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30-01-12

ALLERGY:

• GALECTIN-9: A SUPPRESSOR OF FOOD ALLERGY?

• Prevalence of food-induced allergy: 5% of children and 4% of adults.

• Some probiotics (bifidobacteria or lactobacilli) can prevent allergy by ↑ Th1. Growth of bifidobacteria in GI flora can be achieved by diet with GOS and FOS.

• Galectin-9 is expressed by GI epithelial cells during inflammatory responses. Synbiotics (GOS + FOS + Bifidobacterium breve) ↑ release of galectin-9.

• Antiallergic actions of galectin-9: ↑ Th1; ↑ Treg; binding and sequestration of IgE (a heavily glycosylated Ig), preventing antigen-IgE complex formation.

• Soluble PRR with carbohydrate binding capabilities: ficolins, pentraxins and the collagenous lectins (collectins). Galectins are beta-galactoside binding lectins.

• GENE EXPRESSION IS DIFFERENTLY AFFECTED BY PIMECROLIMUS AND BETAMETHASONE IN LESIONAL SKIN OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS:

• Corticosteroids: more potent anti-inflammatory effect, may impair restoration of the skin barrier; main treatment for severe and acutely exacerbated AD.

• Pimecrolimus: long-term treatment and stabilization. Low penetration → side effects limited to skin. Main targets: keratinocytes, LCs, and T cells.

• Calcineurin mediates calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which translocates to the nucleus and stimulates cytokine genes, such as IL-2.

• NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SKIN TESTS TO NMBA:

• Specific IgE may not help in the evaluation of NMBA allergy.

• Skin tests are the cornerstone of the diagnosis of NMBA allergy and a positive ST confirms allergy to the product, with a high sensitivity.

• The excellent predictive value of STs in our series was obviously biased by the small number of patients (six).

• PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SPT IN ALLERGY TO AEROALLERGENS: SOME CONCERNS:

• To cover 95% of sensitized children, the number of allergens needed are 12, 8 and 7 for preschool children (2– ................
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