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“The year of the massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, it was officially declared by the Bureau of the Census that the internal frontier was closed. The profit system, with its natural tendency for expansion, had already begun to look overseas. The severe depression that began in 1893 strengthened an idea developing with the political and financial elite of the country: that overseas markets for American goods might relieve the problem of under consumption at home and prevent the economic crises that in the 1890s brought class war.”Howard Zinn, “A People’s History of the United States, 1492–Present,” 1995Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Perennial, 1995), 290.The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveWhich of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries resulted from the idea described in the passage above?The creation of a new banking systemAmerica’s initial neutrality in World War IPresident Wilson’s support for the League of NationsThe acquisition of island territories by the United StatesWhat factor most influenced “the tendency for expansion” noted in Zinn’s passage above?The extension of public control over natural resourcesThe migration of large numbers of European immigrants to the United States throughout the 19th centuryThe rise of Populism in the late 19th centuryThe transition of the United States from a rural, agricultural society to an urban, industrial oneWhich of the following ideas was NOT a reason for the "tendency of expansion"?The need for bases for a strong navyUndeveloped nations need for the United States' helpAdherence to basic principle of self-governmentOpportunity to dominate trade"... the Americans may reasonably look forward to a time when they will have produced a civilization grander than any the world bas known. Among the most striking features of the Anglo-Saxon is his money-making power. .. We have seen . . . that, although England is by far the richest nation of Europe, we have already outstripped her in the race after wealth.... [A] characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries. It was those in whom this tendency was strongest that came to America, and this inherited tendency has been further developed by the westward sweep of successive generations across the continent. So noticeable has this characteristic become that English visitors remark it. Charles Dickens once said that the typical American would hesitate to enter heaven unless assured that he could go farther west."Josiah Strong, "Anglo-Saxon Predominance," 1891The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveWhich earlier movement in America offers some proof to what is being asserted in the passage?Jacksonian democracyMarket revolutionGreat AwakeningManifest DestinyThe arguments used by Strong reflect a philosophy of racial superiority calledSocial DarwinismEnlightenmentGospel of WealthTranscendentalismStrong's racial argument in favor of Anglo?Saxon superiority and his "genius for colonizing" statement was used to justify which imperialistic action that was taking place in the 1890s?Purchasing of AlaskaOpen Door PolicyTaking the PhilippinesBuilding the Panama Canal0144654The following three questions refer to the cartoon aboveIndividuals opposed to the concept in the cartoon would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives?America should avoid imperialist expansionAmerica was morally obligated to spread ChristianityAmerica should maintain a position as a global interventionistAmerican industry must expand to compete against EuropeWhich of the following was an immediate cause of increased American influence in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands?American victory in the Spanish-American WarAmerican victory in World War Ithe closing of the American frontierthe efforts of muckrakers to expose the ills of societyThe ideas expressed in the cartoon best characterize which if the following periods in United States history?ImperialismManifest DestinyEarly Industrial RevolutionFederalist EraWe admit that in many places and in ordinary times the defendants in saying all that was said in the circular would have been within their constitutional rights. But the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done...The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. The majority opinion in Schenck v. U.S., 1917The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe court decision above is a continuation of which of the following actsAlien and Sedition Acts of 1790s that restricted civil libertiesReconstruction Acts of the 1860s that dictated the post civil war process for Southern statesDawes Severalty Act of the 1890s that offered nominal citizenship to Native AmericansPendleton Act 1880s that provided civil service exams for Federal jobsThe decision excerpted most directly reflected a belief that the power of the federal government should be used tolimit freedoms during wartimeexpand rights of the accusedcurtail religious freedomguarantee corporate contractsWhich of the following amendments of the Constitution is challenged by the decision in this case?the First Amendment, protecting freedom of speechthe Fifth Amendment, guaranteeing due processthe Fourth Amendment, protecting personal propertythe Fourteenth Amendment, guaranteeing equal treatment under the lawWe younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased, we are glad. If they are not, it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly too. The tom-tom cries and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain, free within ourselves.”Langston Hughes, “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain,” 1926The following two questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe sentiments expressed in the quotation above are best understood in the context of theexistence of segregation laws in the South.Harlem Renaissance movementrestrictions on free speech coming out of World War Irise of cinema in the 1920s.The “Great Migration” out of the South by many African Americans during World War I was most immediately the result ofthe first Red Scaretheir economic displacement due to the rising number of migrants from Mexico moving into the Souththe influence of the mass mediaeconomic opportunities created by the demands of World War IWhoever, when the United States, is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies…and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, or refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States…and whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States…shall be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both...Source: Espionage Act, 1918The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveWhich of the following was most likely prohibited during the WWI years as a result of the law above?peacefully supporting the Allieswriting a book that glorified Germanydiscouraging someone from registering for the war drafttraveling on British passenger shipsIn 1919, the Supreme Court in Schenck vs. U.S. upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act establishing the____________doctrine as legal precedent.“separate but equal”“clear and present danger”“elastic clause”“eminent domain”The constitutional debate surrounding the Espionage Act is most similar to the constitutional debate surrounding which of the following?the formation of the Anti-Imperialist League.the ratification of the 17th amendmentThe Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890The following four questions refer to the image aboveWhich of the following early 20th-century cultural conflicts most directly contradicted the scene portrayed in the image above?Idealism versus disillusionmentNative-born versus new immigrantsUrban versus ruralFundamentalism versus modernismWhich of the following federal actions during World War I most directly undercut the message of the poster above?Restrictions on freedom of speechA ban on all immigration to the United StatesLimiting African American migration to northern citiesOutlawing labor union activities such as strikesThe overarching message of this piece of propaganda wasSpread propaganda to promote cultural harmonyconvince young men to register for the draftdefend humanitarian and democratic principlesraise money to pay for World War IHow did U.S. participation in World War I impact U.S. foreign policy in the decade right after the war? The United States became isolationist in its diplomatic and political relations. The United States used the military to acquire new territories. The United States joined the League of Nations. The United States strengthened its alliances in Latin America.Cartoon by James P Alley 1919The following three questions refer to the image aboveThe concern illustrated in the cartoon above was most consistent with support forrestrictive immigration quotasProgressive reformsU.S. entry into World War Ilabor unionsWhich of the following events most directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above?The debate over the League of Nations in the United States following World War IThe expansion of freedom of speech during World War ILabor strikes which disrupted society following World War IThe shortage of an inexpensive supply of laborThe cartoon above is best understood in the context ofthe Great Migrationthe Red ScareAmerican imperialismthe Treaty of Versailles"..frustrations felt …during the first World War and the subsequent disclosure by historians and journalist of the shoddy motives that had apparently been at the base of American intervention. Some were pacifist who felt vindicated by the failure of the Versailles Treaty. Other had supported the war and apparently felt guilty about the results of their actions. Still others examined the quickly opened diplomatic documents of Russia and the Central Powers and discovered evidence that Germany, the chief object of hatred during the war, was probably less guilty…that her ally Austria or.. America's allies Russia and France. The moral and religious fervor which the war had been conducted contrasted painfully with the story of sordid imperialistic intrigue, diplomatic conniving, deceitful secret treaties, peace initiatives squashed by America's allies, undemocratic methods used by leaders even as they mounted Wilson pieties…"Robert M. Crunden, From Self to Society, 1919 - 1941, Prentice-Hall, c1972The following two questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe results of WWI caused which reformed minded group to become frustrated with America in the 1920sProgressivesInstrumentalistPragmatistsDarwiniansA group of young people who succumbed to the disillusionment created by WWI and the end of many reforms were calledA selfish generationLost generationBaby boomersSilent majorityJust as he was an Elk, a Booster, and a member of the Chamber of Commerce, just as the priests of the Presbyterian Church determined his every religious belief and the senators who controlled the Republican Party decided in little smoky rooms in Washington what he should think about disarmament, tariff, and Germany, so did the large national advertisers fix the surface of his life, fix what he believed to be his individuality. These standard advertised wares—toothpastes, socks, tires, cameras, instantaneous hot-water heaters—were his symbols and proofs of excellence; at first the signs, then the substitutes, for joy and passion and wisdom.Sinclair Lewis "Babbitt"The following four questions refer to the excerpt aboveWhich of the following most clearly represents what Sinclair Lewis is criticizing in the selection from Babbitt?U.S. failure to join the League of nations following WWIThe growth of big businessControl of the U.S. government by Protestant religious establishmentThe shallow and superficial nature of American SocietyA highly charges Tennessee court case in the 1920s reflected religious conflict betweenCatholics and Protestantscreationist and "big bang" theoristsfundamentalist Christianity and scientific modernismadherents of Social Darwinism and adherent of the Social GospelThe foreign policy of the 1920s reflected what change from the two preceding decades?An expansive role in international bodies like World Court and League of NationsMovement toward a more isolationistic postureA more aggressive and jingoistic policy toward Latin AmericaA massive military buildup so the "preparedness for war" would never again be an issueWhich of the following best characterizes the stance of the writers associated with the literary movement of the 1920’s, such as Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald?Sympathy for Protestant fundamentalismNostalgia for the “good old days”Commitment to the cause of racial equalityCriticism of middle-class conformity and materialism"Until four-thirty this morning I had hoped against hope that some miracle would prevent a devastating war in Europe and bring to an end the invasion of Poland by Germany."For four long years a succession of actual wars and constant crises have shaken the entire world and have threatened in each case to bring on the gigantic conflict which is today unhappily a fact…"It is easy for you and for me to shrug our shoulders and to say that conflicts taking place thousands of miles from the continental United States, …do not seriously affect the Americas -- and that all the United States has to do is to ignore them and go about (our) its own business…"This nation will remain a neutral nation, but I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well. Even a neutral has a right to take account of facts. Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or close his conscience."I have said not once but many times that I have seen war and that I hate war. I say that again and again."Franklin Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, September 3, 1939The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe tone of FDR's fireside chat reflects his belief thatthe US should remain completely neutral in WWIIWWII will have little impact on the United Statesmoral necessity would force the U.S. into warJapan posed the greatest threat to U.S. interestsFDR's foreign policy in the late 1930s reflected what change from the foreign policy of the 1920s?A return to the isolationism of the Gilded AgeA call for increased military invention in Latin AmericaMore aggressive confrontation with the USSRGreater involvement in world affairsBy the time of U.S. entry into WWII in December 1941, the U.S. had done all of the following EXCEPTprovide the Allies with much-needed suppliesmove Japanese Americans to internment campsinstitute the first peacetime draft in U.S. historymeet with Allied leaders to agree on war aims“The system of quotas . . . was the first major pillar of the Immigration Act of 1924. The second provided for the exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship.... Ineligibility to citizenship and exclusion applied to the peoples of all the nations of East and South Asia. Nearly all Asians had already been excluded from immigration. . . . The exclusion of persons ineligible to citizenship in 1924... completed Asiatic exclusion. . . . Moreover, it codified the principle of racial exclusion into the main body of American immigration and naturalization law.” Mae M. Ngai, historian, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, 2004The following two questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe Immigration Act of 1924 produced highly discriminatory results because itcreated a guest worker program that encouraged temporary immigration but denied citizenship relied on a series of literacy tests and physical examinations to manage immigrationplaced restrictions on immigration by national origin, ethnicity, and race encouraged immigration of people with highly sought after skills or family in the United StatesWhich of the following evidence would best support Ngai’s argument in the excerpt?Census data showing the changing percentages of the foreign-born population from 1920 to 1930 Narratives describing the challenges of immigrant family life in the 1920s Diplomatic correspondence reflecting the increasing isolationism of United States foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s Census data revealing the Great Migration of African Americans to cities in the North and West in the 1920s390526-75247400The following three questions refer to the image aboveThe poster was intended to persuade women to enlist in the military promote the ideals of republican motherhood advocate for the elimination of sex discrimination in employment convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort The poster most directly reflects the wartime mobilization of United States society emergence of the United States as a leading world power expanded access to consumer goods during wartime wartime repression of civil liberties The famous image of "Rosie the Riveter" and other images of women working during WWIIsymbolized the erosion of some of the prejudice against women working in traditionally male jobssymbolized a permanent change in the status of working mothers in the American economy.symbolized the continued categorization of women in jobs deemed appropriate for them by male bosses.showed how women's work was analogized to their traditional roles in the home.“The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. “Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality.” President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveThe ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to foreign policy issues primarily in that Roosevelt was arguing to expand the role of the United States in the world encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe seeking to promote United States influence throughout Latin America encouraging new laws that would give the United States international police power The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to encourage the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles promote the acquisition of new territories abroad contain the spread of Soviet-dominated communism overcome opposition to participation in the impending Second World WarWhy did many U.S. congressional representatives dislike Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech? They feared it would lead to United States involvement in World War II.They feared it would interfere with U.S. trade relations with China. They feared it would cause the United States to become more isolationist. The feared it would increase immigration problems.“As the early years at Hull House show, female participation in that area of reform grew out of a set of needs and values peculiar to middle-class women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Settlement workers did not set out to become reformers. They were rather women trying to fulfill existing social expectations for self-sacrificing female service while at the same time satisfying their need for public recognition, authority, and independence. In the process of attempting to weave together a life of service and professional accomplishment, they became reformers as the wider world defined them.”— Robyn Muncy, historian, Creating a Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890–1935, published in 1991The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveWomen working in settlement houses such as Hull House initially sought to helpformerly enslaved men and women adjust to life after slaveryimmigrants adapt to American customs and languagefarmers fight unfair banking practicesAmerican Indians resist encroachment on their landsSettlement house work as described by Muncy had the most in common with women’s activism during which of the following earlier periods?The Protestant evangelism of the mid-1700sThe decade leading up to the American RevolutionThe two decades following the American RevolutionThe Second Great Awakening in the first half of the 1800sWhich of the following was the most direct effect of the trend described in the excerpt?The development of the Progressive movement to address social problems associated with industrial societyThe emergence of the Populist Party’s efforts to increase the role of government in the economyThe election of large numbers of women to political officesThe increased participation of women in factory workIn one of its policies, the United States came close to direct duplication of Fascism. This was in its treatment of the Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast. After the Pearl Harbor attack, anti-Japanese hysteria spread in the government. One Congressman said: "I'm for catching every Japanese in America, Alaska and Hawaii now and putting them in concentration camps. ... Damn them! Let's get rid of them!"Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States, 1980The following three questions refer to the excerpt aboveWhich of the following evidence would best support Zinn’s argument?the court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S.a personal account from an internment camp descriptions of Japanese contributions to military forcescensus data documenting Asian immigrationThe event from the excerpt above can be most directly linked to the attack on Pearl Harbora unilateral foreign policy that used international investmentthe debate over the league of nationsthe desire of the American public for neutralityIn the 1940’s, the views expressed by the many Americans directly led tothe passing of Executive Order 9066, that interned Japanese-Americans living on the West Coastthe hiring of Japanese-Americans in defense-related jobs during World War IIthe federal government freezing wages earned by Japanese-Americansthe systematic execution of Japanese immigrants living in Hawaii ................
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