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Anatomy - AllQuestion 1Which of the following statements is correct regarding the newborn skull?Your answer was correctA The posterior fontanelle has as its borders the occipital,parietal,temporal bonesB The anterior fontanelle has as its borders the frontal,parietal,temporal,sphenoid bonesC The bones of the skull develop by intramembranous ossification and by endochondral ossification Correct AnswerD The skull has similar vertical proportions to the adultExplanationThe bones of the calvaria develop by intramembranous ossification and most parts of the cranial base by endochondral ossification. The anterior fontanelle is bounded by the halves of the frontal bones anteriorly and the parietal bones posteriorly. The posterior fontanelle is triangular and is bounded by the parietal bones anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorlyQuestion 2Regarding ossification centres, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The capitate ossifies at 10 years Your AnswerB The medial epicondyle fuses at 20 years Correct AnswerC The two centres of radius ossify by 15yearsD The pisiform ossifies by the end of the 1st yearExplanationThe capitate bone ossifies first (within the first year) and the pisiform ossifies by year 10. The medial epicondyle fuses at 20yrs. The radius starts ossifying in cartilage form a centre in the middle of the shaft at the eigth week. There are secondary centres for the head and the lower end. The upper epiphysis fuses at about 15yrs and the lower epiphysis at about 20yrsQuestion 3Which bones form the borders of the anterior fontanelle in an infant?Your answer was correctA 2 frontals, 2 parietal bones Correct AnswerB 1 frontal, 2 parietals and the squamous bonesC 2 frontal, 2 temporal and the occipital bonesD 1 frontal, 1 parietal and 2 frontal bonesExplanationThe anterior fontanelle lies between four bones. The 2 parietal bones bound it behind, the two halves of the frontal bone lie in front. It overlies the superior saggital dural venous sinus. The anterior fontanelle is usually not palpable after the age of 18 months.Question 4Which bone in a child is the same size as adult at birth?Your answer was not correctA Auditory ossicles Correct AnswerB Parietal boneC Ethmoid bone Your AnswerD Squamous boneExplanationThe auditory ossicles are present and take on their characteristic adult shape and size between 9-15foetal weeksQuestion 5Regarding the ureters, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA They pass under the cover of the psoas muscleB They are crossed by the gonadal vessels Correct AnswerC They cross over the vas deferensD They are crossed by the genitofemoral nerveExplanationThe ureters are crossed by the vas deferens and they cross over the genitofemoral nerve. They pass on top of the psoas muscleQuestion 6Which of the following is the main vessel supplying the body of the pancreas?Your answer was correctA Superior pancreaticoduodenal arteryB Splenic artery Correct AnswerC Left gastric arteryD Left gastroepiploic arteryExplanationThe superior pancreaticoduodenal supplies the head of the pancreasQuestion 7Which of the following is the highest branch of the abdominal aorta?Your answer was not correctA Left gonadal arteryB Right suprarenal artery Your AnswerC Inferior phrenic artery Correct AnswerD Left renal arteryExplanationThe inferior phrenic arteries are the first branches of the abdominal aorta, and may rise by a common stem just above the coeliac trunk. They give off small suprarenal branchesQuestion 8Which of the following staements is correct regarding the duodenum?Your answer was not correctA Is a retro-peritoneal structureB Is 25cm in length Correct AnswerC Lies between the levels of L2-L4D In its 4th part, it lies to the right of the aorta Your AnswerExplanationOnly the first 2cm of the superior part is covered by peritoneum (mobile). The distal 3cm of the first part witht the rest of the perironeum is retroperitoneal (immobile). The duodenum lies between L1-L3 and the 4th part is to the left of the aorta.Question 9Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the appendix?Your answer was correctA Usually lies in a retroileal positionB Drains to inguinal nodesC Has no mesentryD Opens into the caecum 2 cm below the ileocaecal valve Correct AnswerExplanationThe apendix usually lies in the retrocecal position (64%) in the healthy person, draining to the ileocolic and superior mesenteric lymph nodes. Other appendix positions-?Pelvic appendix-20%. Retroileal-0.5%Question 10In relation to the stomach, which of the following statements is false?Your answer was not correctA It is completely invested by peritoneum Your AnswerB The cardia is situated at T12 Correct AnswerC The pyloric opening is at L1D It is supplied by branches of the coeliac trunkExplanationThe gastro-oesophageal junction is the cardia which is the most fixed part of the organ, and lies 2.5cm to the left of the midline at the level of the T11 vertebra. It is 40cm from the incisor teethQuestion 11All of the following are veins which drain the stomach, with the exception of?Your answer was not correctA Left gastricB Right gastricC Gastroduodenal Correct AnswerD Gastroepiploic Your AnswerExplanationVeins of the same name accompany the arteries and drain into the portal vein itself, or its splenic and superior mesenteric tributaries. The prepyloric vein, unaccompanied by an artery, drains into the right gastric vein. The arterial blood supply of the stomach is the left and right gastric arteries, the six short gastric arteries and the left and right gastroepiploic arteriesQuestion 12Superior pancreaticoduodenal vein drains into which of the following?Your answer was correctA Portal vein Correct AnswerB Inferior vena cava (IVC)C Superior mesenteric veinD Splenic veinExplanationThe portal vein receives the right and left gastric veins, along with the superior pancreaticoduodenal veinsQuestion 13Which of the following structures does not pass through the transpyloric plane?Your answer was not correctA Splenic vein Your AnswerB Tips of the 9th costal cartilagesC Spleen Correct AnswerD Superior mesenteric arteryExplanationThe transpyloric plane bisects the body between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis. This level is approximately midway between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus. It cuts each costal margin at the tip of the ninth costal cartilage, which is at the lateral border of rectus abdominus. Deep to this point on the right side lies the fundus of the gallbladder. The plane passes through the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra, where the spinal cord ends at the conus medullaris. The plane passes through the pylorus and along the head, neck and body of the pancreas just above the attachment of the transverse mesocolon. The supracolic compartment, containing liver, spleen and fundus of the stomach, lies above the plane, and the infracolic compartment, containing the colon and small intestine, lies below it.Note:?In most texts the spleen is included in the plane. Some texts (Moore) do not. Also some texts (Moore) point out that the tips of the 8th costal cartilages are bisected. While others say the 9th.Question 14Which lymph nodes drain the lower anal canal?Your answer was not correctA Superficial inguinal Correct AnswerB External iliac Your AnswerC Deep inguinalD Para-aorticExplanationSuperior to the pectinate line (dentate line) of the anal canal, the lymphnodes drain into the the internal iliac lymph nodes and through them the into the common iliac and lumbar lymph nodes. Inferior to this line, the lymphatic vessels drain superficially into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, as does most of the perineumQuestion 15Regarding the appendix, which of the following statements is false?Your answer was correctA The retroileal position is the most common position in the abscence of disease Correct AnswerB It opens into the caecum 2cm below the ileocaecal valveC The appendicular artery is usually a branch of the ileocolic arteryD It is normally 6-9cm longExplanationThe appendix may lie in different positions, however the retrocaecal position most commonly occurs 64% of pateints. ? Pelvic appendix-20%. Retroileal-0.5%Question 16With respect to the abdominal aorta, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The renal arteries originate at right angles from the aorta at the level of T12B The surface marking is just above the transpyloric plane to a point just below and to the left of the umbilicus Correct AnswerC The splenic vein crosses the aorta just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Your AnswerD The five lumbar arteries leave the aorta opposite the bodies of the coresponding lumbar vertebraeExplanationThe renal arteries originate at L1. The splenic vein crosses the aorta just above the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). There are 4 paired lumbar arteries.Question 17With regard to the testicles, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The testes have a tough fibrous outer surface, the tunica vaginalis Your AnswerB The pampiniform plexus is a superficial venous plexus surrounding the testicular artery Correct AnswerC The testicular artery only anastomoses with the cremasteric arteryD Division of the testicular artery results in testicular infarctionExplanationThe testes have a tough fibrous outer surface, the tunica albuginea.?The surface of each testicle is covered by the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis (derived form the peritoneum). Divison of the testicular artery will not necessary result in atrophy because anastomoses exist involving the cremasteric, ductal and testicular arteriesQuestion 18Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the ureters?Your answer was not correctA The pelvo-ureteric junction (PUJ) is the widest diameterB An intact innervation of the ureter is not necessary for peristalsis Correct AnswerC They lie lateral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebraeD They are approximately 31 cm in length Your AnswerExplanationThe pelvo-ureteric junction (PUJ), the pelvic brim, and on entering bladder wall are the points of narrowest calibre the ureters. They lie medially to the lateral processes of the lumbrae vertebrae. They ureters are ?approximately 25-30cm long. Note: some texts say the urters are 25cm exactly. Intact innervation of the renal pelvis or ureter is not necessary for the initiation or propogation of peristalsis form the calycael pacemakersQuestion 19What is the blood supply to the body of the pancreas?Your answer was correctA Splenic artery Correct AnswerB Left Gastric arteryC Hepatic arteryD Left gastroepiploic arteryExplanationThe main vessel is the splenic artery which supplies the neck, head, body and tail of the pancreas. The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries also supply the head of the pancreas. The gastric and gastroepiploic arteries supply the stomachQuestion 20In relation to the internal anal sphincter, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA It is skeletal muscleB It has longitudinal fibresC It has no bony attachment Correct AnswerD It extends along the length of the anal canalExplanationThe internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle and is circular. It extends 3/4 of the length of the anal canalQuestion 21Regarding the male urethra, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It is 15cm longB The urethra takes a right angle curve in the bulbous portion of the corpus spongiosum Correct AnswerC The narrowest point of the urethra is in the prostate Your AnswerD The spongy urethra lies within the corpus carvernosumExplanationThe?size of male urethra: intramural part 0.5-1.5cm, prostatic part 3-4cm, intermediate part 1.0-1.5cm, Spongey part ~15cm, =19.5-22cm?long. The narrowest point is at the external meatus; it runs below the corpora cavernosa. The spongy or penile urethra lies within the corpus spongiosum of the penis and can be divided into bulbous and pendulous parts. The urethra takes a right angle curve in the bulbous portion?of the corpus spongiosumQuestion 22Regarding the testicle, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Vas deferens lies in the lower, posterior part of the cord Correct AnswerB It has no parasympathetic supplyC It drains to the pre-aortic and inguinal nodesD Appendix testis is attached to inferior pole of the testisExplanationThe?autonomic nerves of the testis arise as the testicular plexus of nerves on the testicular artery, which contains vagal and parasympathetic and visceral afferent fibres and sympathetic fibres from T7 segment of spinal cord. Note:?some texts say that the testis is supplied by sympathetic nerves only.The appendix testis is attached to the upper pole of the testis.The vas deferens lies in the posterior and lower part of the cord.Lymphatics drainage follows the testicular artery /vein to the right and left lumbar and preaortic nodes.?The testicualr lymph does not drain to the inguinal nodes, although the overlying scrotal skin does. Note: some texts say the drainage is to the PARA-aortic nodesQuestion 23Which of the following statements is true of colon?Your answer was not correctA The ascending is longer than the descending colon Your AnswerB The only part suspended on mesentry is the transverse colonC The marginal artery is weakest at the hepatic flexureD The lymphatic drainage is via superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes Correct AnswerExplanationThe ascending colon is 15cm long, and the descending is 30cm. The sigmoid colon is also suspended. The marginal artery is weakest at the left colic flexure, which consequently has a poor blood supply.Question 24Which of the following structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?Your answer was correctA Piriformis muscleB Internal pudendal artery Correct AnswerC Superior gluteal arteryD Inferior gluteal arteryExplanationThe obturator internus and the internal pudendal nerves also pass through the foramenQuestion 25Superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain all of the following areas except?Your answer was correctA FootB Anterior thighC Skin of penisD Testis Correct AnswerExplanationThe para aortic nodes drain the testesQuestion 26Regarding the relations of the ureter, which of the following is false?Your answer was correctA It crosses the vas deferens in males Correct AnswerB It lies medial to the transverse processes of lumbar spineC It crosses the sacro iliac joint at the bifurication of the iliac vesselsD The gonadal vessels cross over the uretersExplanationThe ductus deferens crosses above the ureter and then runs medially to it.Question 27Referred pain from pancreatitis is felt at what level?Your answer was not correctA T12/L1 Your AnswerB T7/8 Correct AnswerC L1/2D T3/4ExplanationThe pain fibres accompany the sympathetic supply so that the pancreatic pain may radiate in the distrubution of the thoracic dermatomes T6-T10Question 28Which structure passes directly behind the hilum of the right lung?Your answer was not correctA Right phrenic nerve Your AnswerB Right vagus nerve Correct AnswerC Internal mammary arteryD Hemi-azygous veinExplanation noneQuestion 29Which of the following muscles is not used in forced expiration?Your answer was not correctA internal obliqueB rectus abdominisC diaphragm Correct AnswerD external oblique Your AnswerExplanationThe major role of the diaphragm is inspiration, but it is also involved in abdominal strainingQuestion 30With regard to the coronary arteries, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Right coronary artery (RCA) arises from the posterior coronary sinusB Left coronary artery (LCA) supplies the AV node in most patients Your AnswerC Right coronary artery (RCA) supplies the posterior descending branch in most patients Correct AnswerD There are no arteriolar anastomoses between left and rightExplanationThe RCA arises form the anterior aortic sinus and the LCA from the left posterior aortic sinus. The RCA supplies the sino-atrial (SA) node in 60% of patients and the AV node in the majority (80%) of patients (via the nodal artery form the posterior descending artery). The posterior descending artery (the posterior interventricular branch) is supplied by the RCA. Anastomoses exist at the termination of the right and left coronary arteries in the atrioventricular groove and between their interventricular and conus branchesQuestion 31Which structure passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus?Your answer was correctA Azygous veinB Vagal trunk Correct AnswerC Thoracic ductD Phrenic nerveExplanationThe vagal trunks and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery, veins and lymphatics accompany the oesophagus as it passes through the diaphragmQuestion 32Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the diaphragm?Your answer was correctA Has an aortic opening opposite T12 Correct AnswerB Has the oesophageal opening opposite the T8 vertebraeC Is supplied by C4, 5, 6D Has a vena caval opening at T10ExplanationThe diaphragm’s motor supply is solely from the phrenics, supplied by C3, 4, 5 (but mostly C4). It has an oesophageal opening at T10 and a vena caval opening at T8.? The major role of the diaphragm is inspiration, but it is also involved in abdominal strainingQuestion 33Which of the following is the most anterior structure in the thoracic inlet?Your answer was correctA Vagus nerveB Subclavian vein Correct AnswerC Right subclavian arteryD Thoracic ductExplanation noneQuestion 34Which of the following statements is true in relation to the trachea?Your answer was correctA Enters the thoracic inlet slightly to the left of midlineB Its lower end is behind the manubrium Correct AnswerC Is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerveD Drains into the axillary lymph nodesExplanationThe trachea commences at C6 level, 5cm above the jugular notch. It enters the thoracic inlet in the midline and passes downwards and backwards behind the manubrium to bifuricate into the two main bronchi. The trachea is 10cm long and 2cm wide, It drains into the posterior group of deep cervical and paratracheal lymph nodes. It is innervated by afferent fibres from vagi and recurrent laryngeal nervesQuestion 35Which of the following levels is correct in relation to the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm?Your answer was correctA T6B T8C T10 Correct AnswerD T12ExplanationT8-vena cava foramenT12-Aortic openingQuestion 36Which of the following is a correct relationship as regards the chest wall?Your answer was correctA The intercostal artery is more superficial than the veinB The neurovascular bundle lies between the external and internal intercostalsC The transversus muscle lies between the internal and external intercostalsD The intercostal artery lies between the nerve and vein Correct AnswerExplanationThe neurovascular bundle lies between the internal and transverse muscles. The transverse muscle lies below the internal intercostal muscles. The intercostal artery is not more superficial than the veinQuestion 37With regard to the bronchopulmonary segments, all of the following statements are true except?Your answer was not correctA There are approximately 9 segments in each lung Correct AnswerB The lingular portion of the superior left lobe is divided into an upper and lower segmentC Material aspirated tends to lodge in apical segment of the right lower lobe Your AnswerD The superficial bronchial veins of the right main bronchus drain into the azygos veinExplanationThere are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in each lung.? Aspirated material by supine, comatose or anaesthetised patients tends to lodge in apical segment of the right lower lobe?as patients. The bronchial veins fall into a superficial system draining from the hilar region and visceral pleura in to the azygos vein on the right and the accessory hemiazygos vein on the left. The deep system from the deeper lung tissue drain to a main pulmonary vein or directly into the left atriumNote: clinical Moore says there may be 8 segments in the left lung depending on the combintation of segments. If you group the apical and posterior segments=apicoposterior and the anterior and medial basal segments=anteriomedial, you get eight.Lasts calls the lingular portions-superior and inferior segments. CM says superior and inferior portionsQuestion 38Regarding the coronary arteries, which of the following statements is correct??Your answer was correctA The circumflex is the artery most affected by diseaseB The right coronary artery has a posterior interventricular branch Correct AnswerC 50% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes are supplied by the right coronary arteryD 40% of sino-atrial (SA) nodes are supplied by the right coronary arteryExplanation80% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes are supplied by the right coronary artery (RCA), 60% of sino-atrial (SA) nodes are also supplied by the RCA. The anterior interventricular artery is most affected by diseaseQuestion 39Which is true in respect of the anatomy of the trachea?Your answer was correctA It is 20cm long and bifurcates below the manubrium sterniB It starts at the level of the cricoid cartilage which is around C6 Correct AnswerC It is 5cm diameter in the adultD In the first year of life the trachea is 5mm in diameterExplanationTrachea is 10cm long and 2cm in diameter. In the first year of life it is 3mm in diameterQuestion 40Which of the following statements is correct regarding the oesophagus?Your answer was not correctA Is narrowest at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter Correct AnswerB Begins at the lower border of the thyroid cartilageC Ends at the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level T10D Is 28cm long Your AnswerExplanationThe esophagus, a muscular tube, ?25 cm long?begins at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage at C6, passes through the diaphragm at the level of T10 and ends at the cardiac orifice at the level of T11 which is the cardiac orifice. ?Is narrowest at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter (upper esophageal sphincter). Other sites of constriction include thoracic constriction: where it is crossed by the aortic arch and then by the left main bronchus. Diaphragmatic constriction: where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragmQuestion 41Regarding the Internal thoracic artery, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The internal thoracic artery is crossed near their origins by the ipsilateral phrenic nerve Correct AnswerB It descends straight down 1 cm medially to border of sternum Your AnswerC It is a branch of 2nd part of subclavian arteryD Gives off two anterior intercostal branches to the 5 superior intercostal spacesExplanationArises in the root of the neck, descends into the thorax posterior to the clavicle and first costal cartilage. It descends 1 cm lateral to the border of the sternum. It is a branch of the first part of the subclavian and gives off 2 anterior intercostal arteries in each intercostal space. It directly supplies the superior 6 intercostal spaces. Therefore the total number of branches is 12Question 42Regarding the phrenic nerve, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Structures relating to both phrenic nerves are identicalB Each phrenic nerve supplies only one side of the diaphragm Correct AnswerC They arise from C6 nerve rootD They give of a recurrent laryngeal nerve branchExplanationRight phrenic nerve is medially related to venous structures whereas the left phrenic nerve is related to arterial structures; arise from C4; the recurrent laryngeal branch is a branch of the vagus nerveQuestion 43Regarding the right coronary artery which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Its course is through the left auricle and infundibulumB Supplies 60% of atrio-ventricular (AV) nodesC Usually has a posterior interventricular branch Correct AnswerD Supplies 30% of sino-atrial (SA) nodesExplanationCourses through the right ventricle; supplies 60% of the sino-atrial (SA) nodeQuestion 44All the following are boundaries of the named triangle with the exception of?Your answer was not correctA Mandible and submental triangle Correct AnswerB Mandible and anterior triangleC Mandible and digastric triangle Your AnswerD Sternocleidomastoid and carotid triangleExplanationThe submental traingle, inferior to the chin, is a suprahyoid area bounded inferiorly by the body of the hyoid abnd laterally by the right and left anterior bellies of the digastric muscles. the apex of the submental traingle is at the mandibular symphysis.Question 45The alar ligaments connect which of the following structures?Your answer was not correctA Bodies of the axis to foramen magnumB Dens to foramen magnum Correct AnswerC Adjacent vertebral bodies posteriorlyD Tips of adjacent spinous processes Your AnswerExplanationQuestion 46Which of the following is a branch of the mandibular nerve?Your answer was not correctA Infraorbital nerveB External nasal nerveC Zygomaticofacial nerve Your AnswerD Auriculotemporal nerve Correct AnswerExplanationThe buccal and the mental nerves are also branches of the mandibular nerveQuestion 47While transversing the temporal bone within the facial canal, CN VII gives to following nerves except?Your answer was correctA Deep petrosal nerve Correct AnswerB Nerve to the stapediusC Greater pertrosal nerveD Chorda tympani nerveExplanationThe deep petrosal nerve is a branch of the greater petrosal nerve which is a branch of the CNVIIQuestion 48All the following are branches of the external carotid except?Your answer was not correctA Lingual arteryB Facial arteryC Ascending pharyngeal artery Your AnswerD Hypoglossal artery Correct AnswerExplanationBefore the external carotid enters the parotid gland, it gives off six branches, three from in front, two from behind and one deep (medial). In front are the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery and facial artery. Behind are the? occipital artery and the posterio-auricular artery. Medially is the ascending pharyngeal artery.Question 49Corneal sensation synapses in which ganglion?Your answer was correctA GeniculateB OpticC CiliaryD Trigeminal Correct AnswerExplanationQuestion 50The infratrochlear nerve supplies which of the following areas?Your answer was not correctA Upper incisorsB Labial portion of the gumC Bridge of the nose Correct AnswerD Skin of the lower eyelid Your AnswerExplanationThe infratrochlear nerve passes forward on the medial wall of the orbit just below the trochlea, supplies the lacrimal sac and conjuctiva, and continues above the medial palpebral ligament to the skin of the upper eye lid and bridge of the noseQuestion 51Cell bodies for the motor supply of the facial nerve lie in which of the following areas?Your answer was not correctA HypothalamusB Midbrain Your AnswerC Floor of third ventricleD Pons Correct AnswerExplanationThe motor part of the facial nerve arises from the facial nerve nucleus?in the pons, while the sensory part of the facial nerve arises from the nervus intermedius?which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulocochlear nerveQuestion 52Which of the following muscles controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx?Your answer was not correctA AryepiglotticB Posterior cricoarytenoid Correct AnswerC CricothyroidD Thyroarytenoid Your AnswerExplanationThe posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the most important muscle of the larynx as it is the inly muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the glottis.Aryepiglottic- approximates the aryepiglottic folds and closes the laryngeal inletCricothyroid- its contraction makes the thyorid tilt slightly dowwards and forwards, thereby lengthening and tensing the vocal ligamentThyroarytenoid- shortens and relaxes the vocal ligament, altering the pitch of the voiceQuestion 53Which of the following cranial nerves are not mixed nerves (both sensory and motor)Your answer was correctA CN IXB CN XC CN VD CN XI Correct AnswerExplanationCN: V, XII, IX, X are mixed nerves with both somatic motor and somatic sensory components. CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII and the motor root of CN V are considered to be pure motor nerves that appear to have evolved from primordial anterior rootsA cute way to remeber it: "Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Bras Matter Most"S= Sensory M= Motor B=Both/Mixed motor and sensory.Question 54The contents of the posterior triangle of the neck include which of the following?Your answer was correctA Occipital lymph nodesB Second part of the subclavian arteryC Cervical plexus Correct AnswerD Superior belly of omohyoid muscleExplanationThe boundries of the lateral cervical region/posterior triangle are: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle.The contents of the posterior triangle are:Muscles: splenius capitus, levator scapulae, middle scalene, posterior scalene.Arteries: lateal branches of the thyrocervical trunk, subclavian (3rd?part), suprascapular artery, cervicodorsal trunk, superficial cervical artery, dorsal scapular artery.Veins: external jugular vein, subclavian vein, (cervicodorsal vein, suprascapular vein and anterior jugular vein filter into the EJV)Nerves: spinal accessory nerve, roots of the brachial plexus, suprascapular nerve, roots of the cervical plexus, superior and inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus-lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves. It also contains the phrenic, accessory phrenic nerves and deep motor branches of the cervical plexusLymph nodes: superficial and deep cervical lymph nodesThe superior belly of the omohyoid muscle is found in the anterior cervical regionQuestion 55Which of the following opens into the inferior meatus of the nose?Your answer was not correctA Inferior alveolar nerveB Ethmoidal sinus Your AnswerC Frontal sinusD Nasolacrimal duct Correct AnswerExplanation?The nasolacrimal duct, 2cm long, slopes downwards, backwards, and laterally in conformity with the pear shaped nasal cavity, to open high up in the anterior part of the inferior meatus, 2cm behind the nostrilQuestion 56Regarding veins in the skull, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA They do not follow the arterial pattern Correct AnswerB The veins lie subdurallyC The great cerebral vein drains into the cavernous sinusD They are thin walled and have valvesExplanationQuestion 57Which of the following is not a branch of the opthalmic nerve?Your answer was correctA infratrochlear nerveB infraorbital nerve Correct AnswerC Supraorbital nerveD Supratrochlear nerveExplanationThe following are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve. There are 5 cutaneous branches which are the lacrimal nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infratrochlear nerve, and external nasal nerve.Question 58The posterior triangle of the neck contains all of the following except?Your answer was correctA cervical lymph nodesB Accessory nerveC Cervical plexusD Superior belly of omohyoid Correct AnswerExplanationThe boundries of the lateral cervical region/posterior triangle are: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and clavicle.The contents of the posterior triangle are:Muscles: splenius capitus, levator scapulae, middle scalene, posterior scalene.Arteries: lateal branches of the thyrocervical trunk, subclavian (3rd part), suprascapular artery, cervicodorsal trunk, superficial cervical artery, dorsal scapular artery.Veins: external jugular vein, subclavian vein, (cervicodorsal vein, suprascapular vein and anterior jugular vein filter into the EJV)Nerves: spinal accessory nerve, roots of the brachial plexus, suprascapular nerve, roots of the cervical plexus, superior and inferior root of the ansa cervicalis, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus-lesser occipital, great auricular, transverse cervical and supraclavicular nerves. It also contains the phrenic, accessory phrenic nerves and deep motor branches of the cervical plexusLymph nodes: superficial and deep cervical lymph nodesQuestion 59Which of the following structures exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?Your answer was not correctA Occipital artery Your AnswerB Facial nerve Correct AnswerC Trigeminal nerveD Temporal arteryExplanationThe stylomastoid foramen is the termination of the facial canal and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery. Question 60Which nerve is not contained within the carotid sheath?Your answer was correctA Cervical sympathetic trunk Correct AnswerB Vagus nerveC Upper part of the hypoglossal nerveD Upper part of the accessory nerveExplanationThe four major structures contained in the carotid sheath are:§? the common caoritd as well as the internal carotid§? internal jugular vein§? the vagus nerve (CN X)§? The deep cervical lymph nodesThe carotid artery lies medial to the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve is situated posteriorly between the two vessels.In the upper part, the carotid sheath also contains the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX), the accessory nerve (CNXI, and the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)? which pierce the fascia of the carotid sheath.The ansa cervicalis?is embedded in the anterior wall of sheath. It is formed by "descendens hypoglossi" (C1) and "descendens cervicalis" (C2-C3).Question 61Which of the following is a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?Your answer was not correctA zygomaticotemporal Your AnswerB infraorbitalC infratrochlearD Lateral pterygoid Correct AnswerExplanationAnterior divison branches include the deep temporal branches, masseteric branches, lateral pterygoid and buccal. Posterior division branches include the auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar and lingual chorda tympaniQuestion 62Which of the following bones makes up part of the roof of the orbit?Your answer was correctA Frontal Correct AnswerB MaxillaryC EthmoidD TemporalExplanationThe orbital surface of the frontal bone is the true roofQuestion 63After a tonsillectomy, a patient complains of loss of taste from the posterior tongue. Which nerve has been damaged?Your answer was correctA HypoglossalB Glossopharangeal Correct AnswerC LingualD VagusExplanationThe facial nerve is involved in the anterior taste of the tongueQuestion 64Which of the following structures is not involved in vocal cord movement?Your answer was not correctA Posterior cricoarytenoidB Vocalis Your AnswerC ThyroarytenoidD Aryepiglottics Correct AnswerExplanationThe aryepiglottics approximate the aryepiglottic folds and close the laryngeal inlet.Although the aryepiglottic muscle is formed by same fibres form the oblique arytenoids-continuing form the arytenoid apex into the aryepiglottic fold, reaching the the edge of the epiglottis. They do not cause any action on the vocal cords. They act more like sphincters and closs the laryngeal inlet in the presence of liquids or particlesAll other options below including transverse and oblique arytenoids, lateral cricoarytenois and cricothyroid muscles either stretch, relax, tense, abduct, adduct vocal ligaments and foldsQuestion 65Regarding the gag reflex, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Vagus nerve for efferent and afferentB Glossopharyngeal nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferent Correct AnswerC Hypoglossal nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferentD Maxillary nerve for afferent, vagus nerve for efferentExplanationThe gag refles occurs when the palate, tonsil and posterior pharyngeal wall are touched by an unfamiliar object, as when testing with a swab. The passage of food over the same area does not cause the reflex, due to conditional familiarity. The afferent side of the reflex is via the glossopharyngeal nerve to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, and the efferent side is via the vagus.Question 66Regarding the internal jugular vein, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA It runs from the angle of the jaw to the proximal end of the clavicleB It runs deep to the two heads of sternocleidomastoid Correct AnswerC It lies medial to the carotid arteryD It runs in close proximity to the thoracic ductExplanationthe internal jugular vein runs from the ear lobe to sternal angle of the clavicle. It lies lateral to the carotid artery and the duct crosses behind it on the left.Question 67Which structure does not travel through the jugular foramen?Your answer was not correctA Hypoglossal nerve Correct AnswerB Accessory nerve Your AnswerC Glossopharyngeal nerveD Vagus nerveExplanationThe hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.Question 68What structure passes through the foramen spinosum?Your answer was not correctA Facial nerveB Internal carotid arteryC Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve Your AnswerD Middle meningeal artery Correct AnswerExplanation?The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen ovale and the facial nerve passes through the internal acoustic maetus. Regarding the foracem lacerum, some sources say that the internal carotid artery emerges through a part of the foramen lacerum that is not occluded by cartilage. However, for the ACEM exams: the internal carotid artery and its accompanying sympathetic and venous plexuses actually pass horizontally acorss (rather than vertically through) the area of the foracem lacerum, an artifact of dry crania, which is closed by cartilage in life.Question 69Which muscle controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx?Your answer was correctA Lateral cricoarytenoidB Transverse arytenoidC Posterior cricoarytenoid Correct AnswerD AryepiglotticExplanationThe posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the most important muscle of the larynx as it is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the glottisQuestion 70Cerebrospinal fluid communicates with the subarachnoid space via which of the following?Your answer was correctA 4th ventricle Correct AnswerB 3rd ventricleC Choroid plexusD Tela ChoroidiaExplanationIt communicates via the foramina of the lateral rescesses of the 4th ventricle in an area termed the cerebello-medullary cistern.Question 71Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the midbrain?Your answer was not correctA It is largely in the middle cranial fossaB It is supplied by the anterior and inferior cerebellar arteries Your AnswerC It lies between the pons and the upper spinal cordD It contains the occulomotor nuclei Correct AnswerExplanationMost of the midbrain lies in the posterior cranial fossa, with its upper part passing through the tentorial notch. The midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries as they curl around the cerebral peduncle. The medulla oblongata lies between the pons and the spinal cord. The internal structure of the midbrain contains the occulomotor nucleusQuestion 72The motor nuclei of the facial nerve are found in which of the following areas?Your answer was correctA pons Correct AnswerB midbrainC medulla oblongataD cerebellumExplanationThe motor part of the facial nerve arises form the facial nerve nucleus in the pons, which the sensory part arises from the nervus intermedius which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulo-cochlear nerveQuestion 73Regarding the blood supply of the cerebral cortex, which of the following statements is true?Your answer was not correctA The territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) controls the contralateral leg, micturition and defacation Correct AnswerB The territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) controls the ipsilateral arm, face and visionC The territory of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) controls ipsilateral vision Your AnswerD The territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) controls the contralateral leg, auditory and speechExplanationThe MCA area of cortical distribution is the motor and sensory area for the opposite half of the body, excluding perineum, leg and foot, along with the speach and auditory area.? The PCA controls the visual area for the field of vision on the opposite side.Question 74Regarding the ocular muscles, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Abducens paralysis makes eye turn down and outB Superior rectus makes eye turn up and out Your AnswerC In trochlear paralysis, the eye cannot look downwards when turned outD Combined action of superior rectus and inferior oblique causes vertical upward movement Correct AnswerExplanationIn? paralysis of the abducens nerve, abduction of the eyeball is lost. Superior rectus adducts, elevates and medially rotates the eyeball. Trochlear paralysis leads to inability to abduct, depress and medially rotate the eyeballQuestion 75Regarding the speech centres, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Damage to Wernicke's area produces expressive dysphasiaB Broca's area is on the left side in most left handed peopleC Wernicke's area controls motor responseD Damage to Broca's area produces motor aphasia Correct AnswerExplanationBroca's area is 30-40% on the left side in left handed people. Wernicke's area produces receptive aphasia when damaged.Question 76Regarding the circle of Willis which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the internal carotidB The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery (ICA)C The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies the motor but not sensory cortexD The internal carotid artery (ICA) gives off the ophthalmic artery Correct AnswerExplanationPosterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the basilar artery, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the largest branch which supplies both the sensory and motor cortexQuestion 77The posterior columns transmit which of the following structures?Your answer was not correctA Pain afferentsB Tendon stretch afferents Correct AnswerC Motor tracts Your AnswerD Temperature afferentsExplanationTemperature and pain afferents are transmitted by the spino-thalamic tractsQuestion 78Which of the following structures are not involved in the control of posture and movement?Your answer was correctA Tractus solitarius Correct AnswerB Lateral reticulo-spinal tractC Vestibulo-spinal tractD Spino-cerebellar tractsExplanationThe spinocerebellar tracts convey unconscious proprioceptive information from cord to cerebellum. The reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal tracts synapse with interneurons which in turn project to motor neurons. The vestibulo-spinal tract is of great importance for posture and balance. The reticulo-spinal tract Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and postureThe?solitary tract?and?nucleus?are structures in the brainstem which carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nervesQuestion 79Regarding the medulla oblongata, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It is the part of the brainstem between the pons and spinal cord Correct AnswerB Is largely within the middle cranial fossaC Is supplied by anterior inferior cerebellar arteryD Cranial nerves 8-12 arise from it Your AnswerExplanationIt is in the posterior cranial fossa. It is supplied by the vertebral and basilar arteries and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Cranial nerves 9-12 arise from itQuestion 80The dorsal column pathways synapse in which of the following?Your answer was not correctA ThalamusB Gracile and cuneate nuclei Correct AnswerC CerebellumD Pons Your AnswerExplanationThe dorsal column (posterior white column) is wholly occupied by ascending fibers of the gracile and cuneate tracts. The two tracts end in the lower part of the medulla by synapsing with the cells of the gracile and cuneate nuclei. They are concerned with light (discriminative) touch, vibration sense, proprioception and the sense of fullness of the bladder and rectumQuestion 81In relation to the circle of Willis, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Congenital aneurysms are more commonly found on the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)B The anterior cerebral artery (ACA), the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) are all branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA)C Most emboli lodge in the basilar part of the circle of WillisD The middle cerebral artery (MCA) supplies the lateral surface of the brain and the temporal lobe Correct AnswerExplanationCongenital aneurysms are more commonly found on the anterior cerebraland anterior communicating artery. The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is a branch of the basilar artery. Most emboli lodge in the carotid part of the circle of Willis, especially in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA).Question 82Which of the following statements is correct regarding the cerebral circulation?Your answer was correctA The largest branch is the anterior cerebral arteryB The anterior cerebral artery is most likely to emboliseC The posterior communication artery joins the internal carotid artery and posterior cerebral artery Correct AnswerD The basilar artery is branch of the internal carotidExplanationThe middle cerebral artery is the largest vessel.? Only the middle and anterior cerebral arteries branch off the internal carotid artery (ICA), the basilar artery is a branch of the vertebral artery. Near their termination, the internal coartids are joined to the posterior cerebral arteries by the posterior cimmunicating arteries.Question 83Which ligament of the knee forms part of the capsule?Your answer was correctA Medial collateral Correct AnswerB Anterior cruciateC Posterior cruciateD Popliteus tendonExplanationThe medial collateral ligament of the knee (also called the tibial collateral ligament), has its posterior apex of the triangular ligament blended with the capsule of the knee and attaches to the medial meniscus.Question 84In relation to Hiltons law, which nerve does not supply the hip joint?Your answer was correctA Inferior gluteal Correct AnswerB Nerve to rectus femorisC FemoralD ObturatorExplanationHilton’s law;a nerve that innervates a joint?also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint and the skin?that covers the distal attachments of those musclesNerves supplying the hip joint are the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris and the sciatic nerveQuestion 85Which dermatome usually supplies the great toe?Your answer was not correctA L4B L3C S1 Your AnswerD L5 Correct AnswerExplanationL3= anterior and medial thigh and kneeL4= medial leg, medial ankle and side of footL5= lateral leg, dorsum of foot, medial sole, 1-3 toesS1= lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole of foot, 4-5 toesQuestion 86With regard to cutaneous innervation of the lower limb, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA The medial plantar nerve supplies a greater area than the lateral Correct AnswerB The deep peroneal nerve supplies the 3rd digital cleftC The sural nerve supplies the medial malleolusD The superficial peroneal nerve supplies the 1st inter-digital cleftExplanationThe sural nerve supplies the extensors on the lateral side of the foot and little toe.? The deep proneal nerve supplies the first inter-digital cleft.? The superficial peroneal nerve supplies the third inter-digital cleftQuestion 87Under the extensor retinaculum, which is the most lateral structure?Your answer was correctA The sural nerveB The dorsalis pedis arteryC Extensor halucis longusD Peroneus tertius Correct AnswerExplanationDeep to the superior extensor retinaculum lie the tendons of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorium longus and peroneus tertius, in that order from medial to lateral, in front of the lower end of the tibia. The anterior tibial and deep peroneal nerve are also deep to the retinaculum, lying between extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorium longus, with the vessels medial to the nerveA good mnemonic to remember the structures behind the superior extensor retinaculum (from medial to lateral) is: "Timothy Has A Very Nasty Disease, Paratyphoid." - T = Tibialis anterior - H = extensor Hallucis longus - A = Artery - V = Vein - N = Nerve - D = extensor Digitorum longus - PT = Peroneus longusQuestion 88Regarding tibialis anterior, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA It platarflexes and everts the footB It arises from the upper two thirds of the fibulaC It inserts into the medial cuneiform and the adjacent first metatarsal bone Correct AnswerD It shares its site of insertion with peroneus tertiusExplanationTibialis anterior dorsiflexes, everts and inverts the foot. It arises from the upper 2/3 of the tibia. It does not share its site of origin with peroneus tertiusQuestion 89In relation to the popliteal fossa, which of the following is correct?Your answer was not correctA The infero-medial border is soleus muscleB The popliteal vein lies between the popliteal artery and tibial nerve Correct AnswerC The roof is formed by biceps femoris Your AnswerD The sural nerve branches from the common peroneal nerveExplanationThe infero-medial border is formed by gastrocnemius. The roof is formed by fascia lata, and the sural nerve is a branch of the tibial nerveQuestion 90In relation to the hip joint, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It is limited in full extension by the pubofemoral ligamentB The nerve supply is via the obturator and sciatic nerves onlyC It has the ischiofemoral as its strongest ligament Your AnswerD It derives stability largely from its articular surfaces Correct AnswerExplanationThe hip joint is limited in full extension by the iliofemoral ligament. It is supplied by the femoral nerve as well as the obturator and sciatic nerves. The ischiofemoral is the weakest ligamentQuestion 91Which of the following statements is correct in relation to gluteus maximus?Your answer was not correctA It is the deepest of the gluteal musclesB It is supplied by L5, S1 and S2 Correct AnswerC It medially rotates and extends the hipD It forms the skin crease of the gluteal fold Your AnswerExplanationIt is the most superficial of the gluteal muscles. It laterally rotates and extends the hip. It does not form the crease of the gluteal fold.Question 92Regarding the femoral artery, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA It is separated from the hip joint capsule by fat onlyB It enters the adductor canal by piercing sartoriusC It is found at the mid-inguinal point Correct AnswerD It gives off the medial femoral cutaneous as its major branchExplanationThe femoral artery is separated from the hip joint by psoas major.? It enters the femoral triangle deep to sartorius. The profunda branch is its major offshootQuestion 93Which of the following muscles of the lower leg can initiate dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot?Your answer was not correctA Tibialis posteriorB Tibialis anterior Correct AnswerC Peroneus tertiusD Peroneus longus Your AnswerExplanationTibialis posterior causes inversion, peroneus tertius causes eversion and dorsiflexion, and peroneus longus gives rise to eversion.Question 94According to Hilton's law, which nerve does not supply the hip joint?Your answer was not correctA Sciatic Correct AnswerB Gluteal Your AnswerC FemoralD ObturatorExplanationHilton’s law states that a nerve which innervates a joint?also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the distal attachments of those musclesIn CM: the hip joint is innervated by the femoral nerve (flexors + anterior aspect of hip joint), obturator nerve (lateral rotators + inferior aspect of hip joint), the nerve to quadratus femoris (posterior aspect of hip joint) and superior gluteal (adductors + superior aspect of the hip joint). There is no mention of the sciatic nerveNote: The answer from Last's anatomy is different :The nerves supplying the hip joint are the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, nerve to quadratus femoris and twigs of the sciatic nerveQuestion 95In relation to popliteus, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It arises from the tibia above the condylesB It has attachments to the lateral meniscus Correct AnswerC It acts to lock the knee in full extension Your AnswerD It is innervated by a branch of the common peroneal nerveExplanationPopliteus arises above the soleal line below the tubercules. It slopes upwards and laterally and it acts to unlock the knee in full extension. It is innervated by the tibial nerve.Question 96In the lateral compartment of the leg, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The muscles are supplied by the deep peroneal nerve Your AnswerB The peroneus longus arises only from the fibulaC The blood supply is the anterior tibial arteryD The peroneal muscle tendons share the same tendon sheath at the lateral malleolus Correct AnswerExplanationThe muscles are supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve. Peroneus longus arises from the fibula and the intermuscular septum. There is no official blood supply to the lateral compartment of the leg.Question 97All of the following structures pass deep to the superior extensor retinaculum with the exception of?Your answer was correctA Deep peroneal nerveB Superficial peroneal nerve Correct AnswerC Peroneus tertiusD Extensor digitorum longusExplanationDeep to the superior extensor retinaculum lie the tendons of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorium longus and peroneus tertius, in that order from medial to lateral, in front of the lower end of the tibia. The anterior tibial and deep peroneal nerve are also deep to the retinaculum, lying between extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorium longus, with the vessels medial to the nerve.Question 98Which of the following is not a branch of the common peroneal nerve?Your answer was not correctA Superior genicular Your AnswerB Lateral cutaneous nerve of the calfC Recurrent genicularD Medial sural cutaneous nerve Correct AnswerExplanationthe common peroneal nerve gives off the following branchesThe sural communicating nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the calf, superior and inferior genicular nerves and the recurrent genicular nerve. The common peroneal nerve ends by dividing, in the substance of peroneus longus, into the deep and superficial peroneal nervesThe medial sural cutaneous nerve is a branch of the tibial nervewhich joins the sural communicating branch of the common fibular (peroneal nerve)Question 99All the following ligaments in the knee joint are extra-capsular except???Your answer was not correctA Patellar retinaculum Your AnswerB Oblique popliteal ligamentC Transverse ligament Correct AnswerD Tibial collateral ligamentExplanationPatella?Ligament: ?From inferior border of patella to tibial tuberosity; is the continuation of quadriceps tendon.Tibial collateral ligament: Broad flat band attached on medial epicondyle of femur (below adductor tubercle) - runs downward and forward to the medial condyle of the tibia - is crossed by the tendons of sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus - attaches to meniscus.Fibular collateral ligament: Round cord from lateral epicondyle of femur (above groove of popliteus), runs downward and backward to head of fibula - is primarily covered by the tendon of biceps femorisObliques popliteal ligament: ?Extension of semimembranosus - attached above the lateral condyle of femur - forms the floor of popliteal fossa and is in contact with popliteal artery.Arcuate popliteal ligament:?Y-shaped - from the posterior border of the intercondylar area of tibia and the lateral epicondyle of femur to the area below the head of fibula.Transverse ligament - is an intra-capsular ligament. Slender fibrous band that joins anterior edges of menisci, crossing the anterior intercondylar area and tethering the menisci to each other during knee movement.Question 100With respect to the great saphenous vein, which of the following is true?Your answer was not correctA It is a continuation of the lateral marginal vein of the footB It runs between the two heads of gastrocnemiusC It pierces the cribriform fascia covering the saphenous opening Correct AnswerD It does not communicate directly with the superficial vein varicosities Your Answer???ExplanationThe great saphenous vein is a continuation of the medial marginal vein of the foot. It does not run between the 2 heads of gastrocnemius, nor does it communicate directly with the superficial vein varicosities.Question 101The skin over the femoral triangle is supplied by which of the following nerves?Your answer was not correctA Ilio-inguinal Your AnswerB ObturatorC Medial femoral cutaneousD Genito-femoral Correct AnswerExplanationQuestion 102In relation to the plantar aponeurosis, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Covers the abductors of the big and little toeB Is inserted onto all 5 metatarsals Your AnswerC Arises from the talusD Covers half the length of the sole Correct AnswerQuestion 104Regarding the medial side of the ankle, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The posterior tibial artery runs anterior to the malleolusB The deltoid ligament is continuous with the spring ligament Correct AnswerC The great saphenous vein runs posterior to the malleolusD The anterior talo-fibular ligament strengthens the joint Your AnswerExplanationThe great saphenous runs anterior to the malleolus. The posterior tibial artery runs posterior to the malleolus and the anterior talo-fibular ligament strengths the lateral side onlyExplanationThe plantar aponeurosis (PA) is inserted into the 1st and 5th metatarsals, it does attach to the skin. It arises from the calcaneous. The abductors of the big and little toes are covered by a deep fascia that is much thinner than the central aponeurosisQuestion 103All of the following make up the medial arch except?Your answer was correctA CalcaneusB TalusC NavicularD Cuboid Correct AnswerExplanationThe bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals.? The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorlyQuestion 105Which of the following structures is not in the 3rd layer of the sole?Your answer was correctA Flexor hallucis brevisB Adductor hallucisC Flexor digiti minimi brevisD Peroneus longus Correct AnswerExplanationPeroneus longus is in the 4th layerQuestion 106?Which of the following statements concerning the femoral triangle is false?Your answer was not correctA It contains superficial inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels Correct AnswerB Adductor longus is a medial boundaryC Femoral vein receives the great saphenous and the deep femoral vein Your AnswerD The lateral border is the medial border of sartoriusExplanationThe following structures are contained within the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial):Terminal part of the?femoral nerve and its branches?Femoral sheath?Femoral artery and its branches?Femoral veins and its tributaries?Femoral canal, containing the deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels?It is bounded by:(superiorly) the inguinal ligament(medially) the medial border of the?adductor longus muscle(laterally) medial border of the?Sartorius muscleIts floor is provided laterally by?iliopsoas, medially by?pectineus and adductor longusThe roof is formed by the?fascia lataThe femoral triangle is shaped like the sail of a ship.Its boundaries can be remembered using the?mnemonic "SAIL" for?Sartorius,?Adductor longus and?Inguinal?Ligament.Question 107Which of the following passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?Your answer was not correctA Inferior gluteal artery Your AnswerB Superior gluteal arteryC Internal pudendal artery Correct AnswerD PiriformisExplanationIt transmits the following structures:The tendon of obturator internusInternal pudendal arteryInternal pudendal veinsPudendal nerveNerve to obturator internusQuestion 108All of the following are branches of the femoral artery except???Your answer was not correctA Superficial epigastric Your AnswerB Deep circumflex iliac Correct AnswerC Superficial circumflex iliacD Profunda femorisExplanationThe following are the branches of the femoral arterySuperficial epigastric,Superficial circumflex iliacSuperficial external pudendalDeep external pudendalProfunda femorisSuperior genicularMuscularQuestion 109All of the following drain into the great saphenous vein except?Your answer was not correctA Superficial epigastricB Superficial circumflex iliac Your AnswerC Deep external pudendalD Deep circumflex iliac Correct AnswerExplanationA number of tributaries may be expected to join the great saphenous vein in the region of the saphenous opening. There are usually four veins that correspond to the four cuntaneous branches of the femoral artery- superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric, superficial and deep external pudendal. In addition there may be a deep vein that pierces the fascia lata over adductor longusQuestion 110Regarding the adductor canal, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Adductor longus forms the roofB The nerve to vastus lateralis passes through itC The vein is medial to the artery throughoutD The femoral artery lies between the saphenous nerve and femoral vein Correct AnswerExplanationThe vastus medialis passes through the adductor canal The femoral vein is posterolateral to the artery in the distal part of the canal. Adductor longus forms the floor.Question 111All of the following make up the medial arch of the foot except?Your answer was correctA The first three metatarsalsB CalcaneousC NavicularD Cuboid Correct AnswerExplanationThe bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals.? The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorly.Question 112Regarding the menisci of the knee, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) extends anteromedially and is attached to the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle Correct AnswerB The medial meniscus is vascularC A fold of synovium lies posterior to anterior cruciate Your AnswerD The anterior horn of medial meniscus is attached to medial tibial condyleExplanationThe medial meniscus is avascular. The fold of synovium does not lie posterior to the anterior cruciate and the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia.Which muscle inserts into both the tibia and fibula?Your answer was not correctA Tibialis anteriorB Extensor digitorum longus Correct AnswerC Flexor digitorum longusD Peroneus Your AnswerExplanationQuestion 114The deep peroneal nerve travels through the lower leg with which artery?Your answer was not correctA Anterior tibial Correct AnswerB Posterior tibialC Common peroneal Your AnswerD Deep peronealExplanationThe deep peroneal nerve reaches the anterior tibial artery from the lateral side, runs in front of it in the crowded space of the middle of the leg and returns to its lateral side below. The anterior tibial artery is accompanied by 2 anterior tibial veins running on either side.Question 115Which of the following does not insert into the greater trochanter?Your answer was not correctA Gluteus maximus Correct AnswerB PiriformisC Superior gemellus Your AnswerD Obturator externusExplanationObturator externus inserts on the medial surface of the greater trochanter into a deep pit, the trochanteric fossa. The deep half of the lower portion of gluteus maximus is inserted into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur.The remaining three-quarters of the muscle is inserted into the upper end of the iliotibial tract.? Question 116Which is true as regards the layers of the foot?Your answer was not correctA The plantar aponeurosis can be regarded as the 5th layerB The 2nd layer comprises the long tendons and the lumbricals Correct AnswerC The third layer comprises the flexor digitorum brevisD The fourth layer contains the tendons of tibialis posterior and peroneus brevis Your AnswerExplanationThe plantar aponeurosis is regarded as part of the 4th layer. Flexor digitorum brevis is in the 1st layer. The 4th layer does not contain peroneus brevisQuestion 117Which of the following bones is not part of the medial arch of the foot?Your answer was correctA CuneiformB Cuboid Correct AnswerC CalcaneusD NavicularExplanationThe bones of the medial longtitudinal arch of the foot are calcaneus, talus, navicular, the three cuneiform bones and their three metatarsals.? The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the three metatarsals anteriorly.Question 118Which of the following muscles causes inversion of the foot?Your answer was not correctA Extensor halliucis brevisB Peroneus brevis Your AnswerC Tibialis posterior Correct AnswerD Peroneus tertiusExplanationTibialis posterior acts to invert and adduct the forefoot. ? Because it passes behind the medial malleolus to plantarflex the ankle joint, it also contributes to maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the footQuestion 119Which muscle takes origin from the tibia and the fibula?Your answer was correctA Peroneus longusB Tibialis posterior Correct AnswerC Flexor hallucis longusD Flexor digitorium longusExplanationTibialis posterior arises form the interosseus membrane and the adjoining surface of both bones of the leg below the origin of soleusQuestion 120In relation to the lateral compartment of the leg, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Contains peroneus longus, brevis and tertius Your AnswerB Contains the deep peroneal nerve and the superficial peroneal nerveC Peroneus longus lies in the groove of the posterior ridge of the cuboid boneD Peroneus brevis passes above the peroneal trochlea to be inserted into the tubercle at the base of the 5th metatarsal Correct AnswerExplanationIt does not contain tertius nor the deep peroneal nerve. Peroneus longus lies along and not in the posterior ridge of the groove of the cuboid boneNOte: Peroneus=FibularisQuestion 121Regarding the ankle joint, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA The capsule attaches to the articular margins of the tibia, fibula and anterior talusB It has a fixed axis of rotationC The deep part of the deltoid ligament is triangular in shapeD The lateral ligament attaches to talus and calcaneus Correct AnswerExplanationThe capsule is attached to the articular margins of all three bones excpet the anterior part of the talus (Last anatomy), and the joint does not have a fixed axis of rotation. The superficial part of the deltoid ligament is triangular.?Question 122Regarding the ligaments of the knee, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Lateral collateral ligament makes a significant contribution to the capsuleB The posterior cruciate ligament is attached to the medial condyle of the femur Correct AnswerC The posterior cruciate is longer and stronger than the anterior cruciate ligamentD The posterior cruciate stops the tibia slipping forward on the femurExplanationThe posterior cruciate is stronger but shorter than the anterior cruciate ligament. Posterior cruciate stops the femur slipping on the tibia. The lateral collateral does not attach to the capsule of the knee joint.Question 123With regard to the femoral nerve, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA Deep and superficial branches of the nerve are separated by the lateral femoral circumflex artery Correct AnswerB It enters the thigh by passing deep to the inguinal ligament lateral to the artery in the femoral sheath.C It runs in the adductor canalD The nerve originates from anterior divisions of the anterior rami of the lumbar nervesExplanationThe saphenous nerve and the nerve to vastus medialis run in the adductor canal. The origin of the nerve is the posterior division of the anterior rami of the lumbar nerves 2,3,4. It enters the thigh deep to the inguinal ligament, lateral to the artery but outside the femoral sheath. The lateral circumflex femoral artery passes between the branches of the femoral arteryQuestion 124Regarding the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which of the following is false?Your answer was not correctA The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the bodies of the three metatarsal bones anteriorly Correct AnswerB The most important ligament is the plantar aponeurosisC The most important muscular supporting structure is the tendon of flexor hallucis longusD Bones contribute little to arch stability Your AnswerExplanationThe pillars of the medial longitudinal arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the HEADS of the three metatarsal bones anteriorly. Bony factors do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of the arch. Ligaments are important but unable to maintain the arch entirely on their own. Muscles are indispensable to the arch maintenance?Note: in Last anatomy-?Bony factors do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of the arch. in CM it states: the shape of the united bones are passive factors involved in the forming and maintaining of the arches (especially the transverse arch)Question 125Regarding the foot interossei, which of the following statements is true?Your answer was correctA The plantar interossei have 2 headsB The long axis of the foot lies along the 3rd metatarsalC When acting together flex metarso-phalangeal joint (MTP) Correct AnswerD Supplied by medial plantar nerveExplanationThe plantar interossei have 3 heads, are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve and the long axis lies along the second metatarsalQuestion 126Which of the following muscles causes dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle and foot?Your answer was correctA Tibialis anterior Correct AnswerB Tibialis posteriorC Extensor hallucis longusD Peroneus tertiusExplanationTibialis anterior causes dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and inversion of the foot. It also helps to maintain the medial longitudinal arch.Question 127Which of the following movements occurs at the subtalar joint?Your answer was not correctA DorsiflexionB Eversion Correct AnswerC Equinovarus Your AnswerD PlantarflexionExplanationThe?subtalar joint is also known as the?talocalcaneal joint.? It allows inversion and eversion of the foot but plays no role in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot.Question 128Which of the following is incorrect regarding the lateral intermuscular septum?Your answer was correctA It extends along the lateral suprachondylar ridgeB Medial head of triceps arises from itC It has brachioradialis as an anterior relationD It is pierced by the median nerve Correct AnswerExplanationIt is pierced by the radial nerve.Question 129Regarding lymphatic drainage of the upper limb, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Lymphatics of the hand drain into cubital lymph nodes nodes Your AnswerB Superficial lymphatic drainage passes from the palm to the dorsum of the hand Correct AnswerC Superficial lymphatics follow arteriesD Deep lymphatics follow the veinsExplanation?The superficial lymphatics follow the veins and the deep lymphatics follow the arteries. Most of the drainage from the palm passes to the dorsum of the hand. Most superficial lymphatics accompanying the cephalic vein to enter the apical axillary lymph nodes.Question 130Regarding the brachial plexus, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Serratus anterior is supplied by C6/7/8B All branches originate from roots, divisions or cords Your AnswerC Suprascapular nerve comes off the posterior cordD Dorsal scapular nerve comes off C5 Correct AnswerExplanationSerratus anterior is supplied by the long thoracic nerve. The nerve to subclavius comes off the superior trunk. The suprascapular nerve comes off the anterior division of the superior trunkQuestion 131Regarding the acromio-clavicular joint, which of the following statements is false?Your answer was correctA It is a complex joint with an incomplete wedge shaped articular discB The coraco-clavicular ligament is not a joint stabilising factor Correct AnswerC All movements are passiveD Is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve, axillary nerve and lateral suprascapular nerveExplanationThe AC joint is an atypical synovial joint. The articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage and seperated by an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc. The coracoclavicular ligament (made up by the conoid and trapezoid ligament) is extremely strong and the principal factor in providing stability to the joint. Movements are passive; muscles which move the scapula cause it to move on the scapula. No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint.? Nerve supply: see below-NOTE: THIS QUESTION POSES SOME CONFUSION. IN LAST'S ANATOMY BOOK (A PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE. IN MOORE'S ANATOMY (THE NEW TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE LATERAL PECTORAL AND AXILLARY NERVE AND THE LATERAL SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE (ACCORDING TO HILTON'S LAW)Arterial supply: suprascapular and thoracoacromial arteriesQuestion 132Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the radial artery?Your answer was not correctA Forms both the anterior and posterior carpal arches with the ulnar artery Correct AnswerB In its middle third, the radial nerve lies medial to it Your AnswerC Lies on brachioradialis in the upper armD Passes between the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL)ExplanationThe radial nerve (the superficial branch of the radial nerve)?lies lateral to the radial artery. It lies deep to brachioradialis. It passes deep to both tendons which form the palmer border of the anatomical snuff box.Question 133Which of the following regarding the anatomical sunffbox is correct?Your answer was not correctA Has trapezoid palpable in the floor of the snuff boxB Has extensor pollicis longus on its ulnar side and the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) on the radial side Correct AnswerC Contains the posterior interosseus arteryD Is most obvious with the thumb abducted and extended Your AnswerExplanationThe trapezium and scaphoid can be felt in the floor of the snuff box between the radial styloid process and the first metacarpal. It contains the radial artery, cephalic vein and cutaneous branches of the radial nerve. It is most obvious with the thumb fully extended; this draws the tendons up and produces a triangular hollow between them.?It is the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor policis brevis that form one boundary on the radial or thumb side, and the extensor pollices longus forms the other boundry on the ulnar sideQuestion 134Which of the following bones is attached to both flexor and extensor retinaculum?Your answer was not correctA ScaphoidB Hamate Your AnswerC Pisiform Correct AnswerD TriquetralExplanationQuestion 135The flexor retinaculum attaches to all bones except which of the following?Your answer was not correctA Capitate Correct AnswerB TrapeziumC HamateD Pisiform Your AnswerExplanationQuestion 136Regarding the ulnar artery, which of the following is correct?Your answer was not correctA The ulnar nerve lies lateral to it Your AnswerB Froms the deep palmar archC Has the common interosseus as its major branch Correct AnswerD It disappears from the cubital fossa by passing above the fibrous arch of flexor digitorium superficialisExplanationThe ulnar nerve lies on the medial/ulnar side of the ulnar artery. it supplies the superficial arch, It disappears from the cubital fossa by passing beneath the fibrous arch of flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS). CM and Last both say that the superficial palmer arch is formed by the direct continuation of the ulnar artery. The deep palmer arch is formed by the deep branch of the ulnar artery. (not a direct continuation)Question 137Which of the following statements is true in relation to the axillary artery?Your answer was not correctA Arises from the vertebral arteryB Has no branches in it's 3rd part Your AnswerC Is clasped in its 3rd part by the cords of the brachial plexusD Supplies the pectoral muscles via the superior thoracic artery Correct AnswerExplanationIt arises form the subclavian artery. It has 3 branches at its third part. It is clasped by the brachial plexus at the second part of the arteryQuestion 138Which is not a branch of the axillary artery?Your answer was not correctA Thoraco-acromial, 2nd part Your AnswerB superior thoracic, 1st partC posterior circumflex humeral, 3rd partD Circumflex scapula, 3rd part Correct AnswerExplanationCircumflex scapula is a branch of the subscapular arteryQuestion 139Which of the following is correct in relation to flexor digitorum profundus?Your answer was not correctA Assists pronator quadratus (PQ) in pronation Your AnswerB Is supplied, 10% of the time, purely by the median nerveC Is the strongest muscle of the forearm Correct AnswerD Has its action enhanced by wrist flexionExplanationIt does not assist PQ in pronation. It is supplied in 60% primarily on its lateral portion by the anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve. The medial portion is supplied by the ulnar nerve. It is the strongest and bulkiest muscle of the forearm. Its action is enhanced by wrist extensionQuestion 140Regarding pectoralis major, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Is quadrilateral in shapeB Inserts to the medial lip of bicipital grooveC Is supplied by all 5 segments of the brachial plexus Correct AnswerD Has a head arising from the posterior surface of the clavicle Your AnswerExplanationIt is triangular in shape. It inserts into the lateral lip of the bicipital sulcus. The clavicular head arises from the medial surface portion of the anterior surface of the clavicleQuestion 141Which statement regarding the interossei of the hand is correct?Your answer was correctA Combined palmar and dorsal interossei cause abductionB Arise from the flexor retinaculumC Palmar interossei cause abductionD Innervated by a deep branch of ulnar nerve Correct AnswerExplanationPalmar interossei adduct. They are inserted into the proximal phalanges and the extensor expansion. When they both contract they cancel out each other's action.Question 142Which statement regarding forearm muscles is correct?Your answer was not correctA Pronator teres (PT) is the most powerful muscle for pronationB Palmaris longus (PL) is absent in 30% of casesC Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) is unipennate Correct AnswerD Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) runs over whole length of flexor retinaculum Your AnswerExplanationPronator quadratus is the most powerful pronator, palamaris longus is absent in 10% of cases. FCR does not run over the entire length of the flexor retinaculumQuestion 143Which of the following is correct in relation to the radial nerve?Your answer was not correctA Runs with the profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct AnswerB Gives off the posterior interosseus in the spiral grooveC Contains only fibers of C 5,6,7 Your AnswerD Occupies the entire length of the radial grooveExplanationIt runs with the profunda brachii artery in the radial groove of the humerus. The radial nerve divides into the posterior interosseus (aka deep) and superficial branches at the level of the lateral epicondyle. The radial nerve contains fibres from C5-T1. Between the origins of the the medial and lateral heads of triceps, the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery lie in the radial groove.Question 144Regarding the quadrangular and triangular spaces, which of the following statements is false??long head of triceps froms the medial border of the quadrangular space therefore d is correct not b!Your answer was not correctA Long head of triceps forms the medial border of the quadrangular space Correct AnswerB Teres minor forms a border of both spacesC Quadrangular space admits the axillary nerveD The triangular space admits the radial nerve Your AnswerExplanationTeres major forms a border of both spaces. The quadrangular space transmits the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery.?The triangular space admits radial nerve and profunda brachiiNOTE: CM does not clearly identify a trianular space. Other texts describes these spaces as: QUADRANGULAR SPACE: bounded superiorly by subscapularis in front, teres minor behind, teres major inferiorly, the humerus laterally and long head of triceps medially - transmits the Axillary artery and the Posterior circumflex humeral artery. TRIANGULAR SPACE: bounded superiorly by subscapularis and teres minor, inferiorly by teres major, laterally by long head of triceps - transmits the subscapular artery. TRIANGULAR INTERVAL : Superiorly by teres major, medially by long head of triceps, laterally by humerus and lateral head of triceps. (ie, BELOW QS.) Transmits the radial Nerve and Profundi Brachii.Question 145Which of the following statements is false in relation to the carpal tunnel?Your answer was not correctA Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon runs in a subcompartment of the flexor tunnel Your AnswerB Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) lies in its own synovial sheath as it passes through the tunnel Correct AnswerC The tendon of palmaris longus (PL) lies above the retinaculum and is only partially attached to itD Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons lie within the same sheath at the tunnelExplanationThe flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts into the pisiform bone and does not pass through the carpal tunnelQuestion 146In relation to the brachial plexus, which statement is correct?Your answer was correctA There are 7 divisions of the trunksB The nerve to subclavius is the only branch form the trunksC The axillary nerve is derived from the lateral cordD The roots lie between the scalene muscles Correct AnswerExplanationThe brachial plexus has 6 divisions. The nerve to subclavius arises from the roots. The suprascapular nerve arises form the trunks. The axillary nerve is derived from the posterior cord. The 5 roots lie behind the scalenus anterior muscle and emerge between it and scalenus medius to form the trunks which cross the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck.uestion 147Which of the following is the deepest mid-forearm structure?Your answer was not correctA Ulnar nerveB Flexor pollicis longus (FPL) Correct AnswerC Median nerve Your AnswerD Radial arteryExplanationUsually, the FPL is deeper to the rest of these structures.Question 148Regarding triceps, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The blood supply is from the posterior interosseous artery Your AnswerB It is supplied by the radial nerve Correct AnswerC It has two headsD It stabilises the shoulder in adductionExplanationThe triceps is supplied by the profunda brachii artery. It has 3 heads and stabilizes the shoulder in abduction.Question 149In terms of the relationship of structures within the cubital fossa, which of the following is correct?Your answer was not correctA The radial nerve is medial to biceps tendon Your AnswerB The ulnar artery lies superficial to the pronator teresC The radial artery is a direct continuation of the brachial artery Correct AnswerD The median nerve lies lateral to the brachial arteryExplanationThe contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral are median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps bracii, radial nerve, and posterior interosseous nerve. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa, it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be the direct continuation of the brachial artery, and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle.Question 150In the cubital fossa, which of the following is lateral to the tendon of biceps?Your answer was correctA Brachial arteryB Median nerveC radial nerve Correct AnswerD median cubital veinExplanationThe contents of the fossa, from medial to lateral side are the median nerve, brachial artery, tendons of the biceps and farther laterally the radial nerve and its posterior interosseus branch. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be direct continuation of the brachial artery and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angleAn easy way to remember the order of structures in the cubital fossa is: Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve). (from lateral to medial)Question 151Muscles of the rotator cuff include all the following, with the exception of?Your answer was correctA Teres major Correct AnswerB Teres minorC InfraspinatusD SupraspinatusExplanationMuscles comprising the rotator cuff are: teres minor, infraspinatus, suraspinatus and subscapularis. The?rotator cuff?is the group of muscles and their tendons which act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff, along with the teres major?and the deltoid make up the six scapulohumeral muscles which connect to the humerus and?scapula, and act on the glenohumeral joint.Anatomy - AllQuestion 152Which of the following is caused by Injury to the middle trunk of the brachial plexus?Your answer was not correctA C8 sensation will be affectedB Will manifest in the medial cord Your AnswerC Affects the long thoracic nerveD Affects the median nerve Correct AnswerExplanationThe middle trunk gives rise to the lateral cord which forms the median nerve.??The middle trunk receives only the C7 nerve root (C8 is not affected). The medial cord arises only from the inferior trunk. The long thoracic nerve arises from the roots of C5-7, before the formation of the trunks.Question 153In relation to the brachial artery, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The largest branch of the brachial artery is the radial artery Your AnswerB It passes anterior to the medial supra-epicondylar ridge at the elbow joint Correct AnswerC Is a continuation of the subclavian arteryD It crosses over the median nerve during its course through the armExplanationIt is a continuation of the axillary artery. The median nerve lies lateral to it and then crosses over to lie medially in the cubital fossa. Its largest branch is the deep artery of the arm (L. arteria prifunda brachii). It passes anterior to the medial supraepicondylar ridge at the elbow jointQuestion 154Regarding biceps brachii which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It is supplied by the median nerve Your AnswerB It is a supinator of the forearm Correct AnswerC The short head arises from the acromionD The long head arises from the greater tuberosity of the humerusExplanationIt is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. The long head arises from the supraglenoid tubercle. The short head arises from the coracoid processQuestion 155What feature stabilises the abducted shoulder?Your answer was correctA Gleno-humeral jointB Long head of triceps Correct AnswerC Glenohumeral ligamentD Coraco-acromial archExplanationThe long head of triceps is the most important factor in stabilizing the abducted shoulder joint to counteract gravityQuestion 156Which muscle is the prime initiator of lateral rotation of the shoulder?Your answer was correctA Infraspinatus Correct AnswerB Teres majorC DeltoidD Serratus anteriorExplanationAll the other muscles are only synergistsQuestion 157With regard to the sternoclavicular joint, which of the following statements is true?Your answer was not correctA Is supplied by nerve branches from C8 and T1 Your AnswerB Contains two fibrocartilaginous discsC Is the fulcrum of movements of the sterno-clavicular jointD Is mostly stabilised by the costoclavicular ligament Correct AnswerExplanationThe joint is supplied by the medial supraclavicular nerves of C3 and C4. It contains only one fibrocartilaginous joint. The costoclavicular ligament is the fulcrum of movements at the jointQuestion 158Which of the following statements is correct in relation to teres major?Your answer was not correctA Forms the lateral border of the triangular space Your AnswerB Forms the lower border of the quadrilangular space Correct AnswerC Is supplied by the axillary nerveD Arises from the medial border of the scapulaExplanationTeres Major forms the lower border of both the quadrangular space and triangular space.. It is supplied by the subscapular nerve. It arises form the infero-lateral border of the scapulaQuestion 159Which of the following statements is false in relation to latissimus dorsi?Your answer was not correctA Arises from the posterior third of the iliac crestB Arises from spinous processes of T5 to L5 Correct AnswerC Internally rotates the humerus Your AnswerD Inserts into intertubecular groove of humerusExplanationProximal attachments: T7 to L5, lumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of illiac crest, last four ribs and inferior angle of scapula. insertion: floor of intertubecular groove Actions: Extends, internally rotates and adducts. nerve: Thoracodorsal N C678Question 160Which is false with respect to the lateral intermuscular septum?Your answer was not correctA It is the origin of medial head of tricepsB Pierced by anterior branch of profunda brachii artery Your AnswerC Pierced by radial nerveD Pierced by poterior branch of the profunda brachii artery Correct AnswerExplanationThe lateral intermuscular septum is pierced by the radial nerve and the radial collateral branch of the profunda brachii artery.Question 161Which myotome/myotomes is/are associated with shoulder abduction?Your answer was not correctA C6, 7B C5, 6, 7 Your AnswerC C5, 6D C5 Correct AnswerExplanationShoulder abduction and lateral rotation=C5Shoulder adduction and meidal rotation=C6 C7 and C8Question 162Loss of the greater tuburcle (can be called tuberosity) of the humerus leads to loss of which movement?Your answer was correctA Adduction and lateral rotationB Abduction and lateral rotation Correct AnswerC Adduction and medial rotationD Abduction and medial rotationExplanationThe rotator cuff inserts at the greater tuberosity and provides abduction and lateral rotation.Question 163Regarding the interossei of the hand, which of the following statements is incorrect?Your answer was not correctA They insert into proximal phalanxB They insert into dorsal expansionC When they act together, the dominant action is adduction Correct AnswerD When they act together, the MCP joints flex Your AnswerExplanationWhen they act together, they cancel each other's action out and give stability.Question 164In relation to the radial nerve, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in the radial groove Your AnswerB runs with profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct AnswerC has no cutaneous branches in the upper armD occupies the whole length of the radial grooveExplanationThe radial nerve gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in between brachialis and brachioradialis. It contains fibers of C5-T1. It has a cutaneous branch. It occupies the lower part of the radial grooveQuestion 165Regarding brachialis, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It is innervated by the radial nerveB Inserts into the upper 1/3 of the humerus Your AnswerC Inserts into the coronoid process of the ulna Correct AnswerD It is an extensor of the elbow jointExplanationIt is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. It arises from the lower 2/3 of the humerus. It is a flexor of the elbow jointQuestion 166Regarding the subclavius muscle, which statement is false?Your answer was not correctA It is small and unimportantB It assists in stabilising the clavicle during shoulder movement Your AnswerC It inserts into the first costochondral joint Correct AnswerD It is supplied by its own nerveExplanationIt is supplied by its own nerve. Its origin is the first costochondral joint. It inserts into the subclavian groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle. It is a small and unimportant muscle. It assists in stabilising the clavicle in movements of the shoulderQuestion 167Regarding the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb, which of the following is correct?Your answer was correctA Superficial lymphatic drainage occurs on the palmer aspect of the handB Superficial lymphatics follow the arteriesC Deep lymphatics travel follow the veinsD Lymphatics of the hand drains into the apical lymph nodes in the axilla Correct AnswerExplanationThe superficial lymphatics follow the veins and the deep lymphatics follow the arteries. Most of the drainage from the palm passes to the dorsum of the hand. Most superficial lymphatics accompanying the cephalic vein to enter the apical axillary lymph nodes.Question 168Which of the following is true regarding the quadrangular and triangular spaces?Your answer was not correctA The circumflex scapular artery passes through the quadrangular space Your AnswerB Long head of triceps forms a border of both spaces Correct AnswerC The triangular space transmits the median nerveD Teres minor does not form a boundary of either spaceExplanationThe axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein pass through the quadrangular space. The radial nerve is transmitted through the triangular space. Teres minor and subscapularis forms the superior boundry of the quadrangular space. Note: some sources exclude teres minor as a component of the superor boundryQuestion 169Shoulder stability in abduction is due to which of the following?Your answer was not correctA The glenoid labrumB The glenohumeral ligamentsC The musculotendinous cuff of the rotator cuff muscles Correct AnswerD The pectoralis major muscle insertion Your AnswerExplanationSubscapularis, supraspinatous, infraspinatous, teres minor all attach very near the joint, but also fuse with the lateral part of the capsule . This is an indispensable factor in adding stability to the joint.Question 170Regarding the acromio-clavicular joint, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint Correct AnswerB AC joint is innervated by the lateral supraclavicular, medial pectoral and axillary nerveC AC joint is supplied by the subscapular and thoracoacromial arteriesD The coracoid and the trapezoid ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligammentExplanation?The AC joint is an atypical synovial joint. The articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage and seperated by an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc. The coracoclavicular ligament (made up by the conoid and trapezoid ligament) is extremely strong and the principal factor in providing stability to the joint. Movements are passive; muscles which move the scapula cause it to move on the scapula. No muscles connect the articulating bones to move the AC joint.? Nerve supply: see below-NOTE: THIS QUESTION POSES SOME CONFUSION. IN LAST'S ANATOMY BOOK (A PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE. IN MOORE'S ANATOMY (THE NEW TEXT), THE NERVE SUPPLY OF THE AC JOINT IS THE LATERAL PECTORAL AND AXILLARY NERVE AND THE LATERAL SUPRACLAVICULAR NERVE (ACCORDING TO HILTON'S LAW)Arterial supply: suprascapular and thoracoacromial arteriesQuestion 171Regarding the interossei in the hand, which of the following is true?Your answer was correctA They arise from the tendons of Flexor digitorum superficialisB Palmar interossei have two headsC They abduct the fingers onlyD They are chiefly responsible for flexion of metacarpo-phalangeal joints & extension of interphalangeal joints Correct AnswerExplanationThey arise from the metacarpal bones. Only dorsal interossei? have two heads (bipennate). Interossei muscles abduct and adduct the fingers- Remember PAD and DAB - Palmar interossei ADduct and Doral interossei ABduct. The interossei are indispensable for the combined movement of flexion of the MCP joint and the simultaneous extension of the interphalangeal joints. The lumbricles extend both interphalangeal joints. Their action at the MCP joint is disputed and any flexor action here is likely to be weakNote: The above explination is taken form Last's anatomy. In CM it states that the interossei and lumbricles act together to provide MCP flexion and IP extension. One muscle does not appear to be more important than the other.Question 172Regarding the anatomical snuff box, which of the following statements is false?Your answer was correctA The tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis longus form one boundary Correct AnswerB Branches of the radial nerve can be palpated over the tendonsC The cephalic vein begins in the roofD The bones palpable are the radial styloid, scaphoid, trapezium and the base of the first metacarpalExplanationThe trapezium and scaphoid can be felt in the floor of the snuff box between the radial styloid process and the first metacarpal. It contains the radial artery, cephalic vein and cutaneous branches of the radial nerve. It is most obvious with the thumb fully extended; this draws the tendons up and produces a triangular hollow between them.?It is the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor policis brevis that form one boundary on the radial or thumb side, and the extensor pollices longus forms the other boundry on the ulnar side. The cutaneous branches of the radila nerve cross these tendons and can be rooled on the tight tendon of EPL. The cephalic vein begins in the roof?Question 173Which muscle is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve in the posterior compartment of the forearm???Your answer was not correctA Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)B AnconeusC Brachioradilais Your AnswerD Extensor digitorum (ED) Correct AnswerExplanationECRL=radial nerve.Anconeus=radial nerve.ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis= a branch of the posterior interosseous nerve. Note: in Lasts- it says that the ERCB is supplied by the posterior interosseous in the cubital fossa and not the posterior compartment of the armED= the posterior interosseous nerve itselfBrachioradialis= radial nerveQuestion 174Which of the following is not a branch of the axillary artery?Your answer was correctA Medial thoracic Correct AnswerB ThoracoacromialC Superior thoracicD SubscapularExplanationNote: the lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral arteries are also branchesQuestion 175Which muscle initiates shoulder abduction?Your answer was not correctA Teres minorB DeltoidC Subscapularis Your AnswerD Supraspinatous Correct AnswerExplanationFrom 0-15 degrees of abduction, the supraspinatous is the initiating muscleQuestion 176The scaphoid articulates with all the following except?Your answer was not correctA TrapeziumB Triquetral Correct AnswerC Trapezoid Your AnswerD CapitateExplanationAnswer is triquetral. The scaphoid articulates with the lunate medially, and distomedially with the capitate. The distal convex surface articulates with the trapezium and trapezoid. The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal boneQuestion 177All the following muscles directly attach the pectoral girdle to the thorax except?Your answer was not correctA Rhomboids Your AnswerB Pectoralis major Correct AnswerC Pectoralis minorD SubclaviusExplanationDirect attachment of the pectoral girdle to the trunk is provided by muscles which insert into the clavicle or scapula from the axial skeleton. These muscles are pectoralis minor, subclavius, trapezius, the rhomboids, levator scapula and serratus anterior. Indirect attachement to the axial skeleton is secured by the great muscles of the axillary folds, pectoralis major and latissimus dorsiQuestion 178With regard to the lumbricals, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Oppose the actions of the interossei Your AnswerB Arise from flexor digitorum superficialisC Are all supplied by the ulnar nerveD Form a proprioceptive bridge between flexors and extensors Correct AnswerExplanationLumbricals have the same action as the interossei. They are supplied by both the median nerve and the ulnar nerve. They attach to the extensor expansion.?They arise from the flexor digitorum profundus tendons, and attach to the extensor expansion.Question 179Regarding the radial nerve which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA It gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in the radial groove Your AnswerB It runs with profunda brachii in the radial groove Correct AnswerC It has no cutaneous branches in the upper armD It occupies the entire length of the radial grooveExplanationThe radial nerve gives off the posterior interosseous nerve in between brachialis and brachioradialis. It has a posterior cutaneous branch. It only occupies the lower part of the radial groveQuestion 180Which of the following does not pass through the clavipectoral fascia?Your answer was not correctA Thoracoacromial artery Your AnswerB LymphaticsC Cephalic veinD Medial pectoral nerve Correct AnswerExplanationLymphatics and the cephalic vein pass inwards throuth the clavipectoral fascia. The thoracoacromial artery and the lateral pectoral nerve pass outwards.Question 181Which of the following statements in relation to pectoralis major is correct?Your answer was not correctA Abducts the arm Your AnswerB Attaches to the glenoid tuberosityC Only the costal part has a bony attachmentD Is an accessory muscle of respiration Correct AnswerExplanationBoth the clavicular and sternocostal heads of pectoralis major have bony attachments. It adducts the arm with lattisimus dorsi. It is not attached to the glenoid tuberosityQuestion 182In relation to serratus anterior, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Is formed by 8 slipsB Protracts the scapula Correct AnswerC Is supplied by the dorsal scapular nerve Your AnswerD Is not covered by fasciaExplanationSerratus anterior is supplied by the long thoracic nerve and is formed by 7 slips/ digitations (The muscle arising by a series of digitations from the upper eight ribs). The first digitation arises from the first and second rib. All other digitations arise from their corresponding ribs. It is covered by fascia. The whole muscle contracting en masse, protracting the scapula, effectively elongates the upper limb for activities such as punching and pushing.Question 183Regarding the brachial plexus, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA Erb's palsy results in a medially rotated arm with elbow flexionB Ulnar nerve palsy results in weakness of the interossei and numbness over the radial part of the handC Injury proximal to the trunks will not affect the supraspinatus nor infraspinatus muscles Your AnswerD Pectoralis major is the only muscle that can test all roots Correct AnswerExplanationErb's palsy results in a medially rotated arm with the elbow in extension. The nerve supply to supra and infraspinatous comes from the trunk and will be affected if injured. Ulnar nerve injury will give weakness to the ulnar part of the handQuestion 184Regarding the Brachial plexus, which of the following statements is incorrect?Your answer was correctA Divisions form behind the clavicle and enter the anterior triangle Correct AnswerB Cords embrace the 2nd part of the axillary arteryC Cords enter the axilla above the first part of the axillary arteryD Branches of the cords surround the third part of axillary arteryExplanationThe divisions are formed behind the clavicle and enter the axilla.?Question 185Which of the following nerves is a branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?Your answer was correctA Medial pectoral Correct AnswerB Lateral pectoralC Dorsal scapularD Lower subscapularExplanationThe lateral pectoral nerve is a branch of the lateral cord. The dorsal scapular nerve (which supplies the rhomboids and levator scapulae) belongs to the C5 root. The lower subscapular nerve is a branch of the posterior cord.Question 186A Horner's Syndrome can result from interruption of all of the following tracts/areas except?Your answer was not correctA Lateral horn cells inT1 segmant of the cord Your AnswerB Cavernous sinusC Post-ganglionic fibres entering the sympathetic cord Correct AnswerD Superior cervical ganglionExplanationThe sympathetic path to the pupil is very long. From cells in the hypothalamus, fibres run down through the brain stem and spinal cord to the lateral horn cells in the T1 segment of the cord. Preganglionic fibres enter the sympathetic trunk via the white rami communicantes of the T1 nerve and pass up to the superior cervical ganglion. From there the postganglionic fibres accompany the internal carotid artery into the skull and cavernous sinus, leaving the artery to join the opthalic nerve and become distributed to the eye by the nasocilliary and the long ciliary branches. Damage to the above fibres can interrupt this pathway. Thus vascular lesons of the cortex or brainstem and damage to the sympathetic trunk by a cervical rib,? carcinoma of the lung, thyroid or oesophagus may give rise to Horner's syndrome.Question 187Which of the following is the myotome responsible for knee extension?Your answer was correctA L2,3B L5,S1C L4,5D L3,4 Correct AnswerExplanationL2, L3= Hip flexionL5, S1=Knee flexionL4, L5=Ankle dorsiflexionQuestion 188Which of the following dermatomes supplies the great toe?Your answer was correctA L5 Correct AnswerB S1C S2D L3ExplanationS1=Lateral ankle and lateral side of dorsum and soleS2= Posterior leg, posterior thigh, buttocks and penisL3= Anterior and medial thigh and kneeQuestion 189The myotome of knee extension is which of the following?Your answer was correctA L2,3B L5,S1C L4,5D L3,4 Correct AnswerExplanationL2, 3= Hip flexionL5, S1=Ankle eversionL4, L5=ankle dorsiflexionQuestion 190Regarding dermatomes which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA They do not overlap in the chestB A dermatome is the area of skin and muscle supplied by a single spinal nerveC They overlap at axial lines Your AnswerD A dermatome is separated from a discontinuous segment of the spinal cord by an axial line Correct AnswerExplanationThey overlap considerably on the trunk and the limbs except at axial lines.Question 191Which is the correct myotome for elbow extension?Your answer was correctA C5/6B C6/7 Correct AnswerC C5/C6/C7D C7/C8ExplanationC5/6= elbow flexionC7=is incorporated into many myotomes/actions (medial rotation of elbow, adduction of arm, arm extension, elbow extension hand flexion, pronation, digital extension and flexion)C5/C6/C7= do not occur togetherC7/C8 = digital flexion and extension and pronation of the handQuestion 192In which ganglion do the cell bodies of afferent taste fibres from the anterior tongue lie?Your answer was not correctA SubmandibularB Genicular Correct AnswerC OticD Trigeminal Your AnswerExplanationThe sensory supply of the mucous membrane of the tongue (anterior 2/3) is by the lingual nerve, whose trigeminal component mediates common sensibility and whose chorda tympani components mediate taste. The cell bodies lie in the genicular ganglion of the facial nerveQuestion 193Which movement of the arm does not involve C6?Your answer was not correctA Pronation Correct AnswerB SupinationC Shoulder adductionD Wrist extension Your AnswerExplanationPronation is C7, C8.Supination = C6Shoulder adduction and medial rotation C6, C7, C8.Wrist flexion = C7Note: Lasts anatmoy reads: wrist extension is C6C7 and wrist flexion C6C7. CM: wrist extension C6 and Wrist flexion C7Question 194Which dermatome supplies the great toe?Your answer was correctA L1B S1C L5 Correct AnswerD L4ExplanationL1 supplies the suprapubic and inguinal regions, penis, anterior scrotum (labia) and upper buttock. S1 supplies lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole and L4 supplies the medial leg, medial ankle and side of footQuestion 195Regarding myotomes, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was correctA A myotome is a muscle/movement supplied by single peripheral nerveB Knee is flexion is L3,4C Shoulder adduction is C5D Foot inversion is L4 Correct AnswerExplanationA myotome is supplied by a single spinal nerve. Knee flexion is L5, S1. Shoulder adduction and medial rotation is C6, C7, C8Question 196Which of the following is a direct connection from the vestibular nucleus?Your answer was correctA Oculomotor nerveB Medial geniculate bodyC Vestibulospinal tract Correct AnswerD Medial longitudinal fasciculusExplanationThe?vestibulospinal tract?is one of the descending spinal tracts of the ventromedial pathway. It originates from thevestibular nerve of the medulla, which conducts information from thevestibular labyrinth in the inner ear. Motion of fluid in the vestibular labyrinth activates hair cells?that signal the vestibular labyrinth via the cranial nerve VIIIQuestion 197Cell bodies for the motor supply of the facial nerve lie in which of the following areas?Your answer was correctA hypothalamusB midbrainC floor of third ventricleD Pons Correct AnswerExplanationThe motor part of the facial nerve arises from the facial nerve nucleus?in the pons?while the sensory part arises from the nervus intermedius?which emerges between the pons and the inferior cerebellar peduncle, near the vestibulocochlear nerveQuestion 198Cell bodies for the motor supply of the trigeminal nerve lie in which of the following areas?Your answer was not correctA In the cerebral cortexB Posterior to the cerebral aqueductC In the pons Correct AnswerD In the hypothalamus Your AnswerExplanationThe trigeminal nerve is the largest cranial nerve.? The sensory root rises in the trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion which is at the apex of the petrous temporal bone.? The motor neurons arrise in the upper pons.Question 199Regarding myotomal supply, which of the following is correct?Your answer was correctA Opponens pollicis - C7/C8B Plantar flexion - L4/5C Shoulder abduction - C5/6D Elbow extension - C6/C7 Correct AnswerExplanationPlantar flexion is S1/S2.Shoulder abduction is C5.Opponens policis is T1-mainly with a small C8 componentPlease note that in the current ?prescribed textbook it is C6/C7 for elbow extension. However, in previous text books used for the primary, elbow extension is shown as C7/C8Question 200With respect to dermatomal nerve supply, which of the following is correct?Your answer was correctA The umbilicus is supplied by T12B C7 supplies the index finger Correct AnswerC The anterior axial line divides C6 and C7D T6 lies at level of the nippleExplanationThe umbilicus is supplied by T10. The line of junction of two dermatomes supplied from discontinuous spinal levels is demarcated by an axial line. T4 lies at the level of the nippleQuestion 201Which of the following? is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?Your answer was not correctA A costochondral jointB An intervertebral disc Correct AnswerC Temporomandibular joint Your AnswerD A lambdoid sutureExplanationThe secondary cartilaginous joints are strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage. The intervetebral discs are classic examples. These joints provide strengh, shock absorption as well as considerable flexibility to the vertebral column.Question 202Which is the correct linkage between a myotome and its action?Your answer was correctA S1/S2-hip abductionB L3,4-knee extension Correct AnswerC L5/S1 inversion of the ankleD L2,3-hip extensionExplanationHip abduction is L5/S1Inversion of the ankle is L4/L5Hip extension is L4/L5.?Foot eversion is L5/S1.Question 203Regarding the deep fascia, which statement is incorrect?Your answer was not correctA It forms muscle sheathsB It attaches to underlying boneC It has no sensory supply Correct AnswerD It is absent on the face Your AnswerExplanationDeep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, and the nerve supply of subcutaneous periostium, is that of overlying skin.? In certain situations tension in the fascia is produced by muscle contraction, for example tensor fascia lata, gluteus maximus and palmaris longus.Question 204In relation to bone, which of the following is correct?Your answer was correctA Periostium covers the articulating surface of bonesB Haversian canals are the smallest canals in boneC Cancellous bone is capable of rearrangement in response to strain Correct AnswerD Bone substance does not recieve its nutrition from the periostiumExplanationThe periostium is a thick layer of vascular fibrous tissue that covers the outer surface of the bone. The nutrition of the underlying bone depends on the integrity of the periostiums' blood vessels. It does not cover the articulating surfaces of the bones in synovial joints.? Osteoblasts are the granular cell which pruduce ossification.Question 205Regarding the deep fascia, which of the following is incorrect?Your answer was correctA It is not present in the faceB It forms the retinaculaeC It is anchored firmly to the periostiumD It is insensate Correct AnswerExplanationDeep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, along with the nerve supply of the subcutaneous periostium, is that of the overlying skin.Question 206Regarding hyaline cartilage, which of the following is correct?Your answer was correctA It forms the glenoid labrumB It does not ossify with ageC It is relatively vascularD It forms epiphyseal growth plates Correct AnswerExplanationHyaline cartilage does ossify with age, has no capillaries, is avascular and has considerable elasticity. Fibrocartilage forms the glenoid labrum.Question 207Which of the following is an example of a synovial joint?Your answer was not correctA Intervertebral discB Sternomanubrial jointC Sacroiliac joint Correct AnswerD Distal tibulofibular joint Your AnswerExplanationIntervetebral discs, the sternomanubrial jointand the pubic symphesis are secondary cartilaginous joints. The dital tibulofibular joint is a fibrous joint.Question 208Which of the following is an example of hyaline cartilage?Your answer was correctA Knee meniscusB Epiphyseal growth plates Correct AnswerC Articular surface of clavicleD Intervertebral discExplanationExamples of hyaline cartilage include costal, nasal, tracheobronchial, some laryngeal, the articular cartilage of typical synovial joints, and epiphyseal growth plates of bones.Knee menisci, intervertebral discs, the glenoid labrum and articular surfaces of the clavicle are all fibrocartilage.Question 209In relation to the anatomy of the lateral ventricles of the brain, which of the following statements is correct?Your answer was not correctA The caudate nucleus is in the roof of the lateral ventricle Your AnswerB The inferior horn is in the occipital lobeC The posterior horn is in the temporal lobeD The choroid plexus extends into the canal Correct AnswerExplanationThe caudate nucleus is in the floor of the lateral ventricle.? The posterior horn extends into the occipital lobe and the inferior into the temporal lobe. ................
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