Ms. Rooney's AP Biology - Home



AP Biology- RooneySemester ExamStudy GuideInstructions:I will choose 1-2 of the below FRQs from each unit to be on the final exam. I will make minor changes to data and examples, but concepts will remain the same. Take time this week to review concepts from the four units we have covered so far, and be prepared to respond to the prompts that I choose during our final exam on Wednesday, December 16th. Unit One: Biochemistry, Macromolecules, MembranesBiological systems rely heavily on the properties of water movement. Excretion, digestion, and blood pressure are just a few examples of situations where water balance is important. Suppose you have a semi-permeable membrane that ONLY water can pass. On one side of the membrane you have 0.1 M CaCl2. On the other side of the membrane, you have 0.1 M Glucose. CaCl2 ionizes in water to produce 3 ions. Glucose does not ionize in water.0.1 M CaCl20.1 M GlucoseCalculate the water potential for each side of the membrane.Describe which way water will move and explain your answer.Some Membrane-bound organelles maintain interior environments different from those on the outside. Choose one organelle and explain how its interior environment differs from the outside and the importance of this environment for organelle functionGlucoseWater potential in potato cores was determined in the following manner. The initial masses of six groups of potato cores were measured. The potato cores were placed in sucrose solutions of various molarities. The masses of the cores were measured again after 24 hours. Percent changes in mass were calculated. The results are shown below. Properly graph these data on the axes provided. From your graph, find the apparent molar concentration (osmolarity) of the potato core cells.Describe the components of water potential. Explain why water potential is important to maintaining homeostasis plantsPredict what would happen to typical animal cells placed in 0.0M and 1.0M sucrose solutions, and explain your prediction.During an investigation of a freshwater lake, an AP Biology student discovers a previously unknown microscopic organism. Further study shows that the unicellular organism is eukaryotic. Identify FOUR organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism and describe the function of each organelle.Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes. However, prokaryotes must perform many of the same functions as eukaryotes. For THREE of the organelles identified in part (a), explain how prokaryotic cells carry out the associated functions. According to the endosymbiotic theory, some organelles are believed to have evolved through a symbiotic relationship between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Describe THREE observations that support the endosymbiotic theory.The selectively permeable plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids and proteins which allow for its unique functionDescribe the structure and properties of phospholipids and explain the important roles of phospholipids in the plasma membranePredict how the normal function of the plasma membrane would be altered if all phospholipids were saturated. Explain the effect this would have on plants located in very cold regionsProteins are an important component of the cell membrane. Describe TWO specific functions of proteins in the membraneExplain the role of each type of protein you selected in part (c) based on the structure and properties of the protein. The physical structure of macromolecules often reflects and affects its function.Describe THREE types of chemical bonds/interactions found in proteins. For each type, describe its role in determining protein structure.Functional groups give molecules their structure and function. Discuss two roles that functional groups play in maintaining macromolecule functionTriglyceride structure is dependent on whether it is saturated or unsaturated. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglyceridesPhospholipids play an essential role in membranes. Pick two environmental factors that can affect the structure of membranes and discuss their impact. Unit Two: Energetics, Enzymes, Photosynthesis & cellular RespirationOrganisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. Each of the following parts play a role in the transfer of energy.Describe how a photosystem converts light energy to chemical energy Explain how glycolysis releases free energy from glucoseDescribe the roles of water in both cellular respiration and photosynthesisDiscuss the evolutionary significance of the organelles involved in photosynthesis and cellular respiration457200000Enzymes mediate both catabolic and anabolic reactions that are essential to cellular functionDescribe a model of an enzyme mediated process that if affected by allosteric feedback inhibitionIdentify TWO environmental factors that can change the rate of an enzyme-mediated reaction. Discuss how each of those two factors would affect the reaction rate of an enzyme.Discuss the chemical structure of enzymes and how it contributes to enzyme functionCellular respiration and photosynthesis are essential pathways that allow for complex animal systems to functionDiscuss the relationship of the chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesisExplain the Predict what would happen in a system in which oxygen was not available to the Electron Transport Chain. Justify your predictionCreate an experimental design that would pose a question about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respirationAccording to the chemiosmotic model proposed by Peter Mitchell in1961, an electrochemical gradient is linked to the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria. Construct an explanation of the chemiosmotic model by doing each of the following. Make a claim about the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in ATP synthesis. Present ONE piece of evidence that supports the role you proposed in part (a). Provide reasoning to explain how the evidence you presented in part (b) supports the claim you made in part (a). Unit Three: Cell communication, Cell Cycle, Mitosis, MeiosisThe figure above represents a generalized hormone-signaling pathway.4572007112000 Briefly explain the role of each numbered step in regulating target gene expression. Cell signaling pathways are conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Choose an specific example of cell signalling in each type of cell and discuss the process of each. Discuss a model of steroid cell signaling The hypothalmus is a region of the brain that excretes many hormones, including dopamine, which uses paracrine pathways to mediate many functions of the brain. One of these functions is inhibiting another hormone, prolactin, which induces lactation in breast feeding womean. Predict the effect on this pathways of a mutation in hypothalmus cells in which a enhancer protein transcirption factor which should interact with the dopamine gene is unable to perform its function. Cell CycleMitosisChi Sqaure : In science, it is not sufficient to say data is “close enough” to what was expected; rather, we impose rigorous tests to support the validity of results. One of these is the Chi-Square Goodness of Fit test. Briefly explain how probability is associated with Chi-squared critical values. ADD MODELING and/or mathMeiosis: Identify THREE ways that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability. For each, explain how it increases genetic diversity among the offspring. ADD A MODELUnit Four: Mendelian Genetics, DNA replication, Gene Expression & regulationMendelian geneticsDNA Replication: The processes of DNA replication, transcription, and translation are all enzyme-regulated. Summarize the role of at least four of these enzymes. 457200000in terms of their biochemical reactions (i.e., “unzip” is not acceptable; explain EXACTLY what is happening at a biochemical level).Describe the role of THREE of the following in the regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis:RNA splicing, repressor proteins, methylation, siRNA, transcription factors-7620063500In an experiment investigation the mechanism of protein secretion, researchers tracked the movement of radioactively labeled polypeptides in pancreatic cells. At various times after the labeling, samples of the cells were observed using an electron microscope to determine the location of the radioactively labeled polypeptides. Figure 1 summarizes the results at 5 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes. The dark dots in the figure represent the radioactively labeled polypeptides.Using the experimental results, describe the pathways that secretory protein take from their synthesis to their release from the cellPredict what the results would be if mRNA were radioactively labeled instead of polypeptides. Give reasoning to support your predictionMutations: The table below shows the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl-terminal segment of a conserved polypeptide from four different, but related, species. Each amino acid is represented by a three-letter abbreviation, and the amino acid residues in the polypeptide chains are numbered from the amino end to the carboxyl end. Empty cells indicate no amino acid is present. 102870011049000 Assuming that species I is the ancestral species of the group, explain the most likely genetic change that produced the polypeptide in species II and the most likely genetic change that produced the polypeptide in species III. Predict the effects of the mutation on the structure and function of the resulting protein in species IV. Justify your prediction.For each of the following mutations, describe how the genetic information is altered and predict one specific effect that could occur with the error:Non-disjunction base-pair deletion resulting in a frameshift within an intron base-pair substitution resulting in a different amino acidIn 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used radioactive phosphorus and radioactive sulfur to selectively label the DNA and proteins of bacteriophage T2, a virus that infects bacteria. After incubating the labeled bacteriophage particles with Escherichia coli and separating extracellular phage particles from the bacteria, Hershey and Chase measured the amounts of radioactive phosphorus and sulfur inside infected E. coli cells and in the liquid growth medium outside the E. coli cells. Predict the experimental result that would best support the claim that DNA is the source of heritable information, and provide reasoning to explain how the result supports the claim. Bacteriophages, like other viruses, consist primarily of a protein coat and packaged DNA. Describe the function of ONE critical enzyme in bacterial cells that is necessary for replicating bacteriophage DNA. Discuss similarities and differences between viruses at attack prokaryotic cells and those that attack eukaryotic cells. ................
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