Wl.apsva.us



Name: _________________________________________Period: ____Date: ____/____/__________THIS PACKET CONTAINS PERTINENT INFORMATION FOR THE INDEPENDENT INTERNAL ASSESSMENT PORTION FOR I.B. BIOLOGY.IB BIOLOGY INTERNAL ASSESSMENT Late Submissions: 1/2 credit will be given on any missed Deadline.Everything turned in must be TYPED! Handwritten work will NOT be scored!Your work is due on your class meeting day (W or L) according to this calendar.September 6-16, 2016(the number of class time spend introducing this will be about 2hrs plus an ideal 2+hrs of research and assembling of the research plan done on your own time)Introduction of IA material. Analysis of the criteria rubric Independent Research (2+hrs)September 15W/16L, 2016 – Topic and Research Plan Deadline (25 points-classwork grade)Use Research Plan Template found on blackboard or WL Website. Submit via blackboard. This was your summer assignment. Week of September 26- October 7 –Purchasing and gathering of materials, I will be in constant contact with you.Those plans approved can begin to Order, purchase or gather materialsAllow 2 weeks for delivery on some organisms or material. Plan accordingly.October 7 to 14 , 2016 – Work on IA in class(daily participation grades)You will have 3 days to work in class (4 hrs) plus the time you spend working at home (4+ hrs)Review research templateBring materials and equipment or show photographs of home set upSet up experiment (those conducting in school)Conduct experimentStart 1st draft write upNovember 21W/22L, 2016 – 1st draft due (30 points- worth 2nd quarter classwork grade)Follow rubric and guidelinesIt will take me at least one month to review approximately 60 IA’s from my 3 IB classes. Be patient! I will provide oral or written advice on how the work could be improved, but not edit the draft.January 19L/20W, 2017 – Final Draft due(24 points-Worth a 4th quarter Test Grade)Once a student has officially submitted the final version of the work it cannot be retracted.Make sure you have made all of the necessary revision discussed on 1st draft. No more feedback will be given after this.GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE I.A.Internal assessment is an integral part of the course and is compulsory for both SL and HL students. It enables students to demonstrate the application of their skills and knowledge, and to pursue their personal interests, without the time limitations and other constraints that are associated with written examinations. The internal assessment requirements at SL and at HL are the same. The work submitted for internal assessment must be the student’s own work. The teacher should play an important role during both the planning stage and the period when the student is working on the internally assessed work. It is the responsibility of the teacher to ensure that students are familiar with:the requirements of the type of work to be internally assessed the IB animal experimentation policy and the biology course safety guidelines the assessment criteria—students must understand that the work submitted for assessment must address these criteria effectively. As part of the learning process, teachers should read and give advice to students on one draft of the work. The teacher should provide oral or written advice on how the work could be improved, but not edit the draft. The next version handed to the teacher must be the final version for submission. All work submitted to the IB for moderation or assessment must be authenticated by a teacher, and must not include any known instances of suspected or confirmed academic misconduct. Each student must confirm that the work is his or her authentic work and constitutes the final version of that work. Once a student has officially submitted the final version of the work it cannot be retracted. The requirement to confirm the authenticity of work applies to the work of all students, not just the sample work that will be submitted to the IB for the purpose of moderation. For further details refer to the IB publication Academic honesty (2011), The Diploma Programme: From principles into practice (2009) and the relevant articles in General regulations: Diploma Programme (2011). AUTHENTICITYAuthenticity may be checked by discussion with the student on the content of the work, and scrutiny of one or more of the following:the student’s initial proposal the first draft of the written work the references cited the style of writing compared with work known to be that of the student the analysis of the work by a web-based plagiarism detection service such as SAFEASSIGN or . ?The same piece of work cannot be submitted to meet the requirements of both the internal assessment and the extended essay. GROUP WORKEach investigation is an individual piece of work based on different data collected or measurements generated. Students should work on their own when conducting the experiment and collecting data. SAFETY AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION POLICYIt is a basic responsibility of everyone involved to make safety and health an ongoing commitment. It is the responsibility of all students to read, understand and abide the rules posted in the Safety contract signed at the beginning of the school year. Please refer as needed. All students should report any and all accidents or incidents to the teacher. IB standards for work in schools are more stringent than those of university and R&D research committees as we are not carrying out essential, groundbreaking research. Practical work in schools has other purposes such as reinforcing concepts and teaching practical skills and techniques. Even in a practically based extended essay the work will not be fundamental research. ? _Any planned and actual experimentation involving animals must be subject to approval following a discussion between teacher and student(s) based on the IB animal experimentation policy. ? _Experiments involving animals must be based on observing and measuring aspects of natural animal behavior. Any experimentation should not result in any pain or undue stress on any animal (vertebrate or invertebrate) or compromise its health in any way. Therefore experiments that administer drugs or medicines or manipulate the environment or diet beyond that easily tolerated by the animal are unacceptable. Experiments resulting in the death of any animal are unacceptable. ? _Any experimentation involving humans must be with their written permission and must follow the above guidelines. Experiments involving body fluids must not be performed due to the risk of the transmission of blood-borne pathogens. When working with humans, you must have them sign a consent form and if under 18 then the parent must sign as well. Human participant projects are tricky and take a while. I discourage you in doing them but if still interested, come and see me and I will give you the consent forms and guidelines. GRADING CRITERIAInternal assessment is an integral part of the biology course, contributing 20% to the final assessment in the SL and the HL courses. Student work is internally assessed by the teacher and externally moderated by the IB. The performance in internal assessment at both SL and HL is marked against common assessment criteria, with a total mark out of 24. For internal assessment, a number of assessment criteria have been identified. Each assessment criterion has level descriptors describing specific achievement levels, together with an appropriate range of marks. The level descriptors concentrate on positive achievement, although for the lower levels failure to achieve may be included in the description. Internally assessed work will be judged at SL and at HL against the criteria using the level descriptors.Assessment criteria are the same for both SL and HL. The aim is to find, for each criterion, the descriptor that conveys most accurately the level attained by thestudent, using the best-fit model. A best-fit approach means that compensation should be made when a piece of work matches different aspects of a criterion at different levels. The mark awarded should be one that most fairly reflects the balance of achievement against the criterion. It is not necessary for every single aspect of a level descriptor to be met for that mark to be awarded. When assessing your work, I will read the level descriptors for each criterion until I reach a descriptor that most appropriately describes the level of the work being assessed. If a piece of work seems to fall between two descriptors, both descriptors will be read again and the one that more appropriately describes the student’s work will be chosen. Where there are two or more marks available within a level, the upper mark will be awarded if the student’s work demonstrates the qualities described to a great extent; the work may be close to achieving marks in the level above. The lower marks will be awarded if the student’s work demonstrates the qualities described to a lesser extent; the work may be close to achieving marks in the level below. Only whole numbers will be recorded; partial marks (fractions and decimals) are not acceptable. The highest level descriptors do not imply faultless performance but should be achievable by a student. Teachers should not hesitate to use the extremes if they are appropriate descriptions of the work being assessed. A student who attains a high achievement level in relation to one criterion will not necessarily attain high achievement levels in relation to the other criteria. Similarly, a student who attains a low achievement level for one criterion will not necessarily attain low achievement levels for the other criteria. Teachers should not assume that the overall assessment of the students will produce any particular distribution of marks. The assessment criteria/Rubric is posted on Blackboard and my webpage.There will be no pass or fail boundary, but instead on identifying the appropriate descriptor for each assessment criterion. The task will have the same assessment criteria for SL and HL. The five assessment criteria are personal engagement, exploration, analysis, evaluation and communication.69850114935000The new assessment model uses five criteria to assess the final report of the individual investigation with the following raw marks and weightings assigned: ?Levels of performance are described using multiple indicators per level. In many cases the indicators occur together in a specific level, but not always. Also, not all indicators are always present. This means that a candidate can demonstrate performances that fit into different levels. To accommodate this, the IB assessment models use markbands and advise examiners and teachers to use a best-fit approach in deciding the appropriate mark for a particular criterion. WRITING AND ASSEMBLING THE PAPERNOTE: Papers not following these guidelines will not be accepted.PAPER PAGE LIMITSThe internal assessment task will be one scientific investigation taking about 10 hours and the write- up should be about 6 to 12 pages long. Investigations exceeding this length will be penalized in the communication criterion as lacking in conciseness.If the text is reduced, the appendix may be increased to allow for additional raw data, charts/graphs, or illustrations but only to a maximum paper length of 12 pages. Write you name and candidate number on the upper, left hand side of the header. B. THE PAPER ORDER OF COMPONENTSNote: Do NOT include a title page.Number the Pages beginning with the research question as page 1.The following are the required headings, and should be bolded and/or underlined:RESEARCH QUESTION8. CONCLUSIONBACKGROUND INFORMATION9. EVALUATION, IMPROVEMENTS & NEXT STEPSHYPOTHESIS10. APPENDIXVARIABLES11. BIBLIOGRAPHYAPPARATUSMETHODANALYSIS OF RESULTSGO TO BLACKBOARD TO FIND SAMPLE IA ‘SGENERAL WRITING GUIDELINES (Mechanics for formatting typed submissions)All parts of the paper must be typed/word processed in double-spaced format. (Exceptions: long quotes, figures, legends, within literature citations).All parts written in passive voice and past tense.The paper should be concise and proper grammar, sentence structure, and punctuation should be used throughout the paper. You must have your parent or another adult proofread it.All margins—top, bottom, sides—are not less than one inch (1") on ALL pages including appendices.Pages must be numbered. Put page numbers in the footer, which can be within the margin and the only exception to the one inch margin.The paper must be printed in no smaller than 12 pt. type size using the font Times New Roman.Do not use footnotes. Use parenthetical citations (Last name of Author, Year). Ex: (Smith, 2016)All classes: please apply APA formatting. See . A full APA sample paper may be found here: and figures made by computer should be appropriately labeled.CHOOSING YOUR TOPICThe task produced should be complex and commensurate with the level of the course. It should require a purposeful research question and the scientific rationale for it. The sample IA’s found on Blackboard will demonstrate that the assessment has to be rigorous and of the same standard as the assessment in other IB courses. Some of the possible tasks include: a hands-on laboratory investigation using a spreadsheet for analysis and modeling extracting data from a database and analyzing it graphically producing a hybrid of spreadsheet/database work with a traditional hands-on investigation using a simulation provided it is interactive and open-ended.?Some tasks may consist of relevant and appropriate qualitative work combined with quantitative work. You must also demonstrate the thinking behind your ideas using their subject knowledge. The topic should be related to Biology. The information given must be targeted at the problem rather than being a general account of the topic matter, in order to demonstrate focus on the issues at hand.Sometimes the hardest part of doing a science project is settling on an idea. You want to select something that you will enjoy—that will inspire your curiosity. Since this is challenging for students, and everyone has different interests, we have developed this section to help you. You can also find many sources out there to help you choose a topic, but don’t be tempted to copy a procedure verbatim from the internet or from a book you find. Those sources can be used as a guide, but you need to make the procedure your own.It is highly recommended that is your investigation is based on a published one that you put sufficient effort into developing making it your own and differentiating it from the source. If you don't the marks you can gain with under the exploration criteria will be limited.One word of caution, before you get too attached to an idea, there is a list of sensitive project topics coming up. These projects will need special approval and they inevitably involve a significant amount of extra work. Please read this section carefully if you are planning to work with microbes or other potentially hazardous chemicals or devices.Be sure to choose a project at the high school level or higher. Projects that are too simple, at the elementary school/middle school level, will not be accepted. Check with your teacher early to avoid this frustration if you are unsure. Start with Your Interests! There are many categories to choose from! Make a big list of everything that interests you. Do you wonder how these things work? Whether one way of doing something is better than another? Decide whether these topics can be studied in a scientific experiment. A scientific experiment needs an independent variable (something you will manipulate) and a dependent variable (something you will measure).You may want to use the internet to see examples of past projects or, even better, find out what’s really being researched in the scientific community right now – These topics can serve as inspiration, but you should not duplicate someone else’s research exactly. Instead, think of ways to alter these examples so that they become meaningful to your experience and project.BIOLOGY TOPIC IDEASGeneral Topic AreaDependent VariableEquipment/Materials/ProcessesBiochemistryPresence of organic compoundsChemical testsEnzyme activityChemical testsIon concentration – diffusion through a membraneConductivity probeware, dialysis tubingDNA TechnologiesDNA fragment movement in gelGel electrophoresisDNA fragment lengthGel electrophoresisBe ready to provide a rationale for your choice—how can your project be used to further knowledge, build upon good practice, or improve people’s way of life? Present sound reasoning for your project choice, and be prepared to explain the benefits of your experiment.Here are a few sources where you may find lists of topic titles or general topic ideas: Look for topics related to Biology. Science And Plants for Schools has lots of botanical investigations and ideasPractical Biology brings together lots of different biology practicals for all ages of studentMr Rothery publishes a list of practicals commonly done to suport his A-level teachingSenior Biology has a list of investigation ideas for extended essays that are also suitable for individual investigationsVernier dataloggers can be used in individual investigations and vernier publishes ideas and details of how they can be usedvjas2011 - All the abstracts from the 2011 VJAS are published here—browse through for inspiration and ideas.2015calstateprojects - This site has brief descriptions of all the 2015 California State Science Fair Projects. Very inspiring! Be sure to look at the Senior Division for High School level ideas.Below, find some suggestions for Biology Projects. Genetics & HeredityChromosome analysisFruit flies, chemicalsFruit fly genotypes & phenotypesPlant genotypes & phenotypesFruit flies, stereo-microscope, chemicals, plantsEnvironmental Biology/EcologyWater quality: Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate level, Phosphate level, pH, Turbidity, Salinity, Chloride, Ammonium, Calcium, Flow rateProbeware and chemical testsBacterial levelPetri dishes, agarSoil quality: pH, Nitrates, Potassium, Bacterial levelChemical tests, pH stripsInvertebratesDevelopment, Behavior or Response (to an independent variable) of specific invertebrate animals.Petri dishes, possibly microscopes.Specimens such as planarians, daphnia etc.MicrobiologyNumber of bacterial coloniesFlorescence of bacteriaFastidious testingNutrient agar Petri dishesInoculating loopsRespiration rate (Carbon dioxide production of bacteria or yeast)Test tubesOrganismsPlant BiologyPhotosynthesis rate (O2 production)Plants, test tubes, pipettesTranspiration rate (water loss)Plants, potometerPlant pigmentsPlant, chromatography paper and chemicalsPresence of starchIodineSeed germinationPetri dishes or pots, seeds etc.Respiration in seedsBeans, test tubesGenetics (phenotypes & genotypes)PlantsOrganisms may be available for purchase (See website or )Examples:Protists (single celled organisms – you may use school microscopes): Amoeba, Algae, Paramecium, Euglena (does photosynthesis and can swim to capture food), etc.Fungi: Mushrooms, Yeast (used to make baked goods, carbon dioxide production can be measured), Bioluminescent fungi, Lichens (algae and fungi that live together), etc.Plants: Aquatic plants (oxygen production can be measured), Carnivorous plants, Moss, Flowers, Wisconsin fast plants (good for genetic studies), Hydroponics, Plant hormones (hormones are chemicals that can make plants move toward the light, make fruit ripen), etc.Animals (invertebrates only—animals with no backbone): Hydra (aquatic organism related to jelly fish), Planaria (tiny worm that can regenerate), Mussels, Rotifers (microscopic worm-like animal), Annelid (earthworms), Snails (land or aquatic), Daphnia (tiny, shrimp-like animal, you can see its heart beat), Silkworms, Mosquitos (order through the school), Ants, House flies, Beetles, Milkweed bugs, Meal worms, Praying mantis, Brine shrimp (can observe their development), etc.CAUTION: If thinking about working with plants, keep in mind that plants take time to grow, and sometimes experiments with plants do not work. Remember you will need a large sample size of at least 20 seeds per test group, and at least three test groups—that’s 80 plants, so consider carefully!PREVIOUS IA’S TOPIC IDEAS Investigation 1: A study on the effect of smoke water on the germination and growth of Eucalyptus pilularis Investigation 2: The effect of sunlight on biomass Investigation 3: Fire Ecology Investigation 4: Different methods of fruit ripening and the metabolism of starch to glucose in nectarinesInvestigation 5: Investigating the Effect of Time on the Plasmolysis of Potatoes Investigation 6: The structure and function of barley amylasesInvestigation 7: The effect of light levels on the predation of the peppered mothInvestigation 8: Investigating the effect of different light intensities on water weed Investigation 9: Is there a relationship between Countries' Human Development Index (HDI) level and the incidence of tuberculosis? (1) Investigation 10: Is there a relationship between Countries' Human Development Index (HDI) level and the incidence of tuberculosis? (2)Before you settle on a topic, GO to the library to determine how much relevant research is available. You need to see what information is out there that can help you develop a sound hypothesis and detailed procedure. If you have trouble finding research that is relevant to your idea, then you may need to expand your search or alter your plan.So go to your local or school library to see what scholarly sources you can find. The librarian can walk you through several electronic databases, which contain reliable resources that may be used to narrow down your topic and conduct background research.Why is Research important to do BEFORE you start your experiment?Learn about your topic! You need enough background information on your topic to ask an insightful question, form a logical hypothesis, and validate your experiment and results.You need education and specific information regarding your subject being studied.You need to learn about the potential dangers and best materials to use while conducting your experiment.You need to decide what equipment to use to collect data, and how to analyze your data findings.You can elaborate on theories on which your experiment is based, and strengthen your written report.Why is your topic meaningful? Learning about your topic helps you justify your work is an important component of science research. How does your work affect the world around us? Why is your project worth doing? How might your work be of benefit to your communities? Your research will help strengthen your rationale for these questions, and make your work more fulfilling and significant.You can also access the W-L library’s data bases through Blackboard: Log onto Blackboard, Click on the For Students Link, Click on Secondary Online. You should be able to log on through Blackboard without a password.If you are having problems with your Blackboard account, from the library site of the W-L Home Web Page, you might try these databases and passwords: e Library science with the remote access login: arlington2, and the password student, or Gale Cengage Secondary particularly “Science in Context, with the remote access password: va_schools.You can also access ?where your login is as follows:Username:??student’sID#@?Password:? firstname (lowercase) . . . OR add?“2013”?at the end of the first name if the name has 4 letters or less (erik2013)ORDERING AND PURCHASING MATERIALSYou can purchase materials and organisms from science supplies companies like or . It is imperative, that once your project proposal gets approved, you order your materials. DO NOT WAIT UNITL THE LAST MINUTE TO PLACE YOUR ORDERS. Allow two weeks for delivery after you submit order and payment. Check with me first to see what equipment is available to borrow from school, before ordering. Organisms and Chemicals with restrictions, can be ordered through me, but you need to fill out a form and give payment with enough time for IC & RESEARCH PLANSUMMARYThis is the format of your research plan. Refer to the template on blackboard.Research Question [Phrased in a similar format to “What is the effect of the IV upon the DV in XXXX?”. XXXX refers to the organism or biological material being studied.]Background Information including:Purpose/Problem and RationaleScientific theory is used to describe and explain how the chosen IV affects changes in the organism/biological material being dealt with.What is the purpose of your experiment. It must have a meaningful, purposeful research question and the scientific rationale for it. Why did you pick this topic and why is this topic important to understand as a student and as a global citizen? The justification given for choosing the research question and/or the topic under investigation demonstrates personal significance, interest or curiosity. Explain why the chosen DV is a good measure of change in the organism/biological materialHypothesisThe hypothesis should be based on the theory identified in the background. A graph should be sketched to illustrate the hypothesis] Where possible the hypothesis should be quantified, e.g. It is expected that the optimum pH for the activity of catalase to be 6.2]A hypothesis is an educated guess presuming the outcome of the experiment. Form a hypothesis after your background research and definition of the problem. Write in “If…then…because” format, present tense.VariablesInclude: I.V. (Independent variable) (Manipulated variable): The condition that a scientist changes when conducting an experiment. This is the only variable that is altered, so it is the variable that causes change. The I.V. starts the experiment and is the first/only thing that is changed by the student. (“I” change the “I”V)!D.V. (Dependent variable) (Responding variable): The variable measured by the researcher. The D.V. depends on the I.V. It is affected by the independent variable and is observed and measured. Experimental groups: The groups of participants or subjects receiving the variable or treatment.Control group: The group not receiving the variable or treatment. The control group establishes a baseline for the experiment.(The researcher compares the performance of the experimental group with that of the control group to determine if the independent variable causes a change or effect).Controlled variables: Those variables that will remain the same throughout the experiment for all groups.You have the choice of doing 5 IV values x 10-20 repeats format or 2 IV values for a population x 15 repeats format or 5 IV value X 5 different times each value x 5 repeats eachApparatusList all equipment/materials/organisms you are planning on using. Include all items, quantities, concentrations, volumes, masses etc., for measuring equipment uncertaintiesMethod Briefly describe the method used to manipulate the IV, including specific details of range or increments.Each control and uncontrolled variable identified in the variables table should be addressed in the method.Make sure the method is clear, specific and easily replicated. The method clearly communicates the reasons why each step is the method is appropriate and necessary. If the chosen method is based on or adapted from a published protocol then the original protocol must be cited.Describe how you will collect your data and how you will analyse it, including the statistics your are planning on using.Safety and Ethical ConsiderationsComment on possible hazards, environmental, ethical and social impacts of the work, and say how they will dealt with to minimise the impact.Bibliography—It is a list of the literature cited in the text.Citations are used effectively to support the background. Textbooks should be the first port of call when looking for a citation.There must be a minimum of five peer-reviewed/scholarly sources.Each must be cited at least once in the body of the paper.Use APA style. The list is alphabetical by the last name of the first author of a citation. Use single spacing within each listing and double space between the listings. See example belowThe American Psychological Association Style (APA) style is the most widely accepted and preferred way of presenting documentation and supporting information when it comes to writing, especially in terms of research and reference writing. The APA homepage is . A sample APA paper may be found here: literature cited is a list of all books, publications, and communications cited in your paper. The listing is alphabetical by the last name of the first author of a citation. “Scholarly” sources include peer-reviewed reports, articles, books, etc. Those you reference should be accessible from library digital archives (files, databases, books, etc., available for inspection, digitized and on-line for easy access and convenience) or refereed on-line journals. Ask librarians for help if uncertain!One of your non-scholarly sources should be the source where you found your idea for your experiment. Be sure your experiment is not just a copy of an experiment that was done before. Students may use to easily put sources in the correct format. Also see . You may ask librarians for help with finding other online tools for proper referencing.Wording in your reports and submissions should be paraphrased in your own words. Direct quotes should be in quotation marks. Watch out for plagiarism in your final report, I will be checking all assignments with SafeAssign!Google Scholar is an excellent source for finding scholarly sources.Examples of Peer-reviewed and Scholarly References:McCaffrey, Cheryl A. and Raymond D. Dueser. 1990. Plant associations of the Virginia barrier islands. Va.J.Sci.41:282-299.Spry, A. 1969. Metamorphic Textures. Pergamon Press, New York. 350pp.Storrs, Carina. 2009. One for the Ages: Bristlecone Pines Break 4,650-Year Growth Record. <; (24 November 2009).Examples of Non-peer-reviewed References:Bristlecone Pine. 1986. <; (February 1986).BACKGROUND INFORMATIONScientific theory is used to describe and explain how the chosen IV affects changes in the organism/biological material being dealt with.Variables (Independent, dependent, control, uncontrolled)(discuss) Likely impact upon the investigationHow the variable will be changed/ measured/controlledIndependent variable[Describe the independent variable][Explain how would changing this variable would effect the dependent variable][What values have been chosen][Why have these values been chosen]Dependent variable[Describe the dependent variable][Explain why is the chosen variable is a good measure to answer the research question][How will measurements be taken?][Do any calculations such as a reaction rate need to be done?]Control variables[What variables need to be kept constant to ensure a fair test?][Discuss how and why these variable might impact the data collected][Suggest how these variables will be kept constant and if necessary how they will be monitored]Uncontrolled variables[Variables that might affect the investigation, but are impractical to control][Discuss how and why these variable might impact the data collected][Suggest how the effect of the variable could be minimized and/or monitored, if possible]What is the purpose of your experiment? It must have a meaningful, purposeful research question and the scientific rationale for it. Why did you pick this topic and why is this topic important to understand as a student and as a global citizen? The justification given for choosing the research question and/or the topic under investigation demonstrates personal significance, interest or curiosity.Written in the passive voice the subject is the recipient of the action—the subject is placed at the end of the sentence or omitted.Example of passive voice: Incorrect: “The scientist placed 50ml of water in the beaker” Correct: "50ml of water were placed in the beaker ".Passive voice sentences include a be-verb such as am, is, was, were, are or been.Include citations throughout the body using the sources in your cited literature.The introduction starts with a broad basis and then narrows it down to your particular field of study, explaining the rationale for each step and decision.You are attempting to inform the reader about the rationale behind the work, justifying why your work is an essential component of research in the field.You can include information from previous research, explanations or theories, methods or equations.This should be as concise as possible and give an overall review of the paper. It works upon the principle of introducing the topic of the paper and setting it into a broad context, gradually narrowing down to a hypothesis. A good introduction explains how you mean to solve the research problem, and creates ‘leads’ to make the reader want to delve further into your work.VARIABLESPROCEDURE & MATERIALS[The method must describe how to manipulate the IV, including specific details of range or increments.][The method for recording results, including units and uncertainty of tools should be described.][Each control and uncontrolled variable identified in the variables table should be addressed in the method.][A diagram or photo of the experimental setup helps to make a complex equipment setup clear][Annotate/label diagrams and photos to give them value and explain their relevance. Annotations maybe done in the main text as an alternative to including annotations in the diagram.][Make sure the method is clear, specific and easily replicated. This is best done by getting a person not familiar with your work to read through the method and the explain it back to you.][The method clearly communicates the reasons why each step is the method is appropriate and necessary. Much of this explanation might already be addressed in the second column of the variables table.][If the chosen method is based on or adapted from a published protocol then the original protocol must be cited.]Pointers:Do not include any results in this section. Use paragraph format, not cookbook format.Use Passive Voice; Example: (Passive) “The chemical was placed in a solution” (vs. Active): “The experimenter placed the chemical in the solution”.Include precise quantities and descriptions of materials and equipment.Incorporate materials used (and their precise measurements) into the paragraph of your procedure. Example: “A solution of 50ml of vinegar was used to cover one egg”. Include descriptions, types, and quantities of equipment, chemicals, organisms, etc. (be specific!).ANALYSIS OF RESULTSThis section consists of a passage of writing interspersed with tables and graphs. The purpose of the analysis is to interpret the data so that a valid and detailed conclusion to the research question can be deduced later on in the report.[Graphs, tables, and images should be included as close as possible to their first reference in the analysis. If a graph is not used to support the analysis it should not be included.]Raw data and calculations should be referred to – if there is a lot of raw data place it in a appendix.[Qualitative data][This is important as it demonstrates critical thinking]Comment on:Variation within the organism/biological material being are dealt withColour, texture, shape, size, heat changesAnything notice that might affect results, but you can’t put a number on][Included data tables]Raw and processed data maybe often be separated into different tables. However it is common practise to include mean and standard deviation as additional columns in the table that includes the data upon which they are based. This is a summary data table. [Clear table(s) with:Title – “Table 1: … “ this should refer to the headersIV should ideally be in the first column, DV should occupy subsequent columnsDescriptive headers, e.g. not just temp, but temp of the mixture of amylase and starchUnits and uncertainties]Pointers: [When quoting units use the same units as for the uncertainties, this is good practise.][If uncertainties differ, i.e. is larger than the uncertainty quoted in the apparatus list then a rationale must be given][Use seconds rather than minutes:seconds if the variable is time. It is clearer and later avoids human errors in data processing.][If stated in the method that measurements are to be taken, even if only to monitor a control variable, it still needs to be included in the raw data.][Name other students who collaborated in the data collection.][Calculations][Are calculations needed to make calculations to determine the DV? For example:- Rate of reaction = volume, distance etc. / time- % Change = (end – start) / start x 100- Anything else that is appropriate?][If calculations are made to determine the DV then remove the uncertainty from the header. Uncertainty is now variable and cannot be expressed as an absolute value.][Show calculations and sample workings. This is most easily done by screen shots of MS Excel formula.][The significant figures in the calculated DV should match the significant figures in the raw data. For example if the uncertainty of raw data is ±0.01g then the % change should be 0.00 if the maximum value is greater than 1 and less than 10 and 00.0 if the maximum value is greater than 10, but less than 100.][Work out the mean and standard deviation of the calculated DV for each value of the IV. If no calculation is made to determine the DV then simply the mean and standard deviation of the raw data.][The mean and standard deviations should be quoted in the same units and the same uncertainty, if present, as the data they are calculated from.[standard deviation should only be calculated if a minimum of 5 repeats is available][The mean should be quoted to the same number of decimal places as the data it is are calculated from, the standard deviation maybe quoted to an additional decimal place for clarity]For statistical tests:- phrase the hypothesis in the null/alternate hypothesis format, if appropriate- explain the steps in the calculation- explain the meaning of the calculated values- in the analysis explain what support the test offers for the research question][For non-standard calculations give a rationale for your chosen method.]Statistical Analysis Pointers: Collect as much data as possible so you can run statistical analysis on your data that is meaningful.Key descriptive statistics include the mean (the arithmetic average) and the standard deviation (the amount of dispersion in the measures of a particular variable). You can use these descriptive statistics, for example, to summarize average rates of growth in plants under different climate conditions.Use the appropriate inferential statistics for your experiment to analyze your data and draw conclusions.Inferential statistics refer to the range of procedures used for drawing conclusions about the data in an experiment.Popular inferential techniques include tests of statistical significance (chi-square or t-test), analysis of variance (anova test), factor analysis and linear regression.The nature of your science project and the types of questions you want to answer will help determine the appropriate inferential statistical methods.Many statistical analysis tools are available in spreadsheet programs—all you do is input the data and select the statistical test you want to complete; the program will provide a value that you can interpret to determine the significance of your data.Often statistical tests provide a p-value that allows you to say whether a null hypothesis is supported or rejected.A null hypothesis proposes that there is no significant difference between experimental groups, or between an experimental group and a control group.A supported null hypothesis indicates there was no significant effect of your I.V.A rejected null hypothesis indicates there was a difference between groups, probably not due to random chance.[Included graphs][For almost all investigations an appropriate graph can be added][Graph(s) should be of processed data, not raw data] i.e. means[At least one graph should resemble the one used in the hypothesis][Graph axis labels, units and uncertainty should directly reflect the headers used in the processed data table][Numbers displayed on the axes should be to same number of decimal places as the data they are based on.][Graph titles should be descriptive and refer to the axes labels][Graphs should occupy a minimum of ? a page, the larger it is, the easier it is to read][The default choice of graph should be a scatter plot. If comparing means, i.e. the data is in the 2 IV values x 15 repeats format, then bar charts maybe chosen instead, though a scatter plot will work][If standard deviation is available error bars based upon it should be added, if not error bars should be base upon the range.][The source of the error bars should be explicitly declared. It is recommended that this is included directly under the title, but in a smaller font.][If the data is in the 5 IV values x 5 repeats format and a trend is apparent then a straight lines joining the data points should be added.][If looking for trend/correlation, i.e. the data is in the 5 IV values x 5 repeats format][Comment on the processed/calculated data:Is there a pattern to the data? Positive/negative correlation, straight line, bell shaped curve, u-shaped, s-shaped, does it plateau?Quote values in the description.[Comment on error bars:How large are the error bars? The smaller they are the stronger the correlation is.Are there any anomalies in the raw data that explain abnormal large error bars?Do the size of the error bars make a valid conclusion difficult to reach?[If comparing means, i.e. the data is in the 2 IV values x 15 repeats format][Comment on the processed data:Is one bar on the chart/mean value is higher than the other? Quote values and names of the IV values.][Comment on error bars:Is there an overlap of error bars? The larger the overlap the less likely the means are to be significantly different from each other.Does a t-test confirm the observations made in the previous point?Are the error bars similarly sized? If different does this indicate possible errors or simply natural variation?Are there any anomalies in the raw data that explain abnormal large error bars?Do the size of the error bars make a valid conclusion difficult to reach? This maybe already answered if the t-test is available][For all][Comments on the raw data should be in reference to anomalies or unusual trends, in the main when talking about data the focus should be processed data and mean values.][Comment on the qualitative data:What impact might the qualitative data of had upon the findings?Does it make the measurements likely to be skewed, i.e. all too large or too small?Does the qualitative data indicate a possible reason for the natural variation seen in the data?Does the qualitative data make it more difficult to come to a valid conclusion?][Discussion of the size of the uncertainties compared to the magnitude of the data collected. Is the validity of the conclusion affected?]CONCLUSIONRefer back to scientific theory and the citation(s):What do the results indicate in terms of the IV and DV?How does the DV link to, and help answer, the research question?Does the data support accepted theory?Are the results consistent with published data?Discuss the data in relation to scientific theory.]Justify what is judged to be the level of support (use the correct language) for the hypothesis by referring to points/arguments made previously in the analysis.Refer back to the research question, better restate it and discuss how well it has been possible to answer itEVALUATIONS IMPROVEMENTS AND NEXT STEPSEvaluation of experimental errorsweakness/source of errorpossible effect on data and magnitude of weakness/errorsuggested improvementIndependent variable[Appropriate range chosen?][Manipulated effectively?]Dependent variable[Method of measurement effective?][Precise enough equipment used?]Control variables[Was each control variable effectively controlled or not?]Uncontrolled errors[Did std dev / qualitative data indicate any impact of biological variation?][Was effective monitoring carried out to minimize the impact of these variables?][Could these errors be controlled?]Qualitative Data[Observations might well be used implicitly in other sections][How might have the observations made affected the investigation?]APPENDIXThe appendix is for supplementary information. Raw data too lengthy to be included in the results section of the text may be placed here only if absolutely necessary for understanding the paper. Remember that summary data should be in the “Results” section. All materials in this section must meet the same requirements as the text of the paper. TOPICS TO AVOIDThe following contains examples of topics that you will want to avoid for your science fair ic to AvoidWhy?Any topic that boils down to a simple preference or taste comparison. For example, "Which tastes better: Coke or Pepsi?"Such experiments don't involve the kinds of numerical measurements we want in a science fair project. They are more of a survey than an experiment.Most consumer product testing of the "Which is best?" type. This includes comparisons of popcorn, bubblegum, make-up, detergents, cleaning products, and paper towels.These projects are more of a marketing project and only have scientific validity if the investigator fully understands the science behind why the product works and applies that understanding to the experiment. While many consumer products are easy to use, the science behind them is often at the level of a graduate student in college. Any topic that requires people to recall things they did in the past.The data tends to be unreliable.Effect of music or talking on plantsDifficult to measure.Effect of running, music, video games, or almost anything on blood pressureThe result is either obvious (the heart beats faster when you run) or difficult to measure with proper controls (the effect of music).Effect of color on memory, emotion, mood, taste, strength, etc.Highly subjective and difficult to measure.Any topic that requires measurements that will be extremely difficult to make or repeat, given your equipment.Without measurement, you can't do science.Any topic that requires dangerous, hard to find, expensive, or illegal materials. We care about your safety and your parents' pocketbook.Graphology or handwriting analysisQuestionable scientific validity.Astrology or ESPNo scientific validity.Any project in violation of state law, federal law, state science fair rules, or International Science & Engineering Fair rules.In brief, you may not do a project that involves: working with bacteria (except in a designated, qualified lab), unacceptable risk (physical or psychological) to a human subject, collection of tissue samples from living humans or vertebrate animals, drugging, pain, injury to a live vertebrate animal, or use of illegal or prohibited materials YOU’VE CHOSEN A TOPIC? HOW DOES YOUR TOPIC MEASURE UP?The following table will help you check to see if the research topic/question is both narrow and interesting enough to work.What Makes a Good Science Fair QuestionFor a Good Topic, You Should Answer "Yes" to AllIs the topic interesting enough to read about AND work on for the next couple months?Yes / NoCan you find at least 5 sources of written information on the subject? Yes / NoCan you measure changes to the important variables using a number that represents a quantity such as a count, length, width, weight, voltage, time, etc.? Or, just as good, is your variable one that is simply present or not present?For example,Lights ON in one trial, then lights OFF in another trial,Incremental increases of your variable.Yes / NoIf your data is qualitative, are you able to make a scale to convert it to quantitative data?Yes / NoCan you control other factors that might influence the variables, so that they do not interfere with your experiment?Yes / No ................
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