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 APUSH Chapter 15 Notes/Study GuideReconstruction, 1865-1877Union is united but there was no racial peace in ex-Confederate statesIn Memphis, TN in 1866 dozens of African Americans were murdered by ex-Confederates and all 12 black schools in the city were destroyed. Republicans were appalledRepublicans in Congress propose measure to protect African AmericansBill to give African Americans U.S. citizenship rights. It would later become the 14th AmendmentAndrew Johnson, Unionist Democrat who became president after Lincoln’s assassination refuses to sign billJohnson allowed Confederate states to rejoin Union under following termsAmnesty to southerners who took loyalty oath (except high ranking Confederates), revoke secession, abolish slavery, and relieved new state governments of financial burdens by repudiating Confederate debtsNortherns assist African Americans economically by reviving plantations with wage laborThe Struggle for National ReconstructionCongress and Johnson had disputes on secession and statehoodFramers of constitution never expected a civil warPresidential Approaches: From Lincoln to JohnsonLincoln’s plan was similar to Johnson’sGranted amnesty to most ex-confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10% of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the 13th amendment, abolishing slaveryConfederate states rejected this plan- the Ten Percent PlanIn July 1864 Congress proposed a tougher substitute- Wade-Davis BillRequired an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state’s adult white menNew government that had never taken up arms against UnionPermanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leadersLincoln defeated this bill with a pocket vetoLeft it unsignedOpened talks with key congressmen looking for another compromiseAssassination of Lincoln in April 1865 left nation in political uncertaintyUnionists blame all Confederates for the acts of southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth and his accomplicesLeft presidency to Andrew Johnson who lacked Lincoln’s moral sense and political judgementAndrew Johnson“Common man” from TNBuilt political career on support of farmers and laborersLoyal to the Union when TN secededAppointed TN military governor after Nashville was capturedPlaced as VP in election 1864 as a War Democrat to bring unityHad many disagreements with Republicans and was often contradictoryRepublicans thought most southerners wanted to rejoin union and only a few wanted secessionNew southern state legislatures created under Johnson’s limited Reconstruction plan restored slavery in all but its nameEnacted Black Codes in 1865Designed to force former slaves back to plantation laborReflected plantation owner’s economic interestsSevere penalties on blacks who did not hold full-year labor contracts and also set up procedures for taking black children from their parents and apprenticing them to former slave mastersJohnson talked against southern planters but also allied ex-Confederate leadersOutraged northWhen former VP of Confederate States, Alexander Stephens, is elected to Congress in Georgia election Republicans saw that as the last strawCongress vs PresidentRepublican majorities in both houses use Article 1 Section 5 to refuse admission to southern delegations when Congress convened in December 1865Stopped Johnson’s plansCongressional Republicans agree federal government had to intervene in violence against blacks in the southMarch 1865- Congress established Freedmen’s Bureau to aid displaced blacks and other war refugeesIn early 1866 Congress voted to extend the bureau, gave it direct funding and authorized agents to investigate southern abusesCivil Rights Act of 1866Declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens and granted them equal protection and rights of contract with full access to courtsJohnson vetoed both billsBitterly racistRepublicans still manage to get 2/3s majorities to override vetoesBlack leaders and their allies are murdered or have their homes burned downFourteenth Amendment (1868)Declared all persons born or naturalized in the United states are citizensNo state could deprive citizens of privileges or immunities of citizens of the US or deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law or deny anyone equal protectionJohnson opposed ratification but public opinion was against himRepublicans have 3-1 majority in Congress after 1866 congressional electionPower shifted to radical RepublicansSenate led by the radical Charles SumnerHouse led by the radical Thaddeus StevensCongress proceeded to make reconstructionRadical ReconstructionReconstruction Act of 1867 divided conquered South into five military districts, each under the command of a US military generalTo reenter Union former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-ConfederatesEach military commander was required to register all eligible adult males, black and whiteSupervise state constitutional conventionsEnsure that new constitutions guaranteed black suffrageCongress would readmit a state to Union once these conditions were met and the Fourteenth amendment was ratifiedJohnson vetoed the Reconstruction Act but Congress overrode his vetoThe Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonIn 1867 Johnson retaliated by suspending Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a radical, and replacing him with Union general Ulysses S. GrantBelieved Grant would be a good soldier and follow ordersJohnson had misjudged Grant who publicly objected the president’s actionsWhen Senate overruled Stanton’s suspension, Grant resigned so Stanton could resume his place as secretary of warOn February 21st, 1868, Johnson formally dismisses StantonThree days later legislators in the HOR introduce articles of impeachment against the presidentBased on charges of treason, bribery, and moreHouse serves as prosecutor and senate serves as courtHouse brought 11 infringements against JohnsonAfter 11 week trial in senate 35 senators vote for conviction, 1 vote short of two-thirds majority19 voted for acquittalElection of 1868 and Fifteenth AmendmentGrant won Republican nomination for president in 1868Urged Radical Reconstruction as well as sectional reconciliationHis opponent Horatio Seymour also declined the nomination because he understood that democrats could not overcome image of being disloyalGrant overwhelming won and Republicans retain majority in both housesFeb 1869- Republicans produce Fifteenth AmendmentProtected male citizens’ right to vote irrespective of race, color, or previous condition of servitudeAmendment left room for a poll tax (paying for the privilege of voting) despite Republican protests and literacy requirementsUsed to keep poor or immigrants from votingWoman Suffrage DeniedSome formerly enslaved women believed they would win voting rights along with their men until northern allies corrected that impressionNational women's’ rights leaders hoped to secure the vote for womenWomens’ party loyalties were no clearSubstantial majority of northern voters, all men, opposed women's’ enfranchisementAt Equal Rights Association convention in May 1869 abolitionist and feminist Frederick Douglass pleaded for white women to consider situation in the South and allowed black male suffrage to take prioritySome women agree with Douglass but many rejectedElizabeth Cady Stanton pointed out how uneducated freedmen and immigrants could vote while educated white women could notLucy Stone leads majority in the women’s movementAmerican Women Suffrage Association formedRemained loyal to Republican Party in hopes that once Reconstruction was done it would be women's’ turnAnother group was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B AnthonyDeclared women must not trust menFounded National Woman Suffrage Association that focused exclusively on women’s rights and took up the battle for federal suffrage movementIn 1873 women test new amendments by registering to vote, both white and blackMost turned awayVirginia Minor of Missouri argued that registrar who denied her ballot violated her rights under 14th amendment in Minor v. Happersett (1875)Supreme Court ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenshipWomen were citizens but state legislatures could deny them the right to voteRadical Reconstruction can created conditions for a nationwide women’s rights movementWyoming Territory gave women full voting rights in 1869Female voters in Wyoming did not neglect their homes, abandon their children, or “unsex” themselves, dismissing absurd excuses to avoid women’s enfranchisementNote: By 1865 cotton prices in south return to prewar standardMeaning of FreedomFormer slaves sought rights such as voting rights and economic autonomy but northern policymakers and southern blacks did not see to eye on economic issuesEx-Confederates oppose black rightsQuest for LandThousands of displaced blacks in south hoped for land redistributionHowever, Johnson’s plan allowed pardoned Confederates to recover seized property during the warPlantations given back to former slave ownersBlacks protestBlacks and plantation owners fought but plantation owners generally winFreed Slaves and Northerners: Conflicting GoalsWashington and slaves different in land and labor ideasAntebellum period brought economic prosperity to Mid-Atlantic and New England statesSoutherners sought to restore cotton as the leading export, envisioning former slaves as cotton-picking wageworkersOnly few men like Thaddeus Stevens argued freed slaves have a right to land grantsStevens proposed plantations be broken up into small farms for former slavesPolicymakers did not do enough to ensure freed people's’ securityNo land- left poor and vulnerableMost Republicans, even radicals, could not imagine giving land to former slavesSome exceptionsIn 1869 SC republican state government used tax policy to break up land holdings and buy propertySold it to poor whites and blacks on easy termsWage Labor and SharecroppingMost former slaves had few options but to work for former slave ownersLandowners replaced gang-labor system with wages replacing the food, clothing, and shelter slaves had receivedThe south began to embrace wage laborFormer slaves had lowest wagesAfrican Americans had tactics to fight backHeld plans in mass meetings to agree on terms for laborSome workers left the fields and traveled to seek better paying jobs on railroads or in turpentine and lumber campsHad strikesIssue of protecting freed women from sexual abuse aroseWhen planters demanded black women go back into the fields, African Americans resisted resolutelyAnother issue of women’s labor being designated as their husband’s propertyOpportunity of family was one of the greatest achievements of emancipationIdeas of domesticity- men work diligently, women work in motherhood and at homeFormer slaves refused to work under conditions that recalled slaveryNo gang work, no overseers, no whippings, no regulation of their private livesWage work becomes norm in some places like sugar plantations of LouisianaCotton planters lacked money to pay wagesOffered share of crop in lieu of wageFreedmen paid rent in form of harvest shareDistinctive system of cotton agriculture known as sharecroppingFreedmen worked as renters exchanging their labor for use of land, house implements and sometimes seed and fertilizersTypically turned over half of their crops to landlordsEffective strategy- laborers and landowners shared risk and returnUnequal relationship- sharecroppers had to borrow tools and supplies for the first growing seasonCountry storekeepers furnished sharecroppers with provisions and took crop as collateralAssuming ownership of cropper’s shares and leaving them only what remained after debts had been paidSharecroppers become easy targets for unfair interest rates and crooked bookkeepingFall of cotton prices in 1870s leaves sharecroppers in permanent debtDebt effectively forced labor, making cotton growing efficient? black farmers by 1890 were tenants or sharecroppers? for white farmersNot the worst choice but economic costs were greatFarms leased on a year-to-year basis neither tenants nor owner had incentive to improve the propertyExpensive interest paymentsCaused stagnant farm economy in SouthSouthern rural economy was impoverished as a result of wage workingRepublican Governments in the SouthBy 1871 all former Confederate States met requirements to join UnionRepublicans retained power in these states from a few months in Virginia to 9 years in SC, LA, and FLProtected by federal troopsSoutherners did not accept their legitimacy, focusing on the role of African Americans who began serving in public officeReconstruction governments were ambitious but also hated because of massive reforms in public education, family law, social services, commerce, and transportationThe southern Republican Party included former Whigs, former Democrats, black and white newcomers from the North, and southern African AmericansUnionists were eager to join but reluctant to work with blacksRepublicans needed African Americans for votes, having a majority in Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, and MississippiIn late 1860s blacks and whites join forces through Union League, a secret fraternal orderFormed in border and northern states during Civil WarBecame a powerful political association that spread through the former ConfederacyPressured Congress to uphold justice for freedmenHad meetings at churches and schoolhouses to instruct freedmen on political issues and voting proceduresParades and military drillsThe Freedmen’s Bureau supported Reconstruction effortsKept eye out for unfair labor contracts and forced landowners to bargain with workers and tenantsAdvised freedmen on economic mattersProvided direct payments to poor familiesHelped establish schoolsFormed the first black collegesEx-Confederates view Union League, Freedmen’s Bureau, and Republican party as illegitimate in southern affairsResented education of freed peopleReferred to southern whites who supported Reconstruction as scalawags, ancient Scots-Irish term for worthless animals, and denounced northern whites as carpetbaggers, self-seeking interlopers who carried all their property in cheap suitcases called carpetbagsRepublicans in south were very diverse and wanted to rid South of slaveholding aristocracy, believing slavery had victimized whites as well as blacksSouthern democrats had misguided stereotypes against white Republicans and and black politiciansRobert Smalls of SC, who as as slave worked for wages that he gave to his master, became a war hero and saved other slaves with his ship sailing to the UnionBought property in Beaufort and became a CongressmanBlanche K. Bruce was tutored on a Virginia plantation by his father and escaped during the war and established a school for freedmen in MissouriMoved to Mississippi and became its second black senatorFormer slaves were recruited to participate in politicsDuring Reconstruction 20 African Americans were state governors, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, or lesser offices600 became state legislators16 were congressmenSouthern reconstruction governments eliminated qualifications for the vote and abolished Black CodesExpanded rights of married women allowing them to own property and make wagesDiversified economy by investing in railroads and other projectsOutlawed whippingSet up hospitals and asylumsSC offered free public health services and Alabama provided free legal representation for defendants who could not payMost significant achievement was in educationAfrican Americans were beginning to receive education rushing to newly established schoolsRepublicans believed education was foundation of democracyWhite children also benefit from new public education systemsWomen began graduating high schoolsFlaw in construction governmentsConvict Leasing- state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor in mines and other industriesIn 1866 Alabama leased 200 convicts to a railroad company for only $5Physical abuse was prevalentBuilding Black CommunitiesAfter emancipation southern blacks engaged openly in community buildingsCooperated with northern missionaries and teachers, both black and white, who came to help themBlacks leave white-dominated churches to form their ownMost prominent were National Baptist Convention and African Methodist Episcopal ChurchChurches could serve as schools, social centers, and meeting hallsCharities began from teachers and entrepreneurs built businesses that served black communitiesSome black leaders press for desegregation but unaware of backlashSome prefer segregation to avoid hostilityCharles Sumner introduced a bill in 1870 to enforce access to schools, public transportation, hotels, and churchesBill remained on Capitol Hill for 5 yearsOpponents challenged that sharing of public spaces would lead to race mixing and intermarriageOn his deathbed Sumner wished for his bill to be passedThe Senate removed Sumner’s provision for integrated churches and the house moved the provision for integrated schools but passed Civil Rights Act of 1875Full and equal access to jury service and transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of raceThe Undoing of ReconstructionMarked by death of SumnerPriority of north was to restore southern economy, not freedmenRacist propaganda- The Prostrate State by James M. PikeDepicted SC in “black barbarism”Scandals in Grant administration and economic depressionEx-Confederates increasingly resistant and violentRepublicans Unravel1873- severe worldwide depressionIn US economic depression triggered by bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad funded by Jay CookeSupervised funds of Union during war made him a hero and his downfall was a shockRepublicans suspect a manipulation had caused the depression since Cooke was well connected to the RepublicansOfficials in Grant administration had public resentment toward their own partyRejected please to increase money supply and provide relief from debt and unemploymentDepression varied across USFarmers suffer from low crop pricesIndustrial workers fired and sharp wage reductionsBy 1877 half of railroad companies filed for bankruptcy and half of manufacturing had stopped in USFired people wandered, known as trampsWandered and begged for work and foodEx-Confederacy’s economy was still recoveringPolicies of Republicans that were expensive such as healthcare, school and railroad building costed a lotFreedmen’s Bureau was weakening before even 1873Economic growth in south stopsRepublicans failed to anticipate depression or money being wasted or ending up in the pockets of corrupt officialsTwo swindlers in NC, one a former Union general, bribed legislators with over $200,000 in total to gain millions in state funds for rail constructionUsed the money not for rail building but for vacations or stocksOne of depression’s biggest events was failure of Freedman’s Savings and Trust CompanyFounded in 1865, it worked closely with the Freedmen’s Bureau and Union armyFormer slaves brought small deposits to nearest branches of the companyAfrican American farmers, entrepreneurs, churches, and charitable groups opened accounts at the bankIn 1870s the bank’s directors put money into risky loans and speculative investments, failing in June of 1874Congress felt it had a duty to save the bank but did not pay back all depositorsOnly half recovered small accounts averaging $18.51Republicans lose moral gloss and become more criticizedDisillusioned LiberalsRevolt emerges in Republican PartyIntellectuals, journalists, and businessmen lead it who believed in classical liberalism: free trade, small government, low property taxes, and limitation of voting rights to men of education and propertyLiberals respond to massive increase in federal power by urging policy of laissez faire, in which government let alone business and the economyLaissez faire never succeeded in ending policies but helped roll back ReconstructionLiberals unable to block Grant’s renomination in 1872Break away and form new party called Liberal RepublicanHorace Greeley was nominated candidate, publisher of the New York TribuneDemocrats also nominate GreeleyBad at campaigning and assailed a lotGrant wins reelection with 56% of popular vote and every electoral vote but Liberal Republicans’ agenda shifted debate to resonate with Democrats- smaller gov, restricted voting rights and reconciliation with ex-ConfederatesUnited disillusioned conservative Republicans and DemocratsPapers like The Nation played key roles in turning northern public opinion against ReconstructionClaimed freedmen were unfit to voteDenounced universal suffrageSecond Grant administration further justifies LiberalsNotorious Credit Mobilier scandalSham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profitProtected from investigation by providing gifts of Credit Mobilier stock to members of CongressAnother scandal involved Whiskey RingNetwork of liquor distillers and treasury agents who defrauded government of millions of dollars of excise taxes on WhiskeyRingleader was Grant’s private secretary, Orville BabcockGrant stood by Babcock to save his secretary from jailCounterrevolution in the SouthNortherners become preoccupied with scandals and shock of economic depressionEx-Confederates seize power in the SouthBelieved Reconstruction governments were illegitimate regimesInsurgency led by plantersParamilitary takeover of Reconstruction governmentsDemocrats get ex-Confederate voting rights restored and campaigned against “negro rule”Southern Democrats used force when necessaryEx-Confederates terrorize Republicans, especially black votersBlack political leaders were shot, hanged, beaten to death and in one case beheadedSouthern Republicans, black and white, flee the southSouthern Democrats called this process “redemption”Heroic sounding but seizure of power was murderous and undemocraticNathan Bedford ForrestDecorated Confederate generalBorn into poverty in 1821 and became big-time slave trade and Mississippi PlanterFormed a Tennessee Confederate cavalry regiment, fought at Shiloh and won fame as a daring rider. On April 12th, 1864, he and his troops perpetrated Fort Pillow and massacred black Union soldiersDetermined to uphold white supremacy after the war, altering course of ReconstructionFirst Klan group in Tennessee turns to Forrest to lead them as Grand Wizard to drive out republican government thereWilliam G. Brownlow was Republican governor of Tennessee in 1865 who was a former Confederate prisoner and not afraid of calling out his enemiesEx-Confederates trike back at Brownlow with campaign of terror targeting Brownlow’s black supportersIn the mayhem they formed the first Ku Klux Klan group in 1865 or 1866Klan became identical to Democratic PartyDominated TN delegation to DNC of 1868Republicans fail to respond to violenceSimilar Klan groups arise such as White League and Knights of the White Camelia in other statesBurned freedmen’s schools, beat teachers, attacked Republican gatherings and murdered political opponentsOnce they took power Democrats slashed property taxes and passed other laws favorable to landownersTerminated Reconstruction programs and cut funding for schools, especially those teaching black studentsCongress responds to Klan violenceIn 1870 held hearings and passed laws designed to protect freedmen’s rights under the 14th and 15th AmendmentsEnforcement Laws authorized federal prosecutions, military intervention and martial law to suppress terrorist activityIn SC US troops occupy nine counties, arrested hundreds and drove 2,000 Klansmen from the stateReconstruction Rolled BackDivided Republicans lose almost half of their delegation in Congress in off year election of 1874Democrats had overwhelming majority of 182 seatsGrant submits to election results and refuses to aid southern RepublicansRepublican Governor Ames of MississippiDemocratic “Redeemers” in 1875 swept elections and took control of MississippiRepublican governments only remain in Louisiana, South Carolina, and FloridaThe Supreme Court Rejects Equal RightsAlthough state govs were taken over federal laws and constitutional amendments reamined but Supreme Court decided to target themBeginning in 1873 group of decisions known as Slaughter-House Cases undercut power of 14th AmendmentIn this case and a related ruling, US v. Cruikshank (1876) justices argued the 14th Amendment offered only a few, trivial federal protections to citizensIn Cruikshank, emerging from a case of gruesome killing of African American farmers by ex-Confederates in Colfax, Louisiana, followed by a Democratic political coup, the Court ruled that voting rights remained a state matter unless the state itself violated those rights. So if individuals or private groups violated former slaves’ voting rights that lay beyond federal jurisdictionIn Civil Rights Cases (1883), justices struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 paving the way for segregationPolitical Crisis of 1877Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, a former Union general who was untainted by corruption and was from swing state of OhioDemocratic opponent was NY governor Samuel J. Tilden, a wall street lawyer with a reform reputationOn election night Tilden led in popular vote but Republicans realized the electoral vote was 185-164. If Florida, SC, and LA voted republican Hayes would win by 1 vote.Republicans cite evidence of Democratic fraud and decide votes from those three states were all Republican. Democrats who had taken over the state’s government submitted their own electoral votes for Tilden. When Congress met in early 1877, there were two sets of electoral votes from those statesTalk of inside deals or a new election, even a violent coupCongress appoints electoral commission to settle the question7 Republicans, 7 Democrats, and Supreme Court member David Davis who was known not to have fixed party loyaltiesDavis disqualified himself by accepting Illinois Senate seat. Was replaced by Republican Justice Joseph P. Bradley. Republicans on vote of 8-7 awarded election to HayesDemocrats outraged in HORStalled final count of electoral votes to prevent Haye’s inauguration on March 4th but went along because Tilden urged them toHayes offered patronage to the South, including federal funds for education and internal improvementsPromised change of men and policyHoped to protect southern black voting rightsOnly left 3,000 Union soldiers in the southReconstructed had ended when all Union troops were pulled outLasting LegaciesPolitical events of 1877 had little impact on most SouthernersLong slow decline of Radical Republican power and corresponding rise of Democrats in the South matteredMany Americans including classical liberals believed the Democrats had overthrown corrupt, illegitimate governmentsSouth never went back to antebellum status quoReconstruction had failedSome freedmen success but most remained in poverty and in late 1870s political rights were erodingChapter 15 APUSH Study GuidePeopleAndrew JohnsonUnionist Democrat who became president after Lincoln’s assassination refuses to sign billLacked Lincoln’s moral sense and political judgement“Common man” from TNBuilt political career on support of farmers and laborersLoyal to the Union when TN secededAppointed TN military governor after Nashville was capturedPlaced as VP in election 1864 as a War Democrat to bring unityHad many disagreements with Republicans and was often contradictoryJohnson talked against southern planters but also allied ex-Confederate leadersOutraged northRepeatedly tried to veto Republican Reconstruction policies and new amendments but was overrode by veto several timesAccused of 11 acts infringement and almost impeached by 1 voteDisliked by much of the publicCharles SumnerRadical Republican who led the Republican dominated SenateAlmost beaten to death by a SC congressman named Preston BrooksIntroduced a bill in 1870 to enforce access to schools, public transportation, hotels, and churches which would become the Civil Rights Act of 1875Thaddeus StevensRadical Republican who led the Republican dominated HouseThaddeus Stevens was one of the few who argued freed slaves have a right to land grantsUlysses S. GrantUnion General who fought in Civil WarWhen Johnson suspended Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, a radical republican, Ulysses S. Grant was appointed as a replacementAfter Senate overrules Stanton’s suspension Grant steps down to allow Stanton to resume his positionGrant won Republican nomination for president in 1868 and wonUrged Radical Reconstruction as well as sectional reconciliationGrant wins reelection with 56% of popular vote and every electoral vote in 1872Refused to aid southern Republicans to satisfy publicElizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton, a women’s suffrage leader, pointed out how uneducated freedmen and immigrants could vote while educated white women could notObjected to putting freedmen’s voting before women’s right to voteCofounded National Woman's Suffrage Association with Susan B. AnthonyHiram RevelsAfrican-American elected to US Senate from Mississippi to fill Jefferson Davis’s former seat. He was the first black man to serve in U.S. CongressFree black from North Carolina who had moved to the North and attended Knox CollegeRecruited African Americans during Civil War for Union armyWas a methodist ministerBlanche K. BruceAfrican-American Blanche K. Bruce was tutored on a Virginia plantation by his father and escaped during the war and established a school for freedmen in MissouriMoved to Mississippi and became its second black senatorNathan Bedford ForrestDecorated Confederate generalBorn into poverty in 1821 and became big-time slave trade and Mississippi PlanterFormed a Tennessee Confederate cavalry regiment, fought at Shiloh and won fame as a daring rider. On April 12th, 1864, he and his troops perpetrated Fort Pillow and massacred black Union soldiersDetermined to uphold white supremacy after the war, altering course of ReconstructionFirst Klan group in Tennessee turns to Forrest to lead them as Grand Wizard of Klan to drive out republican government thereRutherford B. HayesFormer Union general who was untainted by corruption and was from swing state of OhioNominated for presidency by Republicans and won election of 1876 and won by 1 electoral voteHayes offered patronage to the South, including federal funds for education and internal improvementsPromised change of men and policyHoped to protect southern black voting rightsOnly left 3,000 Union soldiers in the south. Eventually, all were pulled out.Samuel TildenA wall street lawyer with a reform reputationDemocratic nominee for 1876 presidential electionHad popular vote by lost by 1 voteUrged Democrats to accept Hayes’ presidential inaugurationTermsBlack codesStarted in 1865Designed to force former slaves back to plantation laborReflected plantation owner’s economic interestsSevere penalties on blacks who did not hold full-year labor contracts and also set up procedures for taking black children from their parents and apprenticing them to former slave mastersFreedmen’s BureauCongress established Freedmen’s Bureau to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees in March of 1865In early 1866 Congress voted to extend the bureau, gave it direct funding and authorized agents to investigate southern abusesThe Freedmen’s Bureau supported Reconstruction effortsKept eye out for unfair labor contracts and forced landowners to bargain with workers and tenantsAdvised freedmen on economic mattersProvided direct payments to poor familiesHelped establish schoolsFormed the first black collegesAmerican Women’s Suffrage AssociationRemained loyal to Republican Party in hopes that once Reconstruction was done it would be women's’ turn to recieve voting rightsLed by Lucy StoneNational Woman's Suffrage AssociationLed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B AnthonyDeclared to women they must not trust menFounded National Woman Suffrage Association that focused exclusively on women’s rights and took up the battle for federal suffrage movementSharecroppingFreedmen worked as renters exhanging their labor for use of land, house implements and sometimes seed and fertilizersTypically turned over half of their crops to landlordsEffective strategy- laborers and landowners shared risk and returnUnequal relationship- sharecroppers had to borrow tools and supplies for the first growing seasonUnion LeagueSecret fraternal orderFormed in border and northern states during Civil WarBecame a powerful political association that spread through the former ConfederacyPressured Congress to uphold justice for freedmenHad meetings at churches and schoolhouses to instruct freedmen on political issues and voting proceduresParades and military drillsScalawagsEx-Confederate reference to southern whites who supported ReconstructionAncient Scots-Irish term for worthless animalsCarpetbaggersSouthern expression that denounced northern whites as self-seeking interlopers who carried all their property in cheap suitcases called carpetbagsConvict leasingState officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor in mines and other industriesIn 1866 Alabama leased 200 convicts to a railroad company for only $5Physical abuse was prevalentFreedmen’s Savings and Trust Co.Founded in 1865, it worked closely with the Freedmen’s Bureau and Union armyFormer slaves brought small deposits to nearest branches of the companyAfrican American farmers, entrepreneurs, churches, and charitable groups opened accounts at the bankClassical LiberalismIntellectuals, journalists, and businessmen lead it who believed in free trade, small government, low property taxes, and limitation of voting rights to men of education and propertyLaissez-fairePolicy of government letting alone business and the economyCredit MobilierNotorious scandal during Grant administrationSham corporation set up by shareholders in the Union Pacific Railroad to secure government grants at an enormous profitProtected from investigation by providing gifts of Credit Mobilier stock to members of CongressRedemption (governments)Ex-Confederates seize power in the SouthBelieved Reconstruction governments were illegitimate regimesInsurgency led by plantersParamilitary takeover of Reconstruction governmentsDemocrats get ex-Confederate voting rights restored and campaigned against “negro rule”Southern Democrats used force when necessaryEx-Confederates terrorize Republicans, especially black votersBlack political leaders were shot, hanged, beaten to death and in one case beheadedSouthern Republicans, black and white, flee the southSouthern Democrats called this process “redemption”Heroic sounding but seizure of power was murderous and undemocraticDemocrats now dominate southern governmentsKu Klux KlanEx-Confederates strike back at Tennessee Governor Brownlow with campaign of terror targeting Brownlow’s black supportersIn the mayhem they formed the first Ku Klux Klan group in 1865 or 1866Klan became identical to Democratic PartyDominated TN delegation to DNC of 1868Burned freedmen’s schools, beat teachers, attacked Republican gatherings and murdered political opponentsEvents10% PlanProposed by LincolnGranted amnesty to most ex-confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10% of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the 13th amendment, abolishing slaveryConfederate states rejected this planWade-Davis BillIn July 1864 Congress proposed a tougher substitute to 10% Plan- Wade-Davis BillRequired an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state’s adult white menNew government that had never taken up arms against UnionPermanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leadersLincoln opposed and defeated this bill with a pocket vetoLeft it unsignedOpened talks with key congressmen looking for another compromiseCivil Rights Act of 1866Declared formerly enslaved people to be citizens and granted them equal protection and rights of contract with full access to courtsFourteenth AmendmentRepublicans in Congress propose measure to protect African AmericansBill to give African Americans U.S. citizenship rightsDeclared all persons born or naturalized in the United states are citizensNo state could deprive citizens of privileges or immunities of citizens of the US or deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law or deny anyone equal protectionReconstruction Act of 1867Divided conquered South into five military districts, each under the command of a US military generalTo reenter Union former Confederate states had to grant the vote to freedmen and deny it to leading ex-ConfederatesEach military commander was required to register all eligible adult males, black and whiteSupervise state constitutional conventionsEnsure that new constitutions guaranteed black suffrageCongress would readmit a state to Union once these conditions were met and the Fourteenth amendment was ratifiedFifteenth AmendmentProtected male citizens’ right to vote irrespective of race, color, or previous condition of servitudeMinor v. Happersett1875Virginia Minor of Missouri argued that registrar who denied her ballot violated her rights under 14th amendmentSupreme Court ruled that suffrage rights were not inherent in citizenshipWomen were citizens but state legislatures could deny them the right to voteCivil Rights Act of 1875Charle Sumner’s proposed bill in 1870Wished for it to be passed on his deathbedFull and equal access to jury service and transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of raceIntegration of schools and churches removed from original billEnforcement LawsAuthorized federal prosecutions, military intervention and martial law to suppress terrorist activityRepublican response to Ku Klux Klan violenceSlaughterhouse CasesBeginning in 1873Justices argued the 14th Amendment offered only a few, trivial federal protections to citizensSuch as access to waterwaysU.S. v. Cruikshank1876In Cruikshank, emerging from a case of gruesome killing of African American farmers by ex-Confederates in Colfax, Louisiana, followed by a Democratic political coup, the Court ruled that voting rights remained a state matter unless the state itself violated those rights. So if individuals or private groups violated former slaves’ voting rights that lay beyond federal jurisdiction.Civil Rights Cases1883Justices struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 paving the way for segregationQuestionsHow did Lincoln/Johnson and Radical Republicans differ on the issue of Reconstruction and the re-admittance of states that were formerly in rebellion?Lincoln’s Reconstruction PlanProposed 10% plan- Granted amnesty to most ex-confederates and allowed each rebellious state to return to the Union as soon as 10% of its voters had taken a loyalty oath and the state had approved the 13th amendment, abolishing slaveryJohnson’s Reconstruction PlanAmnesty to southerners who took loyalty oath (except high ranking Confederates), revoke secession, abolish slavery, and relieved new state governments of financial burdens by repudiating Confederate debtsNew southern state legislatures created under Johnson’s limited Reconstruction plan restored slavery in all but its nameSympathetic to the South and racistRadical Republicans’ PlanWade-Davis billRequired an oath of allegiance by a majority of each state’s adult white menNew government that had never taken up arms against UnionPermanent disenfranchisement of Confederate leadersProtections for black Americans14th and 15th AmendmentsReconstruction Act of 1867 planned of occupying south with Union soldiersEnforcement laws to protect black Americans from violenceRestricted voting rights for ex-ConfederatesProvided economic opportunities to the south with railroad buildingHoped to improve southern economy and spread wagworking labor system2. Why did the Congress pass the 14th and 15th Amendments?Fourteenth Amendment PassageRepublicans were alert to protect freedpeople and reassert Republican power in the southTook measures to sustain civil rightsEstablished that national citizenship was more important than state citizenship when essential rights were at stake, allowing for Republicans to make political progress in ReconstructionFifteenth Amendment PassageHad faith in the power of vote of African AmericansGain lots of support from African Americans through their votesWould assist Republicans in keeping control of Congress3. Why didn’t African-Americans fare well during the reconstruction period even thoughmany influential politicians were looking out for their interests?RacismMany northerners and Republicans still had stereotypical depictions of blacks as being inferiorPrioritized other things like economics over black rightsSouthern states resisted allowing African Americans to voteBallot pollsThreats and violenceMany murders, beatings and general violence towards African Americans by ex-Confederates that went unpunishedSouthern legislators opposed national Reconstruction policies, whether they were on legal grounds or notSouth had poor economic system of sharecroppingMajority of African Americans remained in povertySharecropping was comparable to serfdom ................
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