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Blockchain application in the distribution chain of the COVID-19 vaccine: a designing understudyAuthors: Eng. Leonardo López Ramírez, PhD (leonardo.ramirez@unimilitar.edu.co)1 and Eng. Nicolas Beltrán ?lvarez (u1401152@unimilitar.edu.co)11Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá-ColombiaAbstract: The impact of COVID-19 has challenged science in its quest to control and mitigate it through a new vaccine. This is why the world's research centers and laboratories are in serious competition over time to offer humanity an effective vaccine that prevents the spread of this virus. From a technological point of view, the challenge is to manage the distribution of this next vaccine, from its generation anywhere in the world, to the site of application to the population. The research results approximate the solution to the design of a secure Blockchain-based supply chain surveillance design, to control the variables and critical points of the next distribution of vaccines worldwide. The expected impact of the application of this new design will be the confidence of the population in the quality of the vaccine, in the generating laboratory, and it supplies.Research question: Is it possible to implement Blockchain to track and control the delivery of the COVID-19 vaccine?Introduction: The different actions of society and its governments demand an appropriate distribution chain.The number of infected and demand for instruments: by the beginning of April 2020, almost one million people were diagnosed as carriers of COVID -19 ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"González jaramillo","given":"Valentina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"González jaramillo","given":"Nathalia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gómez restrepo","given":"Carlos","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Palacio acosta","given":"Carlos A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gómez lópez","given":"Arley","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Franco","given":"Oscar H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Rev. Salud Pública. 22","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-6","title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian population according to mitigation measures. Preliminary data from epidemiological models for the period March 18 to April 18, 2020","type":"article-magazine"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(González jaramillo et al., 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(González jaramillo et al., 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(González jaramillo et al., 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(González Jaramillo et al., 2020); currently, many countries continue with their borders closed and this causes the closure of imports that causes a shortage of various medical supplies, such as masks, gloves, disinfectants, toilet paper, among others. In addition to a significant change in the income of families, who request humanitarian aid, reduction of taxes, freezing of incomes, among others. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Otoya-Tono AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C","given":"Campos AM.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Acta otorrinolaringol. cir. cabeza cuello","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"4-13","title":"COVID-19: generalidades, comportamiento epidemiológico y medidas adoptadas en medio de la pandemia en Colombia","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Otoya-Tono AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Otoya-Tono AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Otoya-Tono AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Otoya-Tono AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C, 2020).Humanitarian donation and search for vaccines: During this confinement, the gap between rich and poor is much more noticeable, where thanks to donations, NGO support, government, and humanitarian aids, many countries with social problems are supported with the delivery of clinical supplies and groceries. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"1293902001162","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Poole","given":"Danielle N","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Escudero","given":"Daniel J","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gostin","given":"Lawrence O","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Leblang","given":"David","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Talbot","given":"Elizabeth A","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal for Equity in Health","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"1-2","publisher":"International Journal for Equity in Health","title":"Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises","type":"article-journal","volume":"19"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Poole, Escudero, Gostin, Leblang, & Talbot, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Poole, Escudero, Gostin, Leblang, & Talbot, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Poole, Escudero, Gostin, Leblang, & Talbot, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Poole, Escudero, Gostin, Leblang, & Talbot, 2020).On the other hand, the most developed countries that have already passed the contagion curve increased investment in health and scientific research, to find a cure that would end the pandemic. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hugo","given":"Víctor","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Avenda?o","given":"Gil","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-6","title":"Infección del Covid-19 en Colombia . Una comparación de modelos logísticos y exponenciales aplicados a la infección por el virus en Colombia .","type":"report"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Hugo & Avenda?o, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Hugo & Avenda?o, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Hugo & Avenda?o, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Hugo & Avenda?o, 2020).Home deliveries and distribution of aid: During this period of confinement, the provision of home services is very important, because the population receives food subsidized by governments at home. In Colombia, a mobile application was designed to allow the registration of any citizen and to verify if he or she is a beneficiary of the aid or not. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1111/acps.13173","ISBN":"0000000173124","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"MARINA GARRIGA","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"VIETA","given":"EDUARD","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-6","title":"The role of Mental Health Home Hospitalization Care during the COVID-19 pandemic.","type":"report","volume":"0"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(MARINA GARRIGA & VIETA, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(MARINA GARRIGA & VIETA, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(MARINA GARRIGA & VIETA, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Marina Garriga & Vieta, 2020).Delivery problems: In Colombia, even though the government's intentions to bring financial aid to those most in need is good, the numerous errors in the digital platform due to the lack of tightness in the authentication of the population, have generated several cases of impersonation and corruption during the pandemic crisis ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cepaluni","given":"Gabriel","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dorsch","given":"Michael T","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"number-of-pages":"49","title":"Political Regimes and Deaths in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic","type":"report"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cepaluni & Dorsch, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cepaluni & Dorsch, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cepaluni & Dorsch, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Cepaluni & Dorsch, 2020). With this scenario, the distribution of vaccines is an institutional challenge for the entire population to benefit and to monitor their impact ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cetina","given":"Camilo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"number-of-pages":"12","title":"Policy Brief # 8 Tecnología para la integridad en tiempos del COVID-19","type":"report"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cetina, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cetina, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cetina, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Cetina, 2020).Some Concepts:Blockchain: Unique record of data divided and stored in blocks, which store the information, along with the data of the same block as the data of its previous block, thus generating an unbreakable blockchain class that ensures the integrity of the information contained in any moment. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zheng","given":"Zibin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Xie","given":"Shaoan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dai","given":"Hong-Ning","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Chen","given":"Xiangping","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Huaimin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Web and Grid Services","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"page":"352-375","title":"Blockchain challenges and opportunities : a survey","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Zheng, Xie, Dai, Chen, & Wang, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Zheng, Xie, Dai, Chen, & Wang, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Zheng, Xie, Dai, Chen, & Wang, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Zheng, Xie, Dai, Chen, & Wang, 2018).Big Data: It is the handling of a large volume of digital or analog data, which are important and relevant for a project or company. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.techfore.2015.12.019","ISSN":"0040-1625","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Yichuan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kung","given":"Leeann","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Anthony","given":"Terry","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"page":"11","publisher":"Elsevier Inc.","title":"Technological Forecasting & Social Change Big data analytics : Understanding its capabilities and potential bene fi ts for healthcare organizations","type":"article-journal"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Wang, Kung, & Anthony, 2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Wang, Kung, & Anthony, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Wang, Kung, & Anthony, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Wang, Kung, & Anthony, 2016).Laboratory: It is the entity that is dedicated to the manufacture and sale of medicines at industrial levels, which participates in any of the phases of its development or sale. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CLARKE","given":"G.S.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Journal of Pharmaceuticul & Biomedical Analysis","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"5","issued":{"date-parts":[["1994"]]},"page":"643-652","title":"The validation of analytical methods for drug substances and drug products in UK pharmaceutical laboratories *","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(CLARKE, 1994)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(CLARKE, 1994)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(CLARKE, 1994)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Clarke, 1994).Drugstore: Drug stores are all those companies that are dedicated to import and purchase medicine wholesale and then distributing them to different pharmacies or hospitals. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Kralewski","given":"john E.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pitt","given":"Laura","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dowd","given":"Bryan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["1983"]]},"page":"213-216","title":"THE EFFECTS OF COMPETITION ON PRESCRIPTION-DRUG-PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION","type":"article-journal","volume":"309"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Kralewski, Pitt, & Dowd, 1983)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Kralewski, Pitt, & Dowd, 1983)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Kralewski, Pitt, & Dowd, 1983)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Kralewski, Pitt, & Dowd, 1983).Pharmacy: It is the warehouse that is located within the hospitals which are in charge of the management and delivery of medication to patients who have a clinical prescription. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bond","given":"C. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Raehl","given":"Cynthia L.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Franke","given":"Todd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"PHARMACOTHERAPY","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2002"]]},"page":"136-146","title":"Clinical Pharmacy Services, Hospital Pharmacy Staffing, and Medication Errors in United States Hospitals","type":"article-journal","volume":"22"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Bond, Raehl, & Franke, 2002)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Bond, Raehl, & Franke, 2002)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Bond, Raehl, & Franke, 2002)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Bond, Raehl, & Franke, 2002).Kardex: Organized digital or analog record, which stores stock and account information of a company or entity ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"CUETO","given":"MARTHA MAGDALENA SALAS","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"NU?EZ","given":"YOLANDA RODRIGUEZ","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"number-of-pages":"31","publisher":"UNIVERSIDAD LOS ANGELES DE CHIMBOTE","title":"BIOSEGURIDAD EN EL CUIDADO DEL CUIDADOR","type":"thesis"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(CUETO & NU?EZ, 2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(CUETO & NU?EZ, 2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(CUETO & NU?EZ, 2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Cueto & Nu?ez, 2009).The research of the TIGUM Group and the solution for the logistics monitoring of vaccines: Even today, there is not a tool for tracking the delivery of medical supplies and a future vaccine for COVID-19, the telemedicine research group at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada in Colombia has been developing applications with the use of tools such as Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence to monitor and predict the distribution of resources, aids, medical assistance and supplies to combat both viruses and corruption ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Nicolas Beltran Alvarez","given":"Leonardo Juan Ramirez Lopez y Arturo Rodríguez Garcia","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]},"number-of-pages":"10","title":"ESTABLISHMENT OF A HUB-IOT APPLIED IN BUILDING ACADEMIC COMMUNITIES","type":"report"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Nicolas Beltran Alvarez, 2019)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Nicolas Beltran Alvarez, 2019)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Nicolas Beltran Alvarez, 2019)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Beltran et al, 2019).Blockchain model applied to the distribution chain of the COVID-19 vaccineTwo possible supply chains are considered through which the vaccine will have to pass:Emerging chain: This supply chain aims to deliver the vaccine as quickly as possible to all countries that require it, for a quick application to all those infected, shown in Figure 1, in three phases (A: Sent, B: Storage, C: Application) the entire distribution is divided until it reaches its final recipient. Figure 1 shows the distribution in the emerging chain.Figure 1. Emerging Chain for the Covid-19 vaccineCommercial chain: Although many countries work together to discover a vaccine, this vaccine is not guaranteed to be free in its entirety, either because it is very expensive to make for laboratories, or because it is simply not a cure but a pain reliever that reduces symptoms of the virus just like the current flu. Figure 2 shows how the supply chain increases its phases to a total of 5, unlike the emerging chain, where each one corresponds to the work of a different actor (A: Laboratories, B: suppliers, C: drug stores, D: hospitals, E: patients) where the chain highlights the importance of monitoring each phase and its corresponding distribution.Figure 2. Commercial Chain Diagram for the Covid-19 vaccineBlockchain design modelA Blockchain model was designed to allow monitoring each phase of the vaccine supply chain, from its development to its application, as shown in Figure 3, wherewith five basic processes in a supply chain, several blocks are extracted of important information to follow thanks to data mining, besides, each block is reliant on another, thus generating a chain of information blocks (Blockchain) that will be stored in a Blockchain network located in the cloud (Cloud Computing) insomuch as this information it is open to the public globally via the internet and does not belong to a single user.Figure 3. Blockchain design approach for the Covid-19 vaccineNowadays, the implementation is carried out with the Ethereum business protocol which audits each process as if it were a smart contract with its corresponding digital signature, thus allowing authenticating each process and registering changes in the information ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1093/rfs/hhz007","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cong","given":"Lin William","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"He","given":"Zhiguo","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]},"number-of-pages":"44","title":"Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts","type":"report"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Cong & He, 2018)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Cong & He, 2018)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Cong & He, 2018)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Cong & He, 2018), information that is selected, cleaned and analyzed employing data mining processes ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Pinto","given":"Edward Paul Guillén","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"López","given":"Leonardo Juan Ramírez","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Cuesta","given":"Edith Paola Estupi?án","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"CIENCIA E INGENIER?A NEOGRANADINA","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"page":"57-89","title":"SECURITY ANALYSIS FOR MEDICAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN TELEMEDICINE","type":"article-journal","volume":"21"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Pinto, López, & Cuesta, 2011)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Pinto, López, & Cuesta, 2011)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Pinto, López, & Cuesta, 2011)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Pinto, López, & Cuesta, 2011), all this stored in a database located in the cloud, with its pertinent display interface for the interaction of the information previously mentioned. ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.032","ISSN":"1871-4021","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Javaid","given":"Mohd","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Haleem","given":"Abid","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Vaishya","given":"Raju","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Bahl","given":"Shashi","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Suman","given":"Rajiv","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]},"page":"419-422","publisher":"Elsevier Ltd","title":"Industry 4 . 0 technologies and their applications in fighting COVID-19 pandemic","type":"article-journal","volume":"14"},"uris":[""]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Javaid, Haleem, Vaishya, Bahl, & Suman, 2020)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Javaid, Haleem, Vaishya, Bahl, & Suman, 2020)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Javaid, Haleem, Vaishya, Bahl, & Suman, 2020)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":""}(Javaid, Haleem, Vaishya, Bahl, & Suman, 2020).Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1. Emerging Chain for the Covid-19 vaccineFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2. Commercial Chain Diagram for the Covid-19 vaccineFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3. Blockchain design approach for the Covid-19 vaccineReferences:ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Bond, C. A., Raehl, C. L., & Franke, T. (2002). Clinical Pharmacy Services, Hospital Pharmacy Staffing, and Medication Errors in United States Hospitals. pharmacotherapy, 22(2), 136–146.Cepaluni, G., & Dorsch, M. T. (2020). Political Regimes and Deaths in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Cetina, C. (2020). Policy Brief # 8 Tecnología para la integridad en tiempos del COVID-19.Clarke, G. S. (1994). The validation of analytical methods for drug substances and drug products in UK pharmaceutical laboratories *. Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis, 12(5), 643–652.Cong, L. W., & He, Z. (2018). Blockchain Disruption and Smart Contracts. , M. M. S., & Nu?ez, Y. R. (2009). Bioseguridad en el cuidado del cuidador. Universidad Los Angeles de Chimbote.González jaramillo, V., González jaramillo, N., Gómez restrepo, C., Palacio acosta, C. A., Gómez lópez, A., & Franco, O. H. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Colombian population according to mitigation measures. Preliminary data from epidemiological models for the period March 18 to April 18, 2020. Rev. Salud Pública. 22, 1–6.Hugo, V., & Avenda?o, G. (2020). Infección del Covid-19 en Colombia. Una comparación de modelos logísticos y exponenciales aplicados a la infección por el virus en Colombia.Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Vaishya, R., Bahl, S., & Suman, R. (2020). Industry 4. 0 technologies and their applications in fighting COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(4), 419–422. , john E., Pitt, L., & Dowd, B. (1983). The effects of competition on prescription-drug-product substitution. The New England Journal of Medicine, 309(4), 213–216.Garriega M, & Vieta, E. (2020). The role of Mental Health Home Hospitalization Care during the COVID-19 pandemic. (Vol. 0). N, Ramirez L. y Garcia A. (2019). Establishment of a hub-iot applied in building academic communities. AM, García M, Jaramillo-Moncayo C, Wills C, C. A. (2020). COVID-19: generalidades, comportamiento epidemiológico y medidas adoptadas en medio de la pandemia en Colombia. Acta Otorrinolaringol. Cir. Cabeza Cuello, 4–13.Pinto, E. P. G., López, L. J. R., & Cuesta, E. P. E. (2011). Security analysis for medical information management in telemedicine. Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, 21(2), 57–89.Poole, D. N., Escudero, D. J., Gostin, L. O., Leblang, D., & Talbot, E. A. (2020). Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19, 1–2.Wang, Y., Kung, L., & Anthony, T. (2016). Technological Forecasting & Social Change Big data analytics: Understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 11. , Z., Xie, S., Dai, H.-N., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2018). Blockchain challenges and opportunities: a survey. Web and Grid Services, 14(4), 352–375. ................
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