Physical Science: Tables & Formulas - Eastern Connecticut State University

Physical Science: Tables & Formulas

SI Base Units

Base Quantity Amount of substance Electric current Length Luminous intensity Mass Time Temperature

Unit Name mole ampere meter candela kilogram second Kelvin

Unit Symbol Mol A M Cd Kg S K

SI Derived Units

Derived Quantity

Area Volume Speed/velocity Acceleration Frequency Force Pressure, stress Energy, work, quantity of heat Power Electric charge Electric potential difference Electric resistance

Name (Symbol)

Square meter (m2) Cubic meter (m3) Meter per second (m/s) Meter per second squared (m/s2) Hertz (Hz) Newton (N) Pascal (Pa) Joule (J) Watt (W) Coulomb (C) Volt (V) Ohm ()

Expression in terms of Expression in terms

other SI units

of SI base units

N.m2 N. m J/s -W/A V/A

s-1 m . kg . s-2 m-1 . kg . s-2 m2 . kg . s-2 m2 . kg . s-3 s . A m2?kg?s-3?A-1 m2?kg?s-3?A-2

Prefixes used to designate multiples of a base unit

Prefix tera

giga mega kilo centi milli micro Nano pico

Symbol T

G M k c m u n p

Meaning trillion

billion Million Thousand One hundredth One thousandth One millionth One billionth One trillionth

Multiple of base unit 1, 000, 000, 000, 000

1, 000, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000 1/100 or .01 1/1000 or .001 1/1000000 or .000001 1/1000000000 or .000000001 1/1000000000000 or.000000000001

Scientific Notation 1012

109 106 103 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

In general, when converting from base units (m, l, g, etc) or derived units (m2,m3, m/s, Hz, N, J, V, etc) to a

multiple greater (kilo, mega, giga, or tera) than the base or derived unit- then divide by the factor. For

example: 10m = 10/1000km = 1/100 km = .01km.

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When converting from base units or derived units to a multiple smaller (centi, milli, micro, nano) than the base or derived unit- then multiply by the factor. For example: 10m = 10 x 100cm = 1000cm.

Subatomic Particles

Particle Proton Neutron Electron

Charge +1 0 -1

Mass 1 1 0

Location nucleus nucleus Outside the nucleus

Common Cations

Ion Name (symbol) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Rubidium (Rb) Cesium (Cs) Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (Sr) Barium (Ba) Aluminum (Al)

Ion Charge 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 3+

Common Anions

Element Name (symbol) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Oxygen Sulfur Nitrogen

Ion Name (symbol) Fluoride Chloride Bromide Iodide Oxide Sulfide Nitride

Common Polyatomic Ions

Ion Name Carbonate Chlorate Cyanide Hydroxide Nitrate

Ion Formula CO32ClO3CNOH-

NO3-

Ion Name Nitrite Phosphate Phosphite Sulfate Sulfite

Ion Charge 1111223-

Ion Formula NO2PO43PO33SO42SO32-

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Prefixes for Naming Covalent Compounds

Number of Atoms 1 2 3 4 5

Prefix Mono

Di Tri Tetra penta

Number of Atoms 6 7 8 9 10

Prefix Hexa Hepta Octa Nona deca

Types of Chemical Reactions

Type of reaction Combustion Synthesis Decomposition Single Replacement Double Replacement

Generalized formula HC + O2 H2O + CO2 A + B AB AB A + B A + BC AC + B AX + BY AY + BX

Specific Example 2C2H6 + 7O2 6H2O + 4CO2 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl 2H2O 2H2 + O2 2Al + 3CuCl2 3Cu + 2AlCl3

Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KNO3

The Effects of Change on Equilibrium in a Reversible Reaction (Le Ch?telier's Principle)

Condition Temperature Pressure Concentration

Effect Increasing temperature favors the reaction that absorbs energy (endothermic) Increasing pressure favors the reaction that produces less gas. Increasing conc. of one substance favors reaction that produces less of that substance

Common Acids

Acid Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Acetic acid Citric acid Formic

Common Bases

Base Potassium hydroxide (potash) Sodium hydroxide (lye) Calcium hydroxide (lime) ammonia

Formula HCl HNO3 H2SO4 CH3COOH C6H8O7 HCOOH

Formula KOH NaOH Ca(OH)2 NH3

Strength strong strong strong weak weak weak

Strength strong strong strong weak

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pH scale

Strong acids more acidic weak acids 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Neutral Weak bases More basic strong bases

7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Types of Nuclear Radiation

Radiation Type Alpha particle Beta particle Gamma

Symbol 2 4He -1 0e

Charge +2 -1 0

Nuclear Equation

89 225Ac 87 221Fr + 2 4He 614C 7 14N + -1 0e

n/a

Equations

Density = mass ? volume (D = m/v)

Units: g/cm3 or g/mL

Rearranged: mass = Density x Volume Units: grams or Volume = mass ? density Units: cm3 or mL

Moles = mass (grams) x Molar Mass (grams / mol)

Energy = mass x (speed of light)2

E = mc2

Molar Mass = atomic mass in grams Units: joules

Speed = distance ? time v = d ? t

Units: meters / second

Rearranged: distance = speed x time Units: meters time = distance ? speed Units: seconds

Momentum = mass x velocity p = m x v Units: kg . m/s

Acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) ? time a = v ? t

Rearranged: v = acceleration x time Units: meters/second

time = v ? a

Units: seconds

Units: meters / (second)2

Force = mass x acceleration

F = m x a Units: kg . m/s2 or Newtons (N)

Rearranged: mass = Force ? acceleration Units: g or kg acceleration = Force ? mass Units: meters / (second)2

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Weight = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s2 )

Units: kg . m/s2 or Newtons (N)

Work = Force x distance W = F x d Units: Joules (J)

Rearranged: Force = Work ? distance Units: Newtons distance = Work ? Force Units: meters

Power = Work ? time

P = W ? t Units: J/s or Watts (W)

Rearranged: Work = Power x time Units: Joules (J) time = Work ? Power Units: seconds (s)

Mechanical Advantage = Output Force ? Input Force (Resistance Force ? Effort Force)

or

Mechanical Advantage = Input Distance ? Output Distance (Effort Distance ? Resistance Distance)

Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravity (9.8 m/s2) x height GPE = m x g x h Joules

Units:

Rearranged: m = GPE ? (g . h)

h = GPE ? (m . g)

Kinetic Energy = ? mass x (velocity)2 KE = .5 mv2

Units: Joules

Rearranged: m = 2KE ? v2

v =

Efficiency of a Machine = (Useful Work Output ? Work Input) x 100

Temperature Conversions

Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion: Fahrenheit temperature = (1.8 x Celsius temperature) + 32.00

F = 1.8 (C) + 320

Celsius temperature = (Fahrenheit temperature ? 32) ? 1.8 C = (F ? 32) ? 1.8

Celsius-Kelvin Conversion:

Kelvin = Celsius + 273

Celsius = Kelvin -273

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