Chapter 1



Chapter 13

Learning Objectives

Physical Changes and Health

• Explain the physical changes that cause wrinkles, gray hair, baldness, and middle-aged bulge.

• Describe the causes and possible prevention of osteoporosis, and explain why it is more common in women than in men.

• Describe changes in the joints and problems such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

• Describe the physical changes that occur in women during the climacteric.

• Explain how ethnicity and culture are related to menopause.

• Describe how reproductive technology has changed the age of childbearing.

• Describe the risks and benefits associated with hormone replacement therapy.

• Describe changes in men’s fertility with age.

• Describe the changes that occur in men’s sexual functioning with age.

• Describe how control over one’s job is related to stress.

• Describe how reported stress differs by age and gender.

• Describe the stress and coping paradigm.

• Describe how stress is related to one’s physical health.

• Define Type A and Type B behavior patterns, and explain how both are related to cardiovascular disease.

• Describe how stress and psychological health are related.

• Describe the physiological effects of exercise.

• Describe changes across adulthood in the reasons why people exercise.

Cognitive Development

• Define practical intelligence, and explain how it differs from traditional measures of intelligence.

• Explain the difference between optimally exercised and unexercised abilities, and describe the developmental course of both.

• Describe the applications of practical intelligence.

• Explain the differences between the mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence.

• Describe the differences in the thinking of experts and novices, and describe the developmental course of expert performance.

• Define encapsulation and explain how it is related to the ability to explain how one arrives at a particular answer.

• Explain why lifelong learning is becoming the norm.

• Describe the four ways in which adult learners differ from younger learners.

Personality

• Describe Costa and McCrae’s five dimensions of personality: neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion.

• Describe the evidence that personality traits remain stable across adulthood.

• Describe the evidence for personality change during adulthood.

• Describe how priorities change over the course of one’s lifetime.

• Explain generativity and stagnation and ethnic differences in generativity.

• Explain how changes in self-descriptions of gender role are related to changes in behavior across adulthood.

• Define midlife crisis, and explain whether or not it is universal.

Family Dynamics and Middle Age

• Describe the role of kinkeeper that many middle-aged mothers assume.

• Define what is meant by the sandwich generation.

• Describe how the relationship between parents and children changes as children move from adolescence to young adulthood.

• Explain how most parents feel when they have an empty nest.

• Explain the reasons why adult children return home.

• Describe the gender difference in caring for aging parents.

• Define filial obligation.

• Describe the two factors that contribute to negative feelings about caring for one’s aging parents.

• Explain some of the psychological costs of caregiving.

• Describe ethnic differences in adult caregivers’ stress.

• Explain how personal and social dimensions of grandparenting influence grandparenting.

• Describe the different meanings of grandparenthood.

• Describe ethnic differences in grandparenthood.

• Describe how the role of grandparent has changed in recent years.

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