A History

Ancient Rome

A History

Second Edition

Ancient Rome

A History

Second Edition

D. Brendan Nagle

University of Southern California

2013 Sloan Publishing Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY 12520

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nagle, D. Brendan, 1936Ancient Rome : a history / D. Brendan Nagle, University of Southern California. -- Second edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59738-042-3 -- ISBN 1-59738-042-3 1. Rome--History. I. Title. DG209.N253 2013 937--dc23 2012048713

Cover photo: Cover design by Amy Rosen, K&M Design

Sloan Publishing, LLC 220 Maple Road Cornwall-on-Hudson, NY 12520

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Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 13: 978-1-59738-042-3 ISBN 10: 1-59738-042-3

Brief Contents

Introduction: Rome in Context 1 Part One: The Rise of Rome 13

1 The Founding of the City 21 2 Early Rome: External Challenges 37 3 The Rise of Rome: How Did it Happen? 63 4 Roman Religion 86 5 Roman Society 107 Part II: Rome Becomes an Imperial Power 125 6 The Wars with Carthage 129 7 After Hannibal: Roman Expansion 145 Part III: The Fall of the Roman Republic 159 8 The Consequences of Empire 163 9 The Crisis of the Roman Republic: The Gracchi 187 10 After the Gracchi 198 11 The Fall of the Republic: From Sulla to Octavian 210 Part IV: The Republic Restored: The Principate of Augustus 239 12 The Augustan Settlement 247 Part V: Making Permanent the Augustan Settlement 269 13 The Julio-Claudians: Tiberius to Nero 273 14 From the Flavians to the Death of Commodus 289 Part VI: The Roman Empire: What Held it Together? 305 15 What Held the Empire Together: Institutional Factors 309 16 What Held the Empire Together: Social and Cultural Factors 337 Part VII: Rome on the Defense: The Third Century A.D. 359 17 Rome on the Defense 363 18 The Challenge of Monotheism 374 Part VIII:Late Antiquity:Rome Reinvents Itself 393 19 Recovery and Transformation 401 20 Final Transformations: East and West 416 Glossary 447 Suggested Readings 451 Credits 461 Index 463

Contents

Brief Contents v Contents vii List of Maps xi Preface xiii

Introduction: Rome in Context 1 1. Is Roman History European History? 1 2. The Connecting Sea: the Mediterranean Context of Roman History 2 3. Climate, Food and the Economy 4 4. Population and Demography 8 5. Political and Cultural Themes 10

Part One: The Rise of Rome 13 1. Introduction and Overview 13 2. Sources: What do we Know about Roman History and How do we Know it? 15

1. The Founding of the City 21 1. The Environment of Rome's Early History 21 2. Rome's Rise: Archaeological and Social Theories 27 3. The Roman Version of What Happened 30 4. The End of the Monarchy 34

2. Early Rome: External Challenges 37 1. Life in a Dangerous Environment 37 2. A New Beginning: Rome After the Latin War 50 3. The Samnite Wars: The Campaign for Italy 55

3. The Rise of Rome: How Did it Happen? 63 1. The Most Fundamental Explanation: The Nature of the Polis 63 2. The Making of Rome's Hybrid Polis Stage I: How Rome Attached the Elite to the State 65 3. The Making of Rome's Hybrid Polis Stage II: The Plebeian State 72 4. Progress--At Last 75 5. The Military Revolution of the Fourth Century B.C.: Rome's Hybrid Army 80

4. Roman Religion 86 1. "By Pietas and Fides the Romans Reached Their Present Eminence" 86 2. Religion: Ancient and Modern Assumptions 87 3. Roman Religion 92 4. Religion and Politics 100

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CONTENTS

5. Roman Society 107 1. A Very Peculiar Society 107 2. The Household: The Foundation of the Roman State 109 Questions for Part 1 124

Part II: Rome Becomes an Imperial Power 125 1. Introduction and Overview 125

6. The Wars with Carthage 129 1. The First Punic War (264?241 B.C.) 129 2. Carthage and Rome Between the Wars 133 3. The War with Hannibal, or the Second Punic War (218?202 B.C.) 135

7. After Hannibal: Roman Expansion 145 1. Roman Expansion in Italy and Spain 145 2. Macedonia and the East 149 3. Rome's Empire: Analysis 155 Questions for Part II 157

Part III: The Fall of the Roman Republic 159 1. Introduction and Overview 159 2. The Historiographic Tradition: Ancient and Modern Explanations 159 3. The Crisis 160

8. The Consequences of Empire 163 1. The Economic Transformation 163 2. The Cultural Transformation: History and the Theater 171 3. The Impact of Empire on Roman Society 180 4. The Disintegration of Rome's Compact with Italy 184

9. The Crisis of the Roman Republic: The Gracchi 187 1. The Social and Political Context 187 2. The Gracchan Revolution 190

10. After the Gracchi 198 1. After the Gracchi: Further Unraveling of The Constitution 198 2. Marius 199 3. The Social War 204 4. The Military Dynast Sulla 205 5. Analysis: The Nature of the Breakdown 208

11. The Fall of the Republic: From Sulla to Octavian 210 1. The Political Transformation 210 2. Social and Cultural Transformations 224 3. Summary: The Fall of the Roman Republic 234 Questions for Part III 237

Part IV: The Republic Restored: The Principate of Augustus 239 1. Introduction and Overview 239 2. Historiography 240

12. The Augustan Settlement 247 1. Break up or Restoration? 247 2. Insurmountable Problems? 248

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