Questions



Questions |Civil Rights Notes | |

| |Civil Rights: |

| |Main Idea – _________________ and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in |

| |the 1950s and 1960s. Civil Rights activists broke through racial barriers and prompted landmark legislation |

| |Life Under Jim Crow: |

| |Education |

| |African American schools were small, ______________________ and poorly equipped. |

| |Public Facilities |

| |African Americans could not use “_____________________” restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, theaters or most |

| |other public facilities. |

| |Social Opportunities |

| |African Americans could only live in poor, segregated neighborhoods and could not have the same jobs or same pay as |

| |whites. |

| |Successes Before Brown: |

| |1868 14th Amendment guarantees due process and equal protection. |

| |1870 15th Amendment outlaws racial discrimination in voting. |

| |1947 Jackie Robinson becomes the 1st African American in Major League baseball. |

| |1948 Pres. Harry Truman orders __________________ of the military. |

| |Challenging Segregation in Court |

| |Plessy v Ferguson: |

| |(1896) – Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” laws did ___________ violate the 14th Amendment |

| |SIG - Led to the passage of ______________________________ that racially segregated the South |

| |NAACP: |

| |most important civil rights organization that fought for desegregation |

| |Challenged segregation in the courts |

| |_________________________ – NAACP legal defense team leader |

| |Oliver Hill – NAACP legal defense team in Virginia |

| |Brown v. Board of Education: |

| |(1954) – Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools are ____________________ and must desegregate |

| |SIG – overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision |

| |Reactions |

| |____________________________________ |

| |“White Flight” |

| |The other four cases that made up the School Segregation cases were: |

| |-Harry Briggs, Jr., et al. v. R.W. Elliott, et al. (South Carolina) |

| |-Dorothy E. Davis, et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia, et al. |

| |-Spottswood Thomas Bolling, et al. v . C. Melvin Sharpe, et al. (the District of Columbia) |

| |-Francis B. Gebhart, et al. v. Ethel Louise Belton, et al. (Delaware) |

| |Massive Resistance: |

| |def. – closing of some public schools to prevent desegregation efforts |

| |Establishment of private academies (for white students only) |

| |The Commonwealth of Virginia, and Prince Edward County in particular, resisted the Supreme Court's decision. |

| |The schools did not open on September 10, 1959 as scheduled and remained closed for the next five years. |

| |While white students quickly moved into Prince Edward Academy—a new private school supported by state-approved tuition|

| |grants and donations from ardent segregationists—black students were left without any educational facilities. |

| |5 years with no schools |

| |What do you think the impact of this was on black students in the state? |

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| |White Flight: |

| |def. – white people moved out of urban areas to the suburbs to avoid desegregation movement |

| |Ruby Bridges: |

| |In 1960, when she was ____________________, her parents responded to a call from the National Association for the |

| |Advancement of Colored People and volunteered her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School system. |

| |Ruby would be the only African-American student to attend the William Frantz School, near her home. |

| |On the morning of November 14, 1960, federal marshals drove Ruby and her mother the five blocks to her new school. |

| |No white students came to school that first day. |

| |Only one teacher, Barbara Henry, agreed to teach Ruby. "_____________________," as Ruby would call her even as an |

| |adult, greeted her with open arms. |

| |Ruby was the only student in Henry's class, because parents pulled or threatened to pull their children from Ruby's |

| |class and send them to other schools. |

| |For a full year, Henry and Ruby sat side-by-side at two desks working on Ruby's lessons. |

| |She was very loving and supportive of Ruby, helping her not only with her studies, but also the difficult experience |

| |of being ostracized. |

| |How would you have felt if you were Ruby? |

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| |Martin Luther King Jr.: |

| |___________________ from Alabama who became the leader of the civil rights movement. |

| |Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. |

| |Believed in non-violent protest. |

| |Most famous speech was “I Have a Dream” |

| |Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. in Memphis, TN in 1968. |

| |___________________ in 1963 |

| |Malcolm X: |

| |He had a troubled youth and converted to Islam while in prison. |

| |He became a leader of the ____________________________________ a Black Muslim group. |

| |He advocated Black Nationalism and believed African Americans should use any means necessary to protect themselves. |

| |He eventually broke away from the Nation of Islam. |

| |He was assassinated in _________________. |

| |Growth of the Civil Rights Movement |

| |Montgomery Bus Boycott: |

| |(1955) – __________________ arrested for not giving up her seat to a white man, sparked a boycott of the segregated |

| |bus system |

| |_________________________________________ led the boycott and quickly became the leading figure of the nonviolent wing|

| |of the Civil Rights Movement |

| |Little Rock Nine: |

| |(1957) - Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to prevent nine African American students from attending |

| |Central High School |

| |President Eisenhower intervened with the ____________________________ to integrate the school |

| |Sit-In’s: |

| |(1960) – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (_________________________) protested segregated lunch counters and|

| |refused to leave until they were served |

| |In 1960, 4 black college freshman sat at a white-only lunch counter at a ____________________ in Greensboro, N.C. and |

| |refused to leave until they were served. |

| |The arrests and violence that resulted caught the attention of the media and nation |

| |Freedom Rides: |

| |Many states refused to comply with the Supreme Court decision to desegregate buses. |

| |In the summer of 1961, Freedom Riders organized bus trips from ______________________ through the South to |

| |_____________________________. |

| |They were arrested, bombed and beaten before the federal government sent troops to protect them. |

| |Freedom Riders brought world-wide attention to segregated transportation. |

| |Birmingham Alabama: |

| |(1963) – Martin Luther King Jr. attempted to desegregate the city of Birmingham |

| |protesters were met with violence from local police led by “_____________” Connor |

| |Police attack dogs, clubs, high pressure fire hoses used against protesters |

| |SIG – violence against civil rights protesters captured on film and on camera, which led to the call for a |

| |__________________________ |

| |March on Washington: |

| |(1963) – ____________________ people gathered in the capital to influence public opinion in favor of a civil rights |

| |bill |

| |Martin Luther King Jr. – “I Have a Dream” Speech |

| |SIG – the march demonstrated the power of non-violent, mass protest |

| |Civil Rights Act of 1964: |

| |signed into law by President __________________________________________ |

| |prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender |

| |_______________________ public accommodations (ie libraries, parks, restaurants, bathrooms, theaters) |

| |SIG – most comprehensive civil rights legislation in U.S. history |

| |Voting Rights Act of 1965: |

| |signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson |

| |Outlawed __________________________ |

| |Federal agents were sent into southern states to register voters |

| |SIG – African American voter registration and participation increased dramatically throughout the South |

| |Freedom Summer project. |

| |Voter registration drive in the South |

| |activists faced _____________ and ____________ throughout the campaign |

| |the summer's most infamous act of violence was the murder of three young civil rights workers, a black volunteer, |

| |James Chaney, and his white coworkers, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner |

| |Their bodies were discovered under a nearby dam six weeks later |

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