MR. RAYMOND'S SOCIAL STUDIES - MAST ACADEMY - Home



Name: ________________________________ Date: _____________________ Period: __________AP Euro Review/Outline:Key Concept 1.1 — The rediscovery of works from ancient Greece and Rome and observation of the natural world changed many Europeans’ view of their world.A revival of classical texts led to new methods of scholarship and new values in both society and religion.What is meant by classical texts? __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What impact did the rediscovery of ancient Greek & Roman works have? ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What impact did the revival of classical texts have? ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify “medieval scholasticism:” __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A. Italian Renaissance humanists, including Petrarch, promoted a revival in classical literature and created new philological approaches to ancient texts. Some Renaissance humanists furthered the values of secularism and individualism.What impact did some Renaissance humanists have? ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify Italian Renaissance humanists: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Identify Petrarch: _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify secularism: ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Renaissance “individualism”: ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, Italian Renaissance humanists: Petrarch (pre-1450), Lorenzo Valla, Marsilio Ficino, Pico della MirandolaIdentify Lorenzo Valla: ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Marsillo Ficino: ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Pico della Mirandola: ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts, spread by the printing press, challenged the institutional power of universities and the Catholic Church. This shifted education away from a primary focus on theological writings toward classical texts and new methods of scientific inquiry.Illustrative examples, individuals promoting a revival of Greek and Roman texts: Leonardo Bruni, Leon Battista Alberti, Niccolò MachiavelliWhat aided in the spread of humanists texts? _________________________________________What did these humanist teachings challenge? ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Education shifted from a focus on _______________________ toward _____________________ _____________ and _____________________________________________________________Identify Leonardo Bruni: __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Leon Battista Alberti: ______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Niccolò Machiavelli: _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Idendetify Machiavelli’s The Prince: _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Admiration for Greek and Roman political institutions supported a revival of civic humanist culture in the Italian city-states and produced secular models for individual and political behavior.Illustrative examples, individuals promoting secular models for individual and political behavior: Niccolò Machiavelli, Jean Bodin, Baldassare Castiglione, Francesco GuicciardiniAdmiration for Greek & Roman political institutions supported? __________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Renaissance “civic humanism:” ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Italian city states: ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Jean Bodin: ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Castiglione’s The Courtier: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Identify Francesco Guicciardini: ____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The visual arts incorporated the new ideas of the Renaissance and were used to promote personal, political, and religious goals.In the Italian Renaissance, rulers and popes concerned with enhancing their prestige commissioned paintings and architectural works based on classical styles, the developing “naturalism” in the artistic world, and often the newly invented technique of geometric perspective.What were visual arts of the Renaissance used to promote? _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Why would Italian Renaissance rulers & popes commission artistic works? __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What techniques were incorporated into these works? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, painters and architects: Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael, Andrea Palladio, Leon Battista Alberti, Filipo BrunelleschiIdentify Michelangelo & a famous work: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Donatello & a famous work: ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Raphael & a famous work: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Andrea Palladio & a famous work: ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Filipo Brunelleschi & a famous work: _________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Northern Renaissance retained a more religious focus, which resulted in more human-centered naturalism that considered individuals and everyday life appropriate objects of artistic representation.Illustrative examples, artists who employed naturalism: Jan Van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, RembrandtHow were the Italian & Northern Renaissances different from each other? __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Jan Van Eyck & a famous work: ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Pieter Bruegel & a famous work: _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Rembrandt & a famous work: _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The invention of printing promoted the dissemination of new ideas.The invention of the printing press in the 1450s aided in spreading the Renaissance beyond Italy and encouraged the growth of vernacular literature, which would eventually contribute to the development of national cultures.When was the printing press invented & who is credited with its invention? _________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What did the printing press aid in? __________________________________________________What did it encourage? ___________________________________________________________ Growth of vernacular literature would eventually contribute to what? _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Protestant reformers used the printing press to disseminate their ideas, which spurred religious reform and helped it to become widely established.Illustrative examples, reformers using press to disseminate ideas: Martin Luther, Vernacular BiblesWhat impact did the printing press have on The Reformation? ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What impact did the translation of the Bible into the vernacular have? _____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Key Concept 1.2 — Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified Europe.The Protestant and Catholic reformations fundamentally changed theology, religious institutions, culture, and attitudes toward wealth and prosperity.Identify “religious pluralism:” ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What did religious pluralism challenge? ______________________________________________What is theology? _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What impact did the Protestant & Catholic reformation have? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Christian humanism, embodied in the writings of Erasmus, employed Renaissance learning in the service of religious reformReformers Martin Luther and John Calvin criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice. Responses to Luther and Calvin included religious radicals, such as the Anabaptists, and other groups, such as German peasants.Illustrative examples, new Protestant interpretations of Christian doctrine and practice: Priesthood of all believers, Primacy of scripture, Predestination, Salvation by faith aloneWhat is the famous saying about Christian humanist Erasmus’ influence on Martin Luther? ______________________________________________________________________________Martin Luther originally broke with the Catholic Churches’ practice of selling? ____________________________At the Diet of ____________ Luther was convicted of ____________________What did Luther preach was the foundation of “salvation:” ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What is “salvation?” _____________________________________________________________Define Christian “doctrine:” _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Luther believed in the Priesthood of ___________________________What was Luther’s belief of “primacy of scripture?” ____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Calvin believed in the doctrine of? __________________________________________________Some Protestant groups sanctioned the notion that wealth accumulation was a sign of God’s favor and a reward for hard work.Calvinists believed that the accumulation of wealth meant? ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What practice made Anabaptists seem radical? ________________________________________What is theocracy? ______________________________________________________________Calvin’s rule of this Swiss city was considered by some to be theocratic? ____________________What policies did Calvin institute in Geneva? __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, monarchical control: Sir Thomas More, Juan Luis VivesWhy did Henry VIII split with the Catholic Church? _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was the name of the new Church of England? ____________________________________What happened to Sir Thomas More, the author of Utopia a fictional tale about religious tolerance and defender of the Catholic church when he refused to support King Henry VIII’s break with the Catholic Church? ____________________________________________________The Catholic Reformation, exemplified by the Jesuit Order and the Council of Trent, revived the church but cemented the division within Christianity.Illustrative examples, the Catholic Reformation: St. Teresa of Avila, Ursulines, Roman Inquisition, Index of Prohibited BooksWhat was the Catholic Reformation “exemplified” by? __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who were the “Jesuits?” __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who were two of the founders and missionaries of the Jesuits? ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What were created by many Jesuit orders? ___________________________________________What happened at the Council of Trent 1545 - 63? _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the outcome of the Catholic reformation (see benchmark)? _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who was St. Teresa of Avila? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who were the Ursulines? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify the Roman Inquisition: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the Index of Prohibited Books: ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religious reform both increased state control of religious institutions and provided justifications for challenging state authority.Monarchs and princes, such as the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and moralityillustrative examples: religious conflicts caused by groups challenging the monarch’s control of religious institutions: Huguenots, Puritans, Nobles in PolandWhat impact did religious reform have on state authority (see benchmark?) ________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What approach to religious reform did Henry VIII & Elizabeth I institute (see benchmark)? ___________________ ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who were the Huguenots? ________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who were the Puritans? __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify “iconoclasm:” ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________How did nobles in Poland challenge monarchical control & what impact did it have? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Conflicts among religious groups overlapped with political and economic competition within and among states.Issues of religious reform exacerbated conflicts between the monarchy and the nobility, as in the French wars of religion. What did conflicts among religious groups overlap with (see benchmark)? __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What did issues of religious reform exacerbate (see benchmark)? _________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What noble families were involved in the French War’s of Religion & what denomination were they? _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe Catherine de Medici’s role in the French War’s of Religion and here political style: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened at the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre? _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the War of the Three Henry’s? ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What did Henry IV do religiously when he won? What did he say? ________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the Edict of Nantes? _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Habsburg rulers confronted an expanded Ottoman Empire while attempting unsuccessfully to restore Catholic unity across EuropeIllustrative examples, Habsburg rulers: Charles I, Charles VWhat religion did the Ottoman Empire practice? _______________________________________Identify Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire & his significance? __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________States exploited religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests.Illustrative examples, state exploitation of religious conflicts: Catholic Spain and Protestant England, France, Sweden, and Denmark in the Thirty Years’ WarWhat was the “Peace of Augsburg?” ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What years was the 30 Years War fought? ____________________________________________What was the “defenestration of Prague?” ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Although the 30 Years War was supposed to settle the question of Protestantism vs. Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire what other countries participated? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________When Catholic France entered on the side of the Protestants, what did this say about the 30 Years War? _____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the result of the Peace of Augsburg? ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What happened when Catholic Spain attacked Protestant England? _______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What other factors might have instigated Spain’s attack on England? ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mannerist (1530 – 1600) and Baroque (1600 – 1750) artists employed distortion, drama, and illusion in their work. Monarchies, city-states, and the church commissioned these works as a means of promoting their own stature and power.Mannerist artist employed distortion in their work. Based on the time period what might the distortion have represented? ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Baroque art was often commissioned by monarchs, city states, and the church for what purposes? _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What king of France built which palace that featured a lot of Baroque work? ______________________________________________________________________________Identify El Greco: _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify Peter Paul Rubens: _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Why did the Catholic church especially embrace Baroque art? _____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Key Concept 1.3: Key Concept 1.3 — Europeans explored and settled overseas territories, encountering and interacting with indigenous populations. European nations were driven by commercial and religious motives to explore overseas territories and establish colonies. What “drove” European exploration & the first wave of colonization (see benchmark): _ ______________________________________________________________________________European states sought direct access to gold, spices, and luxury goods as a means to enhance personal wealth and state power. Illustrative examples, states seeking access to luxury goods: Spanish in New World, Portuguese in Indian Ocean World, Dutch in East Indies/Asia What did European states seek in the Age of Exploration and what were their goals (see benchmark): ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Where did Spain seek access to luxury goods? __________________________________ Where did Portugal seek luxury goods? _______________________________________Where did the Dutch? _____________________________________________________B. The rise of mercantilism gave the state a new role in promoting commercial development and the acquisition of colonies overseas. The rise of mercantilism gave the state what (see benchmark): ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What policies were involved in mercantilism? __________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who was Jean Baptist Colbert? ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Christianity was a stimulus for exploration as governments and religious authorities sought to spread the faith, and for some it served as a justification for the subjugation of indigenous civilizationsThe spread of Christianity was sometimes used to justify what? ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who was the founder of the Jesuit Order? _____________________________________This other leading Jesuit was known for his Catholic missionary work? _______________Advances in navigation, cartography, and military technology enabled Europeans to establish overseas colonies and empires.Illustrative examples, navigational technology:CompassSternpost rudderPortolaniQuadrant and astrolabeLateen rigillustrative examples, military technology:HorsesGuns and gunpowderWhat navigational technologies enabled Europeans to establish overseas colonies & empires? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What military advantages allowed for early colonization? ______________________________________________________________________________Scientific Revolution: “early modern period” – End of Renaissance through late 1700sIV. New ideas in science based on observation, experimentation, and mathematics challenged classical views of the cosmos, nature, and the human body, although existing traditions of knowledge and the universe continued. What did the “new scientists” of the early modern period base their findings on (see benchmark)? ___________________________________________________________________ A. New ideas and methods in astronomy led individuals such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton to question the authority of the ancients and traditional knowledge and to develop a heliocentric view ofthe cosmos.What three scientists are most credited with developing the heliocentric model of the universe? ______________________________________________________________________What is the heliocentric model? _____________________________________________How did organized religion (for the most part) respond this model? _________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Which of these scientists was forced to recant his findings to the Roman Inquisition? ______________________________________________________What theories did Newton also introduce? _____________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Anatomical and medical discoveries by physicians, including William Harvey, presented the body as an integrated system, challenging the traditional humoral theory of the body and of disease espoused by GalenWhat is anatomy? ________________________________________________________ What were William Harvey’s findings? ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who was Galen & his theory of “humoral theory”? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Scientists were able to challenge traditional ancient sciences through the use of empirical science. What is “empirical science?Francis Bacon and René Descartes defined inductive and deductive reasoning and promoted experimentation and the use of mathematics, which would ultimately shape the scientific method.What would Francis Bacon & Rene Descartes “ultimately shape?” ________________________________ What is inductive reasoning and which of these two scientists utilized it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is deductive reasoning and which of these two scientists utilized it? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Alchemy and astrology continued to appeal to elites and some natural philosophers, in part because they shared with the new science the notion of a predictable and knowable universe. At the same time many people continued to believe that the cosmos was governed by spiritual forcesDefine “alchemy:” ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Define “astrology:” ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Despite the new sciences why did many elites, philosophers, and average Europeans continue to believe in medieval scientific ideals? ______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________1.3 D. The competition for trade led to conflicts and rivalries among European powers in the 17th and 18th centuries Describe the Seven Years War: ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe the War for Spanish Secession: _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Europe’s colonial expansion led to a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices, and diseases, resulting in the destruction of some indigenous civilizations, a shift toward European dominance, and the expansion of the slave trade. What impact did Europe’s first wave of colonial expansion have? __________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The exchange of goods shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states in the 1600s and brought the latter into an expanding world economy. What impact did rise of global trade have on Europe? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases—the Columbian Exchange—created economic opportunities for Europeans and in some cases facilitated European subjugation and destruction of indigenous peoples, particularly in the Americas.Describe the “Columbian Exchange:” _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Illustrative examples, new plants, animals, and diseases: From Europe to the Americas: Wheat, Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Sheep, Smallpox, Measles What was exported from Europe to the Americas? ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________From the Americas to Europe: Tomatoes, Potatoes, Squash, Corn, Tobacco, TurkeysWhat was exported from America to Europe and what impact did they have on the population? ____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Europeans expanded the African slave trade in response to the establishment of a plantation economy in the Americas and demographic catastrophes among indigenous peoples.Europeans expanded the African slave in response to what type of economy? _________________________________________What was the “middle passage?” ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Key Concept 1.4 — European society and the experiences of everyday life were increasingly shaped by commercial and agricultural capitalism, notwithstanding the continued existence of medieval social and economic structures. Economic change produced new social patterns, while traditions of hierarchy and status continued. Innovations in banking and finance promoted the growth of urban financial centers and a money economyIllustrative examples, innovations in banking and finance: Double-entry bookkeeping, Bank of Amsterdam, The Dutch East India Company, The British East India Company.In Western Europe especially, this type of farming changed European society (key concept): __________________________________________________________________ Although economic change produced __________________, traditions of ______________ and ________________ continued. (benchmark)Finance and banking created the growth of ________________________ and a __________________________Because Europe was based more on a money economy, this type of bookkeeping was created? ______________________________________The Dutch East India Company & British East India company were joint-____________ corporations. What part of Europe was commercial agriculture slow to catch on? ____________________________The growth of commerce produced a new economic elite, which related to traditional land-holding elites in different ways in Europe’s various geographic regions.Illustrative examples, the new economic elites: Gentry in England, Nobles of the robe in France, town elites (bankers and merchants)What were the new classes of economic elites (benchmark): ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Established hierarchies of class, religion, and gender continued to define social status and perceptions in both rural and urban settingsIllustrative examples, continued social hierarchies: Continued prestige of land ownership, Aristocratic privileges regarding taxes, fees for services, and legal protections, Continued political exclusion of women Continued prestige and social hierarchy still revolved around (illustrative examples): _______________________________What aristocratic privileges still existed in the 17th & most of the 18th centuries? ______________________________________________________________________________Who was still excluded from political participation? ______________________________Most Europeans derived their livelihood from agriculture and oriented their lives around the seasons, the village, or the manor, although economic changes began to alter rural production and power. How did most Europeans still derive their livelihood despite the increase in trade & urban development? _________________________________Subsistence agriculture was the rule in most areas, with three-crop field rotation in the north and two-crop rotation in the Mediterranean; in many cases, farmers paid rent and labor services for their lands.What type of agriculture was still most common? ______________________________B. The price revolution contributed to the accumulation of capital and the expansion of the market economy through the commercialization of agriculture, which benefited large landowners in western Europe. What did the “price revolution” from the 16th to 17th centuries lead to? ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________What caused the price revolution and who benefited? ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What part of Europe benefitted from the price revolution and commercialized agriculture? _________________________________________Illustrative examples, the commercialization of agriculture: Enclosure movement (16th Century), Restricted use of the village common, Freehold tenure What was the “enclosure movement?” ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What practices hurt some poor farmers (illustrative examples?) ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________As western Europe moved toward a free peasantry and commercial agriculture, serfdom was codified in the east, where nobles continued to dominate economic life on large estates.As a movement toward free peasantry took place in Eastern Europe, what happened in the West? ______________________________________________________________________ D. The attempts of landlords to increase their revenues by restricting or abolishing the traditional rights of peasants led to revolt.In the 16th century in England when landlords tried to increase rents or restrict or abolish traditional rights, what would peasants do? ____________________________________Population shifts and growing commerce caused the expansion of cities, which often placed stress on their traditional political and social structures.What was the impact of population shifts and growing commerce of the 16th century? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Population recovered to its pre–Great Plague level in the 16th century, and continuing population pressures contributed to uneven price increases; agricultural commodities increased more sharply than wages, reducing living standards for some. When the population recovered and continued to grow in the 16th century what impact did it have? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Migrants to the cities challenged the ability of merchant elites and craft guilds to govern, and strained resources. 164. What was the impact of migration to cities in the 16th century? __________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, the way new migrants challenged urban elites: Sanitation problems caused by overpopulation, Employment, Poverty, Crime What specific challenges did urban elites have from the new migrants? ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________Social dislocation, coupled with the shifting authority of religious institutions during the Reformation, left city governments with the task of regulating public morals. What impacted the role of city governments and what were they tasked with? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, regulating public morals: New secular laws regulating private life, Stricter codes on prostitution and begging, Abolishing or restricting Carnival, Calvin’s Geneva What two “secular laws” of did the new “moral police” institute? __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was “Carnival?” ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify the role of regulating public morals in Calvin’s Geneva? ____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The family remained the primary social and economic institution of early modern Europe (late 1400s to late 1700s) and took several forms, including the nuclear family. From the late 1400s to late 1700s what role did the family play? ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Rural and urban households worked as units, with men and women engaged in separate but complementary tasks. Describe the gender & children’s role of this period: _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________The Renaissance and Reformation raised debates about female education and women’s roles in the family, church, and society.What was generally the accepted notion of female education during the Renaissance & Reformation? ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Illustrative examples, debates about female roles: Women’s intellect and education, Women as preachers, La Querelle des Femmes“La Querelle des Femmes” translates to “the woman question” – referring to the debate about women during 1400s to 1700s. Despite religious & misogynistic condemnation of women serving as preachers or getting a higher education, how can La Querelle des Femmes be seen as a step in the right direction? _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________From the late 16th century forward, Europeans responded to economic and environmental challenges, such as the Little Ice Age, by delaying marriage and childbearing. This European marriage pattern restrained population growth and ultimately improved the economic condition of families. Describe the pattern of the nuclear family from the 16th century forward & it’s impact: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________V. Popular culture, leisure activities, and rituals reflecting the continued popularity of folk ideas reinforced and sometimes challenged communal ties and norms. Illustrative examples, communal leisure activities: Saint’s day festivities, Carnival, Blood sportsWhat developing class diverged from participating in events like carnival & “blood sports? ________________________________________________________________________What impact did this have on communities? ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Local and church authorities continued to enforce communal norms through rituals of public humiliation.Illustrative examples, rituals of public humiliation: Charivari, Stocks, Public whipping and branding Acting as “moral police” in an often more urban setting in the 1600s, what rituals of public humiliation did church and local authorities use to enforce “communal norms”? ______________________________________________________________________________Reflecting folk ideas and social and economic upheaval, accusations of witchcraft peaked between 1580 and 1650.Illustrative examples, accusations of witchcraft: prominence of women, Regional variation, Social upheavalDescribe the “witchcraft” craze? _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Politics in the late-Renaissance Era:The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions. A. New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects Illustrative examples, monarchical control: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain consolidating control of the military, Star Chamber, Concordat of Bologna (1516), Peace of Augsburg (1555), Edict of Nantes (1598) The “new monarchs” of the late 15th & 16th centuries created the concept of nation-states. What tactics did they use to accomplish this? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which marked the effective end of the medieval ideal of universal Christendom, accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion.The Peace of Westphalia ended the 30 Years War. What impact did this have on European society? ______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs. Illustrative examples, commercial and professional groups that gained in power: Merchants and financiers in Renaissance Italy and northern Europe Nobles of the robe in France Gentry in England What political impact did the rise of a wealthy merchant class have across Europe in the 17th century? ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What impact did the this have on the traditional social and political structure of especially Western Europe, in what is often referred to as an “ancient regime?” _____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.Illustrative examples, secular political theorists: Jean Bodin, Hugo Grotius, Machiavelli,French philosopher Jean Bodin wrote about how the “sovereignty of the state” should have absolute power based on divine right. What Enlightenment philosopher would agree with this concept? _______________________ What Enlightenment philosopher disagree with absolutism and argue for popular sovereignty? _______________________________Political fragmentation in Italy increased as a result of the invasion of foreign powers & dynasties. What early “nation states” or dynasties invaded Renaissance Italy? _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________How might Machiavelli promoted the idea of secularism? _________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II. The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare.Following the Peace of Westphalia, religion declined in importance as a cause for warfare among European states; the concept of the balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives. Following the 30 Years War and the Peace of Westphalia what cause of warfare declined? ________________________ What new concept became the cause of most 18th & 19th (if not 20th C.) military conflicts? ______________________________________________Maintaining a “balance of power” in Europe raised the importance diplomacy. What future treaties demonstrated the attempts and failures at diplomatic attempts of reaching this goal? _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________B. Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. New military techniques and institutions (i.e., the military revolution) tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment. Illustrative examples, states that benefited from the military revolution: Spain under the Habsburgs, Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus, FranceThe “military revolution” included what advances in military technology? ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________Unlike the small military engagements of Medieval Europe what governmental steps did “nations” / dynasties have to undertake to implement the “military revolution”? ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________What rule did the French kings Louis’ the XIII & XIV in the 1600s aid in the implementation of the “intendants” serve to accomplish these goals? _____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The competition for power between monarchs and corporate and minority language groups produced different distributions of governmental authority in European states. A. The English Civil War—a conflict among the monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure— exemplified this competition Illustrative examples, competitors for power in the English Civil War: James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell Who were the main competitors in the English Civil War? _________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What dynasty did James I & Oliver I represent? _________________________________Who did Oliver Cromwell represent? __________________________________________What was the outcome of the English Civil War? ________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Monarchies seeking enhanced power faced challenges from nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy.Illustrative examples, the competition between monarchs and nobles: Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, The Fronde in France, The Catalan Revolts in Spain How did Louis XIII’s Cardinal Richelieu deal with the challenge of nobility? ___________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What were the “Fronde Wars or Uprisings”? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Illustrative examples, the competition between minority and dominant national groups: Celtic regions of Scotland, Ireland, and France, Dutch resistance in the Spanish Netherlands, Czech identity in the Holy Roman Empire/Jan Hus/Defenestration of PragueWho did the Celts revolt against? ____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________The Dutch resisted against what Spanish dynasty? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Who was their leader? _____________________________________________________Who was Jan Hus? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was the “defenestration of Prague” and what religion did they practice & what event did this kick off? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In much of Europe, absolute monarchy was established over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. What centuries did “absolutism” thrive in Europe? ______________________________A. Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy’s social position and legal privileges.Illustrative examples, absolute monarchs: James I of England, Peter the Great of Russia, Philip II, III, and IV of SpainWhat challenge did early absolutist monarchies face? ____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Identify Peter the Great of Russia and what he attempted to do for Russia? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify Phillip II of Spain and the challenges he and his predecessors faced? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Despite limiting the power of nobilities what cultural & political prestige did they retain? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Louis XIV and his finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, extended the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French populationIllustrative examples, extended power of the state: Intendants, Modernized - state-controlled military, Louis XIV, aka the Sun King, (reign 1643 – 1715), is considered the ultimate absolutist monarch. What does it mean to be an absolute monarch? _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe Colbert’s mercantilist policies: _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________In the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism Illustrative examples, enlightened monarchs: Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of AustriaWhat made Frederick II of Prussia an “enlightened monarch?” _____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What made Joseph II of Austria an “enlightened monarch?” _____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its authority over the nobility led to Poland’s partition by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, and its disappearance from the map of Europe. What caused Poland’s monarchies inability to halt the “Partitions of Poland (1772 – 1795)? _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Peter the Great (rule 1682 – 1725) “westernized” the Russian state and society, transforming political, religious, and cultural institutions; Catherine the Great continued this process.Illustrative examples, Russian westernization: Russian Academy of Sciences, Education, Western fashion, Expanded military In what ways did Peter “the Great” try to “Westernize” Russia? ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did Catherine the Great (reign 1762 – 1796) attempt to continue the process and what problems did she run trying to do so? ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Challenges to absolutism resulted in alternative political systems. The outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament. Illustrative examples, outcomes of the English Civil War (1642 – 1651) and the Glorious Revolution (1689): English Bill of Rights, Parliamentary sovereignty How was the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution a challenge to absolutism? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________While the English Bill of Rights would serve as a model for the U.S. Bill of Rights who was these rights originally established to protect? _________________________________________The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights.Define “republic:” _________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ How were the Dutch able to establish a republic in 1648? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Who benefitted in the original Dutch Republic? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with Europe’s expanding colonial empires, influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war.As a result of the Holy Roman Empire’s limitation of sovereignty in the Peace of Westphalia, Prussia rose to power and the Habsburgs, centered in Austria, shifted their empire eastward Illustrative examples, Prussian and Habsburg rulers: Maria Theresa of Austria, Frederick William I of Prussia, Frederick II of Prussia Following the Thirty Years War & the Peace of Westphalia, what became the center of the Hapsburg’ Dynasty’s power? __________________________________________________What northern German state evolved as a result of the Peace of Westphalia and the weakening of the Holy Roman Empire? ______________________________________________After the Austrian defeat of the Turks in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna, the Ottomans ceased their westward expansion. What put an end to Ottoman westward expansion? _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests, provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him.Illustrative examples, Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars: Dutch Wars, Nine Years’ War, War of the Spanish Succession What was the result of Louis XIV’s “continuous wars?” __________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power Illustrative examples, conflict between the French and the British: Seven Years’ War, American Revolution Why do some historians consider the Seven Years’ War the first “world war?” __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What is the name of the portion of the Seven Years’ War fought in the American colonies called? _________________________________________________________________What impact did French aid in the American Revolution have on France? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the geopolitical outcome of the British & French wars? __________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social orderThe French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises. Illustrative examples, causes of the French Revolution: Peasant and bourgeois grievances, Bread shortages, French involvement in American RevolutionWhy would the French Revolution pose a challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order? ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were the causes of the French Revolution? ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Why is the American Revolution listed as a cause? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The first, or liberal, phase (1789 – 1792) of the French Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges. Illustrative examples, actions taken during the moderate phase of the French Revolution: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Constitution of 1791, Abolition of provinces and division of France into departmentsWhat did the “first – liberal” phase of the French Revolution accomplish? ____________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the “Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen? _______________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did “The Revolution” control the church? __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________After the execution of Louis XVI (1793), the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianization.Illustrative examples, radical Jacobin leaders and institutions: Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Committee of Public SafetyWho took control after the execution of Louis XVI? ______________________________ What policies did Robespierre and the “radical” Jacobin’s institute? _________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the “Reign of Terror” (1793 – 94)? ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What was the Committee of Public Safety? ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe. Ex: Levee en MasseWhat was the goal of the Revolutionary armies? ________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What is “conscription?” ____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was “levee en masse?” ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the revolution; however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men. Illustrative examples, female involvement in the revolution: October March on Versailles, Olympe de Gouges, Society of Republican Revolutionary WomenGive an example of women’s early participation in the French Revolution: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What document did Olympe de Gouges write? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was the ultimate outcome for women’s status in the Republic? _______________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Revolutionary ideals inspired a slave revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in the French colony of Saint Domingue, which became the independent nation of Haiti in 1804. What did revolutionary ideals inspire in the French Caribbean? ____________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________While many were inspired by the revolution’s emphasis on equality and human rights, others condemned its violence and disregard for traditional authority.What turned many off by the French Revolution? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ What was the English politician and author Edmund Burke’s response to the French Revolution and what political movement did he help establish? __________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Claiming to defend the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte imposed French control over much of the European continent, which eventually provoked a nationalistic reaction. What did Napoleon Bonaparte claim to defend in his control of the European continent? ______________________________________________________________________________What did his occupation provoke? ___________________________________________As first consul and emperor, Napoleon undertook a number of enduring domestic reforms while often curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a fa?ade of representative institutions. Illustrative examples, domestic reforms under Napoleon: Careers open to talent, Educational system, Centralized bureaucracy, Civil Code, Concordat of 1801Illustrative examples, curtailment of rights under Napoleon: Secret police, Censorship, Limitation of women’s rights What domestic policies under Napoleon would be considered democratic and progressive? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What domestic policies under Napoleon would be considered repressive? ______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Napoleon’s new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe. What allowed Napoleon to gain control over much of Europe? ____________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Napoleon’s expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe. Illustrative examples of nationalist responses to Napoleon: student protests in Germany, Guerilla war in Spain, Russian scorched earth policyWhat nationalist responses erupted as a result of Napoleon’s expanding empire? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This Romantic painter captured the “guerrilla war in Spain” in his painting “The Third of May 1808”: ____________________________________________________________________D. After the defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of European powers, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna? __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Who was the “architect” of the Congress of Vienna? _____________________________What type of government did the Congress of Vienna establish in France? ______________________________________________________________________________The Congress of Vienna was characterized as the rise of “conservatism” across Europe. What “isms” would undermine it’s success? __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Key Concept 2.2 — The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network. Early modern Europe (1450s – 1789) developed a trade freed market economy that provided the foundation for its global role. Illustrative examples, trade freed from traditional restrictions: Market-driven wages and prices, Le Chapelier laws“Le Chapelier laws” took place during the French Revolution banning guilds. What were guilds?_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________A market economy is often associated with this type of economy? __________________ ______________________________________________________________________________The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity and increased the supply of food and other agricultural products. In England the Agricultural Revolution is often associated with this “movement?” ______________________________________________________________________________What impact did the Agricultural Revolution have on the European population? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What part of Europe is most associated with the agricultural revolution? ____________ ______________________________________________________________________________What Enlightenment economist would argue for the merits of a market economy driving prices and wages? _______________________________________________________________How is a market economy different from mercantilism? __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes or workshops produced for markets through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners. Define the “putting-out” or “cottage industry”: _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This system was a precursor to what “revolution?” ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________The development of the market economy led to new financial practices and institutions. Illustrative examples, new financial practices and institutions: Insurance, Banking institutions for turning private savings into venture capital, New definitions of property rights and protections against confiscation, Bank of EnglandBanking institutions allowed people to turn private savings into what (see benchmark)? _______________________________________________What is “venture capital?” __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What year was the Bank of England established? ________________________________The Bank of England allowed the government to avoid this fait of their chief rival? ______________________________________________________________________________European states followed mercantilist policies by drawing resources from colonies in the New World and elsewhere. B. The transatlantic slave-labor system expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries as demand for New World products increased. Illustrative examples, transatlantic slave-labor systems: Middle Passage, Triangle trade, plantation economies in the AmericasWhat helped drive in the increase in slave-labor? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What was “Triangular Trade?” _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British rivalries in Asia culminated in British domination in India and Dutch control of the East Indies in the 18th centuriesWhy was India such a valuable “possession” for the British? _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Key Concept 2.3 — The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices and the Enlightenment’s application of these concepts and practices to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason in European culture. Enlightenment thought, which focused on concepts such as empiricism, skepticism, human reason, rationalism, and classical sources of knowledge, challenged the prevailing patterns of thought with respect to social order, institutions of government, and the role of faith.What concepts did Enlightenment thought focus on (see benchmark)? ______________ ______________________________________________________________________________What did these new concepts pose a threat to? _________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Intellectuals such as Voltaire and Diderot began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions. Illustrative examples, works applying scientific principles to society: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws, Cesare Beccaria’s On Crimes and PunishmentsWhat ideals of the Enlightenment did is Voltaire most famous for advocating? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________How did Diderot impact the Scientific Revolution? _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What concept(s) is Montesquieu most known for? ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on the concept of natural rights and the social contract.What political concepts is John Locke known for? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________What political concepts is Rousseau known for? _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Rousseau is often credited as the voice of this transitional event in European history? __________________________________________________Despite the principles of equality espoused by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered controversial arguments for the exclusion of women from political life. What is ironic about the principles of the Enlightenment & French Revolution and their ideas about women? _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________How did Enlightenment writer Mary Wollstonecraft challenge these ideals? __________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________II. New public venues and print media popularized Enlightenment ideas. variety of institutions, such as salons, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture. Illustrative examples, institutions that broadened the audience for new ideas: Coffeehouses, Academies, Lending libraries, Masonic lodgesWhat venues helped spread the ideals of the Enlightenment? _____________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion. Illustrative examples, printed materials: Newspapers, Periodicals, Books, Pamphlets, The Encyclopédi What forms of printed material spread the ideas of the Enlightenment? _____________ ______________________________________________________________________________What were some causes of an increasingly “literate public” throughout our course? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Natural sciences, literature, and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and, on occasion, challenges to accepted social norms.How might the exposure of Europeans challenge “accepted social norms” in Europe from the 17th to 19th centuries (example “noble savage”)? ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________New political and economic theories challenged absolutism and mercantilism.Political theories, such as John Locke’s, conceived of society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and argued that the state originated in the consent of the governed (i.e., a social contract) rather than in divine right or tradition. What was John Locke’s theory of the origin of the state and what long held tradition did it challenge? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What were some European (& beyond) events that exemplified Locke’s theories? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Mercantilist theory and practice were challenged by new economic ideas, such as Adam Smith’s, which espoused free trade and a free market. Illustrative examples, proponents of new economic ideas: Physiocrats, Francois Quesnay, Anne Robert Jacques TurgotThe term “mercantilism” was coined by Adam Smith in which the state played a bigger role in economic policy by implementing a form of “protectionism.” What is the goal of economic protectionism and how is it implemented? ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Adam Smith and French physiocrats derided mercantilism which dominated Western European economic thought from the 16th to late 17th centuries and advocated for more “laissez-faire” economics. Define “laissez-faire” economics: ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Adam Smith is often used the analogy of the “invisible hand” to help explain the principles of? ___________________________________________________________________Mercantilism was replaced in Western Europe & the U.S. by this type of economic thought in the late 1700s? ________________________________________________________During the Enlightenment, mid-1600s to late 1700s, the rational analysis of religious practices led to natural religion and the demand for religious toleration.What are the approximate dates of The Enlightenment? __________________________ How did Enlightenment thinkers help change religious thought? ___________________ ______________________________________________________________________________Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism, skepticism, and atheism.Voltaire espoused religious toleration and Diderot was an atheist, but many Enlightenment philosophers believed in “deism.” Define deism:” _________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Religion was viewed increasingly as a matter of private rather than public concern. Illustrative examples, religious developments: Methodism, Revival of German PietismIf religion became viewed more of a private than public concern, what institution should play a smaller role in religion? ______________________________________________________By 1800, most governments in western and central Europe had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in some states, civil equality to Jews.By 1800 most governments had implemented what religious policies (repeat benchmark)? ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good In the Age of Enlightenment we see the arts move from (see benchmark) __________________ and _______________________ to _______________________________ ___________________________________________Until about 1750, Baroque art and music promoted religious feeling and was employed by monarchs to illustrate state power. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download