Chapter 1
Chapter 13
Learning Objectives
Physical Changes and Health
• Explain the physical changes that cause wrinkles, gray hair, baldness, and middle-aged bulge.
• Describe the causes and possible prevention of osteoporosis, and explain why it is more common in women than in men.
• Describe changes in the joints and problems such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Describe the physical changes that occur in women during the climacteric.
• Explain how ethnicity and culture are related to menopause.
• Describe how reproductive technology has changed the age of childbearing.
• Describe the risks and benefits associated with hormone replacement therapy.
• Describe changes in men’s fertility with age.
• Describe the changes that occur in men’s sexual functioning with age.
• Describe how control over one’s job is related to stress.
• Describe how reported stress differs by age and gender.
• Describe the stress and coping paradigm.
• Describe how stress is related to one’s physical health.
• Define Type A and Type B behavior patterns, and explain how both are related to cardiovascular disease.
• Describe how stress and psychological health are related.
• Describe the physiological effects of exercise.
• Describe changes across adulthood in the reasons why people exercise.
Cognitive Development
• Define practical intelligence, and explain how it differs from traditional measures of intelligence.
• Explain the difference between optimally exercised and unexercised abilities, and describe the developmental course of both.
• Describe the applications of practical intelligence.
• Explain the differences between the mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence.
• Describe the differences in the thinking of experts and novices, and describe the developmental course of expert performance.
• Define encapsulation and explain how it is related to the ability to explain how one arrives at a particular answer.
• Explain why lifelong learning is becoming the norm.
• Describe the four ways in which adult learners differ from younger learners.
Personality
• Describe Costa and McCrae’s five dimensions of personality: neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion.
• Describe the evidence that personality traits remain stable across adulthood.
• Describe the evidence for personality change during adulthood.
• Describe how priorities change over the course of one’s lifetime.
• Explain generativity and stagnation and ethnic differences in generativity.
• Explain how changes in self-descriptions of gender role are related to changes in behavior across adulthood.
• Define midlife crisis, and explain whether or not it is universal.
Family Dynamics and Middle Age
• Describe the role of kinkeeper that many middle-aged mothers assume.
• Define what is meant by the sandwich generation.
• Describe how the relationship between parents and children changes as children move from adolescence to young adulthood.
• Explain how most parents feel when they have an empty nest.
• Explain the reasons why adult children return home.
• Describe the gender difference in caring for aging parents.
• Define filial obligation.
• Describe the two factors that contribute to negative feelings about caring for one’s aging parents.
• Explain some of the psychological costs of caregiving.
• Describe ethnic differences in adult caregivers’ stress.
• Explain how personal and social dimensions of grandparenting influence grandparenting.
• Describe the different meanings of grandparenthood.
• Describe ethnic differences in grandparenthood.
• Describe how the role of grandparent has changed in recent years.
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