US History

US History

Edition 1.0 1st March 2006

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US HISTORY..............................................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................6

Content and Contributions ...................................................................................................................................6 PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA (BEFORE 1492) ..............................................................................................................7

The First Americans.............................................................................................................................................7 EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD.......................................................................................................................................11

The Arrival of Columbus ...................................................................................................................................11 The Protestant Reformation ...............................................................................................................................11 Henry VIII and the Church of England ..............................................................................................................11 Elizabethan England...........................................................................................................................................12 Defeat of the Spanish Armada ...........................................................................................................................13 Roanoke Island and the Lost Colony .................................................................................................................13 THE ENGLISH COLONIES (1607 - 1754) ...................................................................................................................15 Types of Colonies ..............................................................................................................................................15 Virginia and Jamestown.....................................................................................................................................15 Massachusetts Bay Colony.................................................................................................................................15 Revolution in England........................................................................................................................................15 Mercantilism ......................................................................................................................................................16 The Remaining Colonies....................................................................................................................................17 The Lords of Trade ............................................................................................................................................17 The Economy and Slavery .................................................................................................................................17 British Interference.............................................................................................................................................18 ROAD TO REVOLUTION (1754 - 1776) .....................................................................................................................19 The French and Indian War................................................................................................................................19 Proclamation of 1763 .........................................................................................................................................19 The Stamp Act and other Laws ..........................................................................................................................19 First Continental Congress.................................................................................................................................21 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (1775 - 1783)...........................................................................................................22 Lexington and Concord, the beginning of the war .............................................................................................22 The Battle of Bunker Hill...................................................................................................................................22 The Declaration of Independence ......................................................................................................................23 Saratoga..............................................................................................................................................................23 Yorktown ...........................................................................................................................................................24 Treaty of Paris....................................................................................................................................................24 A NEW NATION IS FORMED (1783 - 1787) ..............................................................................................................25 The Articles of Confederation............................................................................................................................25 The Northwest Ordinance ..................................................................................................................................25 Problems with the Confederation.......................................................................................................................25 Shays' Rebellion.................................................................................................................................................25 US Presidents before George Washington .........................................................................................................25 EARLY YEARS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC (1787 - 1800) .........................................................................34 The Constitutional Convention ..........................................................................................................................34 Federalist & Anti-Federalist Parties...................................................................................................................34 The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans ..............................................................................................35 Election of 1796 .................................................................................................................................................37 The XYZ Affair .................................................................................................................................................37 Alien and Sedition Acts .....................................................................................................................................38 JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANISM (1800-1824)..........................................................................................................39 The Election of 1800..........................................................................................................................................39 Louisiana Purchase.............................................................................................................................................39

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Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts ...................................................................................................................40 War of 1812 .......................................................................................................................................................41 Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of New Orleans .................................................................................................41 WESTWARD EXPANSION AND MANIFEST DESTINY (1824 - 1849) ...........................................................................42 Jacksonian Democracy.......................................................................................................................................42 John Tyler Presidency ........................................................................................................................................45 Manifest Destiny ................................................................................................................................................46 FRICTION BETWEEN THE STATES (1849 - 1860) ......................................................................................................49 Ideas and Questions of the Time ........................................................................................................................49 Compromise of 1850..........................................................................................................................................49 Uncle Tom?tm)s Cabin ......................................................................................................................................50 Election of 1852 .................................................................................................................................................50 The Kansas-Nebraska Act and its Effects ..........................................................................................................50 "Bleeding Kansas" .............................................................................................................................................51 Dred Scott ..........................................................................................................................................................51 John Brown's Raid .............................................................................................................................................52 Lincoln ...............................................................................................................................................................53 THE CIVIL WAR (1860 - 1865) ................................................................................................................................54 Secession and the Southern Confederacy...........................................................................................................54 Fort Sumter and the Beginning of the War ........................................................................................................55 First Battle of Bull Run and the Early Stages of the War ..................................................................................55 Technology and the Civil War ...........................................................................................................................56 Shiloh and Ulysses Grant ...................................................................................................................................59 Peninsular Campaign .........................................................................................................................................60 Total War ...........................................................................................................................................................60 Second Bull Run and Antietam..........................................................................................................................61 The Emancipation Proclamation ........................................................................................................................61 Fredricksburg and Chancellorsville ...................................................................................................................62 Vicksburg ...........................................................................................................................................................62 Gettysburg ..........................................................................................................................................................64 Black Americans and the Civil War...................................................................................................................65 Chickamauga and Chattanooga..........................................................................................................................66 Ulysses Grant As General-in-Chief....................................................................................................................67 Appomattox........................................................................................................................................................68 Besides the Fighting...........................................................................................................................................68 RECONSTRUCTION (1865 - 1877) ............................................................................................................................70 The Problem of Reconstruction..........................................................................................................................70 Lincoln and Reconstruction ...............................................................................................................................70 Republicans fall from power ..............................................................................................................................72 THE AGE OF INVENTION AND THE GILDED AGE (1877 - 1900) ................................................................................74 Politics of the Gilded Age ..................................................................................................................................74 Industrialization .................................................................................................................................................74 Agriculture .........................................................................................................................................................75 Imperialism ........................................................................................................................................................75 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900 - 1914).....................................................................................................................78 Progressivism .....................................................................................................................................................78 Local Reform .....................................................................................................................................................78 President Theodore Roosevelt............................................................................................................................79 President William Howard Taft .........................................................................................................................80 President Woodrow Wilson ...............................................................................................................................80 First Flight: Wright Brothers..............................................................................................................................81 The Supreme Court and Labor ...........................................................................................................................81 WORLD WAR I AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1914 - 1920) ............................................................................83 Europe ................................................................................................................................................................83

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War Breaks Out..................................................................................................................................................83 The Early Stages ................................................................................................................................................84 The Middle Stages .............................................................................................................................................85 The United States Declares War ........................................................................................................................85 Revolution in Russia ..........................................................................................................................................86 The End of the War ............................................................................................................................................86 Treaty of Versailles ............................................................................................................................................87 THE ROARING TWENTIES AND PROHIBITION (1920 - 1929) .....................................................................................88 Automobiles .......................................................................................................................................................88 Radio ..................................................................................................................................................................88 Movies................................................................................................................................................................88 Prohibition..........................................................................................................................................................88 Women and Equal Rights...................................................................................................................................89 African-Americans and the Ku Klux Klan.........................................................................................................90 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE NEW DEAL (1929 - 1939) .................................................................................91 The Stock Market Crash.....................................................................................................................................91 Depression..........................................................................................................................................................92 The New Deal ....................................................................................................................................................92 Roosevelt's Reelection .......................................................................................................................................94 WORLD WAR II AND THE RISE OF THE ATOMIC AGE (1939 - 1945) ........................................................................95 German Aggression............................................................................................................................................95 The Beginning of the War..................................................................................................................................95 America Declares War .......................................................................................................................................96 Operation Overlord ............................................................................................................................................97 Yalta and German Surrender..............................................................................................................................98 The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II...............................................................................................98 TRUMAN AND THE COLD WAR (1945 - 1952)..........................................................................................................99 Truman Doctrine ................................................................................................................................................99 The Marshall Plan and the Berlin Crisis ............................................................................................................99 NATO ................................................................................................................................................................99 Reconstruction of Japan ...................................................................................................................................100 The Rise of Communism in China...................................................................................................................100 The Red Scare and McCarthyism.....................................................................................................................101 The Korean War...............................................................................................................................................101 EISENHOWER, CIVIL RIGHTS AND THE FIFTIES (1953-1961) ...................................................................................103 Civil Rights Movement under Eisenhower and Desegregation........................................................................103 Vietnam............................................................................................................................................................105 The Warsaw Pact and NATO...........................................................................................................................105 Suez Canal........................................................................................................................................................106 Space Race .......................................................................................................................................................106 Cuban Revolution ............................................................................................................................................107 KENNEDY AND JOHNSON (1961 - 1969) ................................................................................................................108 The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis ..................................................................................108 NASA...............................................................................................................................................................109 American Tragedy............................................................................................................................................109 Americans in Vietnam......................................................................................................................................109 The "Great Society" and Civil Rights Under Lyndon B. Johnson ...................................................................111 NIXON PRESIDENCY AND INDOCHINA (1969 - 1974)..............................................................................................113 Violence and the Election of 1968 ...................................................................................................................113 Foreign Policy ..................................................................................................................................................114 Roe v. Wade.....................................................................................................................................................116 Watergate and the Election of 1972 .................................................................................................................117 FORD, CARTER AND REAGAN PRESIDENCIES (1974 - 1989)...................................................................................120 The "New Right" and the rise of Conservatives...............................................................................................120

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Ford and Rockefeller........................................................................................................................................120 Carter................................................................................................................................................................121 Reagan and "Reaganomics" .............................................................................................................................123 Changing Modern Society................................................................................................................................124 BUSH AND CLINTON PRESIDENCIES, 1ST GULF WAR (1989 - 2001) .....................................................................126 1988 Election ...................................................................................................................................................126 Social Changes of the 1990s ............................................................................................................................126 The World Changes..........................................................................................................................................127 The Election of 1992........................................................................................................................................129 William Jefferson Clinton ................................................................................................................................130 The Monica Lewinsky Scandal ........................................................................................................................132 GEORGE W. BUSH, SEPTEMBER 11, 2ND GULF WAR, AND TERRORISM (2001-2006)............................................134 2000 Election ...................................................................................................................................................134 George Walker Bush ........................................................................................................................................135 2004 Election ...................................................................................................................................................138 2005 and Beyond .............................................................................................................................................139 APPENDIX ALPHA ..................................................................................................................................................146 Presidents of the United States.........................................................................................................................146 Vice Presidents of the United States ................................................................................................................149 Notes ................................................................................................................................................................152 CHIEF JUSTICES .....................................................................................................................................................153 AUTHORS...............................................................................................................................................................154 LICENSE.................................................................................................................................................................155 GNU Free Documentation License ..................................................................................................................155 0. PREAMBLE ................................................................................................................................................155 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS.....................................................................................................155 2. VERBATIM COPYING ..............................................................................................................................156 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY .........................................................................................................................156 4. MODIFICATIONS ......................................................................................................................................156 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS.....................................................................................................................157 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS...........................................................................................................157 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS .................................................................................158 8. TRANSLATION..........................................................................................................................................158 9. TERMINATION..........................................................................................................................................158 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE .............................................................................................158 External links ...................................................................................................................................................158

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