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UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT #1

In the table below, provide a definition as to the function of each of the listed electrical components, as well as an image of what each component looks like. In addition, include the schematic for the component, if available or appropriate.

1. RESISTANCE (Ohm)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic / Symbol |

| | | |

|between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of| | |

|1.0 volt, applied to these points, produces in the conductor a current of| | |

|1.0 ampere, the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How can electrical resistance be useful? | | |

| | | |

|It keeps the electron flow in check. Without resistance, current flow, | | |

|(or amperage), would be too excessive and hard to control. Think what | | |

|would happen if you placed a metal wire from one post of a car battery to| | |

|the other post (a direct short with no resistance). The wire would melt | | |

|and overheat and also possibly damage the battery from excessive amperage| | |

|flow. | | |

2. CURRENT (Amperes)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A flow of electricity which results from the ordered directional movement| | |

|of electrically charged particles. | | |

|A quantity representing the rate of flow of electric charge, usually | | |

|measured in amperes. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How can current be increased or decreased? | | |

| | | |

|If we increase the voltage, then the current will increase. But, if we | | |

|increase the resistance, then the current will decrease. | | |

3. VOLTAGE (Volts)

|Definition: also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression|Image |Schematic |

|of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical| | |

|field. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How can voltage be increased or decreased? | | |

| | | |

|The current required to carry a given power decrease when you increase | | |

|the voltage because the power is the product of the current with the | | |

|voltage | | |

|What is the advantage of high voltage? | | |

| | | |

|Power is transmitted at higher voltage to reduce power losses during | | |

|transmission. Power transmitted is the product of voltage and current. So| | |

|when same amount of power is transmitted at higher voltages, current in | | |

|the conductors is lower. | | |

4. POWER (Watts)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|The amount of energy put out or produced in a given amount of time. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

5. SWITCH

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

|a device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What are some different types of switches? | | |

| | | |

|Mechanical Switches | | |

|Electrical/Electronic Switches | | |

6. SPDT SWITCH

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A Single Pole Double Throw toggle switch connects a common terminal to | | |

|one or the other of two terminals. It is always connected to one or the | | |

|other. The two outside terminals are never connected by the switch. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What would you use a SPDT switch for? | | |

| | | |

|Adding another pole to the SPDT creates a double-pole, double-throw | | |

|(DPDT) switch. Basically two SPDT switches, which can control two | | |

|separate circuits, but are always switched together by a single actuator | | |

7. DPDT SWITCH

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|Double pole, double-throw switch. A DPDT circuit symbol, and a 6-terminal| | |

|DPDT rocker switch. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What would you use a DPDT switch for? | | |

| | | |

|Basically two SPDT switches, which can control two separate circuits, but| | |

|are always switched together by a single actuator. DPDTs should have six | | |

|terminals. | | |

8. INDUCTOR (COILS & RELAYS)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A component in an electric or electronic circuit that possesses | | |

|inductance. A component consisting of a wire or other conductor shaped to| | |

|increase the magnetic flux through the circuit, usually in the shape of a| | |

|coil or helix. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What can a coil be used for in a circuit? | | |

| | | |

|Winding the wire into a coil increases the number of times the magnetic | | |

|flux lines link the circuit, increasing the field and thus the | | |

|inductance. | | |

|What can a relay be used for in a circuit? | | |

| | | |

|Used to allow low power electronic or computer type circuits to switch | | |

|relatively high currents or voltages both “ON” and “OFF”, some form of | | |

|relay switch circuit is required to control it. | | |

9. RESISTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric | | |

|current. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How does it change a current? | | |

| | | |

|Ohm's law relates the voltage across and current through a resistor. In | | |

|general, a change in resistance will change both the voltage across and | | |

|current through the resistor. For example, consider the simple voltage | | |

|divider circuit - a voltage source V S and two resistors R 1 , R 2 , | | |

|connected in series | | |

10. TRANSISTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification | | |

|in addition to rectification. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a transistor do in electrical circuit? | | |

| | | |

|They work something like a water faucet -- not only do they start and | | |

|stop the flow of a current, but they also control the amount of the | | |

|current. With electricity, transistors can both switch or amplify | | |

|electronic signals, letting you control current moving through a circuit | | |

|board with precision. | | |

11. CAPACITOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more | | |

|pairs of conductors separated by an insulator. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a capacitor do in electrical circuit? | | |

| | | |

|Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common| | |

|electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not | | |

|dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an | | |

|electrostatic field between its plates. | | |

12. DIODE

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of| | |

|current in one direction only. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a diode do in electrical circuit? | | |

| | | |

|Think of a diode as a one-way street for electricity. When the diode is | | |

|in forward bias, the diode allows traffic, or current, to flow from the | | |

|anode, towards the cathode leg. In a reverse bias current is blocked so | | |

|there is no flow of electricity through the circuit. | | |

13. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which | | |

|emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to the | | |

|leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the | | |

|device, releasing energy in the form of photons. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a LED do in electrical circuit? | | |

| | | |

|In electronics, an LED circuit is an electrical circuit used to power a | | |

|light-emitting diode (LED). The circuit must provide sufficient current | | |

|to light the LED at the required brightness, but must limit the current | | |

|to prevent damaging the LED. ... Very simple circuits are used for | | |

|low-power indicator LEDs. | | |

14. CONDUCTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A material through which electric current can pass. In general, metals | | |

|are good conductors. Copper or aluminum is normally used to conduct | | |

|electricity in commercial and household systems. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

15. CIRCUIT

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|A closed path through which an electric current flows or may flow. ◇ | | |

|Circuits in which a power source is connected to two or more components | | |

|(such as light bulbs, or logic gates in a computer circuit), one after | | |

|the other, are called series circuits. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

16. STATIC ELECTRICITY

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a stationary electric charge, typically produced by friction, that causes| | |

|sparks or crackling or the attraction of dust or hair. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|Where would you find static electricity? | | |

| | | |

|The phenomenon of static electricity requires a separation of positive | | |

|and negative charges. When two materials are in contact, electrons may | | |

|move from one material to the other, which leaves an excess of positive | | |

|charge on one material, and an equal negative charge on the other. | | |

|Why is static electricity a problem in electronics? | | |

| | | |

|Static electricity, causes damage to sensitive electronic components, so | | |

|if one brings it near electronics, there will be failure. | | |

17. CURRENT ELECTRICITY

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits | | |

|this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also | | |

|be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such | | |

|as in a plasma. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|How is current electricity different than static? | | |

| | | |

|Static electricity occurs when there is an imbalance of positively and | | |

|negatively charged atoms. Electrons then jump from atom to atom, | | |

|releasing energy. Two examples of static electricity are lightning and | | |

|rubbing your feet on the carpet and then touching a doorknob. | | |

|List several ways that current electricity is used. | | |

| | | |

|Internet | | |

|Lights | | |

|Television | | |

|Electric heaters | | |

|Stereo | | |

18. DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a type of electrical current, in which the direction of the flow of | | |

|electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles. Current| | |

|flowing in power lines and normal household electricity that comes from a| | |

|wall outlet is alternating current. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|In what equipment is DC current used? | | |

| | | |

|the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by| | |

|... Direct current is used to charge batteries and as power supply for | | |

|electronic systems. .... equipment loads directly at their native DC | | |

|input voltages, versus operating a 48 V DC to 120 V AC inverter to | | |

|provide power to equipment. | | |

|What does DC Current look like? | | |

| | | |

|DC electricity in a circuit consists of voltage, current and resistance. | | |

|The flow of DC electricity is similar to the flow of water through a | | |

|hose. | | |

19. AC CURRENT

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|an electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at | | |

|regular intervals, typically used in power supplies. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|In what equipment is AC current used? | | |

| | | |

|an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically ...| | |

|The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and| | |

|direct, as when they modify current or voltage. ... Near the loads, the | | |

|transmission voltage is stepped down to the voltages used by equipment. | | |

|What does AC current look like? | | |

| | | |

|It looks like a wave. | | |

20. THREE PHASE CURRENT (3-Phase)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a common method of alternating-current electric power generation, | | |

|transmission, and distribution. It is a type of polyphaser system and is | | |

|the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer | | |

|power. It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|In what equipment is 3-phase current used? | | |

| | | |

|It is a type of polyphase system and is the most common method used by | | |

|electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power | | |

|large motors and other heavy loads | | |

|Why is it used? | | |

| | | |

|It is also used to power large motors and other heavy loads. A | | |

|three-phase system is usually more economical than an equivalent | | |

|single-phase at the same line to ground voltage because it uses less | | |

|conductor material to transmit electrical power. | | |

21. POLARITY

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|the relative orientation of poles; the direction of a magnetic or | | |

|electric field. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What happens when you reverse polarity? | | |

| | | |

|It creates a potential shock hazard, but it's usually an easy repair…One | | |

|of these wires is connected to the earth, or 'grounded', so this wire is | | |

|called the grounded conductor. | | |

| | | |

22. ANALOG SIGNAL

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of | | |

|the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e.,| | |

|analogous to another time varying signal. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|Where are analog signals used? | | |

| | | |

|Video and audio transmissions are often transferred or recorded using | | |

|analog signals. The composite video coming out of an old RCA jack, for | | |

|example, is a coded analog signal usually ranging between 0 and 1.073V. | | |

|Tiny changes in the signal have a huge effect on the color or location of| | |

|the video. | | |

23. DIGITAL SIGNAL

|Definition: an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of |Image |Schematic |

|bits. Unlike an analog signal, which is a continuous signal that contains| | |

|time-varying quantities, a digital signal has a discrete value at each | | |

|sampling point. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|Where are digital signals used? | | |

| | | |

|Most communication between integrated circuits is digital. Interfaces | | |

|like serial, I2C, and SPI all transmit data via a coded sequence of | | |

|square waves. | | |

24. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which | | |

|thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are | | |

|fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, | | |

|counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|Where might an IC be used? | | |

| | | |

|sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which | | |

|thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are | | |

|fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, | | |

|counter, computer memory, or microprocessor. | | |

|What does it do? | | |

| | | |

|IC's are semiconductors that have replaced bulky vacuum tubes. The | | |

|process of putting integrated transistors into a chip has brought about | | |

|the digital revolution. They are classified into three groups. Analog: | | |

|These are used to process signals (amplify, filter, mix, and demodulate).| | |

|Digital: These are used in microprocessors. They use the 1 - 0 signals to| | |

|control logic gates, flip-flops, and multiplexers. Mixed Signal: These | | |

|function for the conversion of analog signals to digital and digital to | | |

|analog. | | |

25. PHOTO-DIODE

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is | | |

|generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small amount of | | |

|current is also produced when no light is present. Photodiodes may | | |

|contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small | | |

|surface areas. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|Where might a photo-diode be used? | | |

| | | |

|Photodiode is a kind of light detector which involves conversion of ... | | |

|Conventional solar cells, used for generating electric solar power, are a| | |

|typical photodiode ... Photodiodes can be operated in different modes | | |

|What does it do? | | |

| | | |

|A photodiode is a transducer that functions by converting light into | | |

|electrical energy. Light absorbed through the active area of a photodiode| | |

|forms an electron-hole pair, which generates current through the | | |

|photovoltaic effect. Photodiodes generate current that is proportionate | | |

|the amount of light exposure they receive | | |

26. PHOTOCELL

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|short for photoelectric cell. | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|Where is a photo-diode used? | | |

| | | |

|What does it do? | | |

27. THERMISTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|an electrical resistor whose resistance is greatly reduced by heating, | | |

|used for measurement and control. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How does it work? | | |

| | | |

|measure temperature as a function of change in potential difference at | | |

|constant current or a change in current at constant temperature. | | |

28. THERMOCOUPLE

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a thermoelectric device for measuring temperature, consisting of two | | |

|wires of different metals connected at two points, a voltage being | | |

|developed between the two junctions in proportion to the temperature | | |

|difference. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How does it work? | | |

| | | |

29. H-BRIDGE

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load | | |

|in either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other | | |

|applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How does it work? | | |

| | | |

|two dissimilar metals (gray curves) are joined together at their two | | |

|ends. If one end of the thermocouple is placed on something hot (the hot | | |

|junction) and the other end on something cold (the cold junction), a | | |

|voltage (potential difference) develops. | | |

30. ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLER (ESC)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|An electronic circuit with the purpose to vary an electric motor's speed,| | |

|its direction and possibly also to act as a dynamic brake. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|How does it work? | | |

| | | |

|The control of motor speed is obtained by switching the power to the | | |

|motor on and off in various ratios e.g. maximum throttle is permanently | | |

|on, half throttle is on half time, off half time etc. This switching on | | |

|and off is done many times a second. The speed at which the switching | | |

|takes place has a large effect on overall efficiency. Early speed | | |

|controls used what is known as "frame rate" switching, which means that | | |

|they switched approximately 50 times a second, the same rate as frames of| | |

|information are delivered over the radio. | | |

31. SERVO CONTROLLER

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|an auxiliary aeronautical device to reinforce by an aerodynamic or | | |

|mechanical relay a pilot's effort in operating a control commonly | | |

|consisting of a small hinged auxiliary airfoil at the trailing edge of an| | |

|aileron, elevator, or rudder | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How could you use a servo controller? (2 ways) | | |

| | | |

32. PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR (PWM)

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. Digital | | |

|control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and| | |

|off. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What is Pulse Width Modulation anyway? | | |

| | | |

|A fancy term for describing a type of digital signal. Pulse width | | |

|modulation is used in a variety of applications including sophisticated | | |

|control circuitry. A common way we use them here at Spark Fun is to | | |

|control dimming of RGB LEDs or to control the direction of a servo motor.| | |

33. SERIAL SIGNAL

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a | | |

|computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data | | |

|communication equipment), such as a modem. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|What does a serial signal look like? | | |

| | | |

|Like a boxed/sharp wave. | | |

|How does it differ from a Parallel signal? | | |

| | | |

|Parallel transmission occurs across a parallel wire. Parallel wires are | | |

|flat and think, constituting multiple, smaller cables. Each cable can | | |

|carry a single bit of information (either representing a 1 or 0). | | |

|Serial transmission occurs over a single cable, one bit at a time. This | | |

|type of communication is named "serial" not simply because data travels | | |

|one bit at a time, but also because these bits must be organized in a | | |

|particular way so that transmissions can be organized and considered | | |

|trustworthy. | | |

34. USB SIGNAL

|Definition: an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines |Image |Schematic |

|the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for | | |

|connection, communication, and power supply between computers and | | |

|electronic devices. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a USB signal look like? | | |

| | | |

|Square waves | | |

|How is it different from serial and parallel? | | |

| | | |

|The waves are bigger and broader square shape. | | |

|What is the distance limit in can move over wire? | | |

| | | |

35. DC MOTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|any of a class of electrical machines that converts direct current | | |

|electrical power into mechanical power. The most common types rely on the| | |

|forces produced by magnetic fields. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What could you use a DC motor for? | | |

| | | |

|Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. | | |

|How does a DC Motor work (think stator) | | |

| | | |

|The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The | | |

|commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects| | |

|the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes | | |

36. SERVO MOTOR

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of | | |

|angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration. It consists of a | | |

|suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|Where would you use a servo motor? (3 uses) | | |

| | | |

|Conveyor Belts: Servo motors move, stop, and start conveyor belts | | |

|carrying product along to various stages, for example, in product | | |

|packaging/bottling, and labeling. | | |

|Camera Auto Focus: A highly precise servo motor built into the camera | | |

|corrects a camera's lens to sharpen out-of-focus images. Solar Tracking | | |

|System: Servo motors adjust the angle of solar panels throughout the day | | |

|so that each panel continues to face the sun, harnessing maximum energy | | |

|from sunup to sundown | | |

37. STEPPER MOTOR

|Definition:, synchronous electric motor that |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a brushless DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number | | |

|of equal steps. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What is the advantage of a stepper motor? | | |

| | | |

|The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse. | | |

|The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized) | | |

|Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper | | |

|motors have an accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and this error is non | | |

|cumulative from one step to the next. | | |

|Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing. | | |

|Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore | | |

|the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bearing. | | |

38. HMI

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a software application that presents information to an operator or user | | |

|about the state of a process, and to accept and implement the operators | | |

|control instructions. Typically information is displayed in a graphic | | |

|format (Graphical User Interface or GUI). | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What is an example of a sophisticated HMI? | | |

| | | |

|“A sophisticated mix of design | | |

|and layout considerations, | | |

|such as contemporary style, | | |

|colour, and tactile response | | |

|coupled with ergonomic and | | |

|intuitive operation, create an | | |

|optimal user experience that | | |

|determines a customer’s | | |

|satisfaction with the core | | |

|product. | | |

39. TV VIDEO SIGNAL – COAX CABLE

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its | | |

|applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and | | |

|receivers with their antennas, computer network (Internet) connections, | | |

|digital audio (S/PDIF), and distributing cable television signals. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|What does a video signal look like? | | |

| | | |

|Color bar wavy signals | | |

|How many wires do you need to carry it? | | |

| | | |

|1 or more | | |

|How do the two formats differ (NTSC and PAL)? | | |

| | | |

|There are two television display systems in commercial use: PAL (common | | |

|in Europe and parts of Asia) delivers a frame rate of 25 fps (frames per | | |

|second) with 625 lines, while NTSC (used in the U.S. and Canada) delivers| | |

|a frame rate of 30 fps using 525 lines. | | |

40. DIGITAL VIDEO (DV) SIGNAL

|Definition: |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

|a representation of moving visual images in the form of encoded digital | | |

|data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual| | |

|images with analog signals. ... In contrast, when analog sources are | | |

|copied, they experience generation loss. | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How is this different than an analog video signal? | | |

|The difference between analog and digital technologies is that in analog | | |

|technology, information is translated into electric pulses of varying | | |

|amplitude. In digital technology, translation of information is into | | |

|binary format (zero or one) where each bit is representative of two | | |

|distinct amplitudes. | | |

|What are the advantages / disadvantages? | | |

| | | |

|Advantages-No signal losses due to DA and AD conversion | | |

|Geometry, clock and phase settings unnecessary, therefore simple to use | | |

|Lower costs as less electronic circuitry required | | |

|Disadvantage- Currently three standards (P&D, DFP and DVI) | | |

|Low availability of models with digital interfaces | | |

|Requires graphic board with digital output | | |

41. HIGH DEFINITION (HD) VIDEO SIGNAL

|Definition: a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by |Image |Schematic |

|1080 horizontal lines of vertical resolution and progressive scan, as | | |

|opposed to interlaced, as is the case with the 1080i display standard. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] |[pic] |

|How is this different than a standard video signal? | | |

| | | |

|If you pasted a 5″ by 5″ square cardboard hole on the screen of a 24-inch| | |

|monitors/TVs, this is the difference you would see between an SD set and | | |

|an HD set. In detail, here's what you need to know about these images: | | |

|The first video is a standard definition video. | | |

|What is the advantage, if any? | | |

|A high-definition (HD) signal enhances both the picture and the sound of | | |

|programs so that they are crisper and more detailed than ever before. | | |

|Clarity: HD image resolution is more than five times what was previously | | |

|available. This means that there are more pixels of colour, providing a | | |

|wider range of hues and a never-before-seen level of fine detail. | | |

|Widescreen: HDTV is shown in a 16:9 ratio as opposed to the 4:3 ratio of | | |

|older TVs. This gives you a more dynamic view, like that of a | | |

|movie-theatre screen, and lets you see what was cut off the edges when | | |

|movies were modified to fit the narrower ratio. | | |

|Sound: HDTV programming is able to provide Dolby Digital 5.1 surround | | |

|sound so that it sounds like the action is happening all around you | | |

42. PROGRESSIVE vs. INTERLACED VIDEO DISPLAY (TVs)

|Definition: Progressive display |Image |Schematic |

| | | |

| | | |

|Happening or developing gradually or in stages; proceeding step by step. | | |

|Progressive scanning (alternatively referred to as no interlaced | | |

|scanning, and not to be confused with progressive download) is a way of | | |

|displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which all the lines| | |

|of each frame are drawn in sequence. | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |[pic] | |

|Definition: Interlaced Display | | |

| | | |

|a technique for doubling the perceived frame rate of a video display | | |

|without consuming extra bandwidth. The interlaced signal contains two | | |

|fields of a video frame captured at two different times. ... CRT displays| | |

|and ALiS plasma displays are made for displaying interlaced signals | | |

| | | |

|What is the advantage, if any, of these two different display methods on | | |

|a TV? | | |

| | | |

|As TV sets designed with an interlaced program scanning method are less | | |

|expensive, consequently, it makes TV models such as these more popular | | |

|than competing models requiring progressive program scanning method. | | |

UNIT 2. ELECTRONICS PROJECT 1.2 Identify the components?

Using the information contained in your completed table, above, identify and describe each of the electrical components contained in the display. Each one is identified with a letter. Place the name of the component in the correct space number.

| |Component |Specification of the component |

|E.g. |Resistor |15 KΩ (15 kilo-Ohms) |

|A | | |

|B | | |

|C | | |

|D | | |

|E | | |

|F | | |

|G | | |

|H | | |

|I | | |

|J | | |

|K | | |

|L | | |

|M | | |

|N | | |

|O | | |

|P | | |

|Q | | |

|R | | |

|S | | |

|T | | |

|U | | |

|V | | |

|X | | |

|Y | | |

|Z | | |

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