Architecture.docx



Gaylenis Mendez Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture IntroductionCan you name any of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Each was a feat of civil engineering and architecture. What causes structures such as these to fill us with awe even today? What is it that makes them seem more wondrous in our time of modernization? These structures have paved the way for many new advances in the design of the structures you see today. In this activity you will learn about the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings. EquipmentHistory of Civil Engineering and Architecture presentation ProcedureIn this activity you will investigate the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings. 1. Define civil engineering.Civil engineering is the design and construction of public works, such as bridges, dams, and other large facilities.2. Define architecture.Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings for human habitation.3. Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?Architecture started in 8000 B.C., when people began to live in communities with sturdy habitats and “constructed dwellings,” like caves.4. In ancient times how were building materials chosen?In ancient times, building materials were chosen depending on the availability of local materials in the region, as well as climate.5. Give two examples of vernacular architecture.Vernacular architecture is architecture in which people build their homes with the resources that are most local and the traditions their community celebrates. Two examples would be an igloo and an African hut at Bana.6. Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.The system used to create many early buildings is the Bearing Wall System. Bearing walls are solid walls that provide support for each other and for the roof.7. What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?The purpose of the Egyptian pyramids was to house the tombs of the pharaohs. The Mexican pyramids were for astronomical purposes.8. What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Make a simple sketch to illustrate.The Post-and-lintel method was used to build the Parthenon.9. What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?The problem that led to this form of construction was the amount of support lost when taking out blocks of material for doors and windows.10. Explain how an arch is created.To make an arch blocks are made in a curved formation in such a way that they give each other support and then support the vertical load.11. How is the vault used in civil engineering?Vaults allow the building of bridges, tunnels, and other passages.12. Give an example of an arch and dome system.The Pantheon is an example of the arch and dome system13. Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did this restrict construction in ancient times?A modern material that we have today that was not available to the ancients is iron. Iron is cheaper and more readily available now. This restricted construction in ancient times because the ancients had to use much heavier objects that were more expensive and it was a waste of time and an excess of human labor, to build it.14. What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?The purpose of the Roman aqueducts was the necessity of a steady water supply for domestic and agricultural purposes.15. Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.The Greek roads were carved into the rocky ground surface, while the Roman roads were built on top on the surface ground with stone and a layer of sand.16. Describe an ancient Roman bridge.The ancient Roman Bridge used arches as their basic structures and were made of stone and concrete.17. How did building materials and methods change after the Romans?After the Romans concrete was experimented on in the 1800’s by putting metal rods in the mixture. The new flexibility of concrete allowed the formation of free slowing curves. Conclusion1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference? The Louvre Pyramid in Paris is different from the Egyptian pyramids because it is a museum while the Egyptian pyramids were tombs. Another difference is that the Louvre pyramid was made of glass and metal while the Egyptian pyramids were made of limestone. This may be because the availability of limestone for the Egyptians was common, also it was very sturdy hence it’s still here today. The French pyramid however, may have been made of glass to enhance its beauty and make it easier to see everywhere without the necessity of windows. The metal was just a very sturdy and common material for most structures. 2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system. A modern structure that uses the arch and dome system is the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, in Italy.3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?Before, roads were used for trade or exploration. Now roads are used to travel usually by vehicle from a bicycle to a 16 wheeler truck! Lots of the money in taxes is used to advance government property, that including modern roads. ................
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