Questions
Questions |Civil Rights Notes | |
| |Civil Rights: |
| |Main Idea – _________________ and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in |
| |the 1950s and 1960s. Civil Rights activists broke through racial barriers and prompted landmark legislation |
| |Life Under Jim Crow: |
| |Education |
| |African American schools were small, ______________________ and poorly equipped. |
| |Public Facilities |
| |African Americans could not use “_____________________” restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, theaters or most |
| |other public facilities. |
| |Social Opportunities |
| |African Americans could only live in poor, segregated neighborhoods and could not have the same jobs or same pay as |
| |whites. |
| |Successes Before Brown: |
| |1868 14th Amendment guarantees due process and equal protection. |
| |1870 15th Amendment outlaws racial discrimination in voting. |
| |1947 Jackie Robinson becomes the 1st African American in Major League baseball. |
| |1948 Pres. Harry Truman orders __________________ of the military. |
| |Challenging Segregation in Court |
| |Plessy v Ferguson: |
| |(1896) – Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” laws did ___________ violate the 14th Amendment |
| |SIG - Led to the passage of ______________________________ that racially segregated the South |
| |NAACP: |
| |most important civil rights organization that fought for desegregation |
| |Challenged segregation in the courts |
| |_________________________ – NAACP legal defense team leader |
| |Oliver Hill – NAACP legal defense team in Virginia |
| |Brown v. Board of Education: |
| |(1954) – Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools are ____________________ and must desegregate |
| |SIG – overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision |
| |Reactions |
| |____________________________________ |
| |“White Flight” |
| |The other four cases that made up the School Segregation cases were: |
| |-Harry Briggs, Jr., et al. v. R.W. Elliott, et al. (South Carolina) |
| |-Dorothy E. Davis, et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia, et al. |
| |-Spottswood Thomas Bolling, et al. v . C. Melvin Sharpe, et al. (the District of Columbia) |
| |-Francis B. Gebhart, et al. v. Ethel Louise Belton, et al. (Delaware) |
| |Massive Resistance: |
| |def. – closing of some public schools to prevent desegregation efforts |
| |Establishment of private academies (for white students only) |
| |The Commonwealth of Virginia, and Prince Edward County in particular, resisted the Supreme Court's decision. |
| |The schools did not open on September 10, 1959 as scheduled and remained closed for the next five years. |
| |While white students quickly moved into Prince Edward Academy—a new private school supported by state-approved tuition|
| |grants and donations from ardent segregationists—black students were left without any educational facilities. |
| |5 years with no schools |
| |What do you think the impact of this was on black students in the state? |
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| |White Flight: |
| |def. – white people moved out of urban areas to the suburbs to avoid desegregation movement |
| |Ruby Bridges: |
| |In 1960, when she was ____________________, her parents responded to a call from the National Association for the |
| |Advancement of Colored People and volunteered her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School system. |
| |Ruby would be the only African-American student to attend the William Frantz School, near her home. |
| |On the morning of November 14, 1960, federal marshals drove Ruby and her mother the five blocks to her new school. |
| |No white students came to school that first day. |
| |Only one teacher, Barbara Henry, agreed to teach Ruby. "_____________________," as Ruby would call her even as an |
| |adult, greeted her with open arms. |
| |Ruby was the only student in Henry's class, because parents pulled or threatened to pull their children from Ruby's |
| |class and send them to other schools. |
| |For a full year, Henry and Ruby sat side-by-side at two desks working on Ruby's lessons. |
| |She was very loving and supportive of Ruby, helping her not only with her studies, but also the difficult experience |
| |of being ostracized. |
| |How would you have felt if you were Ruby? |
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| |Martin Luther King Jr.: |
| |___________________ from Alabama who became the leader of the civil rights movement. |
| |Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. |
| |Believed in non-violent protest. |
| |Most famous speech was “I Have a Dream” |
| |Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. in Memphis, TN in 1968. |
| |___________________ in 1963 |
| |Malcolm X: |
| |He had a troubled youth and converted to Islam while in prison. |
| |He became a leader of the ____________________________________ a Black Muslim group. |
| |He advocated Black Nationalism and believed African Americans should use any means necessary to protect themselves. |
| |He eventually broke away from the Nation of Islam. |
| |He was assassinated in _________________. |
| |Growth of the Civil Rights Movement |
| |Montgomery Bus Boycott: |
| |(1955) – __________________ arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man, sparked a boycott of the segregated |
| |bus system |
| |_________________________________________ led the boycott and quickly became the leading figure of the nonviolent wing|
| |of the Civil Rights Movement |
| |Little Rock Nine: |
| |(1957) - Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to prevent nine African American students from attending |
| |Central High School |
| |President Eisenhower intervened with the ____________________________ to integrate the school |
| |Sit-In’s: |
| |(1960) – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (_________________________) protested segregated lunch counters and|
| |refused to leave until they were served |
| |In 1960, 4 black college freshman sat at a white-only lunch counter at a ____________________ in Greensboro, N.C. and |
| |refused to leave until they were served. |
| |The arrests and violence that resulted caught the attention of the media and nation |
| |Freedom Rides: |
| |Many states refused to comply with the Supreme Court decision to desegregate buses. |
| |In the summer of 1961, Freedom Riders organized bus trips from ______________________ through the South to |
| |_____________________________. |
| |They were arrested, bombed and beaten before the federal government sent troops to protect them. |
| |Freedom Riders brought world-wide attention to segregated transportation. |
| |Birmingham Alabama: |
| |(1963) – Martin Luther King Jr. attempted to desegregate the city of Birmingham |
| |protesters were met with violence from local police led by “_____________” Connor |
| |Police attack dogs, clubs, high pressure fire hoses used against protesters |
| |SIG – violence against civil rights protesters captured on film and on camera, which led to the call for a |
| |__________________________ |
| |March on Washington: |
| |(1963) – ____________________ people gathered in the capital to influence public opinion in favor of a civil rights |
| |bill |
| |Martin Luther King Jr. – “I Have a Dream” Speech |
| |SIG – the march demonstrated the power of non-violent, mass protest |
| |Civil Rights Act of 1964: |
| |signed into law by President __________________________________________ |
| |prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender |
| |_______________________ public accommodations (ie libraries, parks, restaurants, bathrooms, theaters) |
| |SIG – most comprehensive civil rights legislation in U.S. history |
| |Voting Rights Act of 1965: |
| |signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson |
| |Outlawed __________________________ |
| |Federal agents were sent into southern states to register voters |
| |SIG – African American voter registration and participation increased dramatically throughout the South |
| |Freedom Summer project. |
| |Voter registration drive in the South |
| |activists faced _____________ and ____________ throughout the campaign |
| |the summer's most infamous act of violence was the murder of three young civil rights workers, a black volunteer, |
| |James Chaney, and his white coworkers, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner |
| |Their bodies were discovered under a nearby dam six weeks later |
|Summary: |
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