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Photosynthesis and Respiration Model Name:Essential Question: What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?Scientific modeling is an activity that aims to make the world easier to understand. There are many types of models, some are mathematical, and some are graphical models that help us visualize the subject. The graphic below is a model that attempts to show the interdependence of two cellular processes: respiration and photosynthesis.Your goal is to examine the model, focus on the key details to answer the essential question.I. Examine Details1. In what cell organelle does photosynthesis occur? ?Chloroplast2. What are the three things needed for photosynthesis? Highlight them on the diagram in green. CO2, Water, Sunlight3. What are the two products of photosynthesis? Highlight yellow. Oxygen, Glucose?4. In what cell organelle does cellular respiration occur? Mitochondria?5. What are the two things needed for cellular respiration? Highlight blue. Oxygen, Glucose?6. What are the three products of cellular respiration? Highlight purple. ATP, CO2, Water?7. What things are recycled (used over and over again) during photosynthesis and respiration?CO2, H2O, O2?II. Apply (what you already know)8. What will happen to plants that are kept in the dark or if you forget to water your plants??Die – can’t do photosynthesis9. What happens to animals that are deprived of oxygen? Die – no respiration?III. Big Ideas10. One hypothesis regarding the extinction of dinosaurs is that a meteor hit the earth causing an explosion so powerful that dust blocked out the sun. Consider the model above and explain why would this have caused a mass extinction??Debris blocked sunlight = no photosynthesis11. When you walk your dog, you are using energy from the sunlight to power this activity. Explain.Food and oxygen gives energy through cellular respiration??12. Carefully and completely answer the "essential question" of this activity. Use details from the model to explain your position. Essential Question: What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? They are mirror processes – they are the same, but backwardsChicago Cyanide Murders: A Case Study in Cellular Respiration Name: Part 1: ?Background 0-307300In September of 1982 , Mary Kellerman gave her 12 year old daughter a painkiller when she awoke during the night complaining of a sore throat. ??At 7 am the next morning, her daughter was found collapsed on the bathroom floor, and later pronounced dead. Adam Janus, a postal worker in another Chicago suburb also died unexpectedly, though originally it was thought he had suffered from a heart attack. ?While his family gathered to mourn their loss, his brother and sister became ill and later died.In the days that followed, three more unexplained deaths occurred in nearby Chicago suburbs. ?Investigators found that all of the victims had taken an extra strength tylenol hours before their death. ?They suspected that someone had tampered with the medication. Symptoms exhibited by each of the victims included:weakness, dizziness, sleepinessflushed, bright red, skin toneheadacheshortness of breath and rapid breathingvomitingconfusion and disorientationQuestions:1. In your opinion, are the seven deaths connected. What additional information would you need to determine if they are connected????????2. If poison is suspected in the deaths, how would you proceed with the investigation? AUTOPSY??Part 2: Autopsy reportThe medical examiner concluded that each of the victims had died of hypoxia. Hypoxia means that the person suffered from a lack of oxygen, or they were suffocated. The reason for the hypoxia is not always clear at the first examination. The medical examiner also showed the tissue samples from the heart, lungs, and liver showed massive cell death. On further investigation, it was shown that the tissues had major mitochondrial damage. Even though the victims died of hypoxia, their level of oxygen in their blood was approximately 110 mm Hg. The normal range is 75-100 mm Hg.3. Recall your knowledge of the function of organelles. What function of the cells was interrupted in these patients? Cellular respiration?4. While poison is the main suspect in the case, what are other ways a person could die of hypoxia? Suffocation5. Analyze the oxygen levels of the victims. Were the levels higher or lower than normal? How can you reconcile this observation with the cause of death being hypoxia? Higher – not being used in respiration?right254000Toxicology reports show that the victims had been poisoned with cyanide. ?The poison was traced back to extra strength tylenol where the murderer had opened the capsules and replaced acetaminophen (a pain killer) with cyanide. ?Cyanide acts very quickly, often killing within minutes of ingestion and authorities were slow to identify the cause of the deaths. Once the cause as identified, stores removed tylenol and other drugs from shelves. ?While there were many suspects, no one was ever charged with the crime and it is still an ongoing investigation. Since the Chicago Tylenol murders, drug companies have drastically changed how medicines are packaged. Why is cyanide such an effective poison? You might be surprised to learn that it directly interferes with cellular respiration that occurs in the mitochondria.?6. Recall that the mitochondrion is sometimes called the "powerhouse" of the cell. What does this mean? Why is the mitochondrion important??Produce energy (ATP) from glucose and oxygenPart 3: Why Do We Need Oxygen?It seems like a simple question, everyone knows you need to breathe to live. Have you ever thought about why oxygen is so important? The victims of the cyanide poisoning all had high levels of oxygen in their blood, but the poison was interfering with how the cells use that oxygen. To understand, we need to take a very close look at the structure of the mitochondrion.Inside the mitochondrion, there are several layers of membranes. ?In fact, these membranes resemble the membrane that surrounds the cell. ?It has a bilayer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. ?On the diagram above, the proteins are labeled I, II, III, IV, and Cytochrome C.The proteins in the membrane pass electrons from one to the other, this is known as the electron transport chain. ?The passing of these electrons allows ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to be generated. ???At the end of the electron transport chain, Cytochrome C passes the electron to its final acceptor, oxygen. ??Oxygen then binds with proteins to create water. ??This process is continuous in cells, with ATP constantly being generated and oxygen being used as the final electron acceptor. ??Cyanide ?inhibits cytochrome C, preventing the last protein from doing its job. ?The electron stops at the end of the chain and cannot be passed to oxygen. ?The whole chain grinds to a halt and no ATP can be made. ??7. ?On the model of mitchondrion, highlight the area (arrows) that is the ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN in yellow.Place an X over the protein that is inhibited by cyanide.Color the phospholipid bilayer blue. A special protein called ATP synthase generates ATP. Find it on the diagram and color it red. 8. What is the relationship between the ETC and oxygen? Oxygen is final destination of ETC (makes water from electrons)9. ?Cyanide is an extremely fast acting poison. ?In fact, ?it was developed as a suicide pill (called L-pill) during World War II so that British and American spies could avoid being captured alive. ???Given what you know about ATP and cellular respiration, explain why cyanide is so fast acting. ?Blocks respiration so cellular death occurs quickly10. Given what you know about cyanide poisoning, do you think that giving a person oxygen would be an effective treatment? Why or why not? No – mitochondria won’t use oxygenCELLULAR RESPIRATIONBig Idea: Cellular respiration and fermentation harvest free energy from sugars to produce free energy carriers (ATP.) The energy in sugars drives metabolic pathways in cells. Photosynthesis and respiration are interdependent processes. 1. All living systems require a constant input of energy to maintain ordered systems- What does this have to do with homeostasis? Require energy to maintain internal balances?2. Energy is used to maintain organization, grow, reproduce, and maintain body temperature (endotherms)- What would happen if the amount of free energy in an organism changed?Body systems may not function properly?3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs both capture free energy, just in different ways. How?Autotrophs: Photosynthesis Heterotrophs: Energy from food through respiration4. Cellular respiration is the breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce cellular energy - ATP C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATPSummary of Graphic 275046410774700A. Glycolysis rearranges bonds in glucose, releasing ATP and producing pyruvateB. Pyruvate moves to the mitochondria, where it is used in the Krebs CycleC. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released and 2 ATP synthesized. D. The Krebs cycle also produces NADH and FADH2 which are used in the electron transport chainE. The electron transport chain produces 32 ATP (chemiosmosis)?The electron train uses hydrogen pumps and ATPase to generate ATP. Where have we seen this before??At the end of ETC, electrons are donated to oxygen, which combines and forms water. This is why we need oxygen, without it, the ETC would not function. Anaerobic Respiration - without oxygenFermentation (anaerobic respiration)In this process, the cell uses glycolysis to break up glucose (just as in aerobic respiration.) This reaction results in a byproduct called lactic acid. Fermentation produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. Muscle cells will use this path during strenuous workouts where you accumulate lactic acid during oxygen depletion. The lactic acid is what causes muscle soreness.Fermentation of yeasts is used for the production of beers and wines. Food for Thought1. What is the purpose of cellular respiration??Provide energy through ATP (break bonds of glucose and store in bonds of ATP)2. Where does cellular respiration occur within the cell??Mitochondria3. Why is oxygen necessary? What happens when oxygen is not available??Takes electrons to keep ETC functioning to make ATP4. Comparing photosynthesis to respirationa) Where does each occur??P: ChloroplastR: Mitochondriab) What are the products of each??P: Glucose & OxygenR: ATP, H2O, CO2c) Describe the role of ATPase in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ?Make ATP5. Do plants have mitochondria and do they need to respire? How would you design an experiment to determine if plants exhibit cellular respiration? YES – they also need energy. ................
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