Biology
AP Biology Outcomes
Unit 1
Chapter 1: Invitation to Biology
Chapter 2: Life’s Chemical Basis
Chapter 3: Molecules of Life
Chapter 6: A Closer Look at Membranes
1. The Student Will define atoms, isotopes, molecules, and bonding (ionic, covalent, and
hydrogen).
2. TSW be able to relate the use of isotopes in the context of saving lives today as well as
research another use of isotope for environmental and/or social concerns.
3. TSW analyze the importance of the polarity of the water molecule with relationship to
homeostasis, cohesion, and solvent properties.
4. TSW describe the acid/base nature of a substance, given its pH.
5. TSW identify organic functional groups.
6. TSW describe the source, composition, synthesis and catalysis of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in the cell.
7. TSW explain how chemical reactions relate to free energy changes and equilibrium.
8. TSW explain how energy, metabolic pathways, and reactions are generally related.
9. TSW describe the structure and function of common enzymes.
10. TSW describe the relationships between enzymes, coenzymes and cofactors.
11. TSW describe how enzyme activity is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms and how
specific factors (pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate
concentration) affect enzyme activity rates.
12. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #2, Enzyme Catalysis, including a pre-lab schematic and a
written report.
Unit 2
Chapter 4: Cells Structure and Function
Chapter 5: A Closer Look At Cell Membranes
Chapter 9: How Cells Reproduce
Chapter 10: Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
1. The Student Will differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. TSW differentiate between plant and animal cells.
3. TSW describe the structure and functions of the gram positive and gram negative cell
membrane.
4. TSW explain the similarities and differences between active and passive transport and
the mechanisms of transport including diffusion, osmosis, active transport and
phagocytosis.
5. TSW measure water potential of a solution and determine the osmotic concentration of
living tissue relating it to isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.
6. TSW identify and describe the structure and function of organelles present in the cell.
7. TSW describe methods of cell motility and microstructure of related organelles.
8. TSW measure water potential.
9. TSW identify and describe the structures involved in the process of mitosis and cytokinesis.
10. TSW compare sexual modes verses asexual modes of reproduction.
11. TSW compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.
12. TSW describe the complete process of meiosis including when in an organism's life cycle
that it occurs.
13. TSW describe the process of cross-over and synapsis and explain how it works to
introduce variability in populations.
14. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #1, diffusion and osmosis, including a pre-lab schematic
and a written report.
15. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #3, mitosis and meiosis, including a pre-lab schematic and
a written report.
Unit 3
Chapter 7: Where it Starts - Photosynthesis
Chapter 8: How Cells Release Chemical Energy
1. The Student Will describe the one-way flow of energy through the biotic world.
2. TSW describe the structure, synthesis, function and catalysis of ATP.
3. TSW describe how ATP relates to energy transfer, coupled reactions, electron
transport and chemiosmosis.
4. TSW describe, in detail, the reactants, pathways and products of C3, C4, CAM
photosynthesis.
5. TSW describe the structures in the leaf and their function in relation to
photosynthesis.
6. TSW explain how efficient different types of pigments are at harvesting visible light
by calculating Rf values.
7. TSW describe factors which relate to rates of photosynthesis and explain why
the rate varies under different environmental conditions.
8. TSW describe, in detail, the reactants, pathways and products of aerobic and
anaerobic respiration.
9. TSW describe the sub-organelle structures and their function in relation to cell
respiration.
10. TSW describe factors which affect respiration rates and calculate the rate.
11. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #4, plant pigments and photosynthesis, including a pre-lab
schematic and a written report. In addition, the student will do a second
photosynthesis lab online and turn in the questions related to the lab.
12. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #5, cell respiration, including a pre-lab schematic and a
written report. In addition, the student will do a second respiration lab online
and turn in the questions related to the lab.
Unit 4
Chapter 13: DNA Structure and Function
Chapter 14: From DNA to Protein
Chapter 15: Controls Over Genes
Chapter 16: Studying and Manipulating Genomes
1. The Student Will identify the major work done linking DNA and heredity including
the scientists involved and the evolving process of discovery.
2. TSW draw and name the four component bases of DNA, the positions used for
bonding and the attachment points and explain that all organisms start with the
same genetic code.
3. TSW explain the bonding patterns which make possible the double helix form of DNA.
4. TSW describe the code effect of DNA in terms of base sequence.
5. TSW describe the replication of DNA including enzymes, origins, energy source and
raw material sources.
6. TSW describe the organization of DNA into chromosomes including the role of histones.
7. TSW describe the role of the gene regulators in molecular genetics.
8. TSW explain the structure, composition, and function of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA
including component features.
9. TSW describe the function and basic structure of a ribosome.
10. TSW describe the effects of regulating and expressing point mutations in protein
synthesis.
11. TSW explain the necessity of gene control and expression for continuity among
generations of species and differentiation between species.
12. TSW identify control agents and types of control as seen in prokaryotic cells.
13. TSW identify control agents and types of control as seen in eukaryotic cells.
14. TSW explain the eukaryotic phenomenon of cell differentiation in terms of genes.
15. TSW describe the natural DNA recombination pathways found in prokaryotes and viruses.
16. TSW describe the role of restriction enzymes in research and the history of its
development.
17. TSW describe the process of DNA cloning.
18. TSW describe the work of molecular biologists to find oncogenes.
19. TSW describe natural and human impacted genetic modification among bacteria,
plants and animals.
20. TSW discuss the ethical implications of genetic engineering in humans and stem cell
research.
21. TSW discuss various ways bacteria and proteins can benefit or harm the environment via biotechnology.
22. TSW complete 3 labs relating to molecular biology. 2 labs will be hands-on and the third
will be computer simulated. Students will turn in the questions related to the lab.
Unit 5
Chapter 11: Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits
Chapter 12: Chromosomes and Human Inheritance
1. The Student Will explain how the environment often contributes to variable gene
expression among a population.
2. TSW summarize the experiments of Mendel which lead to the principles of
inheritance.
3. TSW describe Mendel's main principles of inheritance.
4. TSW construct Punnet squares to predict probabilities of offspring characteristics in
mono and dihybrid crosses.
5. TSW analyze Punnet squares to distinguish and predict probabilities between
dominant and recessive alleles traits as well as incomplete dominance and
codominance.
6. TSW describe each of the points of the chromosome theory and how it relates to
Mendel's principles.
7. TSW explain the interrelationship between the law of segregation of alleles and the
law of independent assortment and how these affect variation.
8. TSW understand and be able to construct Chi-square analysis as a statistical method to
evaluate observed ratios for a given cross and compared with predicted ratios.
9. TSW describe the role of the X and Y chromosomes in determining sex and in sex
linked traits.
10. TSW describe the use of crossover and linkage to map chromosomes.
11. TSW describe examples of gene mutation in humans including autosomal recessive,
autosomal dominant, sex linked and nondisjunction mutations as they relate to
certain conditions and/or diseases.
12. TSW assess the relevance of Darwin’s, Mendel’s, Rosalind’s, Watson’s, and Crick’s
work and how they influenced one another.
13. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #7 (computer simulated), genetics of organisms, and turn
in the questions related to the lab.
14. TSW complete laboratory analysis and problems related to Punnet crosses and Chisquare
problems using the sites listed in the calendar.
Unit 6
Chapter 17: Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 18: Microevolutionary Processes
Chapter 19: Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends
Chapter 20: Life’s Origin and Early Evolution
1. The Student Will describe the development of different evolutionary thought over time
which led to the creation of different evolutionary models.
2. TSW compare and contrast the different models of the origin of life.
3. TSW summarize Darwin's observations and the conclusions these led to.
4. TSW will list the five conditions that must be met before genetic equilibrium will occur.
5. TSW explain and apply the Hardy-Weinberg formula in relation to allele frequencies and to
determine if evolution is occurring within a population.
6. TSW describe three modes of natural selection.
7. TSW explain how micro evolutionary forces, gene flow and genetic drift affect gene
frequency.
8. TSW describe four processes involved in speciation.
9. TSW evaluate four sources for evidence cited for macro evolutionary change or typological
classification.
10. TSW describe basic steps proposed for the origin of life on earth, including bubble models.
11. TSW list the requirements for the most simple, self-replicating cell imaginable.
12. TSW explain how to determine the age of fossils.
13. TSW relate the different geologic eras to the biological events which occurred.
14. TSW explain how taxonomic groups relate to phylogeny.
15. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #8, population genetics and evolution, including a pre-lab
schematic and a written report. In addition, will do a second genetics lab computer
simulated online lab and turn in the questions related to the lab.
16. TSW complete a third lab related to evolution which is computer simulated. The student
will turn in the questions related to the lab.
Unit 7
Chapter 45: Population Ecology
Chapter 46: Community Structure and Biodiversity
Chapter 47: Ecosystems
Chapter 48: The Biosphere
1. The Student Will recall the trophic levels in the environment and define what these
levels represent.
2. TSW describe how an organism interacts with the abiotic and biotic factors in its
environment and how it comes to inhabit a particular niche.
3. TSW relate demographics (e.g. size, density, distribution pattern, and age structure)
to population changes over time due to environmental factors.
4. TSW explain the capture-recapture method of population sampling and explains its
significance.
5. TSW describe what influences a population size as it relates to exponential growth
and/or reduction of a population.
6. TSW explain the 5 symbioses among species and provide examples of how these
symbiotic relationships determine the nature of communities.
7. TSW will describe several competitive interactions that take place between
organisms and/or between organisms and their environment.
8. TSW trace the steps of succession following a disturbance in an ecosystem.
9. TSW analyze biogeographical patterns in the community to find differences from
one habitat to another and be able to relate them to predictable patterns that
have historical foundations.
10. TSW diagram an ecosystem describing biotic and aboitic components in relationship to
producers and consumers and the availability of raw materials.
11. TSW diagram food chains and webs in an ecosystem.
12. TSW describe energy transfer in an ecosystem.
13. TSW describe the basic processes involved in the carbon, nitrogen, sedimentary,
and water cycles.
14. TSW describe the four elements that affect global air circulation and how they
affect the distribution of communities.
15. TSW describe the major biomes of the world with relationship to biodiversity, and
physical compositions.
16. TSW describe the four conditions that affect primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem.
17. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #12, Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary
Productivity, including a pre-lab schematic and a written report.
18. TSW complete 2 BiologyLabs online (PopEcoLab and Demography) and answers
questions related to the lab.
Unit 8
Chapter 23: Plant Evolution
Chapter 28: Plants and Animals – Common Challenges
Chapter 29: Plant Tissues
Chapter 30: Plant Nutrition and Transport
Chapter 31: Plant Reproduction
Chapter 32: Plant and Growth Development
1. The Student Will construct a cladogram which relate one celled protists, green algae,
to multicellular flowering plants.
2. TSW differentiate, including adaptations to land and alternation of generations,
between vascular and nonvascular plants.
3. TSW explain the complex life cycle of a non-vascular plant including the sporophyte
(diploid) and gametophyte (haploid) stage paying particular attention how they
are interdependent of one another for survival.
4. TSW differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
5. TSW describe different adaptations of a plant relating to maintaining or regulating
homeostasis.
6. TSW describe the structure and function of types of ground, vascular and dermal
tissues including examples of each one.
7. TSW relate the structure of stem, leaf and root tissues to their functions.
8. TSW describe the process of secondary growth in roots and stems.
9. TSW relate the transport of water, minerals and organic materials to the physical
processes of osmosis and diffusion, cohesion and adhesion, and transpiration.
10. TSW differentiate between monocots and dicots.
11. TSW describe the variances of the alternation of generations in the various phyla of
the plant kingdom.
12. TSW describe the processes involved in gametogenesis, pollination, double
fertilization and zygote development with reference to their structural features.
13. TSW describe the effects of macronutrient availability necessary and various
hormones on growth and metabolism rates.
14. TSW describe the adjustments that plants make in response to environmental factors,
including the agents responsible for those adjustments.
15. TSW describe the interaction among five plant hormones which governs the growth
and development among plants.
16. TSW explain how different environmental stimuli effect plants.
17. TSW research and present different genetic engineering mechanisms as they relate to
plants and sustaining a larger human population.
18. TSW complete AP Bio Lab #9, Transpiration, including a pre-lab schematic and a
written report as well as other labs directed by the teacher.
Unit 9
Chapter 21: Prokaryotes and Viruses
Chapter 22: Protists – The Simplest Eukaryotes
Chapter 24: Fungi
Chapter 25: Animal Evolution – The Inveterbrates
Chapter 26: Animal Evolution – The Vertebrates
Chapter 49: Behavioral Ecology
1. The Student Will describe the general characteristics between bacteria groups and the
various methods of energy derivation among them.
2. TSW identify major bacterial diseases among humans and animals in respect to what
causes them and how or if they can be prevented.
3. TSW describe the symbiotic relationship of E. coli in the human digestive system.
4. TSW explain the different methods of bacteria reproduction.
5. TSW distinguish between the different structures, composition, and describe the
relevance of DNA vs. RNA viruses.
6. TSW explain two viral replication processes.
7. TSW identify major viral diseases among humans and animals in respect to what
causes them and how or if they can be prevented.
8. TSW describe how pathogens and hosts have coevolved.
9. TSW describe the general characteristics of the major phyla of protists, including
methods of nutrition, movement, and representative species.
10. TSW describe the general characteristics of the major phyla of algae, identifying their
uses and representative species.
11. TSW describe the life cycle of Plasmodium, how Humans are affected, and how
infections are treated and prevented.
12. TSW describe the general characteristics of the major phyla of fungi, including basic
life cycles of molds and mushrooms.
13. TSW explain how fungi can be vital decomposers, parasitic, disease-causing
pathogens, or mutualists; listing examples of each.
14. TSW differentiate between types of body symmetries, body cavities, embryonic
development, skeleton type and gut anatomies, including representative species
over the animal kingdom.
15. TSW differentiate between each of the following phyla of animals: porifera, cnidaria,
platyhelminthes, nematodea, rotifera, mollusca, annelida, arthropoda,
echinodermata and chordata. Each phylum should including representative
species, their environments, method of support, motion and nutrition, main
organs in their digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory, nervous, immune,
and reproductive systems.
Unit 10
Chapter 33: Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Chapter 34: Neural Control
Chapter 35: Sensory Perception Chapter 36: Endocrine Control
Chapter 37: Structural Support and Movement Chapter 38: Circulation
Chapter 39: Immunity Chapter 40: Respiration
Chapter 41: Digestion and Human Nutrition Chapter 42:The Internal Environment
Chapter 43: Principals of Animal Reproduction and Development
1. The Student Will define cell, tissue, organ and organ system and describe a cell's
contribution to the functioning of the other three.
2. TSW describe and differentiate between epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues.
3. TSW describe the structure and functions of squamous, cuboidal, statified, glandular
and columnar epithelium.
4. TSW differentiate between loose, dense and adipose connective tissues.
5. TSW describe the basic functions of each of the eleven main organ systems in the
human body and explain their contribution to homeostatic control.
6. TSW describe the component structures and functions of the integumentary system
including epidermis, dermis, oil glands, sweat glands and hairs.
7. TSW describe the three types of skeletons in animals and the development and
locations of major bones in the human body.
8. TSW differentiate between the three types of muscle fibers and describe in detail the
mechanism of muscle contraction with associated substances and structures.
9. TSW describe the functions and locations, with associated structures, of the mouth,
salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large
intestine and rectum.
10. TSW describe the open and closed circulatory systems in animals and the human
double circulation system including structures and functions of major
components with the composition and compatibility of blood types.
11. TSW describe the function and structure of the lymphatic system and how it relates to
the circulatory system.
12. TSW differentiate between the nonspecific and specific immune responses giving
examples, and describe the roles of all associated cell types and immunoglobulin
in primary, secondary, and abnormal immune responses.
13. TSW explain the role and basic processes of respiration in animals using the concepts
of cell respiration, concentration gradients, diffusion, and moist membranes.
14. TSW describe the structures, with their functions, involved in human respiration
including gas exchange.
15. TSW describe the structures and functions of the human excretory system including
the control of fluid and solute reabsorption.
16. TSW describe the practice of amniocentesis and restriction fragment length
polymorphisms to detect genetic abnormalities.
17. TSW discuss various ways the air and water quality of the Pearl River Delta area (China) affect humans and other living organisms.
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