGwdf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu / sf] nflu pBf

"lt{ dGqfnosf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g dxfzfvfnfO{ Enquiry Point tf]sL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{

;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / o;sf] ;b:o

+usf] ;dGjodf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]

;dodf x'g] dGqL:t

;x¿af6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kl5 b]lvPsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfwf/x¿

of/ x'b} uPsf] 5 .

M

ljZjsf] kl/jlt{t cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLlt Pj+ g]kfnsf] pbf/ tyf v'nf ljsf; gLltsf

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf g]kfnsf] nflu ;fGble{s sbd 7xl/Psf] 5 . o;

169

5g\

cg'?k q f] Jofkf/ clea[l4sf

nflu Barriers_ sf]

k|of]

lgjf

lbg'kg pNn]v eP cg';f/sf ;'ljwfx¿ jfWofTds ?kdf

clt

If]q lhD /L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pTkfbgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg], nufgL a[l4 ub}{ nfg],

hgt f ful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cu|0fL x'g'

cfj

k|zf;lg

lgjf{x u }sf] PSoj4tf /

. o:tf r'gf}lt / ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s kl/j]z, Ifdtf, k4lt / k|0ffnL tyf cfjZostf

mdzM cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ hfg' jt{dfg /fli6«o d"n d'2f ePsf] 5 . d'n'ss

jhf/ kx'+rsf] Joj:yfdf ;/nLs/0f ul/g'kg]{, cGo u}/ eG;f/ dx;' n -Non Tariff

uåf/f xfd|f]h:tf d'nsx¿af6 lgof{t x'g] ;fdfgnfO{ ahf/ cj?4 gkf/L ;xof]ufTds e"ldsf

{x ug'{kg]{, Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg] qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf

ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]hdf ]{,

sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ pknJw u/fpg k|oTgzLn /xg' kg]{ h:tf sfo{df cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ ;/sf/L

d]jf/ / ;hu x'g' h?

fn O{ cled'vLs/0f ub}{ nfg] h:tf sfo{df lghL If]q tyf g

Zos ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus, jfl0fHo jf

s gLlt, sfg"g, k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;/sf/n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf

g'{kg]{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, k|j'4 ju{ ;j

;femf lhDd]jf/L vf+rf] ePsf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf

pknlJw xfl;n x'g;Sg] tYodf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M

! bzf+} k~r jifL{o of]hgf -@)%( b]lv @)%$_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

@ cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^@.^#, cy{ dGqfno

# ldld{/] cfly{s ljz]iff+ssf laleGg c+sx¿, g]kfn /fi6« a+}s

$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / g]kfn, pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno

% ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g;+u ;DalGwt uf]/vfkq tyf sflGtk'/ b}lgssf ljleGg n]vx¿

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