1)
Which of the following organs is not a part of the urinary system?
A. kidney B ureter C. vagina D. urethra E. bladder
1) Which of the following organs is involved in filtering blood and reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate?
A. kidney B ureter C. vagina D. urethra E. bladder
2) ___ is not a function of the kidneys.
A. Clearing nitrogenous wastes from the blood B. Producing hormones
C. Removing CO2 D. Maintaining acid/base balance
3) Which of the following hormones is not produced by the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone B. Renin C. Erythropoietin D. calcitrol
4) The functional units of the kidneys are ___.
A. nephrons B. proximal tubules C. distal tubules
D. collecting ducts E. loop of Henle
5) Which is connected to many nephrons but not considered a component of any individual nephron.
A. afferent arterioles B. proximal tubules C. collecting ducts
6) Which portion of the tubular system reabsorbs the majority of nutrients in tubular fluid?
A. proximal tubule B. loop of Henle (nephron loop) C. distal tubule
7) Which portion of the tubular system plays the most important role in generating the extracellular osmotic gradient in renal medulla?
A. proximal tubule B. loop of Henle (nephron loop) C. distal tubule
8) Which cannot normally pass through glomerular filtration membranes?
A. NaCl B. most plasma proteins C. urea D. glucose
9) Which of the following is the correct route of blood flow in the kidneys?
A. renal artery ( … ( afferent arteriole ( glomerulus ( efferent arteriole ( peritubular capillary ( …( renal vein
B. renal artery ( … ( efferent arteriole ( glomerulus ( afferent arteriole ( peritubular capillary ( …( renal vein
C. renal artery ( … ( glomerulus ( afferent arteriole ( efferent arteriole ( peritubular capillary ( …( renal vein
D. renal artery ( … ( afferent arteriole ( peritubular capillary ( glomerulus ( efferent arteriole ( …( renal vein
10) An increased glomerular blood pressure will cause ___.
A. an increase in glomerular filtration rate B. a decrease in glomerular filtration rate
C. no change in glomerular filtration rate
11) Glomerular filtration rate is normally ___ .
A. maintained constant B. highly variable
12) Glomerular filtration rate refers to _____.
A. the blood flow into the two kidneys per minute
B. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined
C. the amount of filtrate formed per minute by a single kidney
13) Which contains more nutrients?
A. glomerular filtrate B. tubular fluid C. urine
14) How much of the glomerular filtrate is usually reabsorbed?
A. 50% B. 66% C. 99%
15) Renal autoregulation aims to ____.
A. stabilize glomerular filtration rate
B. control reabsorption of filtrate by proximal tubules
C. control reabsorption of filtrate by distal tubules
D. control reabsorption of filtrate by collecting ducts
16) Which is not one of the mechanisms of renal autoregulation?
A. myogenic response B. baroreceptor-mediated reflex
C. tubuloglomerular feedback
17) Reabsorption of which nutrient in the tubular fluid depends on the reabsorption of sodium?
A. glucose B. amino acids C. Cl- D. all of A, B, and C
18) Solvent drag as a tubular reabsorption mechanism is driven by ___ concentration gradient between the tubular fluid and the blood in peritubular capillaries.
A. glucose B. protein C. sodium
19) What percent of nutrients in the filtrate is normally reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules?
A. 50% B. 65% C. 75% D. 85% E 99%.
20) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of all of the following except ___.
A. loop of Henle. B. juxtaglomerular cells
C. macula densa. D. mesangial cell
21) Nutrients in the filtrate are reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules through ____.
A. transcellular route only B paracellular route only C. both of the above
D. neither of the above
22) Is there a limit in the amount of nutrients that renal tubules can reabsorb?
A. No B. Yes
23) One purpose of tubular secretion is to excrete___.
A. excess water B. excess H+ C. hormones
24) Sodium pumps (Na+-K+ ATPase) actively transport Na+ from ____.
A. intracellular space to extracellular space
B. extracellular space to intracellular space
25) Electrostatic attraction is a mechanism primarily for the reabsorption of _____ in proximal convoluted tubules.
A. glucose. B. the negative ions such as chloride C. amino acids D. proteins
26) The unique property of the distal convoluted tubule is that ____.
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in renal medulla
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
27) Aldosterone has the effect of ____
A. increasing reabsorption of sodium only B. increasing secretion of potassium only
C. both of the above D. neither of the above
28) The unique property of the collecting duct is that ____.
A. it reabsorbs two thirds of the filtrate B. it is the target of aldosterone and ANF
C. it helps establish a high extracellular osmotic concentration in medulla
D. it concentrates urine by reabsorbing water
29) Permeablility of collecting duct to water is higher in the ____ of ADH.
A. presence B. absence
30) Reabsorption of water in collecting duct is driven by ____.
A. a high osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
B. a high hydrostatic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
C. a high osmotic pressure of tubular fluid in the collecting duct
D. a low osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid in the medulla
31) Which is high in normal urine?
A. nitrogenous wastes B. glucose C. proteins
32) Oliguria refers to a urine volume ____.
A. higher than 2 liter/day B. 1-2 liter/day C. less than 400ml/day
33) Diabetes mellitus can be caused by ____.
A. deficiency of insulin only B. deficiency of insulin receptors only
C. either deficiency of insulin or insulin receptors D. none of the above
34) Patients of diabetes mellitus excrete abnormally high volume of urine because ____.
A. the glomerular filtration rate is higher than normal
B. the presence of glucose in tubular fluid increases the osmotic pressure of the tubular fluid and hinders the reabsorption of water
C. insufficient amount of ADH is present
D. water permeability of the collecting duct is increased
35) Which diabetes is caused by insufficient ADH?
A. diabetes insipidus B. diabetes mellitus
36) Some diuretics increase urine volume by ____.
A. decreasing glomerular filtration B. inhibiting sodium reabsorption
C. decreasing osmotic pressure of tubular fluid
37) Does the longer urethra in male have any advantage over female?
A. Yes B. No
38) Many old male has difficulty in voiding urine because of ___.
A. urinary bladder failure B. prostate enlargement C. renal failure
39) Which of the muscles is under voluntary control in adults?
A. internal urethral sphincter B. external urethral sphincter
C. both of the above D. neither of the above
40) Voiding urine is voluntarily controlled by ___.
A. the urinary bladder B. the spinal cord C. the pons
41) Which of the following is the most abundant component of human body in terms of weight?
A. protein B. lipid C. carbohydrate D. water E. electrolytes
42) Which of the following compartments contains more water?
A. intracellular fluid B. tissue fluid C. blood
43) Water movement between tissue fluid and intracellular fluid is determined mainly by ____.
A. osmotic pressure contributed by electrolytes in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
B. hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
C. osmotic pressure contributed by proteins in tissue fluid and intracellular fluid
44) Water movement between the blood and tissue fluid is affected by ____.
A. capillary blood pressure B. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
C. interstitium hydrostatic pressure D. interstitium colloid osmotic pressure
E. all of the above
45) Water is gained normally only from drink.
A. True B. False
46) Which of the following water loss is voluntarily regulated?
A. cutaneous evaporation B. respiration C. urine D. feces
47) Thirst is induced when ___.
A. blood volume increases B. plasma osmolarity increases
48) Which hormone increases water loss?
A. ADH B. atrial natriuretic factor
49) Sodium concentration is ___ in extracellular fluid ___ in intracellular space.
A. higher/than B. lower/than C. the same/as
50) Aldosterone ___ plasma sodium and ___ plasma potassium.
A. increases/decreases B. decreases/increases C. increases/increases
51) Which of the following ions is needed for the synthesis of ATP?
A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca++ D. Cl- E. Phosphate
52) Which of the following ions is the most important contributor to resting membrane potential?
A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca++ D. Cl- E. Phosphate
53) Calcium is involved in ____.
A. initiating muscle contraction B. signal transduction as a second messenger
C. initiating the release of neurotransmitters D. all of the above activities
54) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ____.
A. increases blood calcium concentration B. decreases blood calcium concentration
C. increases blood phosphate concentration D. decreases blood potassium concentration
55) The primary effect of calcitrol is to _____.
A. cause redistribution of calcium from bones to the blood
B. cause redistribution of calcium from the blood to bones
C. enhance intestinal absorption of calcium from food
56) When blood pH increases, ___.
A. the blood becomes more basic B. the blood becomes more acidic
57) The major buffer systems in human body include all of the following except ____.
A. bicarbonate buffer B. phosphate buffer
C. protein buffer D. Tris buffer
58) Which of the following organs are not directly involved in acid base balance?
A. kidney B. liver C. lungs
59) Which mechanism can remove proton out of the body?
A. chemical buffers B. respiration C. kidneys D. all of A, B, and C
60) Normal blood pH is ~ ___.
A. 7.0 B. 7.2 C. 7.4 D. 7.6
61) Respiratory acidosis can be caused most likely by ___.
A. emphysema B. diabetes mellitus C. chronic vomiting
62) Metabolic acidosis can be caused most likely by ___.
A. emphysema B. diabetes mellitus C. chronic vomiting
KEY
1C 2A 3C 4A 5A 6C 7A 8B 9B 10A
11A 12A 13B 14A 15C 16A 17B 18D 19B 20B
21A 22C 23B 24B 25A 26B 27B 28C 29D 30A
31A 32A 33C 34C 35B 36A 37B 38A 39B 40B
41C 42D 43A 44A 45E 46B 47C 48B 49B 50A
51A 52E 53A 54D 55A 56C 57A 58D 59B 60C
61C 62A 63B
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