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Research Article Critique Matrix and AnalysisIn order to critique a research article, you will need to read the article with some questions in mind. The following table offers you questions to ponder as you review the qualitative and quantitative articles. The table is also set up in a side by side format to further develop your understanding of how these two major types of research methodology differ. Recall from the assignment that both the matrix and the analysis are due for full points. The grading rubric is per the course syllabus.Research Article Critique Matrix:Quantitative Research EvaluationQualitative Research EvaluationArticle: Pearson, M. L., Needleman, J., Parkerton, P. H., Upenieks, V. V., Soban, L. M., & Yee, T. (2009, November). Participation of unit nurses: front line implementation on TCAB pilot units [Electronic version].?American Journal of Nursing,?109(11), 66-70.doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000362029.00870.acArticle: O’Lynn, C., Krautscheid, L. (2011). How Should I Touch You’: a qualitative study of attitudes on intimate touch in nursing care. American Journal of Nursing, 111 (3), 24-31. doi:?10.1097/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000395237.83851.79IntroductionIs the purpose of the study presented? YesIs the significance (importance) of the problem discussed? NoDoes the investigator provide a sense of what he or she is doing and why? YesStatement of the phenomenon of interestIs the phenomenon of interest clearly identified? YesHas the researcher identified why the phenomenon requires a qualitative format? NoHas the researcher described the philosophic underpinnings of the research? YesProblem StatementIs the problem statement clear? NoDoes the investigator identify key research questions and variables to be examined? YesDoes the study have the potential to help solve a problem that is currently faced in clinical practice? YesPurposeHas the researcher made explicit the purpose of conducting the research? YesDoes the researcher describe the projected significance of the work to nursing? YesLiterature ReviewDoes the literature review follow a logical sequence leading to a critical review of supporting and conflicting prior work? NoIs the relationship of the study to previoresearch clear? YesDoes the investigator describe gaps in the literature and support the necessity of the present study? No there is not a description of gaps in the literature but there is necessary support for the present study.Theoretical framework and hypothesisIs a rational stated for the theoretical/ conceptual framework? YesDoes the investigator clearly state the theoretical basis for hypothesis formulation? NoIs the hypothesis stated precisely and in a form that permits it to be tested? YesMethodologyAre the relevant variables and concepts clearly and operationally defined? YesIs the design appropriate for the research questions or hypotheses? YesAre methods of data collection sufficiently described? YesWhat are the identified and potential threats to internal and external validity that were present in the study? The study was conducted in hospitals that have a good track record regarding innovation and quality improvement so the results may not be able to adequately represent all hospitals.If there was more than one data collector, was inter-rater reliability adequate? There were two data collectors but a disagreement was not noted.MethodIs the method used to collect data compatible with the purpose of the research? YesIs the method adequate to address the phenomenon of interest? YesIf a particular approach is used to guide the inquiry, does the researcher complete the study according to the processes described? YesSampleAre the subjects and sampling methods described? The sampling methods described not specifics about the subjects.Is the sample of sufficient size for the study, given the number of variables and design? YesIs there adequate assurance that the rights of human subjects were protected? The subjects were the employees and units as a whole in 13 different hospitals.SamplingDoes the researcher describe the selection of participants? Yes Is purposive sampling used? Yes, a purposive, maximum variation sample. Exclusion of nurses or nursing students.Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? YesInstrumentsAre appropriate instruments for data collection used? YesAre reliability and validity of the measurement instruments adequate? YesData CollectionIs data collection focused on human experience? YesDoes the researcher describe data collection strategies (i.e. interview, observation, field notes)? Interviews recorded and transcribed.Is protection of human participants addressed? Protection is not noted in article.Is saturation of the data described? Yes with redundancy of the subjects responses.Has the researcher made explicit the procedures for collecting data? YesData AnalysisAre the statistical tests used identified and the values reported? YesAre appropriate statistics used, according the level of measurement, sample size, sampling method, and hypotheses/ research questions? Yes, descriptive statistics were used and a qualitative and quantitative analyze.Data analysisDoes the researcher describe the strategies used to analyze the data? Yes, modified thematic analysis.Has the researcher remained true to the data? YesDoes the reader understand the procedures used to analyze the data? YesDoes the researcher address the credibility, auditability, and fittingness of the data? YesCredibility: Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? YesAuditability: Can the reader follow the researcher’s thinking? Yes Does the researcher document the research process? YesFittingness: Can the findings be applicable outside the study situation? Yes Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? YesIs the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? YesResultsAre the results for each hypothesis clearly and objectively presented? Yes, there is one bar graph and a written description of the results.Do the figures and tables illuminate the presentation of results? Slightly.Are results described in light of the theoretical framework and supporting literature? YesFindings Are the findings presented within a context? YesIs the reader able to grasp the essence of the experience from the report of the findings? YesAre the researcher’s conceptualizations true to the data? YesDoes the researcher place the report in the context of what already is known about the phenomenon? YesConclusions/ discussionAre conclusions based on the results and related to the hypotheses? The results reflect the reason for the study.Are study limitations identified? YesAre generalizations made within the scope of the findings? YesAre implications of findings discussed (i.e. for practice, education, and research)? YesAre recommendations for further research stated? YesConclusion, implications, and recommendationsDo the conclusions, implications, and recommendations give the reader a context in which to use the findings? YesDo the conclusions reflect the study findings? YesDoes the researcher offer recommendations for future study? YesHas the researcher made explicit the significance of the study to nursing? Yes Research utilization implicationsIs the study of sufficient quality to meet the criterion of scientific merit? YesDoes the study meet the criterion of replicability? YesIs the study of relevance to practice? Yes because it is important for nurses have a voice in the way they provide care or the way the unit is ran. They can provide front line experience and ideas.Is the study feasible for nurses to implement? No, they need help to implement this type of change on their unit.Do the benefits of the study outweigh the risks? YesResearch Article Critique Analysis:Your ‘paper’ segment of this assignment is the analysis – which allows you to demonstrate your critical thinking skills and assimilation of the course learning objectives. It is the most significant portion of the assignment, and will be graded with an emphasis on your ability to present an objective critique. The whole idea of a critique is to determine a study’s strengths and weaknesses, not to merely parrot the findings of the study. Your analysis needs to include a supported statement that the research is strong enough or not to be used in Evidence Based Nursing Practice. Each article is expected to be accompanied by the completed research article critique matrix form and your analysis.Article: Pearson, M. L., Needleman, J., Parkerton, P. H., Upenieks, V. V., Soban, L. M., & Yee, T. (2009, November). Participation of unit nurses: front line implementation on TCAB pilot units [Electronic version].?American Journal of Nursing,?109(11), 66-70.doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000362029.00870.ac Quantitative Research Article AnalysisEthical Aspects: The Article was published in American Journal of Nursing a peer reviewed and evidenced based journal. The participants were employed at the hospitals.Problem Statement: Engage front line nurses in the effort to make changes to their unit and transform health care. Literature Review: There is literature review regarding this approach to healthcare along with other examples of quality improvement.Study Framework: The study was clear and the researchers followed the participants over a few years. Their employers review board approved the context of the interviews.Hypotheses and Research Questions: I do not feel that the hypothesis was clearly stated. The research questions are clearly stated.Quantitative Research Designs: The nursing unit’s adherence to the Transforming Care at the bedside (TCAB) was measured by a percentage of units that made the change and also the percentage of TCAB processes implemented.Qualitative Research Designs: Questionnaire and interviews were used to obtain information. Descriptive research analysis was used.Sampling Procedure: 13 hospitals participated. 9 of the hospitals chose 1 unit to implement change. 4 hospitals chose 2 units to implement change.Data Collection Procedures: Data collection is presented clearly. After the each interview the data was coded in placed in categories. Data Collection Methods: 2 interviewers were collecting data. 3 rounds of interviews were performed with staff that is knowledgeable about the TCAB project.Descriptive Statistics: Narrative description was provided with a bar graph. Inferential Statistics were not mentioned in the study.Presentation of Study Findings: The findings were clearly stated within the paper.Your ANALYSIS: A hypothesis is not stated in this article although there were several questions that were addressed. The introduction gave relevant background information regarding the initiative of TCAB. The information as to why TCAB should be implemented was vague and generalized. The procedure method is clearly stated and the study could be duplicated with this information. There was a mention of other studies that tried to transform healthcare. The variables are not clearly defined. There is data provided from each unit and verbal comments made by staff involved with the TCAB. There is not a defined measurement. The bar graph is correctly labeled and displays the results of study. The data provided related to the questions asked during the study but I find the information vague. The results are explained and they support the questions asked. The graph does not have data that is not explained in the paper. I agree with the authors conclusions. The program may not work or last at a hospital that does not have a strong history of quality improvement. This is being addressed in a future study that will consist of 67 hospitals. It would be difficult or impossible for a nurse to implement this program on a unit. Further studies must be done to know the success rate at different hospitals. The TCAB implementation would require the whole unit and the support of the hospital. Recommendations for implementation of this program could be provided by staff nurses.Article: : O’Lynn, C., Krautscheid, L. (2011). How Should I Touch You’: a qualitative study of attitudes on intimate touch in nursing care. American Journal of Nursing, 111 (3), 24-31. doi:?10.1097/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000395237.83851.79Qualitative Research Article AnalysisEthical Aspects: All participants reviewed and signed a consent form that was approved by the University. The Article was published in American Journal of Nursing a peer reviewed and evidenced based journalStatement of the phenomenon of interest: To determine public’s attitudes on the intimate touch when providing nursing care.Purpose:To gather information from the public to help both male and female nurses to communicate and effectively provide care in a respectable and professional manner. Method: Maximum-variation samples of 24 adults in four focus groups were interviewed were The interviews were recorded and transcribed. The participants included college students from a private university where the researches teach, middle age and older adults from various churches, Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) students.Qualitative Research Design: Thematic analysis was performedSampling: 12 women and 12 men with the mean age of 38.1. The sample was 83.3% white, non-Hispanic. 10 of the participants had received intimate touch from nurses.Sampling Procedure: Nurses and nursing students were excluded.Data Collection: 60-90 minutes sessions were tape recorded and transcribed along with individual field notes. The interviews started with an opening broad question followed by a transition question then a question regarding nurses gender Interview transcripts were refined into four different themed groups including Communicate with me, Give me choices, Ask me about gender, Touch me professionally, not too fast and not too slow. All the same questions were asked to each group without negative or biased responses, neutral facial expression were maintained.Data Analysis: I feel that the data collection was a sufficient method for obtaining the information. The participants were in person making it easy to gather the information needed. Also the chance of disposing of a questionnaire is not an issue but, honesty may be an issue because of fear of embarrassment.Findings: Communication was the number one factor before a nurse initiated an intimate touch along with a relationship with the nurse. The participants wanted to be involved with the care provided. All participants felt that the nurse should maintain a professional image and attitude. The participants were less concerned with the nurse’s gender than their professionalism. The participants wanted the nurse’s touch to remain firm and unhurried. Nurses need to be aware of cues from patients because personal preferences are subjective (O’Lynn & Krautscheid, 2011).The findings were easy to read and understand. The participant’s ideas and feelings were clearly stated.Conclusion, Implications, and recommendations Nurses should to be aware of their own confidence and comfort level when initiating care. The nurse should always ask permission before an intimate touch and always involve the patient in their care with open communication. The researchers discuss how privacy is addressed in most textbooks but education regarding caregiver and patient anxiety needs to be developed further. Patients religious and cultural values should always be take into consideration. Your ANALYSIS: The hypothesis is not clearly stated although O’Lynn and Krautscheid (2011) clearly state the question “How should I touch you?” The question is clearly stated and addressed by the study regarding the attitudes of participants when it comes to addressing an intimate touch when providing nursing care. The background information provided by the researches helps the reader understand why they studied the touch of a nurse. Most routine procedures will involve an intimate touch from a nurse. The method for obtaining the data is clearly stated. There was a comparison of similar studies although the method of finding the results was not mentioned. The sample size included a wide range of perceptions. Although, I feel that the sample size was small and lacked enough participants that have already experienced the intimate touch of a nurse. Only10 of the 24 participants had actually had this experience. I also felt that using the words intimate touch may brand the participants thoughts with the association of an inappropriate touch. There are not interchangeable variables; they are all independent with the expression of the participant’s view of how they want to be treated in regards to a nurse’s touch. There is quantitative data included in the study by displaying demographic statistics. I feel that the question was adequately answered by a valid means of investigation. The participants were appropriately questioned. If I were to extend this study I would include a questionnaire in every patient’s hospital room along with questionnaires in doctors’ offices and long term care facilities. An analysis needs to be performed with actual patients in these facilities. I feel that research in a long term care facility along with personal interviews could provide pertinent and important information. I found the information in the article to be very useful. As a nurse it benefits me by to making me conscious of the art of touch and the feelings my patients maybe experiencing. O’Lynn and Krautscheid (2011) state, that it would be beneficial if researchers tested more specific evidenced based strategies and included the information in nursing books. I think this would be helpful but the material would have to be general due to the variety of personal preferences by each patient. I can use this evidence and pass on the information to coworkers by making posters and placing them in the nurses’ station or break room. One would think that all nurses ask permission before initiating an intimate touch but unfortunately this is not true. I have seen first-hand nurses that have not respected their patients by not asking for permission to touch them. ReferencesPearson, M. L., Needleman, J., Parkerton, P. H., Upenieks, V. V., Soban, L. M., & Yee, T. (2009, November). Participation of unit nurses: front line implementation on TCAB pilot units [Electronic version].?American Journal of Nursing,?109(11), 66-70.doi: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000362029.00870.acO’Lynn, C., Krautscheid, L. (2011). How Should I Touch You’: a qualitative study of attitudes on intimate touch in nursing care. American Journal of Nursing, 111 (3), 24-31. doi:?10.1097/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000395237.83851.79 ................
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