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Scientific Inquiry Midterm Daniela PretoriusIvy Tech Community CollegeScientific Inquiry Midterm Round OneOverriding Question: What will happen to a balloon when one tablet of Alka-Seltzer is dropped into water?Prediction: I predict the Alka-Seltzer tablet will cause a chemical reaction and that reaction will make bubbles. The reaction will cause the balloon to inflate and then deflate. Materials:-thermometer -three balloons-four packets of Effervescent Antacid-empty flask-room temperature water-scale-a stopwatch-measuring tapeProcedure:Gather all the necessary materials.Fill the empty flask with 150 mL of room temperature water.Take the initial temperature of the water.Weigh one tablet of Alka-Seltzer. Open the neck of the balloon and drop one tablet of Alka-Seltzer into the balloon.Crush the tablet inside of the balloon by pounding the balloon with your fist on the table, be careful not to make any holes in the balloon.Crush the tablet until it becomes a fine powder inside the balloon.Take the balloon and stretch neck over the opening of the top of the flask. Keep the crushed tablet in the back of the balloon so that the powder does not fall into the flask.Empty the contents of the balloon into the flask and start the stopwatch.10.) Record your observations in the data table, i.e. qualitative and quantitative data. 11.) Measure and record the circumference of the balloon at the one minute interval and the two minute interval.12.) Take the balloon off of the flask and take the temperature of the water and Alka-Seltzer mixture inside of the flask.Round One Data Chart:Amount of waterMass of Alka-SeltzerCircumference of balloon at 1 minCircumference of balloon at 2 minObservationsInitial temp. Final temp.150 mL - room temperature water3.3g19.5 cmcm-mixture bubbled and foamed, then calmed down.-left a chalky residue73.8 degrees Fahrenheit 73.2 degrees FahrenheitFurther Questions:I wonder what would happen if we changed the water temperature? What if the initial temperature of the water was much higher? How would that effect the chemical reaction? What effect would this have on the balloon?Round One ResearchDuring the first round of investigation and experimentation we dropped one crushed tablet of Alka-Seltzer into a flask of 150 mL of room temperature water with an initially deflated balloon over the top of the flask. We then observed the experiment to see what kind of reaction would occur. As a group we observed that when we dropped the powder into the flask, the crushed Alka-Seltzer mixed with the water and a visible reaction began to occur. The mixture inside the flask began to bubble and foam. We observed that the balloon quickly inflated. As time went on the initial reaction of the mixture calmed down it left a chalky residue inside the flask. We also observed that the temperature of the water decreased after the Alka-Seltzer tablet was dropped. After all of this we began to ask further questions. What sort of components within the mixture caused the chemical reaction to occur inside of the flask? What caused the balloon to inflate? Why did the temperature of the water decrease after the Alka-Seltzer was introduced? Alka-Seltzer is commercially used for relief of minor aches, pains, inflammation, fever, headache, heartburn, stomachache, indigestion, acid reflux and hangovers. As well Alka-Seltzer neutralizes excess stomach acid. From further research I learned that the Alka-Seltzer tablet is made up of three active ingredients. The three ingredients are aspirin which is acetylsalicylic acid or ASA, sodium bicarbonate, and anhydrous citric acid. The aspirin in the Alka-Seltzer is a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory. The sodium bicarbonate is an antacid which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach. The citric acid is a crystalline acid that is found in many fruits. Citric acid works as an acidity regulator within the body and has the ability to decrease the level of acidity in body fluids (Bayer, 2018).When the Alka-Seltzer tablet is in its dry and solid form all the ingredients are suspended away from each other. But once the Alka-Seltzer tablet is submerged in the water the citric acid and the sodium bicarbonate become reactive and they mix together. This catalyzes a chain reaction and fizzing begins to occur all because of the chemical reaction between the citric acid and the sodium bicarbonate. Another thing we observed in this round of investigation and experimentation was the decrease in the temperature of the water before and after being mixed with the Alka-Seltzer. After my research I discovered that whether the temperature increases or decreases implies a different reaction for each. If the temperature were to increase it would be considered an exothermic chemical reaction, and if the temperature were to decrease it would be considered an endothermic chemical reaction (Rohland, 2014). Whether a chemical reaction is exothermic or endothermic hinges on the energy involved in breaking the original bonds of the reactants and making new bonds in the products. In this case the reaction was endothermic. An endothermic reaction means that it will take more energy to make the reaction happen than will be released by the reaction as a result. This reaction will absorb heat which therefore leaves the mixture at a lower temperature. Alka-Seltzer tablets are made up of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. The chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3, which is one sodium atom, one hydrogen atom, one carbon atom, and three oxygen atoms. The chemical formula for citric acid is C6H8O7 and is produced naturally in citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, grapefruits and oranges. When introduced to water the citric acid and sodium bicarbonate combined react to each other and yield carbon dioxide, sodium citrate and water. The resulting carbon dioxide is what causes the balloon to inflate. It takes energy to break the bonds of the reactants within the atoms, so that the atoms can rearrange. Energy is then released when new bonds in the products are formed. More energy went into breaking the bonds than was released when the new bonds are formed.Scientific Inquiry Midterm Round TwoOverriding Question: What will happen to a balloon when one tablet of Alka-Seltzer is dropped into hot water?Prediction: I predict the Alka-Seltzer tablet will cause a chemical reaction and that reaction will happen at an increased rate. The reaction will cause the balloon to inflate and then deflate. Materials:-thermometer -three balloons-four packets of Effervescent Antacid-empty flask-heated water-scale-a stopwatch-measuring tapeProcedure:Gather all the necessary materials.Fill the empty flask with 150 mL of hot water.Take the initial temperature of the water.Weigh one tablet of Alka-Seltzer. Open the neck of the balloon and drop one tablet of Alka-Seltzer into the balloon.Crush the tablet inside of the balloon by pounding the balloon with your fist on the table, be careful not to make any holes in the balloon.Crush the tablet until it becomes a fine powder inside the balloon.Take the balloon and stretch neck over the opening of the top of the flask. Keep the crushed tablet in the back of the balloon so that the powder does not fall into the flask.Empty the contents of the balloon into the flask and start the stopwatch.10.) Record your observations in the data table, i.e. qualitative and quantitative data. 11.) Measure and record the circumference of the balloon at the one minute interval and the two minute interval.12.) Take the balloon off of the flask and take the temperature of the hot water and Alka-Seltzer mixture inside of the flask.Round Two Data Chart:Amount of waterMass of Alka-SeltzerCircumference of balloon at 1 minCircumference of balloon at 2 minObservationsInitial temp. Final temp.150 mL - hot water3.3g cm23 cm-mixture bubbled quickly and calmed quickly -no chalky residue remained153.0 degrees Fahrenheit 131.2 degrees FahrenheitFurther Questions: I wonder what would happen if we used a completely different liquid? What if we used a carbonated drink such as mountain dew? What kind of reaction would the carbonation warrant? Would this cause the balloon to fill up even more than observed in the previous rounds?Round Two ResearchFor this round of investigation and experimentation we repeated the same procedure, but we manipulated one specific variable. Instead of using room temperature water we decided to use hot water to see if there were any notable differences in the outcome of this round as opposed to the previous round. We filled our flask up with 150 mL of hot water, dropped the crushed tablet of Alka-Seltzer with a deflated balloon on the top and we observed. There was a very visible difference in the qualitative data collection. When the crushed tablet of Alka-Seltzer began to mix with the hot water the reaction was instant. The mixture bubbled with rapid speed and then calmed just as quickly. Once the bubbles subsided there was no chalky residue as there was in the first round of experimentation. The balloon also filled with carbon dioxide much faster than it did in the first round. We noticed that the initial temperature of the water was much higher than the temperature of the mixture after the chemical reaction. Because of the research done from the previous round it can be determined that this was an endothermic chemical reaction.After doing some further research I have found that there are several factors that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction. Temperature, pressure, and concentration of reactants or products can all greatly impact the speed of a reaction. This specific manipulation/modification of the experiment demonstrates the effect that temperature can have on the chemical reaction. In general, as temperature increases, the rate of the reaction increases. As temperature increases, the average motion of particles in substances increases. Heat is the energy that an object has because of the motion of its molecules. When energy is added to an object its molecules will move faster which in turn creates more heat. Particles move slowly in cold environments where as in a hot environment, particles move rapidly. As a result of a temperature increase, those particles come in contact with each other more quickly, speeding up the reaction. Students are able to demonstrate this relationship using water at different temperatures. (Ivleva, Rumanov, Vaganova, Campbell, Hayhurst, 2011).With all this in mind I wondered if our bodies acted in the same way. What happens when a person falls ill and gets a fever? Is this the bodies way of speeding up the healing process? A fever does many things to the body. It fights infection, slows bacteria and viruses, and strengthens white blood cells. It also increases acute phase response, helps you recover quickly, and protects the body. The body heats up as a natural way to fight a viruses and bacteria that could be otherwise very harmful. A fever helps the body to fight infection by evoking an immune response to the source of the infection. The fever serves a purpose, a higher body temperature accelerates the internal workings of cells. This means that disease-fighting cells will respond faster, and immune responses will increase. At higher temperatures germs do not reproduce as well. A very high fever can slow the process of microbes that cause some infectious diseases (Cannon, 2013). The body’s first line of defense are the physical barriers such as skin, tears, coughing, sneezing, vomiting and diarrhea. The second line of defense includes things like inflammation, interferon, and a fever. A fever will inhibit the multiplication of temperature sensitive microbes. As well a fever can increase the metabolism of the host, which also includes the production of white blood cells (Cannon, 2013). It seems as though an increased body temperature is a way that the body alerts its self that something is wrong. It also seems to be when the body is working faster and harder, which correlates with the faster chemical response that we observed with our hot water and Alka-Seltzer tablet experiment.Scientific Inquiry Midterm Round ThreeOverriding Question: What will happen to a balloon when one tablet of Alka-Seltzer is dropped into a flask of Mountain Dew?Prediction: I predict the Alka-Seltzer tablet will cause a chemical reaction and that reaction will make an immense amount of bubbles. This might cause the balloon to pop because of all the carbonation. Materials:-thermometer -three balloons-four packets of Effervescent Antacid-empty flask-Mountain Dew-scale-a stopwatch-measuring tapeProcedure:Gather all the necessary materials.Fill the empty flask with 150 mL of Mountain Dew.Take the initial temperature of the water.Weigh one tablet of Alka-Seltzer. Open the neck of the balloon and drop one tablet of Alka-Seltzer into the balloon.Crush the tablet inside of the balloon by pounding the balloon with your fist on the table, be careful not to make any holes in the balloon.Crush the tablet until it becomes a fine powder inside the balloon.Take the balloon and stretch neck over the opening of the top of the flask. Keep the crushed tablet in the back of the balloon so that the powder does not fall into the flask.Empty the contents of the balloon into the flask and start the stopwatch.10.) Record your observations in the data table, i.e. qualitative and quantitative data. 11.) Measure and record the circumference of the balloon at the one minute interval and the two minute interval.12.) Take the balloon off of the flask and take the temperature of the Mountain Dew and Alka-Seltzer mixture inside of the flask.Round Three Data Chart:Amount of waterMass of Alka-SeltzerCircumference of balloon at 1 minCircumference of balloon at 2 minObservationsInitial temp. Final temp.150 mL – mountain dew3.3gcm26.3 cm-carbonation reached to the top of the flask -there were continuous little bubbles in the soda 55.2 degrees Fahrenheit 59.4 degrees FahrenheitFurther Questions:What would happen if we used a different kind of soda? Does caffeine have an effect on the chemical reaction that causes the balloon to inflate? Could the balloon ever become so inflated that it would pop? Round Three Research During the last round of investigation, we once again repeated the procedure but manipulated one variable. After the second round I wondered what would happen if we used a completely different liquid? What if we used a carbonated drink such as mountain dew? What kind of reaction would the carbonation warrant? Would this cause the balloon to fill up even more than we had observed in the previous rounds? Instead of using water we used 150 mL of the soda Mountain Dew. We followed the same steps but got a very different reaction from the previous to rounds of investigation and experimentation. Once we dropped the Alka-Seltzer the reaction varied from round one and round two, the carbonation and fizz reached higher than before. The mixture did not stop bubbling, there was a constant stream of bubbles. Another interesting thing that we observed was that the temperature increased after we added in the Alka-Seltzer. I am curious to know if we made a mistake in the data collection or if this was factually correct. If this were the case and the temperature did increase that would make the reaction exothermic. It takes energy to break up bonds, exothermic chemical reactions occur when more energy is released when the bonds of the products are formed than was used to break the bonds of the reactant, the reaction is exothermic. I wish we had observed another two trials to see if there was a pattern or correlation. Upon further research I found that the ingredients that make up mountain dew are carbonated water, high fructose corn syrup, concentrated orange juice, citric acid, natural flavor, sodium benzoate, caffeine, sodium citrate, erythorbic acid, gum Arabic, calcium disodium EDTA, brominated vegetable oil and yellow 5. The carbonated water has seltzer already in it which creates the fizzing inside of a soda. Citric acid is the fourth ingredient listed. The citric acid is often used to keep the soda products like Mountain Dew fresh while they are sitting on the shelves. This explains why the reaction of the Alka-Seltzer and Mountain Dew mixture was so intense, the products that cause the chemical reaction were intensified (“Study Results from Johns Hopkins University,” 2017). Some people recommend drinking flat soda when you have fallen ill. This is mainly because of the citric acid in soda. As with Alka-Seltzer the citric acid acts as a stabilizing agent to the unstable stomach. However, soda as a whole is not a healthy option and can do much more harm than good.The Mountain Dew had such a strong chemical reaction, it made me wonder what kind of effect that would have on my body. Soda has an excessive amount of added sugars, it lowers good cholesterol as well as raises the risk of heart disease. When soda is consumed it the glucose in the sugar gets to the blood stream and the pancreas is kicked into high gear. The pancreas starts to produce insulin as an attempt to balance the sudden rush of sugar. The blood glucose levels within the body will climb up rapidly. The fructose in the soda goes to the liver. Some of that fructose is turned into fuel and the rest is turned into fat storage. Drinking excessive amounts of soda has been linked to an increase risk of obesity, diabetes, heart attack and stroke (Miller, Sliwa, Brener, Park, Merlo., 2016).Overall this experiment was truly fascinating. I can see myself using it in the classroom to explain how energy is used to break up particles resulting in endothermic and exothermic reactions. As well this experiment would give my future students a hands-on and visual experience that would show how temperature as well as many other things effects the rate of a reaction. It will be a great opportunity for my students to make predictions, collect and observe qualitative and quantitative data, and draw conclusions.ReferencesBayer (2018). Ingredients and FAQs. , B. D., PhD. (2013). Fever. Magill’s Medical Guide (Online Edition). Retrieved from , T. P., Merzhanov, A. G., Rumanov, E. N., Vaganova, N. I., Campbell, A. N., & Hayhurst, A. N. (2011). When do chemical reactions promote mixing? Chemical Engineering Journal, 168(1), 1–14. , G. F., Sliwa, S., Brener, N. D., Park, S., & Merlo, C. L. (2016). Original article: School District Policies and Adolescents’ Soda Consumption. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 17–23. , L. (2014). Endothermic and exothermic processes. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved from , D. A., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Kramer, H., Luke, A., Vupputuri, S., Kshirsagar, A., & Cooper, R. S. (2008). Sugary Soda Consumption and Albuminuria: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004. PLoS ONE, 3(10), 1–9. Results from Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Provide New Insights into Atherosclerosis (Diet Soda Consumption and Risk of Incident End Stage Renal Disease). (2017, February 6). Obesity & Diabetes Week, 27. Retrieved from , J. A., & Blackburn, G. L. (1984). Goals of nutritional support in acute infections. The American Journal of Medicine, 76(Part 1), 81–90. (84)90248-1 ................
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