INTRODUCTION - World Bank
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 10
2.1. Background and Purpose 10
2.2. Project Components 10
2.3. Project Coordination and Implementation 12
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA 15
3.1. Target Areas 15
3.2. Salient Biophysical Characteristics 18
3.2.1. Climate 18
3.2.2. Geology 22
3.2.3. Hydrology 24
3.2.4. Vegetation and Flora 26
3.2.5. Protected Areas 29
3.3. Salient Socio-economic Characteristics 31
4. LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 33
4.1. Legal and Regulatory Framework 33
4.1.1. The Environment Framework Law 33
4.1.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Decree 34
4.1.3. National Environmental Management Program 35
4.1.4. Biological Water Resources Law 36
4.1.5. Land Law 36
4.1.6. Territorial and Urban Planning Law (Law no 3/04) 37
4.1.7. The Water Law 38
4.2. Institutional Framework 38
4.2.1. Environmental Management: Ministry for the Urbanization and the Environment - MINUA 38
4.2.2. Inland Water Management 40
5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS 42
6. SUB-PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES 49
6.1. Overview of sub projects 49
6.2. Impacts and Mitigation 50
6.2.1. Purchase of chemicals (Component 1) 50
6.2.2. Rehabilitation and Operation of the hydrometric network 51
6.2.3. Installation and Operation of water supply networks and domestic connections in peri-urban areas 54
6.2.4. Rehabilitation of buildings at the Onga Zanga Research Center (CIPOZ) 58
6.3. Cumulative Impacts 62
7. Subproject Preparation, Approval and Implementation 63
7.1. The Screening Framework 63
7.2. Completing of the Screening Form 64
7.3. Interpreting the Results 66
7.4. Reporting 68
7.5. Annual Reviews 68
8. Disclosure of ESMF 69
8.1. Public Meetings 69
8.2. Interested and Affected Parties 69
8.3. Key Issues Raised during the Public Consultation 69
9. Capacity Building, Training and Technical Assistance 72
10. ESMF Implementation FUNDING 75
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Target cities for improved water supply and the Onga Zanga Research Center under the WSIDP 16
Figure 2. Location of hydrometric stations in Angola 17
Figure 3. The spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation in Angola 19
Figure 4. Mean monthly rainfall for sleeted cites 20
Figure 5. Topography of Angola 21
Figure 6. Salient geological features 23
Figure 7. The main hydrological features 25
Figure 8. Biomes of Angola 27
Figure 9. Vegetation types of Angola in relation to the target cities 28
Figure 10. Protected areas in relation to the target cities 29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Description of Protected Areas in Angola 30
Table 2. Population data for the nine target cities 32
Table 3. Safeguard policies triggered by the proposed project 48
Table 4. ESMF Implementation Budget over a five year period (US$000) Error! Bookmark not defined.
INTRODUCTION
The Government of Angola (GOA) has requested World Bank financing for the Water Sector Institutional Development Project (WSIDP). The proposed WSIDP is a five-year US$106.5 million project (IDA financing US$56.5 million) that is designed to offer crucial support in institutional development and capacity building for a large sector investment program by the GOA. Overall responsibility for the implementation of the Project will lie with the National Water Directorate (Direccao Nacional de Aguas - DNA) of the Ministry of Energy and Waters (MINEA).
The project has components key to the sustainability of capital investments financed by several sources, including the World Bank Emergency Multi-sector Recovery Program. The project will support building government capacity to invest in and regulate water supply and water resources management and substantially help to create and build the capacity of commercially-oriented public water companies in nine cities. The project will help to implement government policies of utilizing the private sector and of cost-recovery in water supply. The rehabilitation of existing water supply systems in the nine cities (M'Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, Luena, Malange, Kuito, N’Dalatando, Huambo, and Uige) is a key component of the proposed project which will complement investments in production and treatment being financed by the Emergency Multi-sector Recovery Program. The WSIDP will also finance the rehabilitation of the hydrological network.
The proposed Water Sector Institutional Development Project will contribute to the GOA’s Millennium Development Goals to provide adequate access to water for 67% and 70% of the urban and rural population respectively. The estimated cost to achieve these targets is about US$1.1 billion (excluding sanitation and water resource management). The main objective of the government’s poverty reduction strategy is to halve the percentage of the people living on less than a dollar per day by 2015. The Strategy for Poverty Reduction (Estratégia de Combate a Pobreza) identifies ten main areas of focus including the supply of at least 15 liters of water per capita per day to the urban and peri-urban population and the regulation of water trucks to ensure that they provide adequate water quality at an accessible price.
To achieve this objective, the GOA has: (i) begun a program of investments to improve the water supply infrastructure totaling about $350 million in the last 5 years; (ii) addressed institutional and human capacity issues; (iii) introduced US$650 million “Water for All” program to improve water supply in 140 municipalities and about 265 comunas; this program is expected to benefit more than 3 million people between 2007 and 2012; and (iv) requested support from the World Bank to assist the Ministry of Energy and Water in strengthening the capacity of the various organizations in the sector to deliver sustainable water supply and sanitation services.
The strategy regarding water supply companies proposed within this project is to focus initially on five of the largest cities whose water supply systems are currently being rehabilitated. These include two cities (Huambo and Uige) with works financed by China, and three (Malange, N’Dalatando, and Kuito) with works financed under the Bank’s Emergency Multi-sector Recovery Program.
The WSIDP will focus mainly on capacity-building and support for institutional development at the national and provincial levels although some funding is provided for the construction and rehabilitation of small scale works associated with the water sector.
The proposed project will be implemented over a 5 year period comprising the following four components:
Component 1 - Development of the Institutions in the Water Sector (US$36.7 million)
This aim of this component is to strengthen the institutional and regulatory framework for the water sector at both the central and regional levels. Under this component funds are available for the purchase chemicals for water treatment plants in the nine cities.
Component 2 - Water Resources Management (US$12 million)
The objective of this component is to support the institutional strengthening of the water resource management element within the water sector.
Component 2 will also finance the rehabilitation of the hydrometric network (150 of the 190 stations), which was abandoned during the war, and the development of information management systems (Subcomponent 2.3).
Component 3 - Rehabilitation of Water Supply Systems (US$36.7 million)
The objective of this component is to support the physical rehabilitation of selected urban water supply systems in order to increase the level of water supply services provided and to promote the economic sustainability of newly created water supply and sanitation utilities
Under Subcomponent 3.1, 250 kilometers of piped water supply networks will be installed in peri-urban areas of the nine cities (M'Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, Luena, Malange, Kuito, N’Dalatando, Huambo, and Uige) and 72,000 new domestic connections will be installed (mainly in peri-urban areas but some in urban areas) in the nine cities
Component 4 - Capacity Building and Change Management (US$11 million)
The objective of this component is to improve the sustainability of water supply in Angola by increasing the managerial and technical capacity of the staff, by engaging stakeholders, and by managing and communicating change.
Subcomponent 4.2 will be the pilot “learn by doing” program that will seek to build capacity through providing incentive-based funds for small projects (extension of the water supply network and construction of water stand posts that will extend networks to serve peri-urban areas) and the rehabilitation at least 10 buildings of the Onga Zanga Research Center).
It is envisaged that only projects under Component 1.1 (purchase and storage of chemicals for water treatment of the 9 cities), Subcomponent 2.3 (rehabilitation of the national hydrometric network) and Subcomponent 3.1 (installation of approximately 250 kilometers of piped water supply networks and 72,000 new domestic connections in peri-urban areas in nine cities) and Subcomponent 4.2 (funding for small projects that will extend networks to serve peri-urban areas as well as rehabilitation of up to 10 buildings of the Onga Zanga Research Center) may have potential impacts on the biophysical and socio-economic environments.
The subprojects and the nature of the civil works associated with each subproject that may have potential environmental and social impacts are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Subprojects that may have adverse environmental and social impacts
|Subcomponent |Type of Sub-Project |Nature of Civil Works |
|Subcomponent 1.1 |Purchase of chemicals for water |Supply of chlorine, aluminum sulfate and caustic soda|
| |treatment of the 9 cities. |Construction of adequate storage for chemicals based |
| | |on bulk annual purchase |
| | |Handling chemicals |
| | |Disposal of empty chemical containers |
|Subcomponent 2.3 |Rehabilitation of the hydrometric |A Gauging standard stations |
| |network nationwide beyond 9 cities|Improve existing access to the station. |
| | |Removal and disposal of damaged components of the |
| | |existing station |
| | |Repair damaged or destroyed infrastructure (restore |
| | |damaged concrete pillars, replace metal pipe, |
| | |replace and weld metal supports, replace cover sheets|
| | |in the shelter, apply anticorrosive paints, repair or|
| | |replace damaged scales) |
| | |Install water meter devices, on river banks inside |
| | |shelter, that use batteries or photo voltaic cells |
| | | |
| | |B Weirs |
| | |Removal and disposal of damaged components of the |
| | |existing weir |
| | |Repair damaged or destroyed infrastructure (restore |
| | |damaged concrete foundation and wall, weld metal |
| | |supports, apply anticorrosive paints, repair or |
| | |replace damaged scales) |
|Subcomponent 3.1 |Installation of water supply |Prepare alternative accesses during construction |
| |networks and household connections|Dig trenches (approximately 1 m deep), install HDPE |
| |in peri-urban areas in nine cities|tubing and cover with soil. |
| | |Connect selected households to distribution network |
| | |and install water meters and taps |
|Subcomponent 4.1 |Rehabilitation of up to 10 |Removal and disposal of debris of the existing |
| |existing buildings of the Onga |buildings |
| |Zanga Research Center CIPOZ |Rehabilitate existing buildings: concrete repairs, |
| | |wall repairs, cover sheets replacement, wood and |
| | |glass repairs and replacement, plastering, painting, |
| | |plumbing, electrical works etc |
| | |Rehabilitate of water supply, sewerage and electrical|
| | |networks to the buildings |
|Subcomponent 4.2 |Small water projects that will |Prepare alternative accesses |
| |extend networks and water stand |Dig trenches (approximately 1 m deep), install |
| |posts to serve peri-urban areas |plastic HDPE tubing, connect tubing to existing |
| | |network and recover trench with soil. |
| | |Construct water stand posts (chafarizes/ fontenários)|
| | |and connect to distribution system: dig foundations, |
| | |reinforced concrete works, plumbing works and |
| | |drainage system |
This document provides an Environmental and Social Management Framework to manage and mitigate any adverse impacts arising from the proposed subprojects.
The purpose of the ESMF is to:
• To establish clear procedures and methodologies for environmental screening, identification of potential impacts and associated mitigating measures for subprojects that may result in environmental and social impacts;
• To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities for managing and monitoring environmental and social impacts related to subprojects;
• To determine the training, capacity building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF; and
• To establish the Project funding required to implement the ESMF requirements.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1 Background and Purpose
The project development objective (PDO) is to strengthen the ability of government to improve the efficiency and reliability of the water sector. Achievement of the PDO will be measured in terms of the following indicators: (i) % of PWSUs achieving annual profitability targets; (ii) % of hydrometric stations operational; (iii) number of households with connections to the piped water supply network managed by the utilities in the target cities; and (iv) % of PWSUs obtaining annual satisfactory results from the Learn by Doing program.
2 Project Components
The project will finance the following four components: (a) development of the institutions in the water sector; (b) water resources management; (c) rehabilitation of water supply systems; and (d) capacity building and change management.
Component 1 - Development of the Institutions in the Water Sector (US$36.7 million)
The objective of this component is to strengthen the institutional framework for the water sector at both the central and regional levels. This component has two subcomponents. Subcomponent 1.1 will pilot an Asset Management Unit (AMU) under MINEA for Provincial towns and cities. The AMU will be empowered to manage assets, plan and oversee the execution of investments, and engage third party operators in cities and towns. The AMU will facilitate the creation of Provincial Water and Sanitation Utilities (PWSUs) that will be responsible for operating the water assets of the participating cities and towns at the provincial level. Both the AMU and the pilot PWSUs will be supported under the project with capacity building, technical assistance, institutional support, and operational costs. The AMU will absorb the Unidade de Coordenação de Projetos (UCP), a unit in DNA that is responsible for the implementation of projects. The pilot provinces selected to implement the PWSUs are Kuito, Huambo, Malanje, N’Dalatando, and Uige. During the project, it is expected that the model will be rolled out to M’Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, and Luena.
Subcomponent 1.2 will also support the development and establishment of a regulatory framework and institutions in the form of a Conselho Tarifario for the pilot towns and cities. The project will support MINEA and MINFIN with studies to establish the Conselho Tarifario, to perform willingness-to-pay studies (WTPs) in cities and towns, to review the tariff levels and structures, and to provide technical assistance, capacity building and additional operating support to meet the needs of these agencies.
The purchase of chemicals for water treatment plants of the 9 cities is budgeted for under component 1. The water treatment plants will be rehabilitated under Emergency Multi-sector Recovery Program and the Government of China assistance.
Component 2 - Water Resources Management (US$12 million)
The objective of this component is to support the institutional strengthening of the water resource management element within the water sector. The component is divided into three subcomponents. Subcomponent 2.1 will finance studies to support the development of the National Water Resources Institute (INRH: Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidricos). These studies would address institutional development, policy reforms and financial sustainability of water resources management.
Subcomponent 2.2 will support the development of appropriate instruments to integrate sectoral water demands, ensure sustainable management of water resources and increase the productive use of the country’s water resources by piloting two Integrated Basin Management Plans (IBMPs) in the Cuanza and Cubango river basins.
Subcomponent 2.3 will increase the capacity to effectively manage water resources by continuing to support the rehabilitation of the hydrometric which was abandoned during the war, and the development of information management systems. Photographs showing the current status of selected hydrometric stations are shown in Annex 1. This component would also support the purchase of and training in the use of water quality monitoring equipment.
Component 3 - Rehabilitation of Water Supply Systems (US$36.7 million)
The objective of this component is to support the physical rehabilitation of selected urban water supply systems in order to increase the level of water supply services provided and to promote the economic sustainability of newly created water supply and sanitation utilities. The component has two subcomponents.
Subcomponent 3.1 will finance approximately 250 kilometers of new piped water supply networks in peri-urban areas and some 72,000 new domestic connections in urban and peri-urban areas in nine cities: M'Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, Luena, Malange, Kuito, N’Dalatando, Huambo, and Uige. These investments will be very important for the economic sustainability of the companies to be formed in each of the nine cities mentioned above.
Subcomponent 3.2 will finance a technical cadastre for about 72,000 new connections and implement an information system for measuring water consumption, for processing and emitting bills to customers, and for recording customer payments.
Component 4 - Capacity Building and Change Management (US$11 million)
The objective of this component is to improve the sustainability of water supply in Angola by increasing the managerial and technical capacity of the staff, by engaging stakeholders, and by managing and communicating change. This component has two parts. Subcomponent 4.1 will finance capacity building at the national and provincial levels to engage senior national (ministerial) and provincial officials on the proposed institutional changes for the sector. This component also includes capacity-building to manage the AMU and to implement the capacity-building/change management program throughout the sector, and supports the efforts of DNA for a planned training institute, the Centro de Investigação e Pesquisa de Onga Zanga (CIPOZ). Under Component 4 funds are available for the rehabilitation of at least 10 buildings of Onga Zanga Research Center (see Figure 1 location of Onga Zanga Research Center). At the provincial level, the component will feature substantial social mobilization (communication) and training for some delegated functions.
Subcomponent 4.2 will concentrate at the company level and comprise specific, targeted training to members of the boards of directors of water companies concerning company organization, basic financial analysis and flows, duties and responsibilities for over sight and public communication. It will also offer training to the management of the PWSUs in leadership, management, finance, communications, and planning. A large part of this component will be the pilot “learn by doing” program that will seek to build capacity through providing incentive-based funds for small projects (extension of network and water stand posts, and others yet to be determined) that will extend networks to serve peri-urban areas and the achievement of performance based contracts.
As indicated in Section 1 (Introduction) above, only subprojects that involve activities or minor civil works that may result in adverse environmental or social impacts are subject to environmental screening as laid out in the ESMF. These are: Component 1(purchase of chemicals for water treatment of the 9 cities), Component 2 (the rehabilitation of the hydrometric network), Component 3 (the installation of piped water supply networks and domestic connections in peri-urban areas in nine cities) and Subcomponent 4 (installation small projects such as water stand posts in peri-urban areas and the rehabilitation of existing buildings of the Onga Zanga Research Center).
3 Project Coordination and Implementation
MINEA will have overall responsibility for the implementation of the project including accounting for project funds and coordinating activities with other ministries and departments as needed. The operational responsibility for the project will be delegated to the DNA. The project director will be the National Director of Water.
The Hydrometric Network (HN) of Angola and the Water Supply Systems (WSS) of the cities are lead by the Departments of Water Resources and Water Supply and Sanitation respectively, under DNA (National Directorate of Water).
Over the last few years there have been various investments in the water sector, mainly regarding the rehabilitation and improvement of water supply systems and in the water resources management area. Different donors are contributing to these new developments in the water area, namely the World Bank and Chinese funds. At present 5 cities are benefiting from the rehabilitation and expansion of their water supply system, including works on the intake, mains, water treatment plants, reservoirs and water distribution networks. These include two cities (Huambo and Uige) with works financed by China, and three (Malange, N’Dalatando, and Kuito) with works financed under the Bank’s Emergency Program.
Linked to these developments institutional changes in the water sector have taken place and new changes are planned. For the standardization of procedures, namely of financial management, management reporting systems, monitoring and evaluation, and procurement, a project coordination unit (Unidade de Coordenação de Projectos or UCP) has already been created in DNA and is responsible for the implementation of various rehabilitation and expansion water projects throughout the country, regardless of the source of financing. This unit has at the moment 3 Senior Staff but is forseen to have a total of 6, one of them the environmental expert. This UCP reports to the Head of the Water Supply and Sanitation Department, who reports to the National Director of DNA.
As these new investments in water supply and water resources require from DNA a strong effort of project management capacity building is a key component that will benefit DNA departments as well as the new structures to be created. Under this component of the project is planned the creation of an Asset Management Unit (Component 1 of the project), for coordination and implementation of the project. The AMU will not only integrate the existing Unidade de Coordenação de Projectos (UCP) of DNA as soon as the Projects starts operating but it will also be empowered to manage assets, plan and oversee the execution of investments, and engage third party operators in cities and towns.
Another important role of AMU will be to facilitate the creation of Provincial Water and Sanitation Utilities (PWSUs) that will be responsible for operating the water assets of the participating cities and towns at the provincial level. Both the AMU and the pilot PWSUs will be supported under the project with capacity building, technical assistance, institutional support, and operational costs. The pilot provinces selected to implement the PWSUs are Kuito, Huambo, Malanje, N’Dalatando, and Uige where the water works have already started. During the project, it is expected that the model will be rolled out to M’Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, and Luena
This unit, staffed and managed by civil servants, will be supported on a temporary basis by local and international consultants depending on the work and technical requirements. The AMU will be responsible for: (i) procurement and contract management for the projects, (ii) financial management and accounting, (iii) communication and social mobilization, (iv) monitoring and evaluation, and (v) technical supervision of the works (vi) implementation of ESMF and RPF. Since this unit will be responsible for the implementation of other donor funded projects, like World Bank Projects, and Chinese and Spanish funded water projects, the external costs will be shared among all donors.
The AMU will be headed by a Coordinator Engineer supported by 4 areas: Technical Support, Financial Management, Social Mobilization and procurement and Contracting Management.
Integrated in the Technical Support area of AMU an Environmental and Social Unit will take care of the environmental issues and will supervise the implementation of ESMF and RPF. This unit will be in charge of following all the procedures included in ESMF and RPF and has the responsibility of coordinating with the competent entities during the works to ensure that environmental consideration are fully incorporated into subproject design and implementation.
The project organizational structure, during project implementation is as outlined in the figure below.
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Overall direction will be entrusted to the Board of Directors of AMU chaired by MINEA and assisted by the AMU head. Soon after project commencement, the DNA will create and staff the AMU, as its project implementation arm. As the UCP will be a short-term organization, the AMU will gradually take over its functions and will work according to commercial principles under the direction of its board of directors. Working under commercial principles, the AMU is expected to present regular income, cash flows and balance sheet statements. The UCP, working with staff of the AMU will create the provincial water utilities (PWSU), also under Public Corporate Law. The AMU will sign performance based contracts with the PWSU and investment and technical assistance (to the PWSU) contracts private contractors.
As water utilities present a case of natural monopoly, the need of establishing an independent economic regulatory agency (Conselho Tarifario) is envisaged to balance the interests of water utility financial viability with the interests of their customers.
The Conselho Tarifario will be under the Jurisdiction of a multi ministerial umbrella that includes the Ministry of Energy and Water, Ministry of Planning, and Ministry of Finance. The AMU will be under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Energy and Water.
The AMU will include a Planning and Contracting Unit, Disbursemnet and Financial Management Unit, and a Capacity Building & Communications. As planning and contracting will be a core function of the AMU, the AMU will initially work as a planning and contracting unit. After AMU takes full control of its functions according to public corporate law it will replace the UCP.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA
1 Target Areas
The WSIDP is national in scope insofar that a major part of the funding is allocated for institutional strengthening and capacity building for the water sector at both the central and provincial levels.
The nine cities that will benefit from the installation of piped water supply networks, domestic connections, small water projects and purchase of chemicals for water treatment are M'Banza Congo, Menongue, Lubango, Luena, Malange, Kuito, N’Dalatando, Huambo. The Onga Zanga Research Center will also benefit from the rehabilitation of existing buildings. The location of these nine cities and the Onga Zanga Research Center is shown in Figure 1. Component 2 will finance the rehabilitation of the hydrometric network. The location the hydrometric stations are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1. Target cities for improved water supply and the Onga Zanga Research Center under the WSIDP
Figure 2. Location of hydrometric stations in Angola
2 Salient Biophysical Characteristics
The Republic of Angola has a surface area of 1 246 700 km2 lying between latitudes 4º 22’ and 18º 02’ South and longitudes 11º41’ e 24º05’ East. The Angolan coast is 1650 km in length and along the Atlantic seaboard between latitudes 5°’00' e 5°47' S (Cabinda) and 6°05' and 15°17' S (the continent).
Angola is characterized by an extremely wide diversity of habitats ranging from deserts in the southwest to tropical rain forests in the north. This section describes the salient biophysical characteristics of Angola in relation to the target cities that will benefit from the WSIDP
Climate
A great part of the interior in the central and northern areas receives more than 2000mm of rain per year. The precipitation decreases gradually towards the coast. Between Luanda and Sumbe, precipitation varies between 250 and 500mm per annum. However, the southern coastal belt is a desert, where the precipitation is below 100 mm (50 mm per annum in Namibe and only 20 mm per annum at the Cunene River mouth). The south of the country, along the Namibian border, gets 750mm of rain per year, but this reduces abruptly closer to the coast. The remaining parts of the interior of Angola has rainfall between 750 and 1500 per annum. The spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation is presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The spatial distribution of the mean annual precipitation in Angola
There are two distinct seasons, varying from region to region, the rainy season, or warm season is lasts from October to May, and the cold and dry season from June and September. Mean monthly rainfall patterns for selected climate stations is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Mean monthly rainfall for sleeted cites
The average temperature in Angola is between 25 and 33ºC in the rainy season and between 18 and 22ºC in the dry season also known as “cacimbo”.
Topography
Angola, comprises a relatively narrow coastal plain leading to a steep escarpment with an extensive interior plateau – the planalto - with 73% of the country’s area lying at over 1 000m.
The coastal plain is narrow, being between 10 and 35 km wide in the southern and central areas, with altitudes below 200m. From the coastal plain, there is an abrupt rise in topography, towards the interior, reaching a central plateau with elevations above 1500 m and with a maximum elevation of 2620 m at Monte Môco in Huambo Province (12°30' S/15°11' E). In the central plateau, about 360 000 ha of the area is situated above 2000m and around it, an area of approximately 7 800 000 ha is situated above the 1500 m contour. The central plateau is an important water reserve from which most Angolan arise flowing westwards (to the Atlantic Ocean), northwards to the Congo (Zaire) basin, eastward to the Zambezi basin and southwards to the Etosha and Okavango basins.
A large part of the area east, north and south of the central plateau comprises deep Kalahari sands with altitude between 1550 and 2000 m above sea level.
The salient topographical features of Angola is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Topography of Angola
Geology
The coastal belt, situated below 200m above mean sea level, contains sedimentary rock and weakly consolidated sediments from the tertiary and quaternary, as well as sandstones, marls, alluvium and argillites.
Towards the interior, between the littoral belt and the interior plateau (in slopes situated between 200 and 1500 m), the geology is dominated by the basement complex, comprising granites, migmatites and gneiss in the central region and the Congo system, comprising mainly schists, arkoses, graywackes and limestones in the northern region. Isolated mountainous peaks rise to more than 2000 m in the central plateau.
Karoo sediments (schists, tillites, conglomerates and argillites) occur in the low areas of the northern provinces of Malange and Lundo (Cassuangue Depression – 300 to 400 m of mean altitude).
The eastern part of the country is characterized by an extensive plain (mean altitude of 1000 meters) covered by deep quartzite sands of the Kalahari formation.
Figure 6. Salient geological features
Hydrology
Nine major hydrological basins are recognized in Angola (Figure ). The watershed regions of many of these basins are extremely important in the regional context as they drain water into the major river systems of central - western - southern Africa e.g. the Zaire, Zambezi, Cuanza and Cunene Rivers and the Okavango Swamps in Botswana.
At least 26 perennial rivers discharge into the Atlantic Ocean along on the Angolan Coast. The majority of these rivers have short courses, flowing straight from the plateau. A few such as the Cunene, which form the southern frontier of the Angola, and the Cuanza, drain vast areas of the hydrological basins of the interior before flowing eastwards towards the coast. The stream flow of the Cunene River varies according to the seasons, and for example in winter, its mouth is occasionally dry.
The main rivers which arise in the Plateau, are the Cunene, Cubango, Cuando, Lungue-Bungo, Luena, Kassai (Casai), Cuilo, Cuango and Cuanza. The Cunene River flows from the plateau to the Atlantic Ocean, forming the southernmost limit of Angola.
The Cubango River discharges into the Okavango Swamps in Botswana – a wetland of global importance. The Cuando, Lungue-Bungo and Luena Rivers are effluents of the Zambezi, while the Kasai, Cuilo and Cango Rivers are effluents of the Congo (Zaire) River. The Cuanza flows through a large valley on the western escarpment of the plateau before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean in the central sector of the Angolan coastline.
The main hydrological features are shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. The main hydrological features
Vegetation and Flora
Six biomes based on biological composition and edaphic, climatic and physiognomic characteristics can be distinguished for Angola:
1. Guinea-Congolian biome comprising high biodiversity evergreen forests. This biome occurs in Cabinda, Zaire, Uige, Lunda North, Cuanza Norte and Cuanza Sul Provinces. Rainfall is high: between 1 200 a 1 800 mm per year. The Guinea-Congolian biome includes the gallery forests of the Cuango, Luachimo and Cassai Rivers in Lunda North Province that flow northwards into the Congo River.
2. Congolian Forest -Savanna occupies an area approximately 519001km2 comprising tree savanna com. Within the savanna occur tracts of Congolian forests along the main river courses such as the Cuango, Luachimo and Cassai rivers with tall trees of the genera Piptadeniastrum, Chlorophora, Ceiba and Xylopia.
3. Zambezian biome. This is he largest biome covering more than 80% of country and comprises number of types of woodland of which Brachystegia (miombo) woodland is he most important
4. Afromontane forest biome. The Afromontane forests of de Angola are important from a biogeographical and biodiversity perspective. They are unique temperate forests that once had a much wider distribution in sub-Saharan African. Today these forests only occur as small patches on the protected slops on high mountains in Huambo, Benguela, Cuanza Sul and Huila provinces.
5. The Karoo-Namibe regional center of endemism is characterized an arid climate. The xerophytic Welwitschia mirabilis is endemic to the this biome.
6. Kalahari biome is a transition zone occupying the area between the Karroo-Namibe desert and the interior plateau .
The location of the six biomes is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Biomes of Angola
Within these broad biomes at least 30 vegetation types can be distinguished (see Figure 9).
Figure 9. Vegetation types of Angola in relation to the target cities
A description of the vegetation types mapped in Figure 10 above are given in Annex II.
Protected Areas
The location of 16 protected areas in relation to the target cities is shown in Figure 10 and data of the protected areas occurring within the target districts are given in Table 2. All areas are severely degraded, occupied and suffer from lack of management, etc, etc.
Figure 10. Protected areas in relation to the target cities
Table 2. Description of Protected Areas in Angola
|Name |Province |Area km2 |
|Nacional Parks |
|Quiçama. |Bengo |9,960 |
|Cangandala. |Malange |630 |
|Bikuar |Huila |7,900 |
|Mupa . |Kunene |6,600 |
|Iona |Namibe |15,150 |
|Cameia. |Moxico |14,450 |
|Reserves |
|Reserva Parcial do Namibe |Namibe |4,450 |
|Reserva Natural Integral de Luando |Malange/Bie |8,280 |
|Parque Natural Reginal de Chimalavera |Benguela |160 |
|Reserva Parcial de Búfalo |Benguela |400 |
|Reserva Parcial de Mavinga |Kwando Kubango |5,950 |
|Reserva Parcial Luiana |Kwando Kubango |8,400 |
|Milando Reserve |Malange |6,150 |
|Contrlled Hunting Áreas (“Coutadas) |
|Milando Reserve |Malange |6,150 |
|Ambriz C.H. Area |Bengo |1,125 |
|Mucusso C.H. Area |Kwando Kubango |21,250 |
|Luiana C.H. Area |Kwando Kubango |11,400 |
|Luengwe C.H. Area |Kwando Kubango |13,800 |
|Longa-Mavinga C.H |Kwando Kubango |26,200 |
3 Salient Socio-economic Characteristics
After 14 years of anti-colonial conflict and 27 years of civil war political stability has finally been established in Angola following the signing of the peace accords in April 2002.
However, many indicators of human development remain low: life expectancy is 47 years, only 30 percent of adult men and 20 percent of adult women can read, write, or perform basic computations, and about one in four children die before their fifth birthday. County-wide, only about 38 percent of Angolans have access to safe drinking water (compared with about 55 percent in sub-Saharan Africa, and 44 percent have access to adequate sanitation services. Cholera is endemic. An outbreak in 2006 resulted in more than 48,000 cases. Out of 177 countries in the UN’s Human Development Index, Angola ranks among the lowest at 162.
According to Angola’s own Strategy for Poverty Reduction (Estratégia de Combate a Pobreza,or ECP), around 62% of the Angolan households lived below the poverty line (US$ 1.70 per day), 15% of which lived in a situation of extreme poverty (less than US$ 0.75 per day).
The 9 cities under the scope of this project have an estimated population of 1 461 200 inhabitants from which 1 225 500 live in the peri-urban areas of the city, meaning that only approximately 16% of the population is beneficiary directly from the existing water supply system, through house connections, yard connections and water stand posts. Water stand posts, when available, function only to a limited extent, due to lack of pressure, unreliability of water and management problems. The other 84%, the peri-urban consumers, have to rely on a variety of water sources, including family or shared protected and unprotected shallow wells, neighborhood tanks filled with trucked water, protected and unprotected springs, and hand pumps.
Population data for the nine target cities is shown in Table 3 below:
Table 3. Population data for the nine target cities
|Cities |Urban population|Peri-urban population |total |% of Urban |% of Peri-urban |
| | | |population |population |population |
|Huambo |115,800 |350,000 |465,800 |25 |75 |
|Malange |24,500 |315,000 |339,500 |7 |93 |
|Lubango |16,200 |144,800 |161,000 |10 |90 |
|Uige |18,700 |106,300 |125,000 |15 |85 |
|N"Dalatando |17,000 |97,000 |114,000 |15 |85 |
|Kuito |20,300 |78,500 |98,800 |21 |79 |
|Menongue |10,300 |65,900 |76,200 |14 |86 |
|Luena |10,400 |42,400 |52,800 |20 |80 |
|M'Banza Congo |2,500 |25,600 |28,100 |9 |91 |
|Total |235,700 |1,225,500 |1,461,200 |16 |84 |
LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
In this section the relevant legal and institutional framework for environmental management in Angola is described.
1 Legal and Regulatory Framework
In the context of the proposed Project the key elements of the Legal and Regulatory Framework are:
• The Environmental Framework Law (Law no 5/98)
• EIA Regulations
• Biological Water Resources Law (Law n.º 6-A/04)
• National Environmental Management Program
• The Land Law (Law no 9/04)
• Territorial and Urban Planning Law (Law no 3/04)
• The Water Law (Law n.º 6/02)
1. The Environment Framework Law
Environmental legislation in Angola was outdated until the early 1990’s, when a new State Secretariat for the Environment was established. This new Secretariat developed new strategies and policy approaches leading to the formulation of a ‘Lei de Bases do Ambiente’ (Environmental Framework Law) which was approved in 1998 by the Angolan National Assembly.
The Environmental Framework Law inspired and triggered complementary legislation in a number of sectors – often new versions of outdated laws from the colonial period – which were in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Angolan Constitution and Environment Law (e.g. oil, fishery and mining sector).
Most of these sectoral laws include the obligation to implement environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for new projects likely to affect the environment as well as the ‘polluter pays principle’.
The aim of the Environmental Framework Law is to provide a legal framework for the use and correct management of the environment and its components such that it assures sustainable development.
The Environmental Framework Law is applicable to all public or private activities, which may influence the environment either directly or indirectly.
The salient features of the Law include the following:
• All projects, the activities of which have implications for communities, interfere with the ecological equilibrium or exploit natural resources that may affect third parties, must be subject to an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for which Public Consultation is mandatory (Article 10).
• Projects and operations that are likely to have a negative impact on the environment are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment by independent assessors (Article 16). [1]
• According to Article 16 the environmental impact study must contain at least the following:
a. A non-technical summary of the project;
b. A description of the activity to de carried out;
c. A description of the baseline environmental situation in the area of influence of the activity;
d. A summary of comments arising from the public consultation process;
e. A prediction of the environmental and social impacts arising from the project;
f. An indication of the mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate negative impacts;
g. An indication of systems to control and monitor the project.
• Licensing of activities that are liable to cause significant environmental impacts shall be required. The issuance of an environmental license shall be based upon an environmental impact assessment (Article 17).
• The Government will pass legislation to control the production, emission, disposal, transport, importation and management of gaseous, liquid and solid pollutants (Article 19)
• The law also forbids, explicitly, the importation of dangerous residues or dangerous wastes, except for that laid down in specific legislation passed by the National Assembly (Article 19).[2]
2. Environmental Impact Assessment Decree
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree (Decree n.º 51/04 form 23rd July 2004) regulates Article 16º of the Environmental Framework Law which establishes the EIA as one of the main environmental management tools. This Decree establishes a series of procedures that must be followed when undertaking an Environmental Impact Study.
According to Article 3º/b the Environmental Impact Assessment “is a procedure of preventive environmental management that consists in the identification and prior qualitative and quantitative analysis of the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed activity”. This tool is used to help in the decision making process, with the purpose to prevent pollution, protect the fauna, flora, soil, water, air, climate, landscape, natural goods and cultural patrimony.
The Decree (Article 4º/1) that licensing of public and private projects that by their “nature, size or localization have implications for the social and environmental equilibrium and harmony” must be subjected to and EIA.
The EIA Decree indicates which public and private projects must be subjected to the EIA process and accordingly to the realization of an Environmental Impact Study (EIS). The information to be included in the EIS Report is given in Article 6º Public consultation is an integral part of the EIA process (Article 10º).
The Annex to the Decree list the projects that require an Environmental Impact Assessment according to the following sectors:
• Agriculture, Fisheries and Forests;
• Extraction Industry;
• Energy Industry;
• Glass manufacturing;
• Chemical Industry;
• Infrastructure projects; and
• Other projects (including waste water treatment facilities)
According to the Annex the following water sector projects are subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment:
• Irrigation Projects;
• Drilling for water supply;
• Dams and other infrastructure to retain or store water;
• Retention of surface waters (dams) and artificial redistribution systems; and
• Transfer of water resources between hydrological basins.
None of the above types of projects are proposed under the WSIDP and a preliminary assessment indicates that the proposed subprojects are not subject to an EIA according to Decree n.º 51/04. Nevertheless, the ESU in AMU will liaise with the appropriate authorities to address all environment and social issues during the course of the Project.
3. National Environmental Management Program
The National Environmental Management Program (NEMP/PNGA) was prepared by the Environment and Urbanism Ministry (MINUA) in compliance with Article no.6 of the Environmental Framework Law (Law n.º 5/98) recognizes the responsibility of the State, together with government organs, non governmental agents and citizens, to promote a sustainable environmental management, must be established. The final NEMP document is currently waiting approval by the Ministry Council.
The NEMP defines sub-programs to facilitate the reconstruction process of the country through the integration of environmental aspects in all sectoral program and in order to achieve sustainable development.
The objectives of the National Environmental Management Program are:
• To achieve sustainable development in every aspect of the national life, fully integrating environmental aspects into the social and economic development process;
• Define responsibilities of all stakeholders – governmental, private and civil society –in environmental management and to draw general guidelines for the actions of each of these agents.
Due to severe environmental degradation in some areas which require urgent action five sub programs are defined, namely:
• Intersectoral Coordination Promotion Sub-Program
• Biodiversity and Wildlife Fauna and Flora Species Protection Sub-Program
• Ecosystems Recuperation and Protection Sub-program
• Environmental Control Sub-program
• Environmental Information and Awareness Sub-Program
4. Biological Water Resources Law
The Biological Water Resources Law (Law n.º 6-A/04 from 8th October YEAR?) establishes principles to promote the protection of biological water resources and ecosystems, in order to ensure the sustainability of these resources (Article 3º/a). In paragraph d) of Article 3º the law emphasizes that amongst others, it has as purpose “promote the protection of water environment, coastal and riparian areas, as well as investigation on biologic resources, ecosystems and environmental factors which influence the equilibrium”.
In the context of the application, the law applies not only to biological water resources, but also to land activities related to them (Article 4º/1). Any activity that involves the utilization or may affect biological water biologic resources, before its execution it must be ensure a minimal negative impact on those resources. This must be undertaken through the realization of an EIA, with measures to avoid and/or mitigate the negative impacts.
5. Land Law
The Land Law (Law n.° 9/04 of 9th November) aims to “establishes the general basis of the judicial regime for lands belonging to the State and the land rights related transference, establishment, exercise, and extinction of these rights” (Article 2°). The Land Law is broad although some of the Articles are relevant to the WSIDP.
Article 9 indicates that the state respects and protects land rights of rural communities. However, lands belonging to rural communities may be expropriated by public utilities subject to proper requisition and just indemnity. [3]
Article 12 (Expropriation by Public Utilities) states that the State or city authorities may expropriate for land for public utilities, again subject to just indemnity
In Article 16, regarding the Environment Protection and Land Use the occupation and use of lands are subject to norms regarding environmental protection, namely to those dealing with the protection of landscape, protection of the species of flora and fauna, the preservation of ecological equilibrium and to the right of citizens to a healthy environment.
In terms of land classification which is done according to the objectives for which they are established (Article 19°/1), the Land Law state that in What is a partial reserve? partial reserves all forms of occupation or use are permitted which do not contradict the objectives described in the respective establishment document (Article 27°/6). Following article 27°/6, the same Law states in Article 27°/7/d that partial reserves comprise amongst others the protection area adjoining nascent waters.
6. Territorial and Urban Planning Law (Law no 3/04)
Urban and Land Planning Law (Law n.º 3/04 from 25th June) is ruled by sustainable development concepts and stipulates that the land planning may be national , provincial or municipal.
The Law recognizes the right of local autarchies to carry out land planning in areas under their jurisdiction as well as the rights rural communities the power to participate in the preparation of land plans (Article 14º). These land plans must regulate the occupation and usage of land in such a way to preserve the environment (Article 14º).
According to Article 15º refers to the need for the protection of water resources, riparian zones and forests in land planning.
Article 20º (Expropriation by Public Utilities) recognizes the right of the Sate or local autarchies to expropriate land for public utilities. Expropriation is subject to a contemporaneous and just compensation.
7. The Water Law
The Water Law establishes the general principles of the legal regime regarding the use of the water resources. The law covers the internal waters, both superficial and underground water, stating that the state is the owner of this natural resource.
The law refers to the general water management and policy as well as the competent state entities in charge of its implementation, establishes the legal framework regarding the preparation of inventories, development, control, supervision, protection and preservation of the water resources as well as the rights and the obligations of all stakeholder in the water use and management.
2 Institutional Framework
8. Environmental Management: Ministry for the Urbanization and the Environment - MINUA
The Urban and Environment Ministry (MINUA) is responsible for formulating and executing the environmental policies in Angola, being its scope to coordinate and supervise other public sectors actions in this area. Attributions in the environment management include, amongst others, the following:
• Promote the sustainable development in every sector of the national life;
• Promote the preparation of legislation related to the environment and utilization of natural resources;
• Cooperate with other sectors in the environment management ensuring the compliance with legal, technical and normative conditions;
• Support environmental protection activities, as well as stimulate national and foreign companies and services to use clean technologies.
The organic structure of MINUA comprises, amongst others, the National Environmental Directorate (DNA) and the National Natural Resources Directorate (DNRN) which distributes between them the attributions referred above. DNA is in charge of environmental education, environmental management planning, and environmental control of activities that modify or pollute the environment (licensing, impact assessment and environmental auditing). The responsibilities of the DNRN include issues related to the protection of fauna and flora and endangered habitats, rehabilitation of degraded areas, support to the creation and management of nature conservation units, as well as the cooperation with the National Environment Directorate in supervising activities developed in protected areas.
However it is important to note that whilst the Environment Framework? Law and the organic ordinance of MINUA gives jurisdiction on environmental issues and biodiversity conservation, the Fisheries Ministry has authority over the biological water resources. The Rural Development and Agriculture Ministry has jurisdiction over to forestry management, fauna, flora and biodiversity conservation and promoting rural development. The following figure shows the MINUA organogram.
[pic]
Given the fact that MINUA was created only 4 years ago some institutions within the Ministry are not yet functional, namely the INAPA, INCN and the Environment Fund.
It is important to note that whilst the Environment Framework Law and the organic ordinance of MINUA gives it jurisdiction on environmental issues and biodiversity conservation, the Fisheries Ministry has authority over the biological water resources. The Rural Development and Agriculture Ministry has jurisdiction over forestry management, fauna, flora and biodiversity conservation and promoting rural development.
At a provincial level the environment sector in most cases falls under the Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment.
9. Inland Water Management
National Directorate for Water (DNA)
At the national level the National Water Directorate (DNA), under Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA) is for all water resources in Angola and, according to the law, its overall responsibilities, regarding the water sector, are:
• Propose and promote policies to be followed by the water sectors;
• Establish strategies, promote and coordinate the rational use of water resources, ensuring sustainable development of both;
• Propose and produce legislation which establishes a judicial and legal framework of the activity in the water sector, particularly related to licensing and creating the necessary mechanisms to control his accomplishment;
• License and inspect hydraulic works and water and sanitation systems;
• Establish rules to ensure the quality of water supply services.
To fulfill its responsibilities in the water sector MINEA relies on the National Directorate of Water (DNA) that comprises by 3 departments:
• Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DAS) with the responsibility over all water supply issues
• Department of Water Resources (DRH) with the responsibility for the hydrometric network and dam management
• Department of Licenses and Supervision (DLF) that provides licenses for water use and has the responsibility of the supervision of water use
The structure of DNA is shown below:
| | | | | |
| |Licenses and | |Water and | |Water | | |
| |Supervision | |Sanitation | |Resources | | |
|Implemen| | | | |
|tation | | | | |
| | | |
|Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) |[X] |[ ] |
|Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) |[ ] |[X] |
|Pest Management (OP 4.09) |[] |[X ] |
|Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11) |[ ] |[X] |
|Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) |[X] |[] |
|Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) |[] |[X] |
|Forests (OP/BP 4.36) |[] |[X] |
|Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) |[] |[X] |
|Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) |[] |[X] |
|Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) |[] |[X ] |
SUB-PROJECTS ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING MEASURES
1 Overview of sub projects
The sub-projects that may have potential adverse environmental and social impacts are presented in Chapter 1 (Introduction, Table 1).
This section describes the nature of civil works envisaged, their impacts, and possible prevention or mitigation during planning, construction and operational phases. These are summarized in Table form in Annex IV.
In using these guidelines AMU staff tasked with the responsibility of civil works management should be able to identify the range of impacts, and means of prevention or mitigation appropriate to any proposed program of construction or rehabilitation. In other words the guidelines are both diagnostic (identification of impacts) and prescriptive (means of prevention or mitigation) for the lifetime of the project and beyond for small-scale civil works. The Guidelines will also ensure that all subprojects comply with existing legislation and all Bank safeguards.
The civil works are small-scale and short lived during construction phase, reversible and potential environmental impacts are expected to be small and reversible. Mitigation will be dictated by the quality of environmental management at construction/rehabilitation sites and environmental education of the workforce. It is recommended that a relatively simple generic environmental management plan is used to ensure that contractor activities are in compliance with the broad principles of environmental management and that the workforce is similarly educated in this regard. These guidelines can be written into contractual agreements and form the basis for monitoring compliance. Hence the EMP will become key documentation for contractors and the staff involved in the management of civil works programs funded under WSIDP. A generic EMP appropriate to the nature and scale of civil works envisaged by the WSID is outlined in Chapter 8 below.
2 Impacts and Mitigation
10. Purchase of chemicals (Component 1)
Storage and handling
The project will purchase chemicals for use in water treatment of the nine cities.
The chemicals to be purchased are:
• Chlorine for water disinfection
• Aluminum sulfate for filtering water
• Caustic soda for the ph
In each city a small storage room for chemicals storage exists. Inside this storage room chemicals shall be stored and handled in accordance with guidelines of the supplier and Angolan legislation. Protective equipment as masks, gloves and boots will be provided to the workers in charge of handling the chemicals.
Potential Impacts and mitigating measures
The potential impacts with chemicals are related to proper storage, handling application and packaging. Impacts include:
• Corrosion of building elements due to incorrect storage;
• Health risks.
The mitigation measures include appropriate conditions of storage and handling. The knowledge of the health risks in handling chemicals are important for the people directly in contact with them. Also, the improper disposal of chemical containers represents a high health risk not only for the workers but also for the population. Training for workers in proper disposal of containers is essential.
Training and guidelines regarding storage, handling, application and disposal of the chemicals will be part of the project program, not only for the workers directly involved but also for person that indirectly have any link to the subproject.
On the creation of the PWSU by AMU a training program on proper storage, handling application and disposal will be included.
11. Rehabilitation and Operation of the hydrometric network
In Angola the Water Resources Department has created 9 Hydrometric Sectors in (see map in Annex III)[5]. The hydrometric network consists of 189 stations located in these 9 Hydrometric Sectors. Most of the stations were damaged and some completed destroyed (about 5%) during the last decades and currently only 35 are operational. The project envisages the rehabilitation of 150 stations and capacity building for its operation and maintenance of the Stations under Component 4 of the WSIDP.
The overall project objectives for this subcomponent are:
• The reconstruction of the infrastructures of the damaged hydrometric stations
• The refurbishment of the data collection equipment for the stations, including scales and data logs
• Purchase support equipment as cars, power generators and other small construction equipment.
The hydrometric stations are important collecting all the baseline hydrological data of the country in order to properly plan water use and water conservation for Angola. The two most important data collected in the hydrometric stations are the river level and the river flow. With this information it is possible to forecast flooding, to agree with neighbor countries regarding minimum flows during the dry season and to deal with the management of international basins.
Most of the existing hydrometric stations are constructed according to a standard design. The station has essentially the following elements (see Photos in Annex I):
• A concrete pillar located on the main section of the river
• An access platform from the river edge to this pillar, usually constructed with two longitudinal beams in iron rails with metal profiles for the path and balustrades of 2” galvanized pipe. Sometimes instead of this access platform there are only metal steps.
• A vertical metal pipe, nearby the pillar, also in the main section of the river and hanging on the pillar through a metal structure for the measurements of river height
• A small shelter (about 2m2) with cover sheets and a metal door where the measuring equipment is housed. Solar panels may be installed adjacent to the shelter.
The length of the access platforms and the height of the vertical pipe depends on the morphology and type of the river and each station is constructed according to the existing conditions.
Some rivers instead of this standard gauging station have weirs also for measurement purposes. These weirs are constructed in concrete and traverse the main section of the river, from margin to margin, having in its central part the measurement device (Parshal type) where the flow measurements are taken.
The only component that was not destroyed in most of the stations is the concrete pillar and this can be used. Almost all the other components were destroyed and rehabilitation is required.
Some of the weirs, although being in concrete, have suffered serious damage and need rehabilitation.
Description of Civil Works and Operation
Rehabilitation Phase
The project includes the rehabilitation of 150 existing gauging stations in 5 years. Different levels of rehabilitation are envisaged, depending on the type of the station and its state of degradation.
The following rehabilitations are included:
• Rehabilitation of 3 concrete weirs
• Total rehabilitation of 7 gauging stations
• Partial rehabilitation of 140 gauging stations.
The civil works to be done on the rehabilitation of the gauging stations are quite simple. The rehabilitation works of the weirs are larger weirs rehabilitation where large volumes of concrete are required and more construction resources are needed. For the Gauging Station contracting of a local contractor to carry out the rehabilitation will be sufficient.
On the standard gauging stations a limited amount of concrete is will be used and the main work will be metal work. The envisaged activities are:
• Development of a workplan including the identification of the material and human resources, using as far as possible local human and material resource
• Purchase of the material and equipment for the construction
• Transport of the material and equipment to the site. Transport to be made with the use of 4x4-wheel drive vehicles or small trucks
• Establishment of a small camp near the site. (If some distance from the nearest town)
• Clearing of access to the site (it is assumed that in isolated areas access to the gauging station may have become overgrown).
• Rehabilitation of the gauging station.
The main construction activities involved in the rehabilitation of the gauging station (usually not more than two weeks of work for each station), are:
• Removal of all damaged structures and transport to the nearest waste disposal, if any
• Excavation and refilling of foundations with excavated soil
• Rehabilitation of damaged concrete by manufacturing concrete in situ, manually or using a concrete mixer (electrical or fuel type) in the case of the weirs
• Metal work – cutting, perforating and welding of the elements – and fixing some parts in the concrete, using electrical equipment supplied by a small fuel power generator located close to the station on the river bank
• Application of anticorrosive paints to metal parts
• Installation of measuring equipment on river banks
Operational Phase
After the rehabilitation of the gauging stations maintenance will be required.
The main regular maintenance activities include the following activities and schedule :
• Periodic painting of the metal parts, on an annual basis
• Removal and replacement of photo voltaic cells, on an annual basis. These cells contain Cadmium Telluride which is toxic can accumulate in the food chain.
• Removal and replacement of 12v batteries, on a three month basis
• Cleaning of the solar panels, on a three month basis
Potential Impacts and mitigating measures
The potential impacts and mitigation measures are listed in table form in Annex IV.
The impacts with the rehabilitation and maintenance of the gauging stations are of low risk being the most risky the use of photo voltaic cells as these cells contain Cadmium Telluride which is toxic and accumulates in the food chain.
Potential impacts under this subproject include:
• Location of the station avoiding loss of vegetation or sensitive habitats
• Nuisance to local residents during construction if station is located near a residential center.
• Erosion undermining access platform
• Concrete manufacture, anti corrosive painting and metal work may result in localized soil and water pollution
• Accumulation of solid wastes due to construction activities and workforce creates health risks and negative aesthetic impacts
• Pollution from incorrect storage and handling of diesel fuel and used engine oil may occur.
• Improper disposal of materials
• Gauging station becoming invaded with debris (e.g. plastic bags and other waste)
The envisaged mitigating measures for the identified impacts are as follows:
• Awareness campaigns for workers to avoid destruction of indigenous vegetation or sensitive habitats
• Noisy work to be made in certain periods so as not disturb local residents
• Foundations to be adapted according to the local conditions
• If working over the river take all precautions not to drop cement, paint, iron and others items into river using protective sheets
• Remove all empty paint tins, cement bags and other empty containers
• Place generator on top of impermeable sheet to prevent soil pollution
• Training for workers in proper use and maintenance of the gauging station with regards to painting, on removal and replacement of photo voltaic cells and removal and replacement of 12v batteries
• Training for workers in proper maintenance of the gauging station and surroundings
• Keep the station clean and free of debris
12. Installation and Operation of water supply networks and domestic connections in peri-urban areas
The WSIDP will provide for investments in the water network extension for the peri-urban areas in the 9 main cities. This is to take advantage of the additional water available as a result of the upgrading of the water supply system (sources, mains, treatment plants and distribution centers) under GOA funding and other donor projects.
This expansion of the peri-urban water network in the 9 cities is planned two different levels taking in account the type of connection:
• The first one is the expansion of the peri-urban network, covering 30% of the peri-urban population, through the laying of pipe and new yard connection (component 3) and
• The second one is the expansion of the peri-urban network, covering 70% of the peri-urban population, through the construction of small water projects mainly comprising network extension and construction of water stand posts (component 4).
Under this component 3 of the project it will be expected to install 250 km of water supply network (plastic HDPE tubing) and facilitate about 72,000 new connections, mostly yard taps, in the peri-urban areas of the cities.
It is expected, within the sub-component, that the treated water services extension will reach close to 235,000 inhabitants from urban areas and 370,000 from peri-urban areas, through new connections and their respective water meters.
These investments will utilize the production capacity of the water supply systems rehabilitations in progress in 5 cities (EMRP credits and Chinese line of credit) of Malange, Kuito, N’Dalatando, Uige and Huambo, and the expected rehabilitations for the other 4 cities of Menongue, M’Banza Congo, Lubango and Luena.
Besides improving the coverage of the services, the operational conditions and maintenance of services in the nine cities, it also guarantees sustainability of the companies in the long term and creates business opportunities for the public and operators within the private sector with the attraction of investors from other sectors for the improvement of quality of life created through an extended coverage of treated water.
These investments are important for the economic sustainability of the companies to be formed for operating and maintaining the water system in each of the nine cities.
Description of Civil Works and Operation
Construction Phase
The civil works associated with the extension of the water network expansion in the peri-urban areas of the cities will comprise the following main activities below:
• Contracting of local contractor to carry out the installation
• Location of an area for the settlement of workers and construction of facilities: accommodation (dormitories and sanitation facilities), offices, small storage area and workshop
• Planning alternative access for the areas under construction
• Dig trenches (approximately 1 m deep and 0.6 m width)
• Install HDPE pipe and fittings, connection to existing network and recover with soil
• Cleaning of the area and removal and disposal of the debris
• Connect selected households to distribution network and install water meters and taps through excavation, laying and connection of the pipe, of the water meter and tap, including cleaning of the area and removal and disposal of the debris
An area for the workers accommodation, offices, storage of materials and workshop will be required, inside or nearby the city, in coordination with the local authorities. Usually in construction of small civil works the workforce is recruited locally and the accommodation area will not be very extensive but may include an area for sleeping quarters and sanitation facilities. In the same area a small shelter for the tools (manual or electrical) and material as the fittings for plumbing work (bends, tees, junctions, water meters, taps, etc.), spares for the equipment and the consumables (fuel, oils, etc.). will need to be constructed. Generally in this type of construction plastic pipes are stored in the open and a fence with a gate will be constructed for safekeeping and for the small workshop and parking of the vehicles during the night.
The pipe laying will be carried out along the existing accesses following a work plan. The Contractor has to clearly indicate how is going to provide alternative access for resident order not to interrupt normal circulation. Usually in projects of this nature pipes are laid in middle of the road and connections located nearby the house entry. In the survey for the establishment of the pipe routes and household connections the designer has to take care on the location of each part of the network extension in order to avoid disturbs for the inhabitants. Contractor will follows the design.
In the peri-urban areas of the streets are irregularly laid out for that reason plastic HDPE pipe was chosen due to its flexibility and the possibility of laying long sections of pipe (this will decrease the number of joints consequently less leakage).
Trenches to accommodate the pipe are 1.0 m deep and 0.6 m width and should be dug only after the pipes are at site to prevent trenches laying open long period. The bottom of the trench is compacted and a first layer of subsurface material is spread before the pipe is laid and covered with tag soil. Covering the pipe is only allowed after the water pressure test is approved.
The trenches are dug manually and all materials transported in 4x4-wheel vehicles or small trucks that can circulate in the narrow accesses of the peri-urban areas. On the end of construction all debris and solid waste must be remove and the site rehabilitated.
Household connections comprises the pipe laying to the yard and the installation of a water meter and tap on a small concrete base.
Pipe laying and connections must be installed simultaneous us in order to create less disturb once.
Design must take in account all the existing household assets such houses, latrines, fences and others in order to avoid or interference with household assets. Of special importance is the location of taps where excess runoff may floe into latrines and septic tanks thereby creation a potential health risk to local residents.
Operational Phase
During the operational phase of maintenance includes the replacement of water meters or broken taps and, eventually, some pipe replacement or repairing.
Potential Impacts and and mitigation measures
The potential impacts and mitigation measures are listed in below:
• Loss of vegetation or sensitive habitats due to location of infrastructure
• Loss of inhabited or productive land and damage to assets, such as latrines, fencing, etc, due to location of infrastructure
• Nuisance to local residents during construction especially with regards to access
• Spillage water around water stand post providing breeding ground for water borne diseases. Standard design have to take in account a good drainage system around the water stand post.
• Pollution from incorrect storage and handling of diesel fuel and used engine oil may occur.
• The accumulation of solid wastes due to construction activities and workforce during construction creates health risks and negative aesthetic impacts.
• Potential spread in HIV/AIDs due to increase in number of workforce
• Breakage through improper use
• Water connection surroundings becoming littered with debris (e.g. plastic bags) resulting in impeded drainage and localized flooding
Associated mitigating measures include:
• Locate site on uninhabited or non-productive land when possible. If inhabited or productive land used follow guidelines under RPF
• Locate site in order to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats
• Wherever possible avoid removal of trees or other intact vegetation by workforce by changing the alignment of the pipe
• Awareness campaigns for workers to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats.
• The site selection for water stand post should avoid depressions or low-lying poorly drained sites. Fill any depression in the vicinity of the water stand post
• Create temporary accesses for normal circulation
• Establish timetable for noisy works
• Remove the debris regularly during of construction
• Locate taps for property drainage and prevent drainage from entering in latrines and septic tanks overloading these structures
• Construct a drainage channel to lead wastewater away from water stand post and into local drainage channels or soak away.
• Carefully select storage area for diesel and ensure proper storage and handling of fuels to prevent localized pollution of soil.
• Used engine oil should be properly stored in drums and returned to the supplier for recycling or should be disposed of in disposal in proper disposal sites.
• Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug pit (up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. The contractor should mount awareness campaigns for the workforce to remove and dispose of solid wastes in the indicated sites.
• Awareness campaigns HIV/AIDs for workers and local residents
• Training for top owners users in proper use and maintenance the water stand post
• Keep the area clean and free of debris
13. Rehabilitation of buildings at the Onga Zanga Research Center (CIPOZ)
Under this Component 4.1 it is expected to rehabilitate a set of 10 existing buildings that belong to DNA, located near to Luanda (see Figure 1).
The existing 10 buildings were partially destroyed during the war and rehabilitation work is required for all of them. The rehabilitation includes some structural and roofing work, new networks of water sewage and electricity, besides other rehabilitation works such as plastering, tiling, windows and doors.
Description of Civil Works and Operation
Construction Phase
The rehabilitation works of the buildings, that where partially damaged during the war will comprises various civil works namely the listed below:
• Plastering and masonry
• Tiling
• Carpentry (windows, doors and roofing)
• Glazing
• Sanitary ware and taps
• Plumbing
• Electrical installation
For these rehabilitation works a contractor will be contracted according the national standards regarding contracting of contractors.
Operational Phase
After construction the Center will require maintenance and general practice is that the Contractor will submit maintenance schedule specially regarding equipment as pumps and other electrical devices on completion of the works.
Potential Impacts and mitigation measures
The potential impacts and mitigation measures are listed in below:
• Loss of natural vegetation or sensitive habitats due to improper location of temporary store yards, working areas, housing etc.
• Loss of productive land and assets such as latrines, fencing, etc due to location of infrastructure and vehicle movements
• Nuisance to local residents during construction (noise, dust and vehicle movement)
• Pollution from incorrect storage and handling of diesel fuel and used engine oil may occur.
• The accumulation of solid wastes due to construction activities creates health risks and negative aesthetic impacts.
• Potential spread in HIV/AIDs due to influx of workforce
Associated mitigating measures include:
• Locate infrastructure on unproductive land when possible. If inhabited follow guidelines for RPF
• Avoid damage to family assets
• Locate infrastructure in order to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats
• Awareness campaigns for workers to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats.
• Establish timetable for noisy works and inform residents
• Restrict vehicle movements
• Use water browsers to dampen dust t reduce dusts pollution
• Remove the debris regularly during construction
• Carefully select storage area for diesel and ensure proper storage and handling of fuels to prevent localized pollution of soil.
• Used engine oil should be properly stored in drums and returned to the supplier for recycling or should be disposed of in disposal in proper disposal sites.
• Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug pit (up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. The contractor should mount awareness campaigns for the workforce to remove and dispose of solid wastes in the indicated sites.
• Awareness campaigns HIV/AIDs for workers and local residents
Water Supply Projects (water stand posts – fontanários)
Under Component 4 the installation of a new water supply network and water stand posts are envisaged. PWSU will be trained and capacitated by the project under Component 1 to be in charge of the planning and construction of the water stand posts.
It is envisaged that this component will benefit c. 850 000 people of the peri-urban areas of the 9 cities.
Description of Civil Works and Operation
Construction Phase
For the pipeline extension the civil works are as described under section 7.2.3 using the same the material (plastic HDPE pipe with diameter varying between 25 and 90mm).
Water stand posts will be constructed according to a standard design, to be approved during the design phase by the water authorities and this standard design has to include appropriate drainage for the site.
The water stand posts are constructed on a reinforced concrete base and cement blocks and include piping and taps. The main construction activities include digging and refilling the foundations with the excavated soil, a concrete foundation and a reinforced concrete slab for the platform, walls made from cement or clay blocks, plumbing and plastering. The correct slope of the concrete slab is very important to guarantee an adequate drainage of the waters avoiding excess of water on the platform. The construction of a soak away for drainage of the excess water has also to be included.
The water stand post construction is made manually and all material can be transported to the site by small vehicles or small lorries via existing accesses.
Operational Phase
During the operational phase the problems of maintenance are simple to solve although they can occur with high frequency. Problems related to the misuse of the taps are the most common. Taps in the water stand posts have to be of good quality.
The second problem with water stand posts is related to drainage that repairs but regular cleaning of debris to allow free flow of the accumulated water. It is very important cleaning the concrete platform as well as the vicinity area taking away all plastic bags and other debris.
Potential Impacts and mitigation measures
The potential impacts and mitigation measures are listed in below according with the development of the work.
Planning Phase:
• Locate site on uninhabited or unproductive land when possible. If inhabited or productive follow guidelines for RPF
• Locate site in order to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats
• The site selection for water stand posts should avoid depressions or low-lying poorly drained sites. Water supply facility should always be constructed on flat ground to avoid localized water driven erosion
• Wherever possible avoid removal of trees or other intact vegetation by workforce by changing the alignment of the pipe to the water stand post
• The water stand post must have a drainage system of standard design, for adequate drainage for residual water.
• Locate water stand posts away of garbage sites, latrines and septic tanks in order to avoid sewage overflow
• Guarantee a nearby area of lower ground to receive excess drainage water.
Construction Phase:
• Awareness campaigns for workers to avoid destruction of vegetation or sensitive habitats.
• Create temporary acceses for normal circulation of resident
• Establish timetable for noisy works
• Remove the debris gradually during of construction
• Special attention must be paid in constructing the drainage channel, as per water stand post design, to lead wastewater away from pump pad and into local drainage channels or soak away
• In most cases, drainage will require only earth-constructed drainage channels although the discharge site should be well selected (see planning phase above) and well prepared so as not to cause risk of erosion or flooding. The latter is particularly important with respect to water borne diseases and risks to public health
• Carefully select storage area for diesel and ensure proper storage and handling of fuels to prevent localized pollution of soil.
• Used engine oil should be properly stored in drums and returned to the supplier for recycling or should be disposed of in disposal in proper disposal sites.
• Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug pit (up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. The contractor should mount awareness campaigns for the workforce to remove and dispose of solid wastes in the indicated sites.
• Awareness campaigns HIV/AIDs for workers and local residents
Operational Phase:
The maintenance of the water supply facility is critical to the sustainability of the project.
• There may be impacts on the functioning of the channels. Drainage channels tend to become littered with debris and plastic bags. This is a major problem relate to routine and periodic maintenance.
• Fill any depression in the vicinity of the stand post
• Training for stand post “owners” users in proper use and maintenance the water stand post
• Keep the area clean and free of debris
Note: It is envisaged that most of the water facilities will be stand posts but other facilities such as washing slabs and elevated water tanks with taps may be included.
3 Cumulative Impacts
Most of the potential environmental and social impacts arising from the proposed WSIDP are expected to be small and localized; and for which mitigating measures can easily be implemented to reduce and/or eliminate any adverse impacts.
However, adverse cumulative impacts may arise due to the fact that there are other water supply and rehabilitation projects currently under implementation in five of the nine cities covered by the WSIDP. These include two cities (Huambo and Uige) with works financed by the Government of China, and three cities (Malange, N’Dalatando, and Kuito) with works financed by the Bank’s Emergency Multi-Sector Recovery Program (EMRP Phase I and II).
These other water supply projects range from rehabilitation of small dams to rehabilitation of water treatment plants and primary distribution networks. It is important to note that all works are on the same water supply network that will be rehabilitated and expanded through funding from the WSIDP.
The World Bank and the Government of Angola are cognizant of the potential for cumulative impacts arising from these various projects and are committed to ensuring that all projects financed by the Bank comply with World Bank Safeguard Policies. The Bank and the Government will work closely to ensure that the recommendations set out in this ESMF and associated RPF will be linked with the Safeguard Policy recommendations of other Bank projects under implementation in the three aforementioned cities to ensure full compliance of both projects with all Bank safeguards; in particular addressing any adverse cumulative environmental or social impacts arising during implementation of either project.
Subproject Preparation, Approval and Implementation
1 The Screening Framework
This section of the ESMF describes the process for ensuring that environmental and social concerns are adequately addressed using a screening process through the institutional procedures for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of subprojects.
The screening exercise must be carried out on a case-by-case basis to determine and identify environmental impacts and associated mitigating measures that may be required during planning, construction and operational phases of sub-project implementation.
Following identification of sub-projects the proposed sup-project is checked against a Environmental and Social Screening Checklist (ESSC) that has been prepared to assist in the environmental evaluation of sub-projects. The ESSC is presented in Annex V.
The ESSC is designed to place information in the hands of AMU reviewers so that mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be determined at an early stage of the project cycle for compliance with national legislation and Bank safeguards. The ESSC contains information that will allow reviewers to determine if protected areas or areas of relatively intact forest, wetlands, sacred sites/cultural property, productive lands etc., are likely to be present, and if further investigation is, therefore, required. It is recognized that, in practice, it may be difficult to identify natural and/or endangered habitats and species for persons completing the ESSC. It is recommended therefore that (a) this aspect is covered in training courses, (b) simple field guides be prepared and provided (e.g., the location of protected areas is presented in Chapter 3) and (c) specialist advice be provided as required.
The ESSC will also identify potential socio-economic impacts (including issues related to land acquisition) that will require mitigation measures. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) specifically has been prepared for the WSIDP and should be used in conjunction with the ESSC in order to mitigate against any potential conflicts related to land for sub-projects.
In theory, the case-by-case screening exercise could “trigger” the need for an EIA based on national laws although this is considered unlikely to the nature and scale of the sub-projects. None of the subprojects envisaged under the WSIDP are included in the Annex of the EIA Decree 51/04 listing projects subject to compulsory EIA in Angola. Nevertheless generic Terms of Reference for carrying out an EIA are included Annex VIII in the event of the screening exercise triggering an EIA for although this is considered unlikely.
2 Completing of the Screening Form
Completion and interpretation of environmental and social screening checklists is the initial step towards establishing the level of environmental management required for a sub-project.
There are slight variations in terms of institutional arrangements for completion of the ESSC forms (i.e. who fills in the Screening Form) and who appraises and approves the results arising from completion of the checklist with regards to Subcomponent 1 (purchase of chemicals for water treatment), Subcomponent 2.3 (the rehabilitation of the hydrometric network), Subcomponent 3.1 (installation of water supply networks and domestic connections in peri-urban areas in nine cities) and Subcomponent 4.1 (rehabilitation of the Onga Zanga Investigation and Research Center and small projects that will extend networks to serve peri-urban areas) respectively.
Subcomponent 1 Purchase of chemicals
This is not a civil works project. The Environmental and Social Unit (ESU) of AMU will have overall responsibility for ensuring that environmental considerations are incorporated project design and implementation. As no civil works are involved the ESU technical staff will only use the checklist to determine if there are any negative environmental or social and to identify the necessary mitigating measurers. The Director of AMU will approve the mitigating measures.
Subcomponent 2.3 The rehabilitation of the hydrometric network
The hydrometric technician (HT) of the Department of Hydric Resources will fill in and sign the and use the checklist to determine if there are any negative impacts. These will be sent to AMU with other documentation. The ESU will review the completed ESSC and if no further action is required will advise the Director of AMU to approve.
Subcomponent 3.1 Installation of water supply networks and domestic connections in peri-urban areas in nine cities
For Component 3.1 AMU will contract a consultant to design and oversee implementation of the project subprojects in each of the 9 cities. The consultant’s team will include an individual who is responsible for ensuring that environmental dimensions are incorporated into project design and implementation. He/she will fill in and sign the screening form and use the checklist to determine if there are any negative impacts. These will be sent to AMU with other documentation. The ESU will review the completed Environmental Screening Form and if no further action is required will advise the Director of AMU to approve.
Subcomponent 4.1 Rehabilitation of the Onga Zanga Investigation and Research Center CIPOZ and small projects that will extend networks to serve peri-urban areas.
These are small-scale projects and here the ESU of AMU will have overall responsibility for ensuring that environmental considerations are incorporated project design and implementation. The ESU technical staff will fill in and sign the screening form and use the checklist to determine if there are any negative environmental or social impacts and to identify the necessary mitigating measurers. The Director of AMU will approve the completed checklists
The screening form prompts a list of yes/no answers in relation to a series of questions on the location of the project and possible negative impacts during construction and operational phases. The screening form culminates in a decision whether further advice is required, and if so what type of assistance and who is responsible. If there is at least one “yes” answer then the ESU will, with the aid of the impacts-mitigating measures checklist – type out, identify and describe impacts and associated mitigation measures. The management measures can be restricted to a brief description on the environmental or social impact(s), the mitigating measure(s) to be employed and who will be responsible ensuring implementation of the mitigating measure(s). The ESU will modify aspects of the standard design as required to incorporate the required mitigation measures.
The process of screening potential sub-projects is set out in simple terms below:
The completed screening checklist with environmental management measures to be incorporated into the project design is submitted (together with other application forms) to the AMU offices in Luanda.
3 Interpreting the Results
The checklist contains a certification by the ESU that the application includes all measures required to avoid or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. The subproject application identifies the potential impacts of the subproject, describes the measures built into the subproject to address these impacts and annexes the completed checklist along with any additional planning reports
There are four basic outcomes for arising from the use of the screening forms:
1. No further action is required
2. Some form of EMP is required;
3. An EIA is required; or
4. Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is required. Spell out RAP at first reference
For some subprojects mitigation measures and implementation of these measures will need to be specified in more detail and this should be presented as an annex to the application. Training will be provided to ESU, AMU and the Hydrometric Technicians from the Department of Hydric Resources addressing these situations when preparing their applications.
There may, however, be situations where Project-funded technical assistance, is required especially where the screening form triggers the need for an EIA or a RAP e.g., if land must be acquired for a subproject or someone’s access to resources they are accustomed to using is restricted/denied. The need for a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) must then be determined and, if needed, prepared according to procedures detailed in the RPF Document.
Environmental Management Plan
If at least one “yes” is registered on the screening checklist then some form of mitigation will be required usually in the form of a simple EMP. The impacts and associated mitigating measures per sub-project are described in Chapters 6 and listed in table form in Annex IV in order to provide the necessary guidelines for environmental management during sub project implementation. It should be noted that a detailed description of the environmental management measures is not usually required. The management measures can be restricted to a brief description on the environmental or social impact(s), the mitigating measure(s) to be employed and who will be responsible ensuring implementation of the mitigating measure(s).
The EMP should meet the requirements a subproject and be easy to use. There is no standard format or length. For guidance the contents of a typical EMP are given in Annex VI and an example of a simplified EMP is given in Annex VII.
The basic elements of an EMP are:
• A description of the possible adverse effects that the EMP is intended to deal with;
• A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented;
• A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the project both positive and negative;
• A description of who will be responsible for implementing the EMP; and
• A cost estimate and source of funds.
Environmental Impact Assessment
There is no specific rule that can be used to decide whether the results of using the Screening Checklist will determine whether an EIA is or is not required. The ESU should use the guidelines as in out in the Annex of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree (Decree n.º 51/04 form 23rd July) which specify which projects are subject to EIA in accordance with Angolan legislation. If cases of doubt the AMU should liaise with MINUA and/or call upon specialist technical expertise and in order to better determine level of environmental management required.
Generic Term of Reference for an EIA is given in Annex VIII of this ESMF
Land Acquisition and Access to Resources
The World Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement (OP 4.12) applies to all land acquisition and any changes in access to resources due to a subproject and is described in Chapter 3. The Bank’s policy requires a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for any subproject that involuntarily displaces people from land or productive resources, and the displacement results in:
• relocation, the loss of shelter, the loss of assets or access to assets important to production;
• the loss of income sources or means of livelihood; or
• the loss of access to locations that provide higher incomes or lower expenditures to businesses or persons.
A separate Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared and must be used in conjunction with this document.
The Environment and Social Screening Form (Annex V) indicates when a RAP is needed.
4 Reporting
AMU is required to report every six months (twice a year) on their Project activities during the preceding year. The purpose of these reports is to provide:
• A record of Project and subproject transactions;
• A record of experience and issues running from year-to-year throughout the Project that can be used for identifying difficulties and improving performance; and
• Practical information for undertaking an annual review (see below).
5 Annual Reviews
Annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF and Project must be carried out. These reviews may be carried out by the World Bank during supervision missions or an independent service provider that is not otherwise involved in the Project. The purpose of the reviews is two-fold:
1. to assess compliance with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future ESMF performance;
2. to assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to Project-funded and other development activities.
Disclosure of ESMF
1 Public Meetings
In accordance with the Bank’s Policy on Disclosure of Information, ESMF Reports must be made available for public review at a place accessible to local people for and in a form, manner, and language they can understand before a project is approved.
Public consultations were carried out from 6 to 24 March, 2008 in all nine cities that will benefit from the WSIDP.
| |Cities |Dates |
|1 |Mbanza Congo |18th to 24th of March |
|2 |Menongue |11th of March |
|3 |Lubango |17th of March |
|4 |Luena |20th to 21st of March |
|5 |Malanje |12th of March |
|6 |Kuito |6th of March |
|7 |Ndalatando |11th of March |
|8 |Huambo |6th of March |
|9 |Uíge |13th of March |
2 Interested and Affected Parties
The following institutions were considered as key stakeholders for this project:
← Provincial Directorates of Agriculture, Fisheries and Environment;
← Provincial Directorates of Urbanism and Environment;
← Provincial Directorates of Public Works and Urbanism;
← Provincial Directorates of Public Health;
← Provincial Directorates of Geology and Mines;
← Provincial Administrations;
← Institute of Geodesy and Cartography of Angola (IGCA);
← National Institute of Territory Ordination and Urbanism (INOTU);
← National and International Local Organization;
← Traditional Authorities and Environmental Groups;
← Private sector (majority companies of construction involved in the water supply projects).
3 Key Issues Raised during the Public Consultation
The main questions asked and issues raised during the public consultation in the nine provinces revolved around the following:
1. There is an overall acceptance of all the components of the Water Sector Institutional Development Project on behalf of the Provincial Governments. This project will complement other government and civil society initiatives regarding the water supply for the population.
2. There were no concerns regarding the subcomponents for the institutional reinforcement of the water resources management and capacity building sectors.
3. There are concerns related to the overlap of the project with existing protected areas in the provinces covered by the project, such as Huíla/Lubango (Bicuar National Park), Malanje/Malanje (Cangandala National Park), Bié/Kuito (Luando Natural and Integral Reserve), Moxico/Luena (Cameia National Park). It was pointed out that the project does not occur in or adjacent to these protected areas.
4. With the exception of two cases, stakeholders have knowledge of the proposed project components, and the necessity of constructing chafaris in the peri-urban areas linked to the expansion of the water supply system.
5. There is some confusion between this proposed project and other water supply projects funded by other donor under the EMRP2. There is a need for clarification regarding the other projects (some of which are being financed by the World Bank). Clarifications by the National Water Directorate and Provincial Directorates of Energy and Water were recommended for the nine cities.
6. Special attention was drawn to existing cemeteries (i.e., cemeteries constructed by the population outside of the municipality cemeteries). Many of these cemeteries are located in the village/city entrance and close to roads, and some of these are not properly delimited or marked. The ESMF must take into account these burial areas.
7. Under the proposed project, the creation of the Environmental and Social Unit within the Asset Management Unit is recommended, particularly to execute its functions regarding the completion of screening forms and identification of mitigating measures for potential environmental and social impacts.
8. The project may result in the temporary or permanent loss of areas of subsistence agriculture, fruit and shade trees or houses in all the cities, depending on the design of the water supply network. However, these impacts can be minimized or eliminated if the mitigating measures provided in the ESMF are followed. The few sensitive habitats identified in some of provinces can be easily preserved.
Capacity Building, Training and Technical Assistance
This section outlines the types of training and capacity building initiatives that must be implemented as part of the ESMF to ensure that the environmental management measures outlined in the ESMF are fully implemented. As highlighted in Section 7, training and capacity building is the key to the successful implementation of the ESMF and the RPF.
Institutional Capacity Assessment
Institutional capacity to implement to address environmental and social management issues, and consequently to implement most of the measures outlined in this ESMF, is considered to be weak
Proposed Training and Awareness Programs
In order to successfully implement the guidelines and recommendations in the ESMF, it is important to ensure those charged with implementing the ESMF are provided with the appropriate training and awareness provisions. These include:
1. Hydrometric technicians from the Department of Hydric Resources
2. Technical staff of the Environmental Unit of AMU
3. National Project Management
4. Managers (“water vendors”) of water stand posts and other community water supply projects.
5. Personnel dealing with water treatment chemicals
6. Construction personnel of civil works projects
These stakeholders have different training needs in terms of raised awareness, sensitization to the issues, and detailed technical training:
• Awareness-raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of environmental and social issues.
• Sensitization to the issues for participants who need to be familiar enough with the issues that they can make informed and specific requests for technical assistance; and
• Detailed technical training for participants who will need to analyze potentially adverse environmental and social impacts, to prescribe mitigation approaches and measures, and to prepare and supervise the implementation of management plans. This training will address such matters as community participation methods; environmental analysis; using the ESMF checklist; preparing EMPs, EIAs and RAPs; ESMF reporting; and subproject supervision and monitoring. Bank safeguards and national legislation
The training requirements for various groups of participants is shown below:
| |National |AMU |Hydrometri|Managers of |Water |Construct|
| |level Project|Environmental |c |water stand |Treatment |ion |
| |Management |Unit |technician|posts |Personnel |Personnel|
| | | |s | | | |
|Linkages between environmental, social and|A |T |T |S |T |A |
|natural resource management and | | | | | | |
|sustainable rural livelihoods | | | | | | |
|Local EA legislation and relevant |A |T |T |S |T |T |
|environmental policies | | | | | | |
|Potential localized impacts of subprojects|A |T |T |T |T |T |
|and suitable mitigation measures | | | | | | |
|Addressing land acquisition and access to |A |T |T |S |- |T |
|resources through resettlement planning | | | | | | |
|and compensation | | | | | | |
|Use of the ESMF, its procedures, resources|A |T |T |- |T |T |
|and forms | | | | | | |
|Methods of community involvement |A |A |T |T |- |- |
|Inter-community lesson-learning and review|A |T |- |- |- |SA |
| |
|Legend: T = Detailed training, S = Sensitization to the issues, A = Awareness-raising |
The objective of the training under the ESMF is to:
• support identification, preparation, implementation and management the environmental and social aspects of their subprojects;
• ensure that technical staff responsible for subprojects and compliance with ESMFare able to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects; and
The most profitable strategy would be to run short workshops (e.g. three days) and refresher courses. The training materials developed for the workshop should include at least the following components:
• Case studies (where possible developed by the workshop participants) based on the scope of work of the subproject interventions that can be used to demonstrate the basic principles of EA.
• Workshop the subproject preparation guidelines developed and presented in Chapters 6 and 7 above should also be a training component, and included in the workshop.
• An overview of environmental assessment (scoping, screening, EA methodologies, impacts and mitigation measures, public participation, monitoring and evaluation)
• Review of relevant Angolan environmental legislation
• Review Bank safeguards
A provisional program for a 3 day workshop would be as follows:
• Day One:
o An overview of environmental assessment
o Angolan environmental and land legislation
o World Bank Safeguard Policies
o The ESMF process, EMP, EIA guidelines
• Day Two
o Screening guidelines for mitigation and monitoring of sub-projects
o Fieldtrip to selected subproject sites (use of screening form)
o Mitigation measures
o Institutional arrangements
• Day Three
o An overview sub-projects
o Project management
o The EMP and contractor responsibilities
o Monitoring and evaluation
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance will be provided for teams order to implement the ESMF especially where more detailed EMPs, EIAs or RAPs may be required. The TA will be contracted on a “standing offer” basis so it can be mobilized quickly, as it is needed, by professionals with the relevant technical skills and experience for preparation of EMPs, EIAs and RAPs, and other specialist inputs.
TA service providers must keep detailed records for use in compiling the annual reports and for undertaking annual reviews.
ESMF Implementation - FUNDING
Funding is provided under the WSIDP for capacity building and contracting of expertise as required:
• The training program to implement the ESMF;
• Contracting of specialists for the preparation of subproject EMPs and RAPs.
Funding for the contracting of specialists (technical assistance) falls under Component 1 of the WSIDP and funds for training and capacity building falls under Component 4.
ANNEX I
PHOTOS SHOWING STATUS OF SELECTED HYDROMETRIC STATIONS
ANNEX II
Description of vegetation types mapped in Figure 10
1F. Evergreen species-rich fog-dependent tropical forests of low altitude. (Julbernardia spp., Gilbertiodendrum spp., Tetraberlinia spp., Librevillea spp.). Cabinda
2F. Semi-deciduous humid forests of low altitude. (Grossweilerodendron spp., Oxystigma spp., Pentaclethra spp., Piptadeniastrum spp.) NE Zaire, NW Uige.
3F. Semi-deciduous fog-dependent humid forest largely. Disturbed. (Ficus spp., Albizia spp., Morus spp.) Uige, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul.
4F. Dense semi-deciduous forest on Kalahari sands. (Cryptosepalum exfoliatum, Brachystegia, Guibourtia). Alto Zambeze.
5F. Semi-deciduous fog-dependent high altitude forests. (Newtonia spp., Bridelia spp., Ficus spp.) High altitude areas in Benguela, Huambo, Huila.
6FS. Mosaic of: (1) dense humid forest; (2) tall grass savannas. (1) Piptadeniastrum africanum, Boschia angolensis, (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Schyzachyrium spp.
7FW. Mosaic of: (1) dense gallery forests; (2) woodlands; (3) tall grass savannas. (1) Xylopia spp., Piptadeniastrum spp., (2) Marquesia spp., Uapa spp., Pericopsis spp., Diallum spp., Burkea spp. (3) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Trachypogon spp. E. Zaire, N. Uige.
8FS. Mosaic of: (1) Vegetation type 3F; and (2) tall grass savannas. (2) Hyparrhenia spp. Panicum spp., Paspalum., Erythrina spp., Entadopsis spp., Piliostigma spp). Uige, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul.
9FST. Mosaic of: (1) ground-water dependent forests and forested swamps; (2) tall grass savanna; (3) shrubland thickets. (1) Allanbackia spp., Entandophrama spp., Xylopia spp., Symphonia spp., Mytragine spp., Homalium spp., Cyperus spp., Raphia spp., (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Adansonia spp. (3) Strychnos spp., Angraecum spp., sanseveria spp.) NW Zaire.
10FS. Mosaic of: (1) semi-deciduous and deciduous forests; (2) dry savannas of low altitude. (1) Ceiba spp., Bombax spp., Pteleopsis spp., Adansonia spp., Sterculia spp., (2) Heteropogon spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Albizia spp., Piliostigma spp., Combretum spp.) NW Bengo, W Cuanza Sul.
11GS. Mosaic of: (1) imperfectly drained grasslands; (2) savannas; (3) riparian forest clumps, on Kalahari sands. (1) Loudetia simples, Trystachia spp. Landolphia spp., (2) Andropogon spp., Trachyopogn) Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul.
12TS. Mosaic of: (1) shrub-thickets; (2) tall grass savannas of mid altitudes. (1&2) Annona spp., Combretum spp., Hymenocardia spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp., Panicum spp.). SW. Cuanza Norte, W. Malange, N. Cuanza Sul.
13TS. Mosaic of semi-arid: (1) shrub-thickets; (2) savannas; xeric grasslands of low latitude. (1) Crossopteryx spp., Adansonia spp., Schmidtia pappophoroides, Heteropogon spp.) SE. Zaire, N. Bengo.
14TWS. Mosaic of: (1) tall shrub thicket; (2) woodland: (3) imperfectly drained savannas. (1) Croton spp., Combretum spp., Commiphora spp., (2) Baikiaeae spp., Brachystegia spp., Julbernardia spp., (3) Themeda spp., Andropogon spp., Heteropogon spp., Hyparrhenia spp.). S. Huila.
15MS. Mosaic of: (1) degraded miombo; (2) Hyparrhenia savannas. (1) Julbernardia spp., Brachystegia spp., (2) Hyparrhenia spp., Andropogon spp.).
16M. Tall to medium height (10-20m) miombo woodlands of variable density on deep sands. (Brachystegia spp., Guibourtia spp., Marquesia spp., Julbernardia spp., Pterocarpus spp.).
17MS. Mosaic of: (1) open miombo woodland; (2) savannas (Genus as for 16 and Hyparrhenia savanna).
18WS. Mosaic of: (1) xeric (deciduous) woodland; and (2) xeric savannas. (1&2) Colophospermum mopane, Terminalia spp., Commiphora., Boscia spp., Schmidtia spp., Aristida, Enneapogon spp.).
19S. Imperfectly drained Colophospermum shrubland on cracking clays. (Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys spp., Acacia kirkii).
20WS. Mosaic of: (1) low growing woodland (2) tall grass savannas. (1) Cochlospermum spp., Terminalia spp., Piliostigma spp., Albizia spp.).
21STW. Mosaic of: (1) xeric savannas; (2) xeric shrub thickets; (3) Adansonia woodlands. (1) Heteropogon spp., Panicum spp., Digitaria spp., Schmidtia spp., (2) Strychnos spp., Dychrostachys spp., Combretum spp., (3) Adansonia spp., Sterculia spp.).
22GM. Mosaic of: (1) imperfectly drained grasslands; and (2) miombo woodlands. (1) Loudetia simplex, Tratchypogon spp. Ctenium spp.).
23WG.Mosaic of: (1) baikiaea woodlands; (2) imperfectly drained grasslands. (1) Baikiaea plurijuga, Diospyros spp. Combretum spp., Ricinodendron spp.).
24SW. Mosaic of: (1) tall grass savanna; and (2) Adansonia-Sterculia woodlands on calcareous soils. (2) Sterculia spp., Adansonia spp., Marquesia spp., Lannea spp.).
25SG. Mosaic of: (1) Xerophytic shrublands; (2) annual grasslands; (3) dwarf shrubland. (1,2,3) Colophospermum spp., Acacia mellifera, Terminalia prunioides, Rhygozum spp., Schimidtia spp., Aristida spp., Welwitschia mirabilis).
26G. Annual grasslands with patches of Welwitschia (Aristida spp., Rhynchelytrum spp.).
27D. Active dunes
28G. Imperfectly drained grasslands on Kalahari sands. (Loudetia spp., eragrostis spp., Tristachya spp.).
29G. Papyrus swamps.
30G. High altitude imperfectly drained grasslands on acid shallow soils. (Loudetia spp., Ctenium spp., Eragrostis spp., Myrsine spp., Geigeria spp.).
ANNEX III
MAP SHOWING HYDROMETRIC SECTORS OF ANGOLA
ANNEX IV.1
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Chemicals Storage and Handling (component 1)
| | | |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures |
|Storage |Pollution from incorrect storage risks of |Create appropriate storage area with cement floor |
| |soil contamination | |
| |Corrosion of building elements due to |Training for workers in proper storage of containers |
| |incorrect storage | |
| | |Establishment of guidelines for chemicals storage and |
| | |awareness of people related to the area |
| |Health risks and negative aesthetic |Provide protection equipment to the workers: masks, |
|Handling |impacts |gloves and boots |
| | | |
| | |Training for workers in proper handling of chemicals |
| |Risks of spill |Training for workers in proper handling |
|Disposal |Pollution from improper disposal of |Training for workers in proper disposal of empty |
| |chemicals containers |containers |
ANNEX IV.2
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Rehabilitation of Hydrometric Stations (component 2.3)
| | | |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures |
| |Nuisance to local residents during |Noisy work to be made in certain periods |
|Construction |construction if station is located near a | |
| |center | |
| |Erosion undermining access platform |Foundations to be adapt according to the local |
| | |conditions |
| |Concrete manufacture, anti corrosive |If working over the river take all precautions not to |
| |painting and metal work risks |drop cement, paint, iron etc into the river using a |
| | |protective sheet. |
| |Accumulation of solid wastes due to |Remove all empty paint tins, cement bags and other |
| |construction activities and workforce |empty material containers |
| |creates health risks and negative | |
| |aesthetic impacts | |
| |Pollution from incorrect storage and |Avoid fuel and oil spillage |
| |handling of diesel fuel and used engine | |
| |oil may occur. |Place generator on an impermeable sheet |
| | | |
| | |Training for workers in proper handling of these |
| | |products |
|Operational |Pollution from improper disposal of |Training for workers in proper use and maintenance of |
| |materials |the gauging station: painting, removal and |
| | |replacement of photo voltaic cells, on removal and |
| | |replacement of batteries |
| |Gauging station becoming clogged with |Training for workers in proper maintenance of the |
| |debris (e.g. plastic bags and other waste)|gauging station and surroundings |
| | | |
| | |Training for workers in keeping the station clean and |
| | |free of debris |
ANNEX IV.3
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Extension of Peri urban Distribution Water System and Household Connections (component 3.1)
| | | |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures |
|Planning |Loss of productive inhabited or |Locate site on uninhabited or unproductive land when |
| |productive land and assets due to |possible. If inhabited or productive follow guidelines found |
| |location of infrastructure |in Resettlement Policy Framework |
| |Loss of natural vegetation or sensitive |Locate site in order to avoid destruction of vegetation or |
| |habitats |sensitive habitats |
| |Spillage water around water point. |The site selection for water point should avoid depressions |
| | |or low-lying poorly drained sites. |
| |Risk of some trees being removed down by|Wherever possible avoid removal of trees or other intact |
|Construction |the workforce. |vegetation by workforce by changing the alignment of the pipe|
| | | |
| | | |
| | |Awareness campaigns for workers to avoid destruction of |
| | |vegetation. |
| |Nuisance to local residents during |Create temporary accesses for normal circulation |
| |construction (for tubing) | |
| | |Establish timetable for noisy works and inform residents |
| |Spillage water around water point |Fill any depression in the vicinity of the water point |
| |providing breeding ground for water | |
| |borne diseases |Construct a drainage channel to lead wastewater away from |
| | |water point and away latrines and septic tanks into local |
| | |drainage channels or soak |
| |Pollution from incorrect storage and |Carefully select storage area for diesel and ensure proper |
| |handling of diesel fuel and used engine |storage and handling of fuels to prevent localized pollution |
| |oil may occur |of soil. |
| | | |
| | |Used engine oil should be properly stored in drums and |
| | |returned to the supplier or should be disposed of in disposal|
| | |in proper disposal sites. |
| |Health risks and negative aesthetic |Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. |
| |impacts created by the accumulation of |Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug pit |
| |solid wastes due to construction |(up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. |
| |activities and workforce during | |
| |construction |The contractor should mount awareness campaigns for the |
| | |workforce to remove and dispose of solid wastes in the |
| | |indicated sites. |
| |Potential spread in HIV/AIDs due to |Awareness campaigns for workers and local residents |
| |increase in workforce | |
|Operational |Breakage through improper use |Training for users in proper use and maintenance the water |
| | |point |
| |Water connection surroundings becoming |Training for users in proper maintenance the water point and|
| |with debris (e.g. plastic bags) |surroundings |
| |resulting in impeded drainage and | |
| |localized flooding |Keep the area clean and free of debris |
ANNEX 1V.4
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Rehabilitation of Buildings in Centro de Investigação e Pesquisa de Onga Zanga (CIPOZ) - (component 4.1)
| | | |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures |
|Planning |Loss of natural vegetation or sensitive |Organize construction work in order to avoid destruction |
| |habitats |of natural vegetation or sensitive habitats. |
| |Nuisance to local residents during |Establish timetable for noisy works and inform residents |
|Construction |construction from noise | |
| |Health risks and negative aesthetic impacts |Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. |
| |created by the accumulation of solid wastes |Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug |
| |due to construction activities and workforce|pit (up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. |
| |during construction | |
| | |The contractor should mount awareness campaigns for the |
| | |workforce to remove and dispose of solid wastes in the |
| | |indicated sites. |
| |Potential spread in HIV/AIDs due to influx |Awareness campaigns for workers and local residents |
| |of workers | |
|Operational |Breakage through improper use |Training for managers in proper use and maintenance of |
| | |the building |
| |Surrounding area becoming with debris and |Training for managers in proper maintenance and cleanness |
| |waste |of the buildings and surrounding area |
ANNEX IV.5
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Small Scale Water Projects – network extension and water stand posts (component 4.2)
| | | |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures |
|Planning |Loss of inhabited or productive land and |Locate site on uninhabited or unproductive land when |
| |assets due to location of infrastructure |possible. If inhabited or productive follow guidelines |
| | |found in Resettlement Policy Framework |
| |Loss of natural vegetation or sensitive |Locate site in order to avoid destruction of vegetation or|
| |habitats |sensitive habitats. |
| |Spillage water around water point. |The site selection for water point should avoid |
| | |depressions or low-lying poorly drained sites. |
| |Nuisance to local residents: temporary loss |Create appropriate temporary accesses |
|Construction |of access when laying for tubing | |
| |Spillage water around water point providing |Fill any depression in the vicinity of the water point |
| |breeding ground for water borne diseases | |
| | |Construct a drainage channel to lead wastewater away from |
| | |pump pad and into local drainage channels or soak away |
| |Erosion undermining water point pad |Construct a drainage channel to lead wastewater away from |
| | |pad. |
| | | |
| | |The area around the water point should be filled with |
| | |gravel |
| |Health risks and negative aesthetic impacts |Remove and dispose of solid waste in suitable sites. |
| |created by the accumulation of solid wastes |Non-hazardous wastes can be disposed of in a locally dug |
| |due to construction activities and workforce|pit (up to 1m deep) and covered with top soil on closure. |
| |during construction | |
| | |Mount awareness campaigns for the workforce to remove and |
| | |dispose of solid wastes in the indicated sites. |
| |Potential spread in HIV/AIDs due to increase|Awareness campaigns for workers and local residents |
| |in workforce | |
|Operational |Breakage through improper use |Training for water vendors in proper use and maintenance |
| | |the water point |
| |Drainage channels becoming blocked with |Training for water vendors in proper maintenance the |
| |debris (e.g. plastic bags) resulting in |water point and surroundings |
| |impeded drainage and localized flooding | |
| | | |
| | |Keep the drainage channels clean and free of debris |
| | | |
ANNEX V
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST
A. NAME, DEPARTMENT, JOB TITLE, AND CONTACT DETAILS FOR THE PERSON WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FILLING OUT THIS FORM:
Completed by (Name):
Contact details:
Date:
Signature:
B. Project Description
Name of Sub-project:
Name of Sub-project Execution Organization:
Estimated Cost:
Location of the Sub-project:
Type and scale of the Sub-project:
Approximate size of the Sub-project in land area the location of the project.
C. THE CHECKLIST
Please fill in the checklist below:
Project Siting:
1. Are there any environmentally sensitive areas (intact natural forests, rivers or wetlands etc, ) or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project?: Yes______No______
2. Does the project occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, etc.)?: Yes______No______
3. Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (erosion prone, landslide prone, subsidence-prone)?:
Yes______No______
4. Is the project located near to water sources used for domestic consumption such as boreholes, water wells or springs?: Yes______No______
5. Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the project alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site?: Yes______No______
6. Will the project result in displacement, loss of assets, or access to assets?: Yes______No______
7. Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)?: Yes___No_____
Construction Related Activities
8. Will construction or operation of the Project use large amounts of local natural resources such as water, timber, gravel from river beds, stones especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply?: Yes___No_____
9. Will the Project involve use, storage, transport or handling of substances or materials which could be harmful to human health or the environment?: Yes___No_____
10. Will the Project produce solid wastes during construction or decommissioning?: Yes___No_____
11. Will construction require the use of heavy machinery or equipment?: Yes___No_____
Operational Phase
12. Will the Project result in the production of solid wastes during the operational phase?: Yes___No_____
13. Will the Project result in hazardous wastes during the operational phase?: Yes___No_____
14. Will the Project produce waste water that require drainage?: Yes___No_____
15. Will the Project require community management of the services?: Yes___No_____
Proposed action
All the above answers are ‘NO’
There is at least one ‘YES’
If all the above answers are ’NO’ there is no need for further action
If there is at least one ‘YES’ describe your recommended course of action in the space below. If more space is needed, attach a separate sheet to the checklist.
E. RECOMMENDATION
Circle one of the following screening recommendations:
1. All answers to the questions in Section D above are “No”. There is no need for further action.
2. For all issues indicated by “Yes” answers to the questions in Section D above, the proponent has included adequate mitigation measures in the project design. No further planning action is required. Implementation of the mitigation measures will require supervision by the appropriate agency.
3. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers in Section D above (specify questions numbers):
the proponent has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The proponent must revise the proposed project plan to provide adequate mitigation. Specialist advice may be required in the following areas:
4. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers in Section D above (specify question numbers):
the proponent has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The proponent must prepare an environmental assessment of the proposed project, and revise the project plan according to the results of that assessment. Specialist advice will be required in the following areas:
Signature
Date
ANNEX III
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST
1. NAME, DEPARTMENT, JOB TITLE, AND CONTACT DETAILS FOR THE PERSON WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FILLING OUT THIS FORM:
Completed by (Name):
Contact details:
Date:
Signature:
2. Project Description
Name of Sub-project:
Name of Sub-project Execution Organization/Community:
Estimated Cost:
Location of the Sub-project:
Type and scale of the Sub-project:
Approximate size of the Sub-project in land area the location of the project.
3. THE CHECKLIST
Please fill in the checklist below:
Project Siting:
1. Are there any environmentally sensitive areas (intact natural forests, rivers or wetlands, mangroves etc.) or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project?: Yes______No______
2. Does the project occur within/adjacent to any protected areas designated by government (national park, national reserve, etc.)?: Yes______No______
3. Based upon visual inspection or available literature, are there areas of possible geologic or soil instability (erosion prone, landslide prone, subsidence-prone)?:
Yes______No______
4. Is the project located near to water sources used for domestic consumption such as boreholes, water wells or springs?: Yes______No______
5. Based on available sources, consultation with local authorities, local knowledge and/or observations, could the project alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site?: Yes______No______
6. Will the project result in resettlement, loss of access and/or assets?: Yes______No______
7. Will the project result in the permanent or temporary loss of crops, fruit trees and household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)?: Yes___No_____
Construction Related Activities
8. Will construction or operation of the Project use large amounts of local natural resources such as water, timber, gravel from river beds, stones especially any resources which are non-renewable or in short supply?: Yes___No_____
9. Will the Project involve use, storage, transport or handling of substances or materials which could be harmful to human health or the environment?: Yes___No_____
10. Will the Project produce solid wastes during construction or decommissioning?: Yes___No_____
11. Will construction require the use of heavy machinery or equipment?: Yes___No_____
Operational Phase
12. Will the Project result in the production of solid wastes during the operational phase?: Yes___No_____
13. Will the Project result in hazardous wastes (including hospital wastes) during the operational phase?: Yes___No_____
14. Will the Project produce waste water that require drainage?: Yes___No_____
15. Will the Project require community management of the services?: Yes___No_____
Proposed action
All the above answers are ‘NO’
There is at least one ‘YES’
Guidance
If all the above answers are ’NO’ there is no need for further action
If there is at least one ‘YES’ describe your recommended course of action
Recommendation
If there is at least one ‘YES’ which course of action do you recommend?
Community/NC given full responsibility to mitigate environmental impacts
The SPs to provide guidance on mitigation of environmental impacts to the community
Specific advice is required from the PCC in the following areas: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ANNEX VI:
GUIDELINES FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Environmental Management
The environment is broadly defined to include the natural environment (air, water and land and the associated fauna and flora), and human health and safety. In the case that the Checklist indicates that more explicit impact mitigation measures are required for a subproject, an environmental management plan (EMP) is required. For guidance the contents of a typical EMP are given in Annex 8.
The EMP should meet the requirements a subproject and be easy to use. There is no standard format or length. For many small-scale subprojects, it may be no more than a few paragraphs or perhaps just a table (see Example Annex IV).
The basic elements of an EMP are:
• A description of the possible adverse effects that the EMP is intended to deal with;
• A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented;
• A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the project both positive and negative;
• A description of who will be responsible for implementing the EMP; and
• A cost estimate and source of funds.
Wherever possible communities should participate in preparing the EMP since local knowledge is important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation of practical mitigation measures. It is especially important where the success of an EMP depends on community support and action, both in implementing mitigation measures and in monitoring their success.
When a subproject includes distinct mitigation measures (physical works or management activities), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) needs to be included with the subproject application.
EMP Contents:
An EMP usually includes the following components:
• Description of adverse effects: The anticipated effects are identified and summarized.
• Description of mitigation measures: Each measure is described with reference to the effect(s) it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures are described.
• Description of monitoring program: Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of environmental effects. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental effects are monitored is discussed below.
• Responsibilities: The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies.
• Implementation schedule: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall subproject schedule.
• Cost estimates and sources of funds: These are specified for the initial subproject investment and for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a subproject is implemented. Funds to implement the EMP may come from the subproject grant;
Monitoring Methods:
Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental effects should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information. For example, they could just be regular observations of subproject activities or sites during construction and then use. I solid waste being removed form site? Are fences and gates being maintained and properly used around a new water point; Are the drainage channels clear of debris? Most observations of inappropriate behavior or adverse effects should lead to commonsense solutions
Annex VII:
Simplified EMP
| | | |Implementation |Monitoring |
|Phase |Impact |Mitigation measures | | |
|Planning |Loss of natural vegetation|Organize construction work in |EU of AMU |Coordinating Engineer|
| |or sensitive habitats |order to avoid destruction of | |AMU |
| | |natural vegetation or sensitive| | |
| | |habitats. | | |
| |Nuisance to local |Create accesses for normal |Construction Company |EU of AMU |
|Construction |residents during |circulation | | |
| |construction (noise, | | | |
| |obstruction of the area, |Establish timetable for noisy | | |
| |…) |works | | |
| | | | | |
| |Health risks and negative |Remove and dispose of solid |Construction Company |EU of AMU |
| |aesthetic impacts created |waste in suitable sites. | | |
| |by the accumulation of |Non-hazardous wastes can be | | |
| |solid wastes due to |disposed of in a locally dug | | |
| |construction activities |pit (up to 1m deep) and covered| | |
| |and workforce during |with top soil on closure. | | |
| |construction | | | |
| | |The contractor should mount | | |
| | |awareness campaigns for the | | |
| | |workforce to remove and dispose| | |
| | |of solid wastes in the | | |
| | |indicated sites. | | |
| |Potential spread in |Awareness campaigns for workers|Construction Company |EU of AMU |
| |HIV/AIDs due to presence |and local residents | | |
| |of salaried employees | | | |
ANNEX VIII:
Generic Terms of Reference for an EIA
Compliance with Angolan Legislation
The EIA shall be carried in accordance with Angolan environmental legislation.
The EIA will result in the publication of a EIA Report that will includes a detailed management plan which will be submitted to the National Directorate for the Environment for review and approval.
Overall Objective of the EIA
The overall objective of the environmental impact assessment is to study and evaluate the project components from an ecological, socio-economic and sustainable point of view. Both positive and negative impacts during the construction, operational and maintenance phases of the project will be evaluated.
Scope of Work
Task 1 Baseline Description
In order to predict potential impacts the consultant must fully describe the environmental and socio-economic profile of the project area including the following:
• biophysical features;
• socio-economic features;
• land-use and land title status;
• landscape (aesthetic features).
Task 2 Assessment of Impacts
An assessment of the impacts both during the construction and operational phases will be made. Both positive and negative impacts must be considered.
The direct or indirect effect on natural habitats, fauna and flora, hydrological processes, farmlands, domestic buildings, cultural sites and/or on natural resources used by local communities will be evaluated.
The description and quantification of the environmental impact will, wherever possible, be based on scientific, objective methods and include:
• and duration:
• the provision of criteria by which impacts have been assessed;
• the consideration of cumulative impacts on the area;
• significance in terms of national, regional and local impacts.
Task 3 Mitigating Measures
Based on the findings the consultant must identify mitigating measures to reduce or eliminate the negative effects of the project and to enhance positive impacts.
Task 4 Analysis of Alternatives
An evaluation of alternatives with respect to alignments, construction techniques and operational procedures must be made. An estimate of the costs involved for the various alternatives must be presented.
Task 5 Public Consultation
In accordance with Article 10 of the Angolan Environmental Law the consultants must include Public Consultation within the EIA process
Task 6 Formulation of Environmental Management Plan and Monitoring Program
A monitoring program and environmental management plan for controlling impacts arising from the construction, operational and maintenance phases must de drawn up.
Task 6 Preparation of EIA Report
In accordance with Article 16 of the Angolan Environmental Law and Artcle 6 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree (Decree n.º 51/04 form 23rd July) an EIA report comprising the following must be prepared:
• A non-technical summary of the project;
• A description of the project;
• An analysis of alternatives;
• A description of the baseline environmental situation in the area of influence of the activity;
• A summary of comments arising from the public consultation process;
• A prediction of the environmental and social impacts arising from the project;
• An indication of the mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate negative impacts;
• An indication of systems to control and monitor the project.
-----------------------
[1] Note: The Environmental Framework Law does not specify what type of project requires an EIA. These are further defined in the EIA Decree nº 51/04.
[2] The importation of chemicals for water treatment is as per Component 1 of the WSIDP are not affected by this Article
[3] Note: what is considered to be proper compensation is not specified in the Law. The common practice is direct negotiation between the project proponent and the affected parties or their representatives.
[4] Significant conversion is the elimination or severe diminution of the integrity of a critical or other natural habitat caused by a major, long-term change in land or water use.
[5] Note the boundaries of the hydrometric sectors do not coincide with the hydrological basins of Angola
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1
1
Not yet functional
NAT. INSTITUTE FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
NAT INST.ITUTE FOR LAND PLANNING AND URBAN DEVPT.
NATIONAL HOUSING INSTITUTE
GEOGRAPHIC AND CADASTRE INSTITUTE OF ANGOLA
ENVIRONMENT FUND
NAT. INSTITUTE FOR NATURE CONSERVATION
Provincial Water and Sanitation Utilities
Conselho Tarifario
AMU’s Board of Directors
Capacity Building & Communications
Disbursement
and Financial Management
Planning and contracting
Asset Management Unit
MINEA, MinFin, MinPLan
HOUSING FUND
NAT. DIRECTORATE FOR NATURAL RESOURCES
NAT. DIRECTORATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
NAT. DIRECTORATE FOR HOUSING POLICY
NAT. DIRECTORATE FOR LAND AND URBAN PLANNING
INSPECTION AND FISCALIZATION BUREAU
LEGAL
OFFCE
STUDIES, PLANNING AND STATISTICS BUREAU
E1819
9. Hydrometric station with shelter for measuring equipment
10. Measurement device
11. Solar panel
12. Concrete pillar
8. Scale, Chinhama station
5. Concrete pillar, vertical pipe and scale
6. Access platform
7. Scale
2.Chinham hydrometric station
1.Hydrometric station
No answers
No action required
Screening by ESU, HT, Consultant
Identification of sub-project
Identify mitigation measures and integrate into project design
At least one ‘yes’ answer
3. Hydrometric station
4. Concrete pillar and vertical pipe
March, 2008
INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE BUREAU
INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION CENTER
GENERAL OFFICE
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
DEPUTY MINISTER
ADVISORY COUNCIL
MINSTERS OFFICE
MULTISECTORIAL TEC. COMMITEE FOR LAND AND URBAN PLANNING
MULTISECTORIAL TEC. COMMITEE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
DEPUTY MINISTER
MINISTER
Technical Assistance
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