Chapter 9



9 - Motivation and Emotion

1. Define motivation.

2. Describe or analyze a motivational sequence using the need-reduction model.

3. Explain how the incentive value of a goal can affect motivation and describe how incentive value is

related to internal need.

4. List and describe the three major types of motives and give an example of each.

5. Define homeostasis.

6. Discuss why hunger cannot be fully explained by the contractions of an empty stomach.

7. Describe the relationship of each of the following to hunger:

a. blood sugar

b. liver

c. hypothalamus

1) feeding system (lateral hypothalamus)

2) satiety system (ventromedial hypothalamus)

3) blood sugar regulator (paraventricular nucleus)

d. NPY, GLP-1, and leptin

8. Explain how a person’s set point is related to obesity.

9. Describe the impact of external eating cues and dietary content on obesity.

10. Describe the relationship between emotionality and overeating.

11. Explain the paradox of yo-yo dieting.

12. Explain what is meant by behavioral dieting, and describe the techniques, which can enable you to

control your weight.

13. Describe how cultural factors, taste, and taste aversions relate to hunger.

14. Describe the essential features of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Explain

what causes them and what treatment is available for them.

15. Name the brain structure that appears to control thirst (as well as hunger). Differentiate extracellular

and intracellular thirst.

16. Explain how the drive to avoid pain and the sex drive differ from other primary drives. Include a

brief explanation of the non-homeostatic nature of the sex drive.

17. Briefly describe how the sex drive differs in males and females, and how hormones affect the human

sex drive. Do alcohol and aphrodisiacs affect the human sex drive?

18. Define erogenous zone, and explain how it relates to sexual behavior.

19. Define the term sexual script. Briefly discuss what happens when individuals have vastly different

sexual scripts.

20. Compare sexual arousal in men and women.

21. Define the term sexual orientation and discuss the various types of sexual orientation. Discuss the

combination of influences that produces homosexuality.

22. List in order and briefly describe the four phases of sexual response in men and women.

23. Describe the basic female and male sexual responses, and state the basic differences in sexual

response styles of men and women.

24. List and describe four common sexual problems. Briefly describe the treatments mentioned in your text.

25. Describe the evidence for the existence of stimulus drives.

26. Explain the arousal theory of motivation and the characteristics of sensation-seekers. Describe the

inverted U function. Relate arousal to the Yerkes-Dodson law and give an example of it.

27. Describe the two major components of test anxiety and describe four ways to reduce it.

28. Explain how circadian rhythms affect energy levels, motivation, and performance. Include an

explanation of how and why shift work and jet lag may adversely affect a person and how to minimize the effects of shifting one’s rhythms.

29. Define need for achievement (nAch) and differentiate it from the need for power.

30. Describe people who are achievers, and relate nAch to risk-taking.

31. Briefly describe the results of the subliminal tape experiment.

32. Explain the influences of drive and determination in the development of success for high achievers.

33. List seven steps to enhancing self-confidence.

34. List (in order) the needs found in Maslow’s hierarchy of motives, and distinguish between basic

needs and growth needs.

35. Explain why the lower (physiological) needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are considered prepotent.

36. Define meta-need and give an example of one.

37. Explain some of the criticisms of Maslow’s theory. Is it common for individuals to reach self-actualization?

38. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and explain how each type of motivation may

affect the person’s interest in work, leisure activities, and creativity.

39. Define the term emotion. Give examples of adaptive behaviors that are linked to emotions.

40. Explain why emotions aid survival.

41. List and describe the three major elements of emotions.

42. List the eight primary emotions proposed by Plutchik and explain his concept of mixing them.

43. Define the term mood. Explain the relationship between moods and circadian rhythms.

44. State which side of the brain processes positive versus negative emotion.

45. Describe the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS during and after

emotion.

46. Define parasympathetic rebound and discuss its possible involvement in cases of sudden death.

47. Explain how the polygraph is supposed to detect lies.

48. Discuss the limitations and/or accuracy of lie detector devices.

49. Describe the evidence that supports the conclusion that most emotional expressions are universal.

Include a brief description of cultural and gender differences in emotion.

50. Define kinesics. List and describe the emotional messages conveyed by facial expressions (include

the three basic dimensions) and body language. Explain how overall posture can indicate one’s

emotional state.

51. Briefly describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.

52. Briefly describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

53. Briefly describe Schachter’s cognitive theory of emotion and give experimental evidence to support

his theory.

54. Describe and give an example of how attribution affects emotion.

55. Briefly describe the facial feedback hypothesis.

56. Define the term emotional appraisal. Discuss the role of appraisal in contemporary models of

emotion.

57. Describe the concept of emotional intelligence and how it may enhance one’s life.

58. List the 5 skills that demonstrate emotional intelligence.

59. Briefly discuss the concept of subjective well-being.

60. Discuss the relationship of personal factors (such as wealth and personality) to happiness.

61. Briefly discuss McGregor and Little's findings regarding integrity, goals, and happiness.

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