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Nōmen ________________________ Latin I, Magistra Snyder / Magister Jaffe, R ______Term 4, IA Review PacketThis packet belongs in the Reference Information section of your binder. It condenses all of the material we have covered so far into one place.Parts of SpeechWe are concerned with SIX different parts of speech.Latin ADVERBS have only one form, and they modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.e.g. ?R?T? dīcit – she speaks ANGRILYLatin CONJUNCTIONS have only one form, and they separate and begin clauses.e.g. orāculum dīcit, SED vera verba nōn dīcit – she speaks a prophecy, BUT she does not speak true words.Latin ADJECTIVES modify a noun.They appear in a masculine, a feminine, and a neuter form – īrātus, īrātī, īrātum angrysometimes genders are combined – omnis (M & F), omne (N) allLatin adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender, number, and case.e.g. deī ?R?T? ?R?T?S mīlitēs caedunt – ANGRY gods slay ANGRY soldiers.Latin PREPOSITIONS have only one form, and they are followed by a noun. Together, the preposition and the noun form a PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.The noun following a preposition is called the object of the preposition.The object of the preposition will always be in the ablative or accusative case, according to the preposition. Prepositions are listed together with the case of the object that they take and their meaning: sine, (+ABL), without / ad, (+ACC), towardse.g. amīcus IN SILV? petit – the friend seeks IN THE FORESTNB: The object of a preposition can never be a subject, a direct object, an ablative of means, or anything else. It is ONLY the object of a preposition. Prepositional phrases are super easy to translate once you have identified them!Latin NOUNS name a person, a place, an abstract idea, or a thing.Nouns appear with their nominative singular form, their genitive singular form, their gender, and then their meaning – vir, virī, m. man; husbandNouns change their form according to the grammatical role that they play in a clause. A noun’s case identifies its grammatical role. Its number identifies it as singular or plural.Latin VERBS describe an action or an occurrence.Verbs appear with four principal parts and then a meaning – cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus wantVerbs change endings to show their person, number, and voice. e.g. amāS – YOU love.Verbs change form to show their tense, which tells us when the verb happened. amās – you love – present tense, vs.amāB?s – you WERE loving – imperfect tense.amāBIs – you WILL love – future tense.Declension and Translation of NounsThe man gives cake to a dog in the house of his friend with a fork.The heart of every clause in any human language is the VERB. Every clause must have a verb, and a person or thing who is doing the verb. All nouns and parts of speech stand in relation to the verbal action of the clause. Latin nouns can play the following roles in relation to the verb:A Latin noun can act as a SUBJECT, when it is the do-er or be-er of the verb. The man is the subject of the sentence above. He is the one doing the giving. Who or what is giving? The man is.A Latin noun can act as a DIRECT OBJECT, when it is the recipient of the verbal action. The cake is the direct object of the sentence above. It is the thing being given. Who or what is being given? Cake is.A Latin noun can act as an INDIRECT OBJECT, when it is the indirect recipient of the verbal action. The dog is the indirect object of the sentence above. To whom or for whom is the cake being given? The dog.A Latin noun can be the OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION when it is part of a prepositional phrase. House is an object of a preposition in the sentence above. Where is the action happening? In a house.A Latin noun can MODIFY ANOTHER NOUN. The noun friend modifies the noun house. Whose house is the action happening in? His friend’s.A Latin noun can show the MEANS or WAY by which the verb happens. The word fork shows the means by which the action happens. How is the man giving cake? With a fork.In ENGLISH, we know which noun is acting as the SUBJECT, which noun is acting as the DIRECT OBJECT, etc. because of the ORDER in which the words appear.In EVERY English sentence, the subject is placed immediately before the verb, and the direct object is placed immediately after the verb.In LATIN, words can appear IN ANY ORDER. The cake in of the friend the house to a dog with a fork the man gives.Readers of Latin know which noun is acting as the subject, which noun is acting as the direct object, etc. only because of the ENDINGS of the words. These endings tell readers the CASE of the noun (what role it is playing in the sentence) and the NUMBER of the noun (singular vs. plural).When you translate Latin, your job is first to IDENTIFY the verb, the subject, the direct object, etc., and then to simply PLACE THEM IN ORDER in English with the subject first, then the verb, and then the direct object. ONCE YOU HAVE CORRECTLY TRANSLATED THE SUBJECT, VERB, AND DIRECT OBJECT, ALL THE OTHER PIECES WILL FALL INTO PLACE FOR YOU.The Case SystemLatin SUBJECTS appear in the NOMINATIVE CASE (as do PREDICATES NOMINATIVE)Latin DIRECT OBJECTS appear in the ACCUSATIVE CASE.Latin INDIRECT OBJECTS appear in the DATIVE CASE.Latin OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS appear either in the ACCUSATIVE CASE or the ABLATIVE CASE, depending on the preposition.Latin nouns that MODIFY OTHER NOUNS appear in the GENITIVE CASE.Latin nouns showing the MEANS by which the action happens appear in the ABLATIVE CASE. Passive verbs are often accompanied by ablative nouns, showing BY WHAT/WHOM an action is done.Latin nouns that are being ADDRESSED DIRECTLY appear in the VOCATIVE CASE.The nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases** take the endings shown below:1st Declension2nd Declension2nd Declension (Neuter)3rd Declension3rd Declension (Neuter)Nomin. Singular-a-us/r-um--Genitive Singular-ae-ī-ī-is-isDative Singular-ae-ō-ō-ī-īAccusat. Singular-am-um-um-em-Ablative Singular-ā-ō-ō-e-eNomin. Plural-ae-ī-a-ēs-aGenitive Plural-ārum-ōrum-ōrum-um-umDative Plural-īs-īs-īs-ibus-ibusAccusative Plural-ās-ōs-a-ēs-aAblative Plural-īs-īs-īs-ibus-ibus**The vocative case is identical to the nominative with two exceptions:2nd declension nouns with a –us ending have –e in the vocative singular.2nd declension nouns with a –ius ending have –ī in the vocative singular.When one puts Latin nouns into these different CASES and NUMBERS by switching their endings, one DECLINES the noun.Latin nouns belong to families called DECLENSIONS. Nouns will only ever take endings that belong to their own declension (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.)Neuter nouns belong to declensions like any other noun, but there are two special rules that apply always and forever to every neuter noun:The nominative singular and the accusative singular look identical.The nominative plural and the accusative plural have the ending –a.Together, we call these patterns the NEUTER RULE.Let’s DECLINE nouns from the first, second, and third DECLENSIONS:The noun fēmīna, fēmīnae, f. woman belongs to the 1st declension. We know this because the genitive singular form ends in –ae, which is a 1st declension genitive singular ending.Nom. Sg.fēmīna“a woman”Nom. Pl.fēmīnae“women”Gen. Sg.fēmīnae“of a woman”Gen. Pl.fēmīnārum“of women”Dat. Sg.fēmīnae“to/for a woman”Dat. Pl.fēmīnīs“to/for women”Acc. Sg.fēmīnam“a woman” (d.o.)Acc. Pl.fēmīnās“women” (d.o.)Abl. Sg.fēmīnā“by a woman”Abl. Pl.fēmīnīs“by women”The noun ager, agrī, m. field belongs to the 2nd declension. We know this because the genitive singular form ends in –ī, which is a 2nd declension genitive singular ending.Nom. Sg.ager“a field”Nom. Sg.agrī“fields”Gen. Sg.agrī“of a field”Gen. Pl.agrōrum“of fields”Dat. Sg.agrō“to/for a field”Dat. Pl.agrīs“to/for fields”Acc. Sg.agrum“a field” (d.o)Acc. Pl.agrōs“fields” (d.o.)Abl. Sg.agrō“by a field”Abl. Pl.agrīs“by fields”The noun dux, ducis, m. leader belongs to the 3rd declension. We know this because the genitive singular form ends in –is, which is a 3rd declension genitive singular ending.Nom. Sg.dux“a leader”Nom. Pl.ducēs“leaders”Gen. Sg.ducis“of a leader”Gen. Pl.ducum“of leaders”Dat. Sg.ducī“to/for a leader”Dat. Pl.ducibus“to/for leaders”Acc. Sg.ducem“a leader” (d.o.)Acc. Pl.ducēs“leaders” (d.o.)Abl. Sg.duce“by a leader”Abl. Pl.ducibus“by leaders”One can translate Latin ONLY IF ONE IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE CASE AND NUMBER OF THE NOUNS ONE SEES IN SENTENCES. By identifying the case and number, you will be able to place the nouns in the correct order and translate properly.THERE IS NO OTHER WAY!Noun-Adjective AgreementWhen adjectives modify, or agree with nouns, they must match that noun in gender, number, and case. Adjectives show their gender, number, and case in their endings by declining just like nouns.FIRST-SECOND declension adjectives take their endings from the 1st and 2nd declensions. Their masculine forms follow the 2nd declension, their feminine forms follow the 1st declension, and their neuter forms follow the 2nd declension with the neuter rule applied.To match the 1st-2nd declension adjective fīdus, fīda, fīdum faithful to the feminine 3rd declension noun navis, navis, f. ship, we will decline it according to the 1st declension, while declining the noun according to the 3rd declension endings it always takes.Latin (Singular)EnglishLatin (Plural)EnglishNom. fīda navis“the faithful ship”fīdae navēs“faithful ships”Gen.fīdae navis“of the faithful ship”fīdārum navum“of the faithful ships”Dat.fīdae navī“to the faithful ship”fīdīs navibus“to the faithful ships”Acc.fīdam navem“faithful ship” (d.o.)fīdās navēs“faithful ships” (d.o.)Abl.fīdā nave“by the faithful ship”fīdīs navibus“by the faithful ships”THIRD declension adjectives take their endings from the 3rd declension. Their forms only differ by gender, sometimes, in the nominative singular. The adjective ācer, ācris, ācre harsh has the form ācer for the masculine nominative singular, ācris for the feminine nominative singular, and ācre for the neuter nominative singular.The adjective iuvenis, iuvene young has the form iuvenis for the masculine and feminine nominative singulars and iuvene for the neuter nominative singular.The adjective fēlix, fēlīcis happy has the form fēlix for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular. The form fēlīcis is the genitive singular for all genders and gives the stem of the adjective: fēlīc-. To match the 3rd declension adjective omnis, omne, all, every to the neuter 2nd declension noun rēgnum, rēgnī, n. kingdom, we will decline it according to the 3rd declension, while declining the noun according to the 2nd declension endings it always takes. In this case, both noun and adjective must follow the NEUTER RULE because they are neuter!Latin (Singular)EnglishLatin (Plural)EnglishNom. omne rēgnum“every kingdom”omnia rēgna“all kingdoms”Gen.omnis rēgnī“of every kingdom”omnium rēgnōrum“of all kingdoms”Dat.omnī rēgnō“to every kingdom”omnibus rēgnīs“to all kingdoms”Acc.omne rēgnum“every kingdom” (d.o.)omnia rēgna“all kingdoms” (d.o.)Abl.omnī** rēgnō“by every kingdom”omnibus rēgnīs“by all kingdoms”** Note that 3rd declension adjectives all follow i-stem rules, and change form slightly.PronounsPRONOUNS are nouns that refer to other nouns (their ANTECEDENTS). Latin pronouns have person and number, and decline in each of the six Latin cases.The 1st person pronoun is declined irregularly as follows:CASESingularEnglishPluralEnglishNom.egoInōsweGen.meīof menostrum/nostrīof usDat.mihito/for menōbīsto/for usAcc.mēme (d.o.)nōsusAbl.mēby menōbīsby usThe 2nd person pronoun is declined irregularly as follows:CASESingularEnglishPluralEnglishNom.tūyouvōsyou allGen.tuīof youvestrum/vestrīof you allDat.tibito/for youvōbīsto/for you allAcc.tēyou (d.o.)vōsyou all (d.o.)Abl.tēby youvōbīsby you allThe 3rd person pronoun is, ea, id almost entirely follows the 1st and 2nd declensions:CASEMasculineEnglishFeminineEnglishNeuterEnglishNom. Sg.is“he”ea“she”id“it”Gen. Sg.eius“of him / his”eius“of her / her”eius“of it / its”Dat. Sg.eī“to him”eī“to her”eī“to it”Acc. Sg.eum“him”eam“her”id“it” (d.o.)Abl. Sg.eō“by him”eā“by her”eō“by it”Nom. Pl.eī“they”eae“they”ea“they”Gen. Pl.eōrum“of them”eārum“of them”eōrum“of them”Dat. Pl.eīs“to them”eīs“to them”eīs“to them”Acc. Pl.eōs“them” (d.o.)eās“them” (d.o.)ea“them” (d.o.)Abl. Pl.eīs“by them”eīs“by them”eīs“by them”1st and 2nd person pronouns can function as reflexive pronouns when the pronoun refers to the same person or thing as the subject.e.g.tē amās – “You love yourself”3rd person pronouns have their own set of reflexive pronouns, which are identical for all genders and numbers, and are declined as follows:NominativeGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeNONEsuīsibisēsēNONEof themselvesto/for herselfhimselfby themselvesVerb ConjugationLatin verbs have four principal parts from which all their forms are built. fingō (I form), fingere (to form), finxī (I formed), fictus (having been formed)Verbs belong to CONJUGATIONS and when they change form, they CONJUGATE. To identify the CONJUGATION number of a verb, remove the –re from the 2nd Principal Part and look at the vowel that is left remaining. CONJUGATION NUMBERPRESENT STEM VOWELPATTERN OF PRINCIPAL PARTS 1 & 21st-ā-ō, -āre2nd-ē-eō, -ēre3rd-e-ō, -ere3rd-io-e (with –iō) in 1st PP-iō, -ere4th-ī-iō, -īreThe PRESENT STEM of a verb, from which the PRESENT SYSTEM (Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses) is built, is found by removing the –re from the 2nd Principal Part of a verb.The PERFECT STEM of a verb, from which the PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM (Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses) is built, is found by removing the –ī from the 3rd Principal Part of a verb.The PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE, which in combination with forms of sum, esse creates the PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM (Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses) is the 4th Principal Part of a verb.A general synopsis of a Latin verb, with all its tenses and infinitives, is created according to the following patterns:Present16002093345Present Stem(2nd Principal Part)00Present Stem(2nd Principal Part)ImperfectFuturePerfect160020120015Perfect Stem(3rd Principal Part)00Perfect Stem(3rd Principal Part)131445120015Perfect Passive Participle (4th Principal Part) + sum, esse00Perfect Passive Participle (4th Principal Part) + sum, essePluperfectFuture PerfectPresent Inf.2nd Principal Part2nd Principal PartPerfect Inf.Perfect Stem (3rd PP)Perfect Passive Participle (4th PP)Future Inf.4th Principal PartDOES NOT EXISTPERSONAL ENDINGS are placed at the end of verbs to indicate PERSON, NUMBER, and VOICE.The personal endings used in the PRESENT SYSTEM are as follows:SINGULARPLURALACTIVEPASSIVESUBJECTACTIVEPASSIVESUBJECT1st-ō-rI-mus-murwe2nd-s-ris/reyou-tis-minīyou all3rd-t-turhe/she/it-nt-nturtheyThe personal endings used in the PERFECT tense, active voice are as follows:SINGULARPLURAL1st-īI-imuswe2nd-istīyou-istisyou all3rd-ithe/she/it-ērunt/ēretheyACTIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICEPresentPresent Stem + Active PEI VERB, I am VERBing, I do VERBPresent Stem + Passive PEI am VERBed, I am being VERBedImperfectPresent Stem + -bā- + Active PEI was VERBing, I used to VERBPresent Stem + -bā- + Passive PEI was being VERBed, I used to be VERBedFuturePresent Stem + -bi- + Active PE (1st & 2nd Conjugations)Presnet Stem + -ē- + Active PE(3rd, 3rd-io, and 4th Conjugations)I will VERB, I will be VERBingPresent Stem + -bi- + Passive PE (1st & 2nd Conjugations)Presnet Stem + -ē- + Passive PE(3rd, 3rd-io, and 4th Conjugations)I will be VERBed, I will be being VERBedPerfectPerfect Stem + Perfect PEI VERBed, I have VERBedPerfect Passive Participle + Present Tense form of sum, esseI was VERBed, I have been VERBedPluperfectPerfect Stem + Imperfect Form of sum, esse as PEI had VERBedPerfect Passive Participle + Imperfect Tense form of sum, esseI had been VERBedFuture PerfectPerfect Stem + Future Form of sum, esse as PEI will have verbedPerfect Passive Participle + Future Tense form of sum, esseI will have been VERBedPresent Inf.2nd Principal Partto VERB2nd Principal Part – e + īto be VERBedPerfect Inf.Perfect Stem + isseto have VERBed4th Principal Part + esseto have been VERBedFuture Inf.4th Principal Part + ūrus/a/um + esseto be about to VERB, to be going to VERBDOES NOT EXIST***See examples of conjugated verbs available on Ms. Snyder’s and Mr. Jaffe’s websites to remind yourself about the important exceptions!***The IRREGULAR verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus, to be has the following forms in the Present System. Its Perfect System forms are regular. It does not exist in the passive voice.LATINENGLISHLATINENGLISH1stsumI amsumusWe are2ndesYou areestisYou all are3rdestHe/she/it issuntThey areLATINENGLISHLATINENGLISH1steramI waserāmusWe were2nderāsYou wereerātisYou all were3rderatHe/she/it waserantThey wereLATINENGLISHLATINENGLISH1sterōI will beerimusWe will be2nderisYou will beeritisYou all will be3rderitHe/she/it will beeruntThey will beCompound VerbsLatin verbs frequently take a preposition as a prefix which changes the meaning of the verb. For example, the verb navigō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus sail and the preposition circum (+ACC) around combine to form the verb circumnavigō sail around. The meaning of most compound verbs is logically derivable from the meaning of the verb and the meaning of the prefix. Many compound verbs take object in unusal cases, such as the dative. Read the gloss carefully to identify such verbs. The verb sum, esse appears in common compound forms such as adsum be present, absum be absent, and possum be able. These compound verbs conjugate as always but with a prefix on the front. Relative PronounsRelative pronouns, such as quī, quae, quod, etc., are a special kind of pronoun. You are not required to know the forms of the relative pronoun, but you must be able to identify and translate it. Keep in mind the following rules:A relative pronoun ALWAYS begins a new clause, usually one in the middle of another clause.A relative pronoun is ALWAYS translated first in its clause, no matter its case.A relative pronoun is translated as “who/whom” or “which” depending on whether its antecedent is a person or a thing.ex. rēgīna, quae terram regit, magna est – The queen, who rules the land, is great.Indirect SpeechIndirect speech is introduced by a “head verb,” a verb of thinking, communicating, or perceiving. In English we must insert the word “that” when we begin indirect speech. Indirect speech in Latin has the following characteristics:An ACCUSATIVE noun functions as the subject, usually the first in the clause.An INFINITIVE functions as the verb, and is translated not as an infinitive, but as a regular verb.ex. rēgīna dīxit deōs terram omnem vidēre – The queen said that the gods see the whole earth. General Annotation and Translation StrategyThe job of a Latin translator is to do two things:Translate the person, number, and tense of the verb that is the heart of the clause correctly.Translate the information that the case of the various nouns gives you.To do these things we need to be comfortable with our verb forms, and have a system to organize the nouns in their various cases.ANNOTATION is a tool to aid translation. If you can annotate a sentence, then you can translate it. Similarly, if you understand a sentence well enough to translate it, then by definition you can annotate it.To translate ANY Latin sentence, FIRST:COUNT the verbs. There are exactly as many clauses in a sentence as there are verbs. Use conjunctions, punctuation, and other clues to divide the sentence into its clauses. You will annotate and translate only ONE clause at a time! (INFINITIVES do not stand on their own as a verb and does not count when deciding on clauses.)UNDERLINE the verb of the clause you are working on. Check its personal ending. If the personal ending is plural, the subject will have to be a plural nominative noun. If the personal ending is singular, the subject will have to be a singular nominative noun. If no noun in the clause matches that description, the subject is implied in the personal ending.IDENTIFY any PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. A noun in a prepositional phrase can’t be a subject, a direct object, or anything else, and we don’t want to get confused. Find any prepositions and put PARENTHASES around it and its object (at least two words). Save these phrases for later, and do nothing with them until you are ready to translate.IDENTIFY the SUBJECT. Every verb has a subject, a person or thing doing the action. Look through the words in the clause for one or more with a nominative ending. That is your subject. CIRCLE it. If there is no nominative word that matches the verb, CIRCLE the verb’s personal ending.IDENTIFY the DIRECT OBJECT. Most clauses have a direct object. Look through the words in the clause for one or more with an accusative ending. BOX it.(PREDICATES NOMINATIVE – the verb to be never takes a direct object! Instead you should expect to see another noun in the nominative case which will be translated instead of a direct object.)IDENTIFY any GENITIVE NOUNS. Genitive nouns modify a nearby noun. HOOK the genitive noun to the noun that it modifies.THENWrite the SUBJECT (paying attention to its number).Write the VERB (paying attention to its tense).Write the DIRECT OBJECT (paying attention to its number) OR write the predicate nominative. Decide where the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES will make sense and add them in (paying attention to the number of the object of the preposition). Add in GENITIVES by translating them next to the noun to which they are hooked (paying attention to the number of genitives). Translate any lingering ABLATIVES OF MEANS using BWIOF – “by, with, in, on, from.” ................
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