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AP PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW PACKET (PART 1) [Prologue – Chapter 4]

History and Perspectives:

1. List each of the perspectives of psychology and describe its primary focus.

|Perspective |Focus |

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2. Early Greeks, and later, philosophers contemplated many psychological issues, resulting in many theories about the connection between the mind and body. Describe the ideas of each of the following:

|Philosopher |Idea About Mind and Body |

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|Socrates | |

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|Plato | |

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|Aristotle | |

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|Augustine | |

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|Descartes | |

3. Which philosopher believed that the “mind is a blank slate”? (Also known as “tabula rasa” theory)

4. Name two philosophers that felt that ideas were inborn or innate.

5. Explain the concept of Structuralism.

6. How would someone who was a Functionalist view the mind?

7. Offer a working definition of Psychology.

8. What are the differences between:

a. Basic research

b. Applied research

9. What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?

10. Psychology has several focuses, or subfields. List and explain a number of them below.

|Subfield |Focus |

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11. After the psychologist, list his or her contribution to the discipline of Psychology.

|Psychologist |Major Contributions |

|Wilhelm Wundt | |

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|Edward Titchner | |

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|Francis Galton | |

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|William James | |

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|G. Stanley Hall | |

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|Hermann Ebbinghaus | |

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|Margaret Floy Washburn | |

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|Edward Thorndike | |

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|John B. Watson | |

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|Mary Cover Jones | |

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|Max Wertheimer | |

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|B.F. Skinner | |

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|Ivan Pavlov | |

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|Sigmund Freud | |

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|Daniel Kahneman | |

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|Carl Jung | |

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|Alfred Adler | |

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|Karen Horney | |

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|Gordon Allport | |

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|Raymond Cattell | |

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|Hans Eysenck (with Sybil Eysenck) | |

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|Carl Rogers | |

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|Abraham Maslow | |

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|Erik Erickson | |

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|Jean Piaget | |

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|Albert Bandura | |

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|Julian Rotter | |

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|Elizabeth Loftus | |

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|Phillip Zimbardo | |

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|Rollo May | |

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|James Olds | |

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|Harry Harlow | |

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|Hans Selye | |

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|Carl Lange | |

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|William Cannon/Phillip Bard | |

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|Stanley Schachter/Jerome Singer | |

|Stanley Milgram | |

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|Soloman Asch | |

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|Elliot Aronson | |

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|Alfred Binet | |

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|Robert Sternberg | |

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|Lewis Termann | |

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|Howard Gardner | |

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|David Wechsler | |

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|Robert Sperry | |

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|John Garcia (with Robert Koelling) | |

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Research and Statistics:

12. Provide an example of hindsight bias, sometimes called the “I knew it all along phenomenon.”

13. Explain the psychological concept of “overconfidence” and provide an example.

14. What is the difference between these:

a. Theory

b. Hypothesis

15. What is the difference between these:

a. Reliability

b. Validity

16. On the table, explain the strengths and weaknesses of each research method used by psychologists.

|Method |Strengths |Weakness |

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|The Case Study | | |

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|The Survey | | |

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|Observation | | |

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|Experimentation | | |

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17. Dr. Woodbury, a noted psychological researcher, wants to do an experiment to determine if eating pizza before a test causes a decrease in test scores. In the space below, set up the experiment. On the table below define each term and offer an example of it as it relates to this experiment.

| |Definition |Example in This Experiment |

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|Population | | |

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|Random Sample | | |

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|Control Group | | |

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|Experimental Group | | |

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|Independent Variable | | |

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|Dependent Variable | | |

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18. In the space below, create three scatterplots. One should show a positive correlation, one a negative correlation and one no correlation (label each).

19. What is an illusory correlation?

20. Name and define the three measures of central tendency:

a.

b.

c.

21. Explain the statistical concept of “standard deviation” and how it is calculated:

22. Describe and draw a normal bell curve.

The Brain and Nervous System:

23. Name the primary function of each of the following parts of the brain:

|Area of the Brain |Primary Function |

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|Medulla | |

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|Reticular Formation | |

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|Brain Stem | |

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|Cerebellum | |

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|Amygdala | |

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|Hippocampus | |

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|Hypothalamus | |

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|Thalamus | |

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|Occipital Lobe | |

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|Temporal Lobe | |

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|Parietal Lobe | |

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|Frontal Lobe | |

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|Corpus Callosum | |

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|Brocha’s Area | |

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|Wernicke’s Area | |

24. Discuss the functions of the following neurotransmitters:

|Neurotransmitter |Function |Symptoms of Excess |Symptoms of Undersupply |

|Acetylcholine | | | |

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|Dopamine | | | |

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|Serotonin | | | |

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|Norepinephrine | | | |

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|GABA | | | |

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|Glutamate | | | |

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25. Draw a rough sketch diagram of the divisions of the nervous system in the space below:

26. Draw a neuron below, making sure to label and describe the function of each:

27. Describe and explain the process that occurs during an “action potential.”

28. Name four types of scans that can be used to examine and study the brain, as well as diagnose problems. Give the full name and describe how the scan works and what it shows.

|Abbreviated Name |Full Name |Description |

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|EEG | | |

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|PET | | |

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|MRI | | |

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|fMRI | | |

29. What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? Give examples of each.

30. Why would a person would have split-brain surgery? What are typical outcomes from such an operation?

31. What are “association areas” in the brain?

32. Explain the difference between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

33. What is the function of the pituitary gland?

34. What are the three main structures that comprise the Limbic System?

35. What is brain “plasticity?”

36. What is “aphasia?”

States of Consciousness

37. Define consciousness.

38. Discuss how each of the following biological rhythms relate to human behavior.

Annual cycles:

Twenty-eight day cycles:

Twenty-four hour cycles:

Ninety minute cycles:

39. What is a circadian rhythm?

40. Fill in the following chart with the requested information regarding the stages of sleep.

|Stage |Type of Wave |Characteristics of this stage |

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|Awake | | |

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|NREM-1 | | |

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|NREM-2 | | |

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|NREM-3 | | |

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|REM | | |

41. Describe a sleep cycle. Include each stage that occurs and the overall length of the cycle.

42. What are the primary effects of sleep deprivation?

43. Fill in the chart below by discussing each of the following sleep disorders or disturbances.

|Disorder/Disturbance |Characteristics |Treatment options |

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|Insomnia | | |

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|Narcolepsy | | |

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|Sleep Apnea | | |

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|Night Terrors | | |

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|Nightmares | | |

44. What is the difference between manifest and latent content of dreams?

45. Outline various theories discussed in your textbook as to why we dream.

46. Fill in the following requested information regarding the following types of drugs.

|Drug Class/Type |How is it processed by the body? |Effects on the body? |

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|Depressants | | |

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|Barbiturates | | |

|(Tranquilizers) | | |

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|Opiates | | |

|(Morphine and Heroin) | | |

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|Stimulants | | |

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|Cocaine | | |

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|Ecstasy (MDMA) | | |

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|Hallucinogens | | |

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|Marijuana | | |

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Nature and Nurture: The Genetic Basis of Behavior

47. What are the differences between chromosomes and genes?

48. What is the human genome?

49. What is the difference between the way identical and fraternal twins are formed? What are the differences in their prenatal environment?

50. What have genetic researchers learned from studying identical twins who have been raised apart? How do these findings affect the nature/nurture debate?

51. Is an adopted child more likely to be like his or her birth parents or adoptive parents? Explain.

52. Explain the concept of heritability.

53. Briefly summarize each of the following and the influence of each on behavior and development.

|Concept |Definition |Influences |

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|Prenatal Environment | | |

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|Parenting | | |

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|Peer Influence | | |

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|Culture | | |

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|Gender | | |

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54. How does gender-schema theory explain concepts of gender role and identity?

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